Anıtlar Ve Bozulma Problemleri:Ankara Kalesi, Julian Sütunu, Augustus Tapınağı, Roma Hamamı, Gavur Kalesi, Midas Anıtı

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$QÕWODUYH%R]XOPD3UREOHPOHUL Ankara Kalesi, Julian
$QÕWÕ5RPD+DPDPÕ.DOÕWÕODUÕ$XJXVWXV7DSÕQD÷Õ
*DYXUNDOHVLYH0LGDV$QÕWÕ
%(5.$<'2ö$9(6(/ø1%(1*h72.0$.¶D
2
ÖNSÖZ:
$QÕW\DSÕODUÕROXúWXUDQWDúPDO]HPHOHUIL]LNVHONLP\DVDOYHEL\RORMLNHWPHQOHUH
ED÷OÕRODUDNER]XOPDODUDPDUX]NDOPDNWDYH\ÕOODULoHULVLQGHNHQGLGRNXVXQX
ND\EHWPHNWHGLU*HUHNOLWHGELUOHULQDOÕQPDPDVÕVRQXFXQGDEXDQÕWODU\RN
ROPDNWDGÕU.LPL]DPDQ\DQOÕú\DSÕODQUHVWRUDV\RQoDOÕúPDODUÕNRUXPDGDQoRN
HVHUOHULQGDKDGDKÕ]OÕELUúHNLOGH\RNROPDVÕQDVHEHSRODELOPHNWHGLU
'R÷UXWHúKLVYHNRUXPDLOHDQÕWHVHUOHU]DPDQNDUúÕGLUHQHELOLUYH\HQLQHVLOOHUH
DNWDUÕOÕSNOWUHOPLUDVÕQGHYDPÕVD÷ODQDELOLU%XoDOÕúPDGD$QNDUDúHKLU
PHUNH]LQGHNL$QNDUD.DOHVLQGHNL*HQoNDSÕE|OJHVL-XOLDQVWXQX5RPD
KDPDPÕNDOÕQWÕODUÕ$XJXVWXVWDSÕQD÷Õ|UQHNDQÕWODURODUDNHOHDOÕQPÕúWÕU%X
DQÕWODUÕQ\DQÕQGDEXDQÕWODUDELUD]GDKDX]DNWDNL$QNDUD¶QÕQ+D\PDQD
ilçesindeki bir HitLWDQÕWÕRODQ*DYXUNDOHVLYH(VNLúHKLULOoHVLdLIWHOHULOoHVLQGHNL
0LGDVDQÕWÕGD|UQHNDQÕWRODUDNEXNLWDSWDER]XOPDVRUXQODUÕQÕLQFHOHPHNLoLQ
|UQHNDQÕWRODUDNHOHDOÕQPÕúWÕU
%XNLWDEÕ\D]PDPGDNLHQE\NDPDoKHQ]EXHVHUOHU]HULQHJHUHNOLRODQ
çalÕúPDODUÕQ\DSÕOPDPDVÕYHEXNLWDEÕQLOHULVLLoLQELU|Q UDSRUROPDVÕQLWHOL÷L
WDúÕPDVÕGÕU
Dr. Musa Tokmak
øOHWiúLP%LOJLOHUL
e-mail: musatokmak3@yahoo.com
Telefon: 05365632256
Web: http://www.musatokmak.com
3
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%|OP*XUXS,0DWHU\DO.D\EÕ««««««««««««««««
*XUXS,,5HQN'H÷LúLPL%LULNLP««««««««««««««««
*XUXS,,,7DúWDd|]QPH«««««««««««««««««««
Gurup IV: dDWODNODU'HIRUPDV\RQ«««««««««««««««5
%|OP6RQXoYH|QHULOHU««««««««««««««««««
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4
BÖLÜM I
*ø5øù
<DSÕWDúÕPDO]HPHER]XOPDODUÕNLP\DVDOIL]LNVHOPHNDQLNVHOYHEL\RORMLN
sebeplerden olabilmektedir. 7DúÕQGÕú\]H\LQGHQEDúOD\ÕSLo\]H\HGR÷UX
LOHUOH\HQER]XOPDNLPL]DPDQLo\]H\GHQGÕú\]H\HGR÷UXGDRODELOPHNWHGLU
7DúÕQNHQGL\DSÕVÕQGDQND\QDNODQDQJ|]HQekOLOLN\DSÕVÕJ|]HQHNOLOLND÷ODUÕQÕQ
ELUELUOHULLOHLOLúNLVLRUWDPÕQVÕFDNOÕ÷ÕDWPRVIHULN kirlenmeler gibi bir çok faktör
WDúÕQER]XOPDVÕQGDHWNLOLGLU&URFL1HPOLYHVÕFDNKDYDODUGDNLP\DVDO
ER]XOPD|QSODQGDROXSVR÷XN ER]XOPDKÕ]OÕGÕUve kurak havalarda fiziksel
ER]XOPDGDKDHWNLOLROXSWDúODUGDNLER]XOPDKÕ]ÕGDKD\DYDúWÕU
KayaçlaUÕROXúWXUDQ|÷HOHULQHUL\HUHNNLP\DVDOELOHúLPOHULQLQGH÷LúPHVLVRQXFX
WDúODUGDJ|]OHPOHQHQSDUoDODQPDXIDODQPDYHD\UÕúPDGÕU.LP\DVDO
ER]XOPDQÕQHQ|QHPOLIDNW|UDWPRVIHULNNLUOLOLNQHPYHÕVÕGÕUKimyasal
ER]XOPDWDúODUÕQPLQHUDO\DSÕVÕQGDER]XOPDODUGDQROPDNWDGÕUKimyasal
D\UÕúPDGDKLGUDWDV\RQYHKLGUROL]UHGNVL\RQo|]QPHLQGLUJHPHYH
biyolojik-NLP\DVDOGH÷LúLPOHUV|]NRQXVXGXU 7DúÕQNHQGL\DSÕVÕQGDQYH\D
oHYUHGHNLPDO]HPHOHULQHWNLVLLOHWDú\]H\OHUGHVX\XQGDHWNLVLLOHWDúODUGD
tuzlanma meydana gelebilmekte ve bu tuzlar özellikle nemli bölgelerde
kimyasal bozulmalara sebep olmaktaGÕU. En önemli tuzlar alkali ve toprak alkali
sülfat, karbonat, nitrat ve klorürlerdir. 7Dú\]H\GHYH\]H\LQDOWÕQGDELULNHQ
WX]ODUNLPL]DPDQWDúODUGDNDEXNODQPDYHWDEDNDODúPDPH\GDQD
getirebilmektedir (Torraca,1988).
*HFHYHJQG]IDUNÕQÕQoRNROGX÷X|]HOOLNOHo|ONDUDVDOVWHSWXQGUD
LNOLPOHUGHIL]LNVHOER]XOPDJ|UOPHNWHGLU7DúJ|]HQHNOHULQLQLoHUVLQH
\HUOHúPLúRODQWX]YHVXODUÕQIL]LNVHORODUDNKDFLPOHULQLQJHQLúOHPHVLWDúODUGD
oDWODNODUDVHEHSROPDNWDYHEXoDWODNODU]DPDQODWDúODUGDPHNDQLNVHO
bozulmalar meydana getirebilmektedir. 7DúODUÕPH\GDQDJHWLUHQPLQHUDOOHULQ
KDFLPOHULÕVÕIDUNÕQGDQGROD\ÕJHQOHúLUYHE]úU%XQDED÷OÕRODUDNWDú
yüzeylerde VR÷DQNDEX÷XJLELVR\XOPDODUPH\GDQDJHOLU0inerallerin
5
\DSÕODUÕQGDGH÷LúPHROPDGDQ|]HOOLNOHJHFHJQG]VÕFDNOÕNIDUNODUÕQGDQGROD\Õ
PLQHUDOED÷ODUÕQÕn ]D\ÕIODPDVÕYHWDúÕQSDUoDODUDD\UÕODUDN XIDODQPDVÕ da fiziksel
ER]XOPDQÕQELUGL÷HUúHNOLGLU
Biyolojik ER]XOPDWDú\]H\OHUGHYHLoHULOHULQGHFDQOÕODUÕQPH\GDQDJHWLUGL÷L
fiziksel, kimyasal ve mekaQLNVHONLPL]DPDQJHULG|QúPV]ER]XOPDODUGÕU
(Kumar ve Kumar 1999; Özkan, 2009). %L\RORMLNER]XOPDQÕQHVDVND\QD÷ÕWDúÕQ
üzerindeki biyolojik organizmalDUÕQPH\GDQDJHWLUGL÷LNLP\DVDOER]XOPDODUGÕU
(Cutler ve Viles, 2010; Caneva ve dig, 1991). Biyolojik bozulmalar bitkiler,
KD\YDQODUIXQJLDOJOHUOLNHQYH\DEDNWHULOHUWDUDIÕQGDQPH\GDQD
getirilmektedir. %R]XOPDWHNELUIDNW|UGHQPH\GDQDJHOHELOGL÷LJLELELUoRN
faktörün RUWDNELUoDOÕúPDVÕLOH de meydana gelebilmektedir. Biyolojik birikimler
LoLQJHUHNOLRODQEHVLQPDGGHVLPLNURRUJDQL]DPDODUWDúÕQLoHUVLQGHNL
PLQHUDOOHUGHQEHVOHQHELOLUVX\XQYDUOÕ÷Õ3+GH÷HULWDúÕQJ|]HQHNOLOL÷LWDúÕQ
JHoLUJHQOL÷LLNOLPNRúXOODUÕJLELELUoRNIDNW|UJHUHNOLGLU:DUVFKHLGYH%UDDPV
2000). %L\RORMLNER]XOPDEL\RORMLNNLUOHQPHYHEL\RORMLND\UÕúPDúHNOLQGH
RODELOLU%L\RORMLNNLUOHQPHNLPLPLNURRUJDQL]PDODUÕQYHDOJOHULQWDú\]H\GH
EL\RORMLNWDEDNDPH\GDQJHWLUPHVLGLUEL\RILOP%L\RORMLND\UÕúPDLVHWDúÕQ
]HULQGHNLEL\RORMLNNRORQL]DV\RQODUÕQWDú]HULQGHPH\GDQDJHWLUGL÷LD\UÕúPD
YHWDKULEDWWÕU (De Graef ve dig., 2005). Biyolojik bozulmadaki en büyük faktör
suyun vDUOÕ÷ÕGÕU$WPRVIHULNNLUOHQPHGHQROXúDQJD]ODUÕQU]JDUÕQ\D÷PXUYH
DWÕNVXODUÕQWDúÕGÕ÷ÕWR]LVNOJLELPDGGHOHULQWDú\]H\GHELULNPHVLEL\RORMLN
\DúDPODULoLQEHVLQND\QD÷ÕRODELOPHNWHGLU g]HOLNOHKDYDNLUOLOL÷LQLQ\R÷XQ
ROGX÷XDODQODUGDDOJOHUOLNHQOHUPDQWDUODUWDú\]H\OHUGHROXúPD]ODU+DYD
NLUOLOL÷LEXJLELRUJDQL]PDODUÕQE\PHVLQHQHJDWLIHWNLHGHU7DULKLHVHUOHULQ
]HULQGH|]HOOLNOH\NVHNELWNLOHUJXUXEXQDJLUHQD÷DoODURWODUYHVDUPDúÕNODU
fiziksel, kimyasal ve mekaniksel zarar verebilmektedir. Bu gibi bitkiler su
EXODELOPHNLoLQN|NOHULQLWDúODUÕQGHU]DUDVÕQDVRNPDNWDYHN|NOHULVXEXODQD
NDGDULOHUOH\HELOPHNWHYHEXQXQVRQXFXRODUDNER]XOPDODUDYHD\UÕúPDODUD
sebep olabilmektedir (Caneva ve Salvadori, 1988). %XQGDQGROD\Õ\DSÕ
6
malzemesi olarak kuOODQÕODQWDúODUÕQNRUXQPDVÕELUoRNELOLPGDOÕQÕNDSVD\DQELU
oDOÕúPDJHUHNWLUPHNWHGLU
$QNDUD3DOHRWLNG|QHPGHQEHUL\HUOHúLPDODQÕRODUDNNXOODQÕOPÕúWÕUÖzellikle
+LWLWOLOHUG|QHPLQGHDVNHULELUVWRODUDNNXOODQÕODQ$QNDUD)ULJG|QHminde de
\HUOHúLP\HULRODUDNWDQ NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU2VPDQOÕG|QHPL|QFHVL7UNEH\OLNOHUL
G|QHPLQGHGH\HUOHúLPDODQÕRODUDNVHoLOHQ$QNDUDøo$QDGROXE|OJHVLQLQ
RUWDVÕQGDELU\HUOHúLPDODQÕROPDVÕKHU]DPDQIDUNOÕPHGHQL\HWOHULQLOJLVLQL
oHNPLúWLU (Foss, C. 1997)$QNDUDNDOHVL$QNDUD¶QÕQ8OXVVHPWLQGH\NVHNELU
WHSHVWQHLQúDHGLOPLúWLU (Resim 1). Ankara bölgesindeki bir çok tarihi
ELQDGDNLWDúODUGDER]XOPDVRUXQODUÕJ|]OHPOHQPLúWLUAnkara kalesi andezit,
ED]DOWPHUPHUWDúEORNODUGDQVDYXQPDDPDFÕ\ODROXúWXUXOPXúELUWDULKL\DSÕGÕU
(Resim2). $QNDUDNDOHVLQGHNL\DSÕWDúODUÕQÕQED]ÕE|OPOHULQde FLGGLELUúHNLOGH
kimyasal, IL]LNVHOYHEL\RORMLNER]XOPDODUJ|]OHPOHQPLúWLU. $QNDUDNDOHVL\DSÕ
WDúODUÕQGDJ|]OHPOHQHQER]XOPDODUÕQHQE\Nsebebi nemKDYDNLUOLOL÷LYH\DSÕ
WDúODUÕQ]HULQGHYHDOWWDEDNDODUGDJ|]OHPOHQHQWX]ELULNLPLGLU$QNDUD¶QÕQ
NDUDVDOELULNOLPGHROPDVÕJHFHJQG]VÕFDNOÕNGH÷HULIDUNODUÕQÕQE\NROPDVÕ
fiziksel ER]XOPD\ÕWHWLNOHPLúWLU%XQDED÷OÕRODUDNWDúODUGDXIDODQPDODU
NRSPDODUPH\GDQDJHOPLúWLU$\QÕúHNLOGH|]HOOLNOH¶OÕ\ÕOODUDNDGDU
$QNDUD¶GD\R÷XQELUúHNLOGHNXOODQÕODQIRVLO\DNÕWODUÕQYDUOÕ÷ÕGDNLP\DVDO
D\UÕúPD\ÕWDúODUGDoLoHNOHQPH\LPH\GDQDJHWLUPLúWLU$QNDUD¶GD\ÕOODUGÕU\DNÕW
RODUDNNXOODQÕODQN|PUDWmosferde ciddi derecede sülfür dioxide ve nitrojen
RNVLWELULNLPLQHQHGHQROPXúWXU$\QÕ]DPDQGDWUDILNWHNLDUDoODUGDQGDoHYUH\H
VOIUYHQLWURMHQJD]ÕGDNDOHGHNL\DSÕWDúODUÕQER]XOPDVÕQGDHWNLOLROPXúODUGÕU
g]HOOLNOHNÕúJQOHULQLQYHJHFHOHULQQHPOLROPDVÕVOIUYHQLWURMHQLQPHUPHU
ED]DOWYHDQGH]LWWDúODUÕQLoHULVLQHJHoPHVLQGHHWNLOLROPXúWXU7RNPDN
7
'Õú.DOH'XYDUODUÕ
*HQoNDSÕE|OJHVL
øo.DOH'XYDUODUÕ
Resim 1: $QNDUDNDOHVLGXYDUODUÕYH*HQoNDSE|OJHVL7RNPDN
Resim 2: *HQoNDSÕE|OJHVLQLQJHQHOELUJ|UQP
8
Fitzner et al. (Fitzner et al., 1992, Fitzner, 2002) WDú\]H\OHULQGHNLER]XOPDODUÕ
haritalamak için sistePDWLNELU\|QWHPJHOLúWLUPLúWLU$QÕWKDULWDODQPDVÕ
DUNHRORMLNHVHUOHUYHWDULKVHO\DSÕNRUXPDFÕOÕ÷ÕQGDHVHUH]DUDUYHUPHGHQ\DSÕODQ
ELUPHWRGROPDVÕQGDQGROD\Õ\DSÕQÕQNRUXQPDVÕQD\|QHOLN\DSÕODFDNoDOÕúPDODU
|QFHVLQGHGH÷HUOLELOJLOHUVD÷ODPDNWDGÕU$\UÕúPDELoLPOHULQLQVÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOPDVÕ
GH÷LúLNWUGHNLWDúODUÕQLQFHOHQPHVLVRQXFXQGDELUOLVWHúHNOLQGH\D\ÕQODQPÕúYH
JQP]GH\D\JÕQELUúHNLOGHNXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU$QÕWKDULWDODQGÕUÕOPDVÕQGDG|UW
ana gurup halinde verilmektedir (Fitzner, Heinrichs, Kowantzki 1992; Fitzner &
Heinrichs 2005).
-*XUXS,.D\DoWDQ0DWHU\DO.D\EÕ
-*XUXS,,5HQN'H÷LúLPL%LULNPH
-Gurup III Kayaçtan Materyal Çözülmesi
Gurup IV Çatlaklar/Deformasyon
$úD÷ÕGDD\UÕúPDWUELoLPLYHoHúLWOLOL÷L|OoWOHULNXOODQÕOPDN\ROX\OD
D\UÕúPDIRUPODUÕQÕQVÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOPDVÕ\DSÕODFDNWÕU+HUD\UÕúPDELoLPLRUWDNELU
terminoloji kapVDPÕQGDVHPERORODUDNELUKDUINXOODQÕOPDN\ROX\ODD\UÕúPD
\R÷XQOX÷XLVHGHQNDGDUGH÷LúHQVD\ÕVDOVLVWHPOHJ|VWHULOHFHNWLU$\UÕúPDQÕQ
JHQHOELUVÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOPDVÕDúD÷ÕGDELU|]HWRODUDNYHULOPHNWHGLU)LW]QHU
Heinrichs 1998; Kownatzki & Fitzner 1999; Fitzner & Heinrichs 2004):
*UXS,0DWHU\DOND\EÕ <XYDUODNODQPDoXNXUODúPD
(Ro)
$úÕQPD:
$OYHRODUD\UÕúPD5D
1.1.1. Kabuklanma / kavlama (sW)
.D\DoWH[WUQHED÷OÕ
1.1.2. Ufalanma (uW)
bozunma (tR)
.D\Do\DSÕVÕQDED÷OÕ
.D\DoLoHUL÷LQHED÷OÕ
tabakalanma (xW)
bozunma (Rk)
7DEDNDODQDUDNDúÕQPDF:
.D\DoLoHUL÷LQLQ
1HGHQLDQODúÕODPD\DQDúÕQPD o|]QPHVLD\UÕúPDVÕ5K
(zW)
<XYDUODNODúPD5U
1.2. Rölyef / Kabarma (R)
9
0LNURNDUVWROXúXPX5P 2.3.1. Tuz kristallenmesi (Ee)
1.2.8. Delinme (Rt) <DUÕSDUoDOÕ""WX]

kristallenmesi (Ef)
1.2.9. Antropojenik etmen (aR)
7DEDNDODúPD&
.ÕUÕOPD2
2.4.1. Yüzeyde koyu renkli
1.3.1. Antropojenik etki\HED÷OÕ
WDEDNDODúPDGN&
NÕUÕOPDD2
<]H\LGH÷LúWLUHQNR\XUHQNOL
<DSÕPDúDPDVÕQGDNLHWNLOHUH
WDEDNDODúPDGL&
ED÷OÕNÕUÕOPDE2
2.4.3. <]H\GHDoÕNUHQNOL
'R÷DOQHGHQOHUHED÷OÕNÕUÕOPD
WDEDNDODúPDKN&
(nO)
<]H\LGH÷LúWLUHQDoÕNUHQNOL
$QODúÕODPD\DQQHGHQOHUHED÷OÕ
WDEDNDODúPDKL&
NÕUÕOPDR2
<]H\GHUHQNOLWDEDNDODúPD
*UXS,,5HQNGH÷LúLPL\Õ÷ÕúÕP
(fkC)
± birikme
<]H\LGH÷LúWLUHQUHQNOL
5HQNGH÷LúLPL'
WDEDNDODúPDIL&
2.1.1. RenklenPHUHQNGH÷LúLPL
2.5. Biyolojik birikim (B)
(Dc)
0LNUREL\RORMLN\HUOHúPH%L
%H\D]ODúPD'E
2.5.2%LWNL\HUOHúLPL%K
2.2. Kirlenme (I)
*XUXS,,,$\UÕOPD
$WPRVIHUSDUoDFÕNODUÕQDED÷OÕ
kirlenme (pI) 3.1. Granüler/fiziksel çözünme (G)
<]H\YHWDEDQVXND\QDNOÕ 3.1.1. Ufalanma (Gp)

SDUoDFÕNODUÕQGDQND\QDNODQDQ
3.1.2. Kumlanma (Gs)
kirlenme (wI)
3.1.3. Tanelenme (Gg)
'DPODPD\DED÷OÕNLUOHQPH
(gI) 'D÷ÕOPD3
2.2.4. Antropojenik HWNL\HED÷OÕ 'D÷ÕOPDNoNSDUoDODU
kirlenme (aI) halinde) (Pu)
2.3. Tuzlanma (E) 3.2.2. Parçalanma (büyük parçalar
halinde) (Pn)
10
øQFHWDEDND) $oÕNUHQNOLNDEXNODQDUDN
D\UÕOPDK.
3.3.1. Tek ince tabaka (eF)
$oÕNUHQNOLNDEXNODQDUDN
3.3.2. Çoklu ince tabaka (mF)
\]H\UHQJLQLGH÷LúWLUPHKL.
3.4. Kabuklanma (S)
3.6.5. Çözülme (fkK)
3.4.1. Kayaç yüzeyinde kabuklanma
3.6.6. Çözülme (fiK)
(qS)
4. Grup IV: Çatlaklar /
7HNNDWOÕNDEXNH6
deformasyon
dRNNDWOÕNDEXNP6
4.1. Çatlaklar (L)
7H[WUHED÷OÕo|]QPH;
7HNVWUHED÷OÕROPD\DQoDWODN
3.5.1. Pullanma (Xl) (vL)
<DUÕOPD;Y 7HNVWUHED÷OÕoDWODNW/
7DEDNDODúDUDNo|]OPH. 4.2. Deformasyon (V)
3.6.1. Koyu renkli kabuklanarak 4.2.1. Konveks bükülme (lV)

D\UÕOPDGN.
4.2.2. Konkav bükülme (rV)
3.6.2. Koyu renkli kabuklanarak
\]H\UHQJLQLGH÷LúWLUPHGL.
GençkDSÕE|OJHVLQGHNLFHSKHWDúODUÕQÕQER]XQPDWUOHULYH\R÷XQOX÷XDQÕW
haritalama sistemi LOHDQODúÕOPD\DoDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU<DSÕGDNLHQE\NVRUXQODUGDQ
biri nePGLU6RND÷ÕQGUHQDMVLVWHPLQLQROPD\ÕúÕ\D÷PXUVXODUÕQÕQVÕ]ÕQWÕ
\DSPDVÕDQGH]LWYHPHUPHU\DSÕWDúODUÕQGD|QHPOLER]XOPDODUÕPH\GDQD
JHWLUPLúWLU5HVLP'XYDU\]H\LQGHNLWDúODU]HULQGH\]H\ND\ÕSODUÕ
PH\GDQDJHOPLúWLU1HPLQDQDVHEHSROGX÷XEXGXUXPD\QÕ]DPDQGDGÕú
etkenler (rüzgârJQHúKDYDNLUOLOL÷LYELOHDúÕQPDYHER]XOPDKÕ]ODQPÕúWÕU
$QNDUDNDOHVLQGHNXOODQÕODQDQGH]LWYHPHUPHUWDúODUGDPH\GDQDJHOHQ
ER]XOPDODUÕQWHVSLWHGLOPHVLLoLQE|OJHGH\HULQGHLQFHOHPH\DSÕOPÕúYHER]XOPD
tHVSLWHGLOHQWDúODUÕQUHVLPOHULoHNLOPLúYHGDKDVRQUDEXUHVLPOHUFitzner et al.
metoduna J|UHVÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOPÕúWÕU*HQHORODUDNWPDQGH]LWYHPHUPHUWDúODUGD
11
ÕVÕGH÷LúLPOHUL\D÷PXUYHGRQROD\ODUÕQGDQND\QDNODQDQGHULQYHNÕOFDO
çatlaklar, yüzeysel dökOPHOHUYHNDEXNDWPDúHNOLQGH\DSUDNODúPD
görülmektedir. .LPLDQGH]LWYHPHUPHUWDú\]H\OHULQLQ]HULQGHNÕVPL
NÕUÕOPDODUYHSDUoDND\ÕSODUÕGDJ|]OHPOHQPLúWLU%L\RORMLNER]XOPDWUOHUL
RODUDNNLPLWDú\]H\OHULQGHELWNLOHULQYDUOÕ÷ÕEXWUER]XOPDODUVHEHSROPXúWXU
7Dú\]H\OHULQGHPH\GDQDJHOHQER]XOPDQÕQHQE\NIDNW|U$QNDUD¶QÕQ
LNOLPLQGHQPH\GDQDJHOHQIL]LNVHOER]XOPDYHKDYDNLUOLOL÷LQGHQPH\GDQDJHOHQ
NLP\DVDOER]XOPDODUÕQEHUDEHUPH\GDQDJHWLUGL÷LRUWDNHWNLOHUGLU 7DúODUGD
PH\GDQDJHOHQD\UÕúPDoHúLWOLIL]LNVHOIDNW|UOHUDOWÕQGDJHOLúWL÷LJLELND\Do
\DSÕVÕQGDDQD GRNX\XROXúWXUDQPLQHUDOOHUDUDVÕQGDNLED÷OD\ÕFÕQÕQNLP\DVDO
VUHoOHUOHGHER]XODUDNRUWDGDQNDONPDVÕQÕQ\DQÕQGDGDQHGHQROGX÷X
J|UOPúWU (VDVIL]LNVHOD\UÕúPD$QNDUDLNOLPLQGHNLJQG]JHFHÕVÕ
GH÷LúLPLQGHQGROD\ÕVX\XQWDú\]H\LQGHPH\GDQDJHWLUGL÷LHWNLGLU %D]Õ
D\ODUGDJHFHYHJQG]DUDVÕQGDNLVÕFDNOÕNIDUNÕROGXNoD\NVHNROPDNWDGÕU.Õú
D\ODUÕQGDÕVÕ-10 0C kadar, \D]D\ODUÕQGDVÕFDNOÕNNLPL]DPDQ0&µ\H
oÕNPDNWDGÕU
6DEDKÕQHUNHQVDDWOHULQGHKDYDdaki su EXKDUÕWDúODU]HULQGH\R÷XQODúDUDN
NoNVXGDPODFÕNODUÕPH\GDQDJHWLUPHNWHGLUg]HOOLNOHNÕúD\ODUÕQGDKDYD
VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQÕQ0 0CµQLQDOWÕQDGúPHVLVRQXFXQGDWDú\]H\LQGHYHWDúÕQLoLQGHNL
NÕOFDOERúOXNODUda ELULNHQVXGDPODFÕNODUÕQÕQKDFLPFHJHQLúOHPHVLVRQXFXWDú
\]H\LQGHYHLoHULVLQGHD\UÕúPDODUDSDUoDODQPDOara, ufalanmalara ve erimelere
VHEHSROPDNWDGÕU7DúÕQ\DSÕVÕQDED÷OÕRODUDNSDUoDODQPDXIDODQPDELUNDo
PP¶GHQFP¶HNDGDUGH÷LúPHNWHGLU
<DSÕWDúODUÕQ]HULQGH\HUOHúLNELWNLOHUGDKDQHPOLYHkimyasal bir mikro çevre

\DUDWWÕNODUÕQGDQWDúODUÕQER]XOPDVÕQDNDWNÕVD÷ODPDNWDGÕU %D]ÕWDúODUÕQ\]H\LQH
\HUOHúLNELWNLOHUN|NOHULWDúODU]HULQGHIL]LNVHOEDVÕQo\DSDUDNWDúLoHULVLQGH
ilerleyerek su ve kimyDVDOo|]HOWLOHULQWDúLoHULVLQHGDKDID]ODQIus etmesini
VD÷ODPDNWDGÕU
12
7X]WDúODUGDFLGGLGHUHFHGHER]XOPDODUDVHEHSROPDNWDGÕU7DúODUÕQLoHUVLQGHNL
mikro oDWODNODUGDo|]QHQWX]ODUÕQNULVWDOOHúPHVL VRQXFXQGDD\UÕúPDODU
PH\GDQDJHOPHNWHGLU(UL\HQWX]ODUNDSLODULWHLOHWDúÕQ\]H\LQHoÕNDUYHGÕú
NULVWDOOHúPH VRQXFXQGDHIORUHVDQVROXúXU.LPL]DPDQWDúÕQLoHULVLQGHNL
gö]HQHNOHUGHROXúDQNULVWDOOHQPHVRQXFXQGD kriptofloresans meydana
gelmektedir. GerHNGÕúYHJHUHNVHJL]OLNULVWDOOHQPHROVXQWDúODUGDJ|UOHQ
kristallenmelere floresans (çiçeklenme) ismi verilmektedir. Çiçeklenmeye sebep
RODQWX]ODUDONDOLYHWRSUDNDONDOLWX]ODUÕGÕU%XQODUDVLWo|]HOWLOHUYHJD]ODUÕQ
HWNLVL\OHVOIDWODUDG|QúU
AtmRVIHULNVHEHSOHUGHQGROD\Õ\]H\GHELULNHQNLUOHQPHOHUYHWR]ODUÕQWDú
\]H\GHWRSODQPDVÕ|]HOOLNOHWDúÕQQHPOLELU\]H\ROPDVÕWDúÕQER]XOPDVÕQD
KÕ]OÕELUHWNLHWPHNWHGLU.LUOHQPHVHEHEL\OHROXúDQ NLP\DVDOUHDNVL\RQODUÕQ
WDúÕQoDWODNODUÕQGDKDJHQLúOHPHVLQHYHWDú]HULQGHYHDOWWDEDNDODUGDROXúDQ
(gözenekli) SRURVOX\DSÕODUÕQoR÷DOPDVÕQDHWNLHWPHNWHGLU
Ankara kalesi gibi aoÕNDODQODUGDRODQ\DSÕWDúODUÕQÕQER]XOPDVÕQGD

DQWURSRMHQLNIDNW|UOHUGHHWNLOLROPDNWDGÕUøQVDQODUÕQELOLQoOLYH\DELOLQoVL]bir
úHNLOGHDQÕWVDOHVHUOHUH]DUDUYHUHELOPHNWHOHU7Dú\]H\OHULQVHUWFLVLPOHUOH
WDKULSHGLOPHVLJUDILWLJLELúHNLOOHULQNLP\DVDOPDGGHLOHROXúWXUXOPDVÕWDú
\]H\OHUGH\ÕNÕPDYHWDKULEDWD]DPDQODVHEHSRODELOPHNWHGLU
$QNDUDoHYUHVLQGHNLED]ÕDQÕWODUEXNLWDSLoLQ|UQHNPRGHORODUDNVHoLOPLúYH
ER]XOPDGXUXPODUÕ)LW]QHUPHWRGXLOHLQFHOHQPH\HoDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU$QNDUD¶QÕQ
8OXVVHPWLPGHEXOXQDQ$QNDUD.DOHVL-XOLDQ6WXQX5RPDP+DPDPÕ
NDOÕQWÕODUÕQGDNLPHUPHUYHDQGH]LWWDúODU$JXVXWXV7DSÕQD÷Õ+D\PDQDLOçesinin
'HPLU|]N|\QH\DNÕQELUGLNDUD]LGHND\DEORNXQXQXQNHVLOPHVLLOH
ROXúWXUXOPXúRODQ*DYXUNDOHVLDQÕWÕYH$QNDUD¶\D\DNODúÕNNPPHVDIHGH
(VNLúHKLULOVÕQÕUODUÕLoHULVLQGHEXOXQDQ0LGDV$QÕWÕEXoDOÕúPDLoLQ|UQHNRODUDN
VHoLOPLúYHEX\DSÕODUÕQDQDPDO]HPHVLQLROXúWXUDQWDúER]XOPDODUÕJ|UVHORODUDN
DQDOL]HGLOPH\HoDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU$QNDUDNDOHVLQLQJHQLúELUDODQGDROPDVÕVHEHEL\OH
oDOÕúPDDODQÕRODUDNVDGHFHLoVXUODUÕLoHULVLQGHEXOXQDQLNLDQDJLULúWHQELULRODQ
13
*HQoNDSÕE|OJHVLQGHNLDQGH]LWYHPHUPHUWDúEORNODUÕQER]XOPDGXUXPODUÕ
LQFHOHQPLúWLU-XOLDQVWXQXYH$XJXVWXVWDSÕQD÷ÕQÕROXúWXUDQDQDPDO]HPH
PHUPHUGLU5RPDKDPDPÕQGDNLDoÕNDUD]LGHEXODQDQWDúODUJHQHOOLNOHDQGH]LWYH
PHUPHUWDúODUÕGÕU0LGDs DQÕWÕQÕROXúWXUDQWDúoHúLGLLVHWXIWUWDúWÕUBozulma
GHUHFHOHULQLQWHVSLWLQGHKHUKDQJLELUNLP\DVDODQDOL]\DSÕOPDPÕúWÕU*|UVHO
RODUDNLQFHOHQHQHVHUOHUER]XOPDGXUXPODUÕQDJ|UHVÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOPD\D
oDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU*|UVHORODUDNGH÷HUOHQGLULOHQEXHVHUOHULQER]XOPDGXUXPODUÕYH
bozulmaya etki eden ana faktörler (fiziksel, kimyasal, biyolojik) ortaya konmaya
oDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU
14
BÖLÜM 2
*8583,0DWHU\DO.D\EÕ:
%R]XOPDIRUPXQXQLONJXUXEXQXWHúNLOHGHQEXJXUXSER]XOPDWUQGH\DSÕ
WDúODUÕQGDDúÕQPD:U|O\HINDEDUPD5NÕUÕOPD 2DQDJXUXSYHJXUXSODUÕQ
DOWJXUXSODUÕQGDQROXúPDNWDGÕU$QNDUDNDOHVL*HQo.DSÕE|OJHVLQLPH\GDQD
JHWLUHQ\DSÕWDúODUÕRODQDQGH]LWYHPHUPHUWDúODUGDPDWHU\DOND\EÕQÕQoHúLWOL
formODUÕJ|]OHQHELOPHNWHGLU5HVLP a ve b µGHJ|sWHULOGL÷LJLELDQGH]LWve
PHUPHUWDúEORNODUÕQ da yüzeylerinde mDWHU\DOND\ÕSODUÕYDUGÕU$QGH]it
\]H\OHUGHXIDODQPDGD÷ÕOPDúHNOLQGHRODQDúÕQPDWUER]XOPDPHUPHU
WDúODUGDGDKDoRNE\NSDUoDODUKDOLQGHNRSPDúHNOLQGHROPDNWDGÕU Rüzgâra
YH\D÷PXUVXODUÕQÕQ\DUDWWÕ÷ÕHUR]\RQWDúODUÕQ\]H\OHULQGHIDUNOÕIRUPODUGDWDú
ND\ÕSODUÕQD\RODoPÕúWÕU
Resim 3 a ve b: AndezLWWDúODUGDJ|]OHPOHQHQDúÕQPDWUER]XOPD (sol resim)

YHPHUPHUEORNWDJ|]OHPOHQHQNÕUÕOPDWUER]XOPDVD÷ resim)
7DúODUGDROXúDQPDWHU\DOND\ÕSODUÕQGDQELULRODQNÕUÕOPDIRUPXQGDözellikle
GR÷DOVHEHSOHU\DSÕQÕQLQúDHGLOPHVLHVQDVÕQGDNLNÕUÕOPDOar ana faktörlerdir.
Julian sütuQXQXQRWXUGX÷X]HPLQLQNHQDUODUÕve sütunun yüzeyinde \XNDUÕGD
EDKVHWWL÷LPL]DQDVHEHSOHUGen ELULQHED÷OÕRODUDNNÕUÕOPÕúWÕU5HVLPDYHE
15
16
Resim4 a ve b: -XOLDQVWXQXQNHQDUODUÕQGDJ|]OHPOHQHQNÕUÕOPDIRUPXQGDNL
PDWHU\DOND\EÕ
7DúÕQRULMLQDO\]H\LQGHSDUDOHOWHNG]Holarak görünen materyDOND\EÕ

özellikle Roma hamamÕQGDNLHVHUOHU ]HULQGH\R÷XQELUúHNLOGHJ|UOPHNWHGLU
Bu tür bozulmalar özellikle fiziksel D\UÕúPDQÕQROGX÷XE|OJHOHUGH\R÷XQELU
úHNLOGHYDUGÕU*HFHYHJQG]ÕVÕIDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQE\NROGX÷X\HUOHUGHEXWU
D\UÕúPDODUKDNLPROPDNWDGÕU%XWUER]XOPDVRUXQODUÕRoma KDPDPÕQGDNL
PH]DUWDúODUÕQGDYH$XJXVWXVWDSÕQD÷ÕQÕQDOW\]H\OHULQGHGHYDUGÕU5HVLPYH
Resim 6)
17
Resim 5: Roma hamamÕQGDNL5RPDG|QHPLQHDLWPH]DUWDúÕQGDNLIL]LNVHO
D\UÕúPDVHEHEL\OHWDúÕQVWNÕVPÕQGDNLPDWHU\DOND\EÕ
18
Resim 6: Agustus WDSÕQD÷ÕQGDNLPHUPHUWDúODUGDJ|]OHPOHQHQPDWHU\DOND\EÕ
0DWHU\DOND\EÕQÕQGL÷HUELUúHNOi olan rölyef türü bozulma DúD÷ÕGDNL5HVLP¶GH

J|]NPHNWHGLU7Dú\]H\OHUGHE|OJHVHOYHJHQHORODUDNPRUIRORMLNER]XOPDODU
YHGH÷LúLPOHULoLQNXOODQÕODQU|O\HIWU ER]XOPDQÕQAnkara kalesindeki andezit
\]H\GH\XYDUODNODúPDSU]OHúPHR\XNODúPDYH oXNXUODúPDúHNOLQGH
ROPDNWDGÕU
19
Resim 7: AndezLWWDú\]H\OHUGH J|]OHPOHQHQ\XYDUODNODúPDSU]OHúPH
R\XNODúPDYHoXNXUODúPD
g]HOOLNOH\D÷PXUVXODUÕrüzgâr JLELIDNW|UOHUWDú\]H\GHSDUoDNRSPDVÕQD
VHEHSROGX÷XJLELWDúÕQ\]H\LQGHRUDQWÕOÕELUúHNLOGHPDGGHND\EÕQDVHEHS
RODELOPHNWHYHWDú\]H\GHNLúHNLOOHU\D]ÕODU]DPDQLoHULVLQGH\RNROPDNWDGÕU
%XWUER]XOPDODUD³\XYDUODNODúPD5U´GHQLOPHNWHGLU$Qkara kalesindeki
DQGH]LWYHPHUPHUEORNODU]HULQGHNLúHNLOOHUYH5RPDKDPDPÕQGDNLaslan
KH\NHOLQLQ|]HOOLNOH\]NÕVPÕQGD\XYDUODNODúPD\DED÷OÕ olarak materyal
ND\ÕSODUÕDoÕNoa görülebilmektedir (Resim8 ve Resim9)
20
Resim 8: 5RPDKDPDPÕQGDNLDVODQKH\NHOLQLQ\]QGHerozyona ED÷OÕRODUDN
yuvarlDNODúPD türündeki bozulma
21
Resim9: $QNDUDNDOHVLQGHNLPHUPHUEORN]HULQGHNLúHNOLQU|O\HI\XYDUODúPD
türündeki bozulma. ùHNLO]DPDQLoHUVLQGHIRUPXQXND\EHWPH\H\]WXWPXúWXU
<XYDUODNODúPDWUQGHNLER]XOPDQÕQHQE\NKDVDUÕ*DYXUNDOHVLQGHNL+LWLW
figürlerinde görülmekte ve Hitit askerleri figürleri erozyona ED÷OÕRODUDNWDú
yüzeyden soyulmakta ve RULMLQDOúHNOLQLND\EHWPHNWHGLU5HVLP
22
Resim 10: Gavurkalesindeki Hitit askeri figürlerinin zamanla orijinal formundan
D\UÕúDUDNER]XOPDVÕYH\XYDUODNODúPD\DED÷OÕRODUDNPDWHU\DOND\EÕ
(UR]\RQDúÕQPDVÕQDED÷OÕRODUDNWDúODUÕQJUDQOHUGD÷ÕOPDVÕQÕQVRQXFXQGD
WDúODUÕQ|]HOOLNOHNHQDUODUÕYHVWNÕVÕPODUÕQGD³\XYDUODNODQPD´WUQde
ER]XOPDODUGDPHYFXWWXU5|O\HIWUQGHNLER]XOPDQÕQLNLWURODQELUELULQH
EHQ]H\HQ³\XYDUODNODQPD´YH³\XYDUODNODúPD´DVOÕQGDHUR]\RQND\QDNOÕ
ER]XOPDODUGÕU YuvarlakODQPDGDWDúODUÕQN|úHYHVWOHUGHPDGGHND\EÕYDUNHQ
\XYDUODNODúPDGD\]H\GHDúÕQPDGDQGROD\ÕPDGGH ND\EÕYDUGÕU$úD÷ÕGDNL
5HVLP¶GH 5RPDKDPÕQGDNL5RPDG|QHPLQHDLWDQGH]LWWDúEOR÷XQ üst
\]H\LQGHYHNHQDUODUÕQGD\XYDUODNODQPDJ|VWHULOPLúWLU
23
Resim 11: 5RPDKDPDPÕQGDNLDQGH]LWWDú\D]ÕW]HULQGHNL\XYDUODNlanmaya
ED÷OÕRODUDNPDWHU\DOND\EÕLOHVRQXoODQDQER]XOPD
$OYHRODUD\UÕúPD DUÕSHWH÷LúHNOLQGHGH÷LúLN\R÷XQOXNWDDQGH]LW WDú\]H\OHUGH

VDSWDQPÕúWÕU%XWUER]XOPDGDNLLNOLPLQIDNW|UOHULWDúÕQ\]H\LQHHWNLHGHQ
rüzgârlar ve tuz kristallenmeleri etki etmektedir. Resim 12¶GHDOYHRODU
bozulmalar andezLW\]H\GHWDú\]H\GHNLUOHQPHLOHEHUDEHUJ|]NPHNWHGLU
<HWHUOLGHUHFHVD÷OÕNOÕGUHQDMVLVWHPLQLQROPDPDVÕVXODUÕQ\]H\HDNPDVÕQD
VHEHSROPXú6XODUÕQLoHUVLQGHNLNLUOHWLFLPDGGHOHUU]JkUÕQGD HWNLVLLOHWDúODUÕQ
24
LoHUVLQHJLUPLúYHWDú\]H\GHJ|]HQHNOL\DSÕPH\GDQDJHOPLúWLU$\QÕ]DPDQGD
\]H\GHoLoHNOHQPHYHEXQDED÷OÕolaraktan NDEXNODQPDYDUGÕU
Resim 12: Andezit yüzeyde gözlemlenen alvolar türü bozulma
7Dú\]H\OHUGH\D GDDUDODUÕQGD J|UOHELOLQHQERúOXN\D GDGHOLNOHUoHúLWOL

ER\XWODUGDRODELOLUOHU<DSÕVDOVHEHSOHUGHQGROD\ÕELUHOHPDQÕQPRQWHHGLOPHVL
DPDFÕ\ODWDú\]H\LQGHDoÕODUDNGDKDVRQUDNDSDWÕOPDPÕúRODQGHOLNOHU]DPDQOD
WDú\]H\LQGHER]XOPDODUÕKÕ]ODQGÕUPDNWDYHWDú\]H\Lnde kopmalar meydana
gelebilmektedir. Resim 13¶GHJ|VWHULOGL÷LJLELNDOHGXYDUODUÕQGDNLDQGH]LWYH
PHUPHUWDúEORNODUGDNL\DSÕVDOVHEHSOHUGHQGROD\ÕDoÕOPÕúGHOLNOHU
gözlenebilmektedir.
$QGH]LWWDúEORNWDD\QÕ]DPDQGDU|O\HI ER]XOPDQÕQELUGH÷LúLNúHNOL olan

DQWURSRMHQLNIRUPNHQGLQLWDúÕQ]HULQGHoL]JLOHUKDOLQGHJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU Bu
ERúOXNODUD]DPDQODVXGRODELOLUYHELWNLOHULQ\HWLúHELOHFH÷LDODQODUÕGD
25
ROXúWXUDELOLUOHU Resim 13 VROUHVLP¶GD J|VWHULOHQPHUPHUWDúEORN]HULQGH
D\QÕ]DPDQGD\DSÕPDúDPDVÕQGDDoÕODQGHOLNWHQGROD\ÕoDWODNODUPH\GDQD
JHOPLúYHWDú\]H\LQGHYHDoÕODQGHOLNLoHUVLQGHDWPRVIHULNVHEHSOHUGHQGROD\Õ
madde birikiminin etkisi ile kirlenmeler söz konusudur.
Resim 13: Ankara kalesindeki aQGH]LWWDúEORNWDVROUHVLPve mermer blokta

VD÷UHVLPJ|UOHQ\DSÕVDOVHEHSOHUGHQGROD\ÕDoÕOPÕúGHOLNOHU
g]HOOLNOH$XJXVWXVWDSÕQD÷ÕQÕQ\]H\LQHUHVWRUDV\RQVHEHEL\OHoRNID]ODVD\ÕGD
GHOLNOHUDoÕOPÕú (Resim 14)%XQXQVHEHEL\OHPDWHU\DOND\ÕSODUÕV|]NRQXVXGXU
Bu tür bozulmalaUEDúNDWUGHQER]XOPDODUÕ GDWHWLNOH\HELOLUgUQH÷LQWDúÕQ
GHOLNOHULQGHDWPRVIHUNLUOLOL÷LQGHQGROD\ÕNLP\DVDOPDGGHOHUELULNHELOLU5HVLP
15).
26
Resim 14: $XJXVWXVWDSÕQD÷ÕQÕQ\]H\LQGH\DSÕVDOQHGHQOHUGROD\ÕDoÕODQ
GHOLNOHUHED÷OÕRODUDNWDú\]H\LQGHQ PDGGHND\EÕg]HOOLNOHGHOLNOHUHWUDIÕQGDNL
VL\DKUHQNWHNLWDEDNDODúPD
27
Resim 15: $XJXVWXVWDSÕQD÷ÕQGDNL\]H\]HULQHDoÕODQGHOLNOHUH\DNÕQELU
EDNÕú$WPRVIHUNLUOLOL÷LQHED÷OÕRODUDNGHOLNOHUHWUDIÕQGDDoÕNoD görülen siyah
WDEDNDODúPD
'L÷HUELUmateryal kaybÕ GDDQGH]LWWDúEORNODUDUDVÕQGDNLGHU]ERúDOPDVÕGÕU

'XYDU|UJVQGHNXOODQÕODQWDúODUoHúLWOLNDOÕQOÕNODUGDGHU]ROXúWXUDFDNúHNLOGH
\HUOHúWLULOLUOHUYHKDUoODUODELUOHúWLULOLU'HU]KDUoODUÕ|]HOOLNOH\D÷PXUVXODUÕQÕQ
\ÕNDPDVÕVRQXFX \D÷mur erozyonu) yada uygun olmayan drenaj sisteminden
ND\QDNODQDQSUREOHPOHUGHQGROD\ÕDWÕNVXODUÕQWDú\]H\OHUGHQGHU]DUDODUÕQD
girmesi sebebiyle derz harçlarÕWDúODUGDQD\UÕODELOLU5HVLP¶GHJ|VWHULOGL÷L
gibi DQGH]LWEORNODUDUDVÕQGDNLGHU]ERúDOPDVÕ J|UOPHNWHGLU%XERúDOPD
VRQXFXROXúDQERúOXNODUÕQDUDVÕQGDELWNLOHúPH veya biyolojik kolonizasyonlar
meydana gelebilmektedir.
28
Resim 16: $QGH]LWWDúEORNODUDUDVÕQGDJ|]OHPOHQHQGHU]ERúDOPDVÕ
'R÷DOQHGHQOHUHED÷OÕNÕUÕOPD YHSDUoDNRSPDVÕ$QNDUDNDOHVLQGHNLDQGH]LWWDú
EORNODUGDPHYFXWWXUdHúLWOLVHEHSOHUGHQWDúÕQLo\DSÕVÕQGDELUEDVÕQoPH\GDQD
JHOLU'DKDVRQUDROXúDQEDVÕQooDWODNODUÕPH\GDQDJHWLULU]DPDQODoDWODNODUDQD
NWOHGHQPDWHU\DONRSPDVÕQDVHEHSRODELOLU'HPLULQWDúLoHUVLQGHSDVODQPDVÕYH
JHQLúOHPHVLWDúÕSDWODWDELOLU%XQXQGÕúÕQGDdepremler GHWDú\]H\OHUGH
kopmalara sebep olabilir (Resim 17)
29
Resim 17: $QGH]LWWDúEORNODUGDJ|UOHQSDUoDNRSPDVÕ
Antropojenik NÕUÕOPDQÕQVHEHSROGX÷XPDWHU\DOND\EÕER]XOPDQÕQDQDIDNW|U
RODQLQVDQND\QDNOÕ ER]XOPDQÕQoHúLWOHULQGHQRODQmekaniksel veya darbe
ND\QDNOÕ ER]XOPDQÕQ|UQH÷LQL0LGDVDQÕWÕ]HULQGHJ|]OHPOHPHNPPNQGU
(Resim 18dHNLoWUNHVLFLELUDOHWLOHDQÕWÕROXúWXUDQtüf WDúEORN]HULQGH
NHVPH\DSÕOPÕúYHPDGGHND\EÕV|]NRQXVXGXU
30
Resim 18: 7Dú]HULQGHNHVLFLDOHWLOH\DSÕODQLúOHPVRQXFXROXúDQPDGGHND\EÕ
Sadece kesici bir alet ile madde ND\EÕV|]NRQXVXGH÷LOGLU0LGDVDQÕWÕ]HULQGH

bir bölgede NHVLFLELUDOHWLOH\D]Õ\D]ÕOPDVÕVRQXFX\LQHWDú]HULQGHPDGGH
ND\EÕV|]NRQXVXGXU5HVLP 19)
Resim 19: .HVLFLELUDOHWLOH0LGDVDQÕWÕ\]H\LQH\D]Õ\D]ÕOPDVÕLOH\]H\GH

PDGGHND\EÕ
31
$QÕW]HULQGHJHoPLú]DPDQODUGD\DSÕODQUHVWRUDV\RQODU VHEHEL\OHDoÕODQ
GHOLNOHULQROXúWXUGX÷XPDGGHND\EÕDQÕWDGLNNDWOLFHEDNÕOGÕ÷Õ]DPDQDoÕNoD
gözükmektedir (Resim 20.RUXPDDPDFÕJGHQUHVWRUDV\RQoDOÕúPDODUÕQÕQoRN
GDKDGLNNDWOLFH\DSÕOPDVÕJHUHNPHNWHGLU2QDUÕP\DSÕOÕUNHQ\ÕNÕPÕQV|]NRQXVX
ROPDPDVÕELULQFL|QFHOLNROPDOÕGÕU
Resim 20: 5HVWRUDV\RQVHEHEL\OH0LGDVDQÕWÕ]HULQGHDoÕODQYHNHQGLQLEHOOL

eden delikler
0LGDVDQÕWÕQÕQVWNÕVÕPODUÕQGDJHQHOJ|UQPER]DQVHEHELDQODúÕOPD\DQELU
PDGGHND\EÕV|]NRQXGXUMuhtemelen antropejenik veya erozyon sebebiyle
DQÕWND\DoWDQWDúNRSPXúWXU5HVLP 21)
32
Resim 21: 0LGDVDQÕWÕVWE|OJHVLQGHJ|]OHPOHQHQVHEHELDQODúÕOPD\DQHWNLLOH
PDWHU\DOND\EÕ
33
*8583,,5HQN'H÷LúLPL%LULNPH
øNLQFLJXUXSER]XOPDWURODQUHQNGH÷LúLPLYHWDú\]H\OHUGHNLP\DVDO
PDGGHOHULQWR]YHGH÷LúLNWUGHQRUJDQLNYHLQRUJDQLNPDGGHbirikmesi olarak
HOHDOÕQDQEXWUER]XOPDQÕQGH÷LúLNIRUPODUGDDOWJXUXSODUÕYDUGÕU
5HQNGH÷LúLPLWDúÕQDQDUHQJLQLQND\DoPLQDUHOHULQLQVXLOHEXOXúPDVÕ
VRQXFXQGD\]H\GHROXúDQGDKDoRNGHPLURNVLWOHULQQHGeQROGX÷XELU
ER]XOPDGÕU5HVLP¶GH andezit yüzeyde kayaç mineralindeki bozulmadan
GROD\ÕPH\GDQDJHOHQUHQNGH÷LúLPLNÕUPÕ]ÕEDQWRODUDNJ|]OHQPHNWHGLU
Resim 22: AQGH]LW\]H\GHJ|]OHQHQNÕUPÕ]ÕUHQNEDQGÕ
AndezLWWDú\]H\OHULQ]HULQGHYHDOWWDEDNDODUGDWX]ODUÕQNULVWDOOHQGL÷i
J|UOPúWU(UL\HQWX]ODUÕQPLNURoDWODU\ROXLOHWDúÕQLoHULQHWDúÕQPDNWDYH
VX\XQWHNUDUGÕúDUÕoÕNPDVÕVRQXFXQGDtaúLoHULQGHNDOPDNWDGÕU5HVLP¶Ge
HUL\HQWX]ODUÕQWDú\]H\LQGHYHDOWWDEDNDGDNLELULNLPLQLJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU Resim
10 VRO¶GDX\JXQROPD\DQGUHQDMVLVWHPLQGHQGROD\Õ\D÷PXUYHDWÕNVXODUÕQ
NDOHGXYDUÕQGDQWDú\]H\HDNPDVÕQGDQGROD\Õ|QFHWDú\]H\GHQHPOHQPHGDKD
soQUDNLUOHQPHYHGHYDPÕQGDGDDOYeolar türü bozulma meydana gelmekte.
34
6XODUÕQJHWLUGL÷LPDGGHOHUYHWDú\]H\GHROXúDQWX]ODUÕQ\]H\GHELULNPHVL
VRQXFXQGDKHPNLUOHQPHKHPGHWDEDNDODúPDPH\GDQJHOPLúWLU<]H\L
GH÷LúWLUHQDoÕNUHQNOLWDEDNODúPDDQGH]LWEORN]HULQGHDoÕNoDJ|]NPHNWHGLU
Resim 23 VD÷¶GDDQGH]LWEORN]HULQLQDOWÕQGDWX]ELULNPHVLoLoHNOHQPH
sonucunda ELUNDEDUPDPH\GDQDJHOPLúYHEXNDEDUPDWX]EDVÕQFÕQGDQGROD\Õ
SDWODPÕúWÕU%XQXQVRQXFXQGD\]H\GHPDGGHND\EÕV|]NRQXVXGXU5HVLP
sol)
Resim 23: AndezLWWDú\]Hyde (sol resim) ve alt tabakada gözlemlenen tuz

ELULNPHVLVD÷ resim)
$QNDUD¶GD|]HOOLNOHIRVLOND\QDNOÕ\DNÕWODUÕQ\ÕOODUGÕUNXOODQÕOPDVÕVRQXFXQGD
DQÕWVDOELQDODUGDKDYDNLUOLOL÷LQGHQGROD\ÕWDú\]H\OHULQGHNLUOHQPHOHUX]XQ
]DPDQGÕUHWNLOLROPXúODUGÕU +DYDNLUOLOL÷LQLQ\DQÕQGD$QNDUDNDOHVLQLQ\NVHNWH
ELU\HUGHROPDVÕWDúEORNODUÕQÕQ|QQGHU]JkUÕ engelleyici etmenlerin
ROPDPDVÕQGDQGROD\ÕU]JkUÕQ JHWLUGL÷LWR]LVNOQGHWDú\]H\GHELULNPHVL
kirlenmelere sebep olabilmektedir. g]HOLNOHWDú\]H\OHULQGR÷UXGDQ\D÷PXU
VX\XLOH\ÕNDQPD\DQE|OPOHULQGHKDYDNLUOLOL÷L YH\XNDUGDEDKVHWWL÷LPL]WR]LV
ve külün VRQXFXQGDRUWD\DoÕNDQkirlenme NDEXNROXúXPX úHNOLQGH NDOÕQYH
genellikle koyu gri-siyah renkli halindedir. .DEXNODQPDWURODUDNRUWD\DoÕNDn
andezit ve mermer bloklardaki kirlenmeler Ankara kalesinin hemen hemen tüm
35
DQGH]LWYHPHUPHUEORNODUÕQGDJ|UOPHNWHGLU<R÷XQRODUDNJ|]OHPOHQHQEX
NDEXNODQPDWDúÕQUHQJLQLNLUOHWPLúYHWDú\]H\LQGHVL\DKELUNDEXNODQPD\D
NDGDUJLWPLúWLU Resim 24 mermeUNDSÕEOR÷XYHDQGH]LWWDú\üzeydeki
atmosferik kirlenmedHQGROD\Õ\]H\GHNLUOHQPH\L göstermektedir. .DSÕ
EOR÷XQXQ\DQWDUDIODUÕ\D÷PXUVXODUÕQÕQHWNLVLLOH\ÕNDQPÕúYHNLUOHQPH ROXúXPX
\RNROPXúWXUDPDLoNÕVÕPODUGDNR\XVL\DKNLUOHQPH GDKDQHWELUúHNLlde
gözükmektedir.
Resim 24: *HQoNDSÕE|OJHVLQGHNDSÕJLULúLQGHNLPHUPHUEORNYHNDOH

yüzeyindeki andezit taú\]H\LQGHNLKDYDNLUOLOL÷LWR]LVYHNOGHQGROD\Õ
PH\GDQDJHOHQNLUOHQPH\HED÷OÕER]XOPD
$QNDUDNDOHVL$QNDUD¶QÕQ\NVHNoHELUWHSHVLQGHEXOXQPDVÕNDUúÕQ|]HOOLNOH
\R÷XQ\D÷ÕúG|QHPOHULQGH\]H\YHWDEDQVXND\QDNOÕSDUoDFÕNODUÕQGDQ
kaynaklanan kirlenmeler meydana gelebilmektedir. Ankara kalesinin iç
NÕVÕPODUÕQGD\HUOHúLPDODQODUÕQÕQROPDVÕYH VD÷OÕNOÕNDQDOL]DV\RQVLVWHPLQLQ
\HWHUOLROPDPDVÕ\ODNLPL$QNDUDNDOHVLQLQNLPLE|OJHOHULQGHVD÷OÕNOÕROPD\DQ
GUHQDMVLVWHPLQGHQGROD\Õ\]H\VXODUÕ\DSÕWDúODUÕQÕQ\]H\LQHDNPDNWDYH
EXQXQVRQXFXQGDWDú\]H\GHNLUlenmeler gözlenmektedir (Resim 25). Zemin
36
VXODUÕQÕQGDD\QÕúHNLOGHWDúEORNODUÕQLoHULVLQHQIXVHWPHVLVRQXFXQGDWDú
yüzeyinde ve alt tabakalarda bozulmalar sebep ROPDNWDGÕU5HVLP¶GHDoÕNoD
J|UOG÷]HPLQVXODUÕDQGH]LWWDúEORNLoHULVLQHJLUPLúWLU
Resim 25: =HPLQVX\XQDQGH]LWWDúLoHUVLQHJLUPHVLVRQXFXQGDWDú\]H\LQGH

gözlemlenen kirlenme
øQVDQIDNW|UDQÕWVDOELQDODULoLQHQE\NER]XOPDODUÕmeydana
getirebilmektedir. Antropojenik etkiye ba÷OÕNLUOHQPH*HQoNDSÕE|OJHVLQ de
\R÷XQELUúHNLOGHYDUGÕU*UDILWLWUoDOÕúPDODUWDú\]H\LQHDVÕODQLODQODU
WDúODUÕQoHúLWOLVHEHSOHUGHQGROD\ÕER\DQPDVÕKDUoVUOPHVLYHELOLQoVL]FH
NRUXPDDPDoOÕPDGGHOHULQWDú\]H\HVUOPHVL WDú\]H\GHNLUOenmelere sebep
ROPDNWÕU5HVLP6)
37
Resim 26: $QWURSRMHQLNVHEHSOHUGHQGROD\ÕDQGH]LWYHPHUPHUEORNODUGD
gözlemlenen kirlenme
7Dú\]H\OHULQER\DQPDVÕVRQXFX\]H\LQFHELUWDEDNDLOHNDSODQÕUYHEX
WDEDNDNLP\DVDOODULoHUGL÷LQGHQNLP\DVDOELUD\UÕúPD\DVHEHSRODELOPHNWHGLU
ZamanlDEXWDEDND\]H\GHQD\UÕOÕUYHWDú\]H\GHD\UÕúPDYH kopmalar
meydana gelir. Resim 27¶GHJ|UOG÷JLELPHUPHU\]H\ER\DLOHNDSODQPÕú
YHNLUOHQPHPH\GDQDJHOPLúWLU'DKDVRQUDEXER\DWDEDNDVÕ\]H\GH
kopmalara sebep olmDNWDGÕU
Resim 27: 0HUPHUEORN]HULQGHNLLQFHER\DWDEDNDVÕ

38
Ankara Kalesi AQGH]LWWDúyüzeylerinde makro biyolojik birikimlerde (bitki
üremesi) J|]OHQPHNWHGLU6D÷OÕNOÕGUHQDMVLVWHPLQLQROPD\ÕúÕELWNLOHULQLKWL\DFÕ
RODQVX\XVD÷ODPDNWDGÕU7Dú\]H\OHULQGHELULNHQPDNURELWNLoR÷DOPDVÕ
J|OJHOHPH\DSDUDNWDú\]H\OHULQLQVUHNOL QHPOLNDOPDVÕQÕVD÷ODPDNWDGÕU
(Resim 28)
Resim 28: %LWNLELULNLPLVHEHEL\OHDQGH]LWWDúODUÕQVUHNOLQHPOLNDOPDVÕ
7DúDUDODUÕQGDELULNHQELWNLN|NOHULWDú\]H\LQHJLUHUHN \]H\GHYHWDúÕQalt
WDEDNDODUÕQda fiziksel/kimyasal/mekaniksel bozulmDODUDVHEHSROPDNWDGÕU
(Resim 29)*DYXUNDOHVL\]H\LQGHELWNLOHUJ|]OHPOHQPLúWLUYHEXELWNLOHUoDWODN
DODQODUGDRUWD\DoÕNPÕúODUGÕUYHN|NOHULQL\]H\GHNLoDWODNODUiçerisine
39
\HUOHúWLUHUHN çatlaklara aUDVÕQGDKXPXVODúPDODUPH\GDQDJHWLUPHNWHOHU Bunun
ELU|UQH÷LQde Ankara kalesinde görmekte mümkündür (Resim 30)
Resim 29: Gavurkalesi WDúEORN\]H\LQGHNLoDWODNODUGDELWNLNRORQL]DV\RQX
Resim 30: Andesit WDúODU]HULQGHJ|]OHPOHQHQEL\RORMLNNLUOHQPHELWNL

ROXúXPX
40
'DPODPDWUER]XOPD|]HOOLNOH$JXVWXVWDSÕQD÷ÕQGDJ|UOPúWU+DFÕ
%D\UDPFDPLLQGHNLJYHUFLQOHULQ]L\DUHWoLOHUWDUDIÕQGDQEHVOHQPHVLVHEHEL\OH
JYHUFLQOHULQ$XJXVWXVWDSÕQD÷ÕLoLQELUWHKGLWROPDNWDGÕU*YHUFLQGÕúNÕODUÕQÕQ
YHNXúSLVOLNOHULQLQYHUGL÷L]DUDU5HVLP µGHJ|VWHULOPLúWLU*YHUFLQYHNXú
GÕúNÕODUÕQÕQVOIDWQLWUDWYHIRVIDWJLELVXGDo|]QHELOLUWX]ODUÕLoHUPHVL\DSÕGDNL
mermer yüzeylerde kirlenme türünde bozulma meydana getirmektedir.
Resim 31: $JXVWXVWDSÕQD÷ÕPHUPHU\]H\GHJ|UOHQJYHUFLQYHNXú

GÕúNÕODUÕQÕQVHEHSROGX÷XNLUOHQPH
0LGDVDQÕWÕ]HULQGHDWPRVIHULNVHEHSOHUya da \D÷PXUVXODUÕQÕQHWNLVLLOHPDGGH
ELULNLPLROXúPXúWXU%XPDGGHOHUDQÕWÕQoHúLWOL\HUOHULnde kendisini
J|VWHUPHNWHGLU$PDHQ\R÷XQúHNOLLOHDQÕWÕQVW-VRONÕVÕPODUÕQGDVL\DKELU
katman halinde kendini belli etmektedir (Resim 32)
41
Resim 32: 0LGDVDQÕWÕ]HULQGHJ|]OHPOHQHQVL\DKNLUOHQPHYHPDGGHELULNLPL
$QFDNNLPLPHUPHU\]H\OHUGHEDNWHULOHULQROXúWXUGX÷XVL\DKSDWLQDODU
OHNHOHQPHOHUYDUGÕU5HVLP)
Resim 33: 0HUPHUEORN]HULQGHJ|UOHQEDNWHULOHULQROXúWXUGX÷XVL\DK

patinalar
42
$QNDUDNDOHVLDQGH]LWPHUPHUYHED]DOWWDúEORNODU]HULQGHDOJ, liken, yosun
YHPDQWDUWUEL\RORMLNNRORQL]DV\RQODUJ|UOPHPLúWLU%XWUEL\RORMLN
\DúDPODUGDKDoRNED÷ÕOQHPYH&µGHQE\NVÕFDNOÕNRUWDPODUÕ
LVWH÷LQGHQYHHQ|QHPOLVLDWPRVIHULNNLUOLOL÷LVHYPHGL÷LQGHQGROD\Õ$QNDUD
NDOHVLQGHNLWDú\]H\OHUGHJ|UOPHPLúOHUGLU$QFDN5RPDKDPDPÕQGDNL
PHUPHU\]H\OHUGHDOJYHOLNHQWUQGHQEL\RORMLNWDEDNDODúPDODUYHOHNHOHU
J|UOPHNWHGLU$OJOHUWHNKFUHOLYHNRORQLKDOLQGH\DúD\DQIRWR]HQWH]\DSDQ
RUJDQL]PDODUGÕU*HQHOGHoRNQHPOL\]H\OHUGH\DúD\DQDOJOer kayaç üzerinde
NRPSDNWVÕNÕGRNXOXYH\DILOPJLELELUWDEDNDROXúWXUDELOLUOHU5HVLP¶GH
mermer yüzeylerde görülen alg kolonileri YHRQODUÕQROXúWXUGX÷XEL\RILOP
ROXúXPXJ|VWHULOPLúWLU
Resim 34: 0HUPHUWDú\]H\LQGHNLEL\RILOPROXúXPX
43
5RPDKDPDPÕQGDNLELUoRNPHUPHUPH]DUWDúÕQÕ\]H\OHULQGHOLNHQNDUD
\RVXQODUÕYHPDQWDUWUEL\RORMLNNRORQL]DV\RQODUD\QÕDQGDJ|UOPHNWHOHU
g]HOOLNOHPHUPHUWDúODUÕQ\DQ\]OHULQGHYHVWNÕVÕPODUÕQGDgörülen liken ve
yosun türü biyolojik birikimler WDúODUÕoDWODWDUDND\UÕúPD\DVHEHSRODELOPHNWHOHU
g]HOOLNOHQHPOLDODQODUÕVHYHQEXRUJDQL]PDODUoDWODU\]H\OHULWHUFLK
HWPHNWHOHU<]H\GHROXúDQOLNHQYH\RVXQODUWXUXQFXVL\DKYHVDUÕUHQNOi
olarak görülmekteler (Resim 35, 36, 37, 37)
Resim 35: 5RPDKDPDPÕPH]DUWDúODUÕ\]H\OHULQGHNLOLNHQYH\RVXQ

ROXúXPODUÕ
44
ROXúXPODUÕ
45
ROXúXPODUÕ
46
ROXúXPODUÕ
g]HOOLNOHúHKLUGÕúÕQGDRODQ*DYXUNDOHVLQLQVWNÕVÕPODUÕQGDNL\DSÕWDúODUÕ
]HULQGHOLNHQWUROXúXPODUGDKD\R÷XQGXU%XQXQHQ|QHPOLIDNW|UEX
E|OJHGHNLNLUOHQPHQLQúHKLULoLQDQÕWODUDJ|UHGDKDD]ROPDVÕV|\OHQHELOLU
$QNDUD¶QÕQPHUNH]LQGHEXOXQDQWDULKLDQÕWODUÕQDWPRVIHUNLUOLOL÷LQGHQGROD\Õ
etkilenmesi liken, alg, PDQWDUYH\RVXQNRORQL]DV\RQXQXQEXWDú\]H\OHUGH
ELULNLPOHULQHHQJHOWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU$QNDUDNDOHVLQLQ\NVHNWHELr yerde
ROPDVÕVHEHEL\OHGLUHNRODUDNDWPRVIHULNER]XOPDODUDPDUX]NDOPÕúWÕU2\VD
47
*DYXUNDOHVLúHKLUNLUOLOL÷LYHWUDILNNLUOLOL÷LQGHQX]DNWDELU\HUGHGLU%XQXQGD
etkisiyle liken, alg ve yosun türünden biyolojik birikimlere daha çok eYVDKLSOL÷L
yapmaktadÕU5HVLP)
Resim 39: *DYXUNDOHVLWDúEORNODUGDNLliken, yosun, PDQWDUROXúXPODUÕ
48
*8583,,,7DúWDd|]QPH
7Dú]HULQGHJUDQOHUIL]LNVHOoözünme (tozlanma, ufalanma, kumlanma),
GD÷ÕOPDLQFHWDEDNDROXúXPX, kabuklanPDWDEDNDODúPDYHWDúÕQtekstürüne
ED÷OÕo|]QPHEXJXUXEDJLUHQDOWDQDJXUXSODUGÕU$QNDUD.DOHVL*HQoNDSÕ
bölgesinde Rölyef türünden sonra en çok gözlemlenen bozulma türüdür.
Granüler ç|]QPHWDúODUGDQNoNSDUoDODUÕQNRSPDVÕLOHROPDNWDGÕU7Dú
\]H\LQHKDILIELUWHPDVÕQROPDVÕLOHDQGH]LWWDú\]H\LQGHXIDODQPDYH
NXPODQPDROPDNWDGÕUg]HOOLNOHWX]ODQPDVHEHEL\OHRODQJUDQOHUo|]QPH
U]JkUÕQ\D÷PXUXQYDUOÕ÷Õ yani erozyonu LOHWDú\üzeyindeki kopmalar
KÕ]ODQPDNWDGÕU5HVLP).
Resim 40: AndH]LWWDúEORNODUGDJ|]OHPOHQHQJUDQOHUoözülme
$QNDUDNDOHVLQGHNLNLPLPHUPHUWDú\]H\OHULQGHúHNHUOHPHWUER]XOPDODUGD
YDUGÕU7Dú\]H\LQLQNHVPHúHNHUGRNXVXKDOLQGHJHOPHVLúHNOLQGHgörülen bir
bozulma türüdür (Resim 41). Atmosferin etkisL\OHPHUPHU\]H\\DYDú\DYDú
49
pU]OKDOHJHOLUYH\D÷PXUVXODUÕQÕQHWNLVL\OH\DYDú\DYDúSU]OKDOHJHOHQ
\]H\]DPDQODWDú\]H\GHQD\UÕODELOLU
Resim 41: 0HUPHUEOR÷XQ\]H\LQGHROXúDQúHNHrleme türü bozulma
6ÕFDNOÕNGH÷LúLPOHULYHNLP\DVDOD\UÕúPDROD\ODUÕVRQXFXQGDWDúNWOHOHULQLQ
LQFHNDWODUKDOLQGHWDúÕQ\]H\LQGHSDUDOHOD\UÕúPDODUGD|]HOOLNOH$QNDUD
kalesindeki mermer ve andezit EORNODUÕQ\]H\OHULQGHgözlenebilmektedir.
.DEXN\]H\GHQELUEDORQJLELúLúHUYH]DPDQLoHULVLQGHNDEXN\]H\GHQD\UÕOÕU
(Resim 42)
50
Resim 42: 0HUPHUVROYHDQGH]LWVD÷EORNODUGDNLLQFHWDEDNDKDOLQGH
GD÷ÕOPD
Kimi zaman PHUPHUWDúEORNODUÕQ \DSÕVÕQGDG]HQVL]NRPSDNWSDUoDFÕNODU

halinde pDUoDODQPDODUGDYDUGÕU5HVLP)
Resim 43: Mermer bloklarda düzensiz kompakt parçalanma
51
$QGH]LWWDú\]H\OHUGH\]H\HSDUDOHOELUNDoPLOLPHWUHGHQsantimetreye kadar
GH÷LúHQER\XWODUGD\DSUDNúHNOLQGHD\UÕúPDWUOHUL|]HOOLNOHVXGDo|]QHQ
WX]ODUÕQYDUOÕ÷ÕVebebiyle olabilmektedir (Resim 44)
Resim 44: $QGH]LWVROYHPHUPHUVD÷EORNWDú\]H\LQGHWX]ODQPDVHEHEL\OH

\]H\GHJ|UOHQ\DSUDNúHNOLQGH\]H\LQD\UÕúPDVÕ$OWWDEDNDGDWX]ODQPDODU
gözükmektedir.
<D÷PXUVXODUÕQÕQU]JkUÕQ HWNLVLLOH0LGDVDQÕWÕ\]H\LQGHXIDODQWULOH
PDGGHND\EÕYDUGÕU5HVLP 45). $QÕW\]H\LHOLOHGRNXQXOGX÷X]DPDQ\]H\GH
NXPODQPDROPDNWDYH\]H\GHNXPODQDQSDUoDFÕNODUDQDNWOHGHQD\UÕOPDNWD
YHEXVHEHSOHPDGGHND\EÕROPDNWDGÕU5]JkUÕQ YH\D÷ÕúÕQ EROROGX÷XD\ODUGD
|]HOOLNOHEXWUER]XOPDODUÕQHWNLVLNHQGLQLGDKDKÕ]OÕJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
52
Resim 45: <D÷mur ve U]JkUÕQ HWNLVLLOH0LGDVDQÕWÕQGDJ|]OHPOHQHQNXPODQPD
WULOHPDGGHND\EÕ
g]HOOLNOHEXWUGHQER]XOPDDQÕW]HULQGHNLúHNLOOHULQ]DPDQiçerisinde yok
ROPDVÕQDVHEHSRODELOPHNWHGLU5HVLP 46)
Resim 46: 0LGDVDQÕWÕ]HULQGHrüzgâr YH\D÷PXUXQHWNLVLLOH\]H\GHNL

úHNLOOHULQVLOLQPHVL
53
0LGDVDQÕWÕQÕQ|]HOOLNOH]HPLQNÕVPÕQGDHUR]\RQVHEHEL\OHJHQLúoDSOÕDúÕQPDODU
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YHNXPODQPDúHNOLQGHDQÕW\]H\LQGHJ|]OHPOHQPHNWHGLU5HVLP 47)
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bozulma
54
GURUP IV: Çatlaklar/Deformasyon
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bu gurubun karakteristik özellikleridir. Özellikle mermer bloklarda çatlaklar
gözlenmektedir (Resim 48). 0HUPHUEORNNDSÕNLULúLRODUDNNXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU
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oHúLWOLIDNW|UOHUde etki etmektedir.
Resim 48: Mermer blok üzerinde gözlemlenen çatlaklar
7DúODU]HULQGHJ|]OHPOHQHQLQFHYHNoNoDWODNODU\D da makro çatlar

Gavurkalesini ROXúWXUDQED]DOWND\D]HULQGHIL]LNVHOER]XOPDQÕQELUUQ
olarak gözükmektedir. %XWUoDWODNODULOHULNL]DPDQODUGDoDWODND÷Õ
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kolonizasyonu göstermektedir (Resim 49).
Resim 49: Gavurkalesi bazalt kaya üzerindeki çatlaklar ve bitki kolonizasyonu
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\DQÕQGDNLP\DVDOHWPHQOHUGHHWNLHWPHNWHGLUYHNLPL]DPDQGDEL\RORMLN
bozulma türleri de araya girmektedir.
56
Resim 50: 5RPDKDPDPÕPHUPHUEORNODUGD çatlaklar
57
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D\ODUGDLVHWHUVLROXSE]úr. Bu sirkülasyonun VUHNOLOLNWHúNLOHWPHVLWDú
DQÕWODUDIL]LNVHOYHPHNDQLNVHOELUHWNLHWPHNWHYHDQÕWÕROXúWXUDQWDúODUÕQ
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biriken tX]ODUVÕFDNKDYDODUGDVXLOH\]D\e yine SRURVLWHNDQDOODUÕLOHGÕúDUÕ
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58
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59
KAYNAKLAR
Caneva, G. ve Salvadori, O. (1988), Biodeterioration of Stone, L. Lazzarini and

R. Pieper (Ed.), The Deterioration and Conservation of Stone (s.112-182),
Venice: Unesco
Croci, G. (1998), The Conservation and Structural Restoration of Architectural

Heritage, Southampton, UK: Computational Mechanics Publications.
Cutler, N., ve Viles+³(XNDU\RWLF0LFURRUJDQLVPV and Stone

%LRGHWHULRUDWLRQ´ Geomicrobiology Journal, 27,630±646.
De Graef,B., Cnuddeb, V., Dickc, J., De Beliea, N., Jacobsb, P., Verstraete, W.
³$VHQVLWLYLW\VWXG\IRUWKHYLVXDOLVDWLRQRI bacterial weathering of
concrete and stone with computerised X-ray PLFURWRPRJUDSK\´Science of the
Total Environment, 341, 173± 183.
Fitzner, B., Heinrichs, K. & Kownatzi, R, 1992, weathering Forms-

Classification and Mapping of weathering Forms, 7 th Int. Cong. On
Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Proceedings, Lisbon, pp. 957-968.
Fitzner, B. ,1994, Porosity Properties and Weathering Behaviour of Natural

Stones-Methodology and Examples. Proceedings of the C.U.M. 2nd Course
Stone Material in Monuments: Diagnosis and Conservation, Heraklion-Crete
24-30 May 993, pp. 101-113, C.U.M. University School of Monument
Conservation.
Fitzner, B., Heinrichs, K. & Kownatzi, R, 1995, Weathering Forms-

Classification and Mapping; Verwitterungsforum-Klassifizierung und
Kartierung, pp. 44-88, Berlin, Ernst and Sohn.
Fitzner, B., H. Kownatzki, R., 1997, Weathering Forms at Natural Stone

Manuments-Classification, Mapping and evaluation, Int. Journal for Restoration
of Building and Monuments,Vol. 1, 105-123
60
Foss, C., 1997, Late Antique and Byzantine Ankara, Dumbarton Oaks Papers,
Vol.31, pp.85-135, Washington
ICOMOS International Scientific Committee for Stone (ISCS), Illustrated

glossary on Stone deterioration patterns.
Kumar, R. ve Kumar, A.V. (1999), Biodeterioration of stone in tropical

environments, Research in Conservation, USA: Getty Conservation Institute.
Özkan, H. (2009). (U]XUXPdHYUHVLQGH%D]Õ7DULKL(VHUOHUGH%L\RORMLN

Bozulmaya Neden Olan Bakterilerin i]RODV\RQX.DUDNWHUL]DV\RQXYH7DQÕVÕ,
167Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, <D\ÕQODQPDPÕV'RNWRUD7H]L
Erzurum.
Tokmak, M., 2005, Documentation and Examination of Historic Building

Materials fort he purpose of Conservation:Case Study, Part of the Walls at the
Citadel of Ankara
Torraca, G., (1988), Porous Building Materials, Science For Architectural

Conservation, Rome: ICCROM.
Warschid, TH. ve Braamsb-³%LRGHWHULRUDWLRQRIVWRQH
$UHYLHZ´International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 46 : s.343-368.
61

Anıtlar Ve Bozulma Problemleri:Ankara Kalesi, Julian Sütunu, Augustus Tapınağı, Roma Hamamı, Gavur Kalesi, Midas Anıtı

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Anıtlar Ve Bozulma Problemleri:Ankara Kalesi, Julian Sütunu, Augustus Tapınağı, Roma Hamamı, Gavur Kalesi, Midas Anıtı

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Resim 1: $QNDUDNDOHVLGXYDUODUÕYH*HQoNDSE|OJHVL 7RNPDN

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Ankara ikliminin karasal ELUELULNOLPROPDVÕER]XOPDWUQn üç ana

Caneva, G. ve Salvadori, O. (1988), Biodeterioration of Stone, L. Lazzarini and

Croci, G. (1998), The Conservation and Structural Restoration of Architectural

Cutler, N., ve Viles+  ³(XNDU\RWLF0LFURRUJDQLVPV and Stone

Fitzner, B., Heinrichs, K. & Kownatzi, R, 1992, weathering Forms-

Fitzner, B. ,1994, Porosity Properties and Weathering Behaviour of Natural

Fitzner, B., Heinrichs, K. & Kownatzi, R, 1995, Weathering Forms-

Fitzner, B., H. Kownatzki, R., 1997, Weathering Forms at Natural Stone

ICOMOS International Scientific Committee for Stone (ISCS), Illustrated

Kumar, R. ve Kumar, A.V. (1999), Biodeterioration of stone in tropical

Özkan, H. (2009). (U]XUXPdHYUHVLQGH%D]Õ7DULKL(VHUOHUGH%L\RORMLN

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Resim 13: Ankara kalesindeki aQGH]LWWDúEORNWDVROUHVLPve mermer blokta

'L÷HUELUmateryal kaybÕ GDDQGH]LWWDúEORNODUDUDVÕQGDNLGHU]ERúDOPDVÕGÕU

Sadece kesici bir alet ile madde ND\EÕV|]NRQXVXGH÷LOGLU0LGDVDQÕWÕ]HULQGH

Resim 19: .HVLFLELUDOHWLOH0LGDVDQÕWÕ\]H\LQH\D]Õ\D]ÕOPDVÕLOH\]H\GH

Resim 20: 5HVWRUDV\RQVHEHEL\OH0LGDVDQÕWÕ]HULQGHDoÕODQYHNHQGLQLEHOOL

Resim 22: AQGH]LW\]H\GHJ|]OHQHQNÕUPÕ]ÕUHQNEDQGÕ

Resim 23: AndezLWWDú\]Hyde (sol resim) ve alt tabakada gözlemlenen tuz

Resim 25: =HPLQVX\XQDQGH]LWWDúLoHUVLQHJLUPHVLVRQXFXQGDWDú\]H\LQGH

Resim 27: 0HUPHUEORN]HULQGHNLLQFHER\DWDEDNDVÕ

Resim 28: %LWNLELULNLPLVHEHEL\OHDQGH]LWWDúODUÕQVUHNOLQHPOLNDOPDVÕ

Resim 29: Gavurkalesi WDúEORN\]H\LQGHNLoDWODNODUGDELWNLNRORQL]DV\RQX

Resim 30: Andesit WDúODU]HULQGHJ|]OHPOHQHQEL\RORMLNNLUOHQPHELWNL

Resim 31: $JXVWXVWDSÕQD÷ÕPHUPHU\]H\GHJ|UOHQJYHUFLQYHNXú

Resim 33: 0HUPHUEORN]HULQGHJ|UOHQEDNWHULOHULQROXúWXUGX÷XVL\DK

Resim 34: 0HUPHUWDú\]H\LQGHNLEL\RILOPROXúXPX

Resim 35: 5RPDKDPDPÕPH]DUWDúODUÕ\]H\OHULQGHNLOLNHQYH\RVXQ

Resim 40: AndH]LWWDúEORNODUGDJ|]OHPOHQHQJUDQOHUoözülme

Resim 41: 0HUPHUEOR÷XQ\]H\LQGHROXúDQúHNHrleme türü bozulma

Kimi zaman PHUPHUWDúEORNODUÕQ \DSÕVÕQGDG]HQVL]NRPSDNWSDUoDFÕNODU

Resim 44: $QGH]LWVROYHPHUPHUVD÷EORNWDú\]H\LQGHWX]ODQPDVHEHEL\OH

Resim 46: 0LGDVDQÕWÕ]HULQGHrüzgâr YH\D÷PXUXQHWNLVLLOH\]H\GHNL

Resim 47: 0LGDVDQÕWÕQÕQDOWE|OJHVLQGHNLHUR]\RQVHEHEL\OHROXúDQJUDQUWU

7DúODU]HULQGHJ|]OHPOHQHQLQFHYHNoNoDWODNODU\D da makro çatlar

Ankara ikliminin karasal ELUELULNOLPROPDVÕER]XOPDWUQn üç ana

Cutler, N., ve Viles+³(XNDU\RWLF0LFURRUJDQLVPV and Stone