Special Signals:

The key one is dirac function.

-2 -1 0 1 2 3

- -1 0 1 2 3

Analog

The relation between and

i.e we have sum and then shifted version and and so on.

The other way, if we integrate function because it is an energy

-2 -1 0 1 2 3

Here 0 0 here 1 here 0 and so on.

Here we integrate from to -1 is zero, when we come to 0 we find one, when

we continue integration we have one always after that.

For discrete signals, we use the following equation

This called running sum, which is analogy of integration

 Derivative of

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 t

How to get differentiation of discrete time , we can took signal shifted little bit and
delay as shown

The derivative of always 0 except when it jumps from (0) to (1) =

In discrete

-1 0 1 2 3
__

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
We can put them together making a signal out of delta function

1 + +

And so on

Sampling property

X[n]

X[n]

We obtain value from the sum only when the shifted one multiplied by x[n]

i.e. 1*x[n] we can use function to pick any value of x[n].

Complex Number:

where x is real part Re(z) and j is imaginary part Im(z).

where r is the magnitude and angle or phase ( polar

cootrdinaates).

Euler Formula

y r

, in another if is known we can get

Another formula

(2 cos

Sinusoids :

Ex:
 High frequency

Expoinential:

Grow or shrink in certain way

what about when C and are complex ?

Ex:

? Changing it from Cartesian to polar coordinates,

polar
When then the cosine will not decay or increased.

In a similar way in the discrete time,

, where

What about periodicity in discrete time signal? when sinusoid increased from 1 to2
to 3 to 1000and so on, discontinuity will not occurs.

Discrete time signal sinusoid differs, suppose we have

What about

If we have and

, and

i.e. =

= always
There is only , range of frequencies,

Where for at low frequency at , then

Where at high frequency , then

n= odd