M101 : Mathematics I (Odd Semester 2018-19)

Problem Sheet-1 : Sets and Relations

Problems for tutorial

1. Prove the followings. Let X 6= φ and A, B ⊂ X.
(a) (A ∪ B)c = (Ac ∩ B c ).
(b) (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ B c ) = A
Here complements are relative to X.
2. (a) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Find the power set of A.
(b) True or False : Let S be a non-empty finite set. Then
i. S ∈
/ P (S).
ii. P (P (S)) = P (S).
3. Prove that, A × (B \ C) = (A × B) \ (A × C).
4. Define a relation R on Z as follows : aRb if and only if 5 | (a − b)
(a) Show that R is an equivalence relation.
(b) Write down equivalence classes of 7 and 5.
5. Let A = {a, b}. Does there exist an equivalence relation on A ? If yes, write all the
equivalence relations.

Practice problems
1. Munkresh : Set Theory and Logic : Exercise Problems 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10 and Relations :
Exercise Problems 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
2. Let R1 and R2 be two equivalence relations defined on a non-empty set A. Prove or
disprove the following statements :
(a) (Union) R1 ∪ R2 is an equivalence relation,
(b) (Intersection) R1 ∩ R2 is an equivalence relation,
(c) (Symmetric difference) R1 ∆R2 is an equivalence relation. Here R1 ∆R2 := (R1 \
R2 ) ∪ (R2 \ R1 )].
3. Let R ⊂ X × X be an equivalence relation and φ 6= Y ⊂ X.
Prove or Disprove : Y × Y ∩ R is an equivalence relation on Y .
4. Let X = Z × (Z \ {0}). Define a relation R on X by (m, n)R(p, q) ∈ R if mq = np. Show
that this is an equivalence relation and write down some of the equivalence classes.
5. Show that the relation R on Z defined by xRy if 4|x2 − y 2 is an equivalence relation.
Write down the equivalence classes.