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AlfredToth EDH 5 PDF
AlfredToth EDH 5 PDF
BY
Mikes International
The Hague, Holland
2007
ALFRÉD TÓTH : SUMERIAN, HUNGARIAN AND MONGOLIAN (INCLUDING AVARIC)
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© Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfréd Tóth 2007 - II -
ALFRÉD TÓTH : SUMERIAN, HUNGARIAN AND MONGOLIAN (INCLUDING AVARIC)
PUBLISHER’S PREFACE
Today we publish four new works of Professor Alfréd Tóth. Present volume is
entitled ‘Sumerian, Hungarian and Mongolian (including Avaric). Fourth Addendum to
Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian (EDH)’.
MIKES INTERNATIONAL
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ALFRÉD TÓTH : SUMERIAN, HUNGARIAN AND MONGOLIAN (INCLUDING AVARIC)
CONTENTS
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ALFRÉD TÓTH : SUMERIAN, HUNGARIAN AND MONGOLIAN (INCLUDING AVARIC)
1. Introduction
It was only recently, after having finished my work on EDH-1, EDH-2, EDH-3 and EDH-4 (Tóth
2007), that I could get from Europe the very seldom booklet about Magyar-Mongolian comparison by
Szentkatolnai (1877) which is completely unavailable in the United States. In the Mongolian examples
in chapter 2, I will use the same orthography as Szentkatolnai (including “cz” for today Hungarian’s
“c”) did. Two additions of his etymologies are mine (“add. Tóth”), taken from Vietze (1981), because
the author obviously forgot them.
With Mongolian closely related is the question of the language of the Avars, perhaps also of the
Huns, Scythians, Medes, Parthians and other people, the origin of the Székely’s and generally the
questions if the languages of these peoples are also of Sumerian origin and if there is thus a continuity
of Hungarian presence in the Carpathian basin (cf. f. ex. Bobula 1966, spec. pp. 43ss.). We restrict
ourselves in the present study first to the proof that Mongolian is very closely related to Hungarian and
that both languages go back to Sumerian and second to show that Avaric was really – as already
postulated by Pray (1774) and von Klaproth (1831) – Mongolian or perhaps better Proto-Mongolian.
The following map (copyright: University of Graz, Institute for Linguistics) displays the actual
Mongolian territory:
Why did the Mongolians attack Hungary in the 13th century? Was it only because they were a people
of warriors or is there a connection with the many attacks that the Turks did a few centuries later? The
Mongolians conquered parts of China, the empires of the Choresmians, Tanguts, the biggest part of
Russia and other parts of Eastern Europe, in 1241 they reached Silesia and one year after even the
Adria. The Turks, after having conquered the Hungarians 1526 in Mohács, even went until Vienna (cf.
Weiers 2004). A short comparison between the Mongols and the Turks shows that they obviously tried
to regain lands that their forefathers once possessed. This is clear from their mythologies in which they
believed, since mythology played the role that history would play after. And the Carpathian basin
belonged to the territory both of the Mongols and of the Turks because Mongols, Turks and
Hungarians all originate from the Sumerians – as my extensive etymological lists in EDH-1 to EDH-4
as well as the work done by my “ancestors” clearly prove. In the following chapter, I will show the
amazingly high number of shared cognates between Sumerian, Hungarian and Mongolian and in the
subsequent chapter the common Sumerian-Hungarian-Avaric and Sumerian-Hungarian-Hunnic origin
of the few words that we know from the Avars and the Huns.
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2. Sumerian-Hungarian-Mongolian etymologies
1 a, az “that”
ŠL 480; Gost. 835; Szentkatolnai, p. 10
Sum. aš
Mongolian e-ne
4 ág “branch”
ŠL 334; Gost. 124; Szentkatolnai, p. 1
Sum. á
Mongolian angha, angi
5 agy “brain”
ŠL 412/2, 3; MSL III 120, 374; Gost. 211; Szentkatolnai, pp. xiii, 1
Sum. ugu
Mongolian eki, ekin
7 ál- “false”
ŠL 358/3, 4; Gost. 604; Szentkatolnai, p. 1
Sum. alam, alan
Mongolian al-da-gha
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8 alak “form”
ŠL 358/3, 4; Gost. 604; Szentkatolnai, p. xiii, 1
Sum. alam, alan
Mongolian ula, ola
11 anya “mother”
Gost. 436; Szentkatolnai, p. xii
Sum. ama
Mongolian eje
12 apa “father”
Gost. 434; Szentkatolnai, p. xii
Sum. ab, ab-ba
Mongolian aba
13 ár “flood”
ŠL 579; Gost. 37, 141; Szentkatolnai, p. 2
Sum. a, a-ma-ru
Mongolian üjer, üir
14 ár “price”
ŠL 401; 152b, c; Gost. 606; Szentkatolnai, p. 2
Sum. har(-ra)
Mongolian ara-
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17 árnyék “shadow”
ŠL 451; Gost. 284; Szentkatolnai, p. 13
Sum. ar
Mongolian aro
20 asszony “woman”
ŠL 80; MSL III 176; Gost. 332, 457; Szentkatolnai, p. 2
Sum. gal, gašan
Mongolian khaton, egecsi-, ekhcsi-
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22 atya “father”
Gost. 435; Szentkatolnai, pp. xii, 2
Sum. ad, ad-da
Mongolian ecze-ge
24 balta “axe”
Gost. 648; Szentkatolnai, pp. xiv, 2
Sum. bal
Mongolian balta
28 bika “bull”
ŠL 421/3, 6; Gost. 737; Szentkatolnai, p. xv
Sum. alim
Mongolian bukha
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29 bírni “to possess; to stand; to be able to”, bíró “judge”, bírság “fine”, birtok “property”
ŠL 11/2, 7; Gost. 495; Szentkatolnai, p. 3
Sum. bur
Mongolian bari-, beri-
32 bor “wine”
ŠL 349/1, 2, 4; 349; Gost. 574, 711; Szentkatolnai, p. 15
Sum. bur
Mongolian boro-
33 borjú “calf”
Gost. 649; Szentkatolnai, p. xv
Sum. buru
Mongolian biraó, bürü
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36 büdös “stinky”
ŠL 536; Gost. 115; Szentkatolnai, p. 5
Sum. bid3, be5, bi7
Mongolian bai, bäi
38 csacsi “fool”
ŠL 208; Gost. 752; Szentkatolnai, p. 5
Sum. anše
Mongolian czalcsi-
39 család “family”
ŠL 554; Gost. 444; Szentkatolnai, p. xiv
Sum. sal, sal-la
Mongolian csólghan “gyülekezet”
42 csekély “scarse”
ŠL 595; Gost. 545; Szentkatolnai, pp. xiv, 6
Sum. gin
Mongolian czökhe-
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44 csemege “delikatessen”
ŠL 215; Gost. 789; Szentkatolnai, p. 6
Sum. šem
Mongolian csömöge “walnut, peanut kernel = dió, mogyoró bele”
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53 csín “elegance”
ŠL 440; 468; Gost. 303, 573; Szentkatolnai, p. 6
Sum. dim, kug-dim
Mongolian si-me, csi-me
55 csinos “pretty”
ŠL 8; Gost. 160; Szentkatolnai, p. 6
Sum. šen
Mongolian csi-na- (?)
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58 csomó “knot”
ŠL 126; 555/8; 319; Gost. 356, 609; Szentkatolnai, p. 7
Sum. šum, zum
Mongolian tam-, szom-, czom-
61 cső “pipe”
Gost. 612; Szentkatolnai, p. 7
Sum. ...te
Mongolian czo
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64 csúcs “peak”
ŠL 354; Gost. 186, 516; Szentkatolnai, p. 8
Sum. šuš, šu-si
Mongolian czokczai, czokczo-
65 csúnya “ugly”
ŠL 126; 429; Gost. 356, 753; Szentkatolnai, p. 60
Sum. šum, sun-na
Mongolian dzung-
70 darázs “wasp”
ŠL 400/4 (?); Gost. 745; Szentkatolnai, pp. xv, 9
Sum. giriš
Mongolian durakhi
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72 derű “sunshine”
ŠL 536; Gost. 182; Szentkatolnai, p. 9
Sum. duru
Mongolian dergel
74 dísz “decoration”
LM 480; Gost. 23; Szentkatolnai, p. 9
Sum. d-DIŠ
Mongolian dé-dsi-
75 dob “drum”
ŠL 138; Gost. 190; Szentkatolnai, pp. 9s.
Sum. dub
Mongolian daboszak
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79 dög “carrion”
LM 229; Gost. 500; Szentkatolnai, p. 10
Sum. tag
Mongolian takh, duk
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87 dűlő “slope”
ŠL 459; Gost. 61a, 262; Szentkatolnai, p. 53
Sum. du6, dul
Mongolian döng-
88 e, ez “this”
Gost. 846; Szentkatolnai, p. 10
Sum. e
Mongolian e-ne
89 edény “pot”
ŠL 143; 168/8; Gost. 536, 670; Szentkatolnai, p. 10
Sum. dug-udul4, edin
Mongolian ete-
90 ég “heaven, sky”
ŠL 324; 381; 257; 251i; Gost. 8, 330; Szentkatolnai, p. 12
Sum. é, e8
Mongolian ék, egek
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97 elég “enough”
MSL VI 59/99; Gost. 197; Szentkatolnai, p. 10
Sum. egir
Mongolian elbek
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136 fogni “to seize”, fogadni “to receive”, foganni “to be expecting a baby”
ŠL 450; 78/3; 412; Gost. 364, 365, 381; Szentkatolnai, p. 14
Sum. pad, pag, ugu, ugun
Mongolian bogho-
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141 főni, főlni “to cook (v/i)”, főzni “to cook (v/t)”
ŠL 172; Gost. 350; Szentkatolnai, p. 15
Sum. bil
Mongolian boro-, boro-l
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157 görbe “crooked; curve”, görbíteni “to bend, to crook”, görbülni “to bend”
ŠL 333; 88; 67; Gost. 126, 161, 162, 283, 416; Szentkatolnai, p. 16
Sum. gar-ba, gub-ba, gib
Mongolian khor-boi-
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192 háramolni “to fall to s.o.”, hárulni “to fall to s.o.”, hárítani “to divert, to deflect”
ŠL 401; 152 b, c; MSL V 9-1; Gost. 606; Szentkatolnai, p. 20
Sum. har(-ra)
Mongolian khari-
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198 határ, old hudur “border”, határolni “to mark off”, határozni “to decide”
ŠL 96; Gost. 272, 491; Szentkatolnai, p. 20
Sum. kud, bulug
Mongolian khidzár
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229 illetni “to touch; to deserve”, illeték “duty, tax”, illeszteni “to fit into, to adapt”
ŠL 166/b; Gost. 508; Szentkatolnai, p. 23
Sum. illat (probably < Akk.)
Mongolian il-, ili-
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267 kergetni “to chase”, kergülni “to get sick from turning quickly around”
LM 396; Gost. 430; Szentkatolnai, p. 28
Sum. hi-gar
Mongolian ghar-
269 kész “ready”, készíteni “to prepare (v/t), to make ready”, készülni “to get ready, to prepare (v/i)”
ŠL 70/32; Gost. 432, 787; Szentkatolnai, pp. 28, 61
Sum. katu, isu (Akk.)
Mongolian güi-cze-, göi-cze-
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295 köz, old küzü “spot, place; community”, közel “near”, közép “middle”, közös “common”
ŠL 425; 296/2-6; Gost. 504, 786; Szentkatolnai, p. 31
Sum. kiši, keš, giš
Mongolian khöi-szö
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302 lélek “breathsoul (vs. bodysoul)”, lélegezni “to breathe”, lelkes “inspired, fiery”
ŠL 313; 330; Gost. 69, 447; Szentkatolnai, p. 33
Sum. líl, lu
Mongolian üli-je
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312 más “other”, másik “the other one”, másítani “to amend”, második “second”, másolni “to copy”
ŠL 74; MSL VI 48, 55; ŠL 76; Gost. 12, 94a, 632, 727, 864; Szentkatolnai, p. 34
Sum. maš, máš, -meš, me-eš
Mongolian buszo, bisi
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324 mi “we”
Gost. 814; Szentkatolnai, p. 34
Sum. me-
Mongolian bi-de
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342 nő “woman”
ŠL 75/1, 19, 81, 90; Gost. 470, 771; Szentkatolnai, p. 35
Sum. nu, nunuz
Mongolian naidsi, näidsi
343 nőni, növ- “to grow”, növelni “to increase, to augment”, növény “plant”
ŠL 72; Gost. 387, 700, 771; Szentkatolnai, p. 35
Sum. na-na(-am), nu5, nunuz
Mongolian nem-
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361 ön “himself”
ŠL 99; Gost. 9; Szentkatolnai, p. 38
Sum. en
Mongolian in-
363 őr “guard”, őrs “guarding place”, őrizni “to guard”, őrszem “guarding place”
ŠL 401/99; 80; MSL III 176; ŠL 331; 393; 575/2, 3; Gost. 33, 332, 395, 494, 734; Szentkatolnai,
p. 61
Sum. ur5-úš, gál, urù, erim, ur
Mongolian oir-, öir-, ör-
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370 öt “5”
Gost. 840; Szentkatolnai, p. xvi
Sum. ia, id
Mongolian tab-on, teb
371 öv “belt”
ŠL 420; Gost. 55, 722; Szentkatolnai, p. 37
Sum. ub, ab
Mongolian obai- (?)
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385 rom “ruin”, rombolni “to destroy”, romlani, romolni “to spoil, to get broken”, rontani “to spoil,
to damage”
LM 565; ŠL 565; Gost. 135, 292, 344; Szentkatolnai, p. 41
Sum. gum, hum, ra
Mongolian uro-
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401 só “salt”
ŠL 229; Gost. 123; Szentkatolnai, pp. xv, 42
Sum. za
Mongolian só, sao
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413 szakítani “to tear (v/t), to pick”, szakadni “to tear (v/i)”
ŠL 102; Gost. 323; Szentkatolnai, p. 45
Sum. suh
Mongolian sigho-
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422 szeg, szög “corner, angle”, szegély “rim, border”, szegés “seam”, szeglet, szöglet “corner, angle”,
szegni, old “to hem; to cut in; to break one’s word”, szegődni “to serve; to join”
ŠL 332/19; 84; 567; UET 333, 361; MSL V 234; Gost. 81, 321, 546, 596b, 629; Szentkatolnai, pp.
46, 59
Sum. zag, zig, sig4, siga, si-gi4-da, sag
Mongolian dzagha, dzakha, dzük
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437 szer “means”, szerelni “to mount, to install”, szerezni “to acquire”, szerszám “tool”
ŠL 112; 152; 57; Gost. 378, 414, 498; Szentkatolnai, pp. xiii, xiv, 47
Sum. si-sa, šer, esir
Mongolian zer-, dzer-
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466 támasztani “to lean s.th. against; to cause; to demand”, támaszték “retaining beam”
ŠL 557; 94/13; 207; Gost. 440, 564, 566; Szentkatolnai, p. 50
Sum. dam, dim, tum
Mongolian dem-, dam-
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483 tér (teret) “space”, terület “area”, teríteni “to spread out, to cover”, terülni “to extend, to stretch”,
téríteni “to lead, to guide”
ŠL 375/6; 536/14; Gost. 50, 466; Szentkatolnai, p. 52
Sum. giš-tir, dur, durun
Mongolian tér-, tére-
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496 tömni “to stuff”, tömb “block”, tömlő “tube”, tömlöc “dungeon”, tömör “soild, compact”
ŠL 376; 400/2, 3; 206; 207; Gost. 7, 228, 266, 566; Szentkatolnai, pp. 7, 54
Sum. temen, duburm túm, tum
Mongolian tama-
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498 törni “to break”, törődik “to struggle with s.th.”, törvény “law”
ŠL 79; MSL III 101/65; IV 125ss.; ŠL 12; Gost. 59, 268; Szentkatolnai, pp. xiv, 54s.
Sum. nam(tar), tar
Mongolian tör-
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505 tű “needle”
ŠL 73/47; 73; Gost. 73, 222, 680; Szentkatolnai, p. 55
Sum. ti bis, ti, attu
Mongolian dze-ü, dzü
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514 út “street”
ŠL 579; Gost. 54, 278; Szentkatolnai, p. 56
Sum. id, u5
Mongolian ukto-
516 üdv “well-being, salvation”, üdvös “useful, salutary”, üdvözölni “to welcome”
ŠL 381; 393; Gost. 43; Szentkatolnai, p. 56
Sum. utu
Mongolian üd
518 ük “Grand-grand-parent“
ŠL 412/2, 3; MSL III 120, 374; 412; Gost. 211, 381; Szentkatolnai, pp. xii, 56
Sum. ugu, ugun
Mongolian ekhe, eke
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528 vágy “longing, yearning”, vágyódni “to long for, to yearn for”
LM 455; Gost. 134; Szentkatolnai, p. 57
Sum. u-ma
Mongolian bakh-a
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535 válni “to become; to divorce”, váltani “to change (money), to exhange”, változni “to change o.s.,
to change”
ŠL 9; MSL III 79/1; Gost. 288; Szentkatolnai, p. 57
Sum. bal
Mongolian ula-
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545 világ “world”, világos “light”, villám “lightning”, villanni “to flash, to sparkle”, villogni “to flash,
to sparkle”
ŠL 172; Gost. 350, 451; Szentkatolnai, p. 58
Sum. bil
Mongolian ölkh-
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Mongolian thus shares 559 of 1042 words of the basic word list taken from Gostony (1975) with
Sumerian-Hungarian, i.e. 54%. In the hierarchy published f. ex. in EDH-4, Mongolian stands therefore
between Turkish with 55% and Tibeto-Burman with ca. 50%. But the effective percentage of
Sumerian-Hungarian-Mongolian cognates is even higher, as we will see in the next chapter.
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Although we have ca. 2’000 Avaric archeological sites and 50’000 graves (Pohl 1988, p. 13), we only
have 13 Avaric names and 1 appellative (Moravcsik 1983, pp. 359, 363).
The following map is showing the Avar Khaganate, ca. 650 AD (copyright: Wikipedia):
The question, to which language Avaric belonged, stayed thus controversial: Menges (1973, 1986)
and Futaky (2001) are sure that they were Mongolians, while f. ex. Gombocz, Németh and Moravcsik
himself claimed that they were Turks (Pohl 1988, p. 223). Now, Futaky proved that the following 41
Hungarian words came via the Avars from the Mongolians and the Manchu: beze/bezzeg, bízni,
deber/deberke, diadalom, gangos, gárgyulni, genge/ gyenge, kebel, üldeni/üldözni, üstök (directly from
Monglian); beteg, bukni, csatak, csupa, dédelni/dédelgetni, egerni/egercsélni, eszten(nap), gór,
gyep/gyepű, hajdan, hamar, íj, isa, ítélni, kalán/kanál, koszorú, legelni, mancs, metni/metszeni/metélni,
mind(en), nyáj, oldal, távészni, tékozni, tor/torolni/torló, zsombék (directly from Mandschu);
elég/elegendő, gyere, ördög, telek (both from Mongolian and Manchu). The 4 words dalin/dalm,
gyámolni, selyem and tung came from Chinese via Monglian and/or Mandchu mediation (the Silk Road
went, as every Hungarian knows, through Hungary). Moreover, Futaky presents 2 place names and
suspects many more of Avaric origin, basically in Western Hungary where he thinks that the Avars
survived until the 9th century, thus proving an Avaric-Hungarian continuity in the Carpathian basin
(2001, pp. 133ss.). Together with these 45 words – a few of them are part of Gostony’s 1042 words-list
(cf. chapter 5 in EDH-1) -, Mongolian ranks even higher than Turkish in the hierarchy of Sumerian-
Hungarian genetical relationship. This is another hint for Sumerian-Hungarian-Avaric continuity.
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4. Conclusions
We know from von Torma (1894), Bobula (1951), Vlassa (1963), Badiny (2001) and Tóth (2007a)
that the Sumerians originated in Transylvania before they migrated to Mesopotamia, from where they
spread out and a part of them went back in the Carpathian basin. The Sumerian-Hungarian genetical-
linguistic relationship was proved in a long series of books and articles, last in EDH (Tóth 2007). The
Huns were already considered to be Mongolians by Deguignes, Pallas and Bergmann (cf. Doerfer 1973,
p. 13). The genial German orientalist Julius von Klaproth (Berlin 1783-Paris 1835) identified them
directly with the Hungarians (Klaproth 1831), cf. also Moravcsik (1983, pp. 231ss.). Moreover, the
Avars as well as the Scythians were already identified with the Huns by Konstantinos Porphyrogenetos
in the 10th century, who also first mentioned the Magyars as “sabartoi asphaloi”, showing thus the
genetical relationships of the Hungarians and the Mesopotamian Subaraens (Moravcsik 1983, pp. 53,
279). The Medes were stated as Scythians by the famous orientalist Friedrich Wilhelm König who
showed also that they originated in the Zagros mountains in Mesopotamia (König 1934). Finally, that
the Parthians were a Scythian people, is accepted by everybody today, cf. Colledge (1967) and was
shown on Sumerian background by Badiny (1998, 1999).
From all these identifications it follows together with our proof presented here in EDH-5
that there is a genetical linguistic relationships of Sumerians, Huns, Avars, Scythians, Medes,
Parthians and probably more people and a geographical continuity of Sumerians, Huns,
Scythians and Avars in the Carpathian basin.
Of course, to such a conclusion one cannot come if one excludes possible other than “Altaic”
language connections of Mongolian, Avaric and Hunnic and then wonders that one gets “unknown
etymologies”. Typical of this kind of linguistic under-determination is Doerfer’s remark: “Offenbar sind
also die hunnischen Namen nicht eindeutig als türkisch zu erklären, besser: Sie sind überhaupt nicht zu
erklären, sie gehören einer unbekannten Sprache an” (Obviously, the Hunnic names thus cannot be
explained by Turkish, or better: One cannot explain them at all, they belong to an unknown language).
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5. Bibliography
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ALFRÉD TÓTH was born in 1965 in St. Gallen (Switzerland), his native tongue
is Hungarian. Received two PhD's (1989 Mathematics, University of Zurich;
1992 Philosophy, University of Stuttgart) and an MA (General and
Comparative Linguistics, Finno-Ugristics and Romanistics, University of
Zurich 1991). Mr. Tóth is since 2001 Professor of Mathematics (Algebraic
Topology) in Tucson, Arizona. He is member of many mathematical, semiotic,
cybernetic and linguistic societies and scientific board member of eight
international journals. Lives in Tucson and Szombathely where his family
comes from.
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