UNIVERSITETI POLITEKNIK I TIRANES

INXHINIERI INFORMATIKE
Sheshi Nënë Tereza, Nr. 4, TIRANE

Teori Sinjalesh

Punoi Pranoi
 Ne skeme jepet nje model i thjeshtuar i sistemeve te
transmetimin me radio – ura tokesore.

Burimi dhe destinacioni i informacionit mund te jete sinjal zanor.

Ky sinjal shtrihet ne brezan 20 Hz  20 kHz. Shnderruesat ne anen e
transmetuesit bejne perkatesisht shnderrimin e informacionit ne sinjal
elektrik dhe shnderrimin e sinjalit elektrik ne sinjal zanor.
Ne anen e transmetuesit kemi :
Kufizuesin e bandes i cili sinjalin f(t) e kufizon ne brezin 300Hz
 3400 Hz. Sinjali i kufizuar ne bande i cili del ne piken 1, hyn ne
modulator ku shumezohet ne kohe me sinjalin cosω0t (ku
ω0=70 MHz ), pra behet modulimi i sinjalit cosω0t nga sinjali modulues
qe nyn ne piken 1 .
Sinjali i moduluar del ne piken 2 dhe hyn ne AFN (amplifikator me
frekuence te ndermjetme) i cili supozojme se e amplifikon kete sinjal 4
here. Pra, koeficenti i amplifikimit = 4.
Oshilatori prodhon nje sinjal kosinusoidal me frekuence te larte, ne
rastin tone 2 GHz – 70 MHz.
 AH eshte nje amplifikator ne hiperfrekuence i cili amplifikon
sinjalin duke dhene ne piken 5 nje sinjal te amplifikuar 2 here relativisht
atij te pikes.
Ne marrje kemi :
Ne piken 5` nje sinjal me energji me te vogel se sinjali ne piken 5 por
frekuenca e ketij sinjali eshte e njejte me ate te pikes 5.
Sinjali ne piken 4` eshte sinjal si ne piken 3 ne transmetim, ky sinjal
amplifikohetnga AFN dhe pas demodulohet dhe filtrohet.

Duke ditur se sinjali F(ω) i cili eshte transmetimi furie f(t) eshte
real. Forma e tij ne frekuence ne intervalin (0 : +∞) jepet si ne
figure :

Gjeni :
1) Transformimin furie te sinjalit f(t)
2) f(t) ne rrafshin e kohes
3) Densitetin spektral te energjise se sinjalit
4) Pseudofunksionin e autokorrelacionit te sinjalit
5) Energjine e sinjalit f(t)
6) Energjine e bashkeveprimit midis f(t) dhe sinjalit ne piken 1
7) A jane te korreluar keto dy sinjale dhe pse
8) Supozoni qe sinjali ne hyrje eshte δ(t), gjeni sinjalin qe
merret ne piken 1, gjeni h(t)
9) Paraqisni format e sinjalit ne rrafshin e frekuences per
pikat 0,1,2,3,4
10) Nqs sinjali f(t) ka te njejtenforme me sinjalin ne piken 1
ne rrafshin e frekuences, beni zberthimin e tij ne seri
trigonometrike furie dhe eksponenciale furie, gjeni
zberthimin e ketij sinjali ne intervalin e pafundem (-∞ :+∞).
Ndertoni spektrin e amplitudave dhe te fazave te sinjalit
11) Nqs kampionojme ne piken 0 sinjalin f(t), sa duhet te jete
frekuenca minimale e kampionimit me qellim qe sinjali ne
piken 1 te jete i njejte me ate, kur f(t) ne piken 0 eshte i
pakampionuar
1)

0  2 f 0  2 ⋅ 4000 ⋅  8000 rad s

 F ( ) ⋅ 1
0  ⋅1
F ( ) ⋅0 ⋅ 0  ⋅

Meqe f(t) eshte real atehere F(ω) eshte cift

F * ( )  1⋅ per 0    0

0
 per ⋅ 0    0
F ( )  1
0

2)


 0 f 0 0
2 f ( )   Sa 2 ⋅ ( )  Sa 2
0
2 2 2
0 
2 0t ⋅ f (t)  4000Sa 4000 t
2
⋅ f (t)  Sa
2 2

3)

Dime qe energjia e nje sinjali eshte :

1 ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅
E  2 ⋅⋅ |F ( ) |2 d ⋅
⋅ |F ( ) | df
2

Madhesia |F(ω)|² quhet densitet spektral i energjise se sinjalit dhe

shenohet :
W ( )  F ( )F * ( ) | F ( )
|2
2 2
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
W⋅ ( )  ⋅1⋅  ⋅  1⋅ 2  ⋅  ⋅ per0    0
  ⋅
⋅
⋅ 0
⋅
⋅  ⋅
0 ⋅ 0⋅

2 2
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
W ( )  ⋅1  ⋅  1 2  ⋅  ⋅ per - 0    0
  ⋅
⋅
⋅ 0
⋅
⋅  ⋅
0 ⋅ 0⋅

4) Pseudofunksioni i autokorelacionit eshte :

K `( )  F ⋅1[W ( )]

W ( )  W1( ) W2 ( ) W3 ( )

W1 ( )  1
E spostojme me ⋅0 2
W 1 ( ⋅ )
2

1 1

0 ⋅0
0
0 
0 
2 2

⋅  ⋅ 1 t ⋅j
0t

W1  ⋅ 0
  0Sa 0
e 2
⋅⋅ 2 ⋅⋅ 2 2
t
 t ⋅j 0
Vetia e zhvendosjes ne kohe ⋅ W1 t   0
Sa 0
e 2

2 2

⋅2
W2 ( ) 
0
 W' ⋅2
Gjejme derivatin ( ) 
2 0
⋅0 0
0
2 2 2


⋅2
⋅2 0
0

⋅1 0 Sa  ⋅ j 0t ⋅ W  t  ⋅1 t
⋅ jtW  t   0 e 2 2 Sa e
⋅ j 20
2 t   jt  t
2
2 0 2
0
2


W3 ( )  
2 W
3
"
( )
0

Gjejme derivatin

2
W3' ( )   
0
⋅0 0
2 2 2
W3" ( ) 
0

0t
2 ⋅1 2 
0 ⋅ ⋅1 
0 ⋅j
t j 02t t
 ⋅ jt  W3 t    2 0 Sa 2 e ⋅ W3  t  0t 2 Sa e 2
2
0 
2
−j −j −j
0t 0t 0t
 0  0t ⋅
Wx t   Sa 2 e 1  0t 1 t
 K ' (
2 + Sa e 2 ⋅ 2 Sa
0 e 2
2  jt 2  t 2
 )
0

Ne menyre analoge gjejme dhe F ⋅1 ⋅⋅W ( ) ⋅⋅ per degen -0    0

per
 0  tt
0 j 20
W t   Sa
e
4 2
 ⋅1 t
j 20
W5  t   jt Sa e
0t

2
0t
⋅1 j
W6  t  Sa e 2
 0t 2  t
 0
2

W  t   W1  t  W2  t  W3  t  W4  t  W5  t  W6  t 

0 0t 0 t 0t 0t 2 0t 0t

W  t   K ' ( )  Sa cos ⋅ Sa sin ⋅ Sa cos
2
 2 2 t 2 2 0t 2 2 2

5) Dime qe E = K`(0)
0t 0t 2 0t
0 0t 0t Sa sin ⋅ lim Sa cos
E  lim K ( )  lim
'
Sa cos ⋅ lim 0t 0
2
 ⋅0  ⋅0  2 2  ⋅0  t 2 2  ⋅0  t2 2 2

 0  t0
0   1 sin 2 0  0  0sin 2
0 
E ⋅ lim Sa  2 lim Sa 2
  ⋅0 2  0 2   ⋅0 2 2 4  0 
2 2

0 0 20 2 0
E
 -   2 4 2

0  8000
8000
E  4000 J
2

6) Per te gjetur energjine e bashkeveprimit midis f(t) dhe sinjalit ne

piken 1 veprojme :
 F  

f  kHz 
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

1 3.4⋅ 2  2⋅ ⋅ 1⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅2 ⋅ 3.4 ⋅

1⋅ 11.47 ⋅
E ⋅
⋅1⋅  d  ⋅   3.1⋅ 
39.2 ⋅
 0.3 ⋅
⋅
0  20 ⋅⋅  ⋅⋅ 0  20 ⋅⋅ 0.3  ⋅⋅ 0  20 ⋅
⋅

Ku 0  8000

7) Keto sinjale jane te korreluara sepse energjia e bashkeveprimit

midis ketyre dy sinjaleve eshte nje madhesi e fundme

8) Per sinjal hyrje f(t) = δ(t) dhe sinjali ne piken 1` do te jete δ(t).

f(t) * h(t)= δ(t)

f(t) δ(t)
h(t)

δ(t) * h(t)= δ(t)  h(t)= δ(t)

9)
F0   
1

0 
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
 Ne piken 0

F1  


-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Ne piken 1

F2   
1

0.8

0.6

0.4
0.2

0 
⋅70 MHz Ne piken 2 70 MHz

4 F3  

0 
⋅70 MHz 70 MHz
Ne piken 3
 4 F4   


0
⋅2 GHz Ne piken 4 2 GHz

10)
f(t) eshte nje funksion cift atehere :

f t 
a0 ⋅ 0
an ⋅ 0
b0  0

f
Zberthimi ne seri -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
trigonometrike
⋅
f (t)  a0  ⋅ an cos
n0
n1

⋅ t 0.3  t  3.4
⋅⋅1- 4
f (t) ⋅
1 t ⋅ 3.4  t  ⋅0.3
⋅
⋅ 4
3.4
a0  2 ⋅ ⋅⋅1⋅ t ⋅⋅dt
T 0.3 ⋅ 4 ⋅

3.4
an  4 ⋅ ⋅⋅1⋅ t ⋅⋅cos n0t dt 
T 0.3 ⋅ 4 ⋅
3.4 3.4 ⋅1.55 6k
4 4

T ⋅ cos n0t dt ⋅ ⋅ t cos n0t dt 
n
sin
31
T 0.3 0.3
 ⋅
6k
sin cos n t
af (t)  ⋅1.55

0 ⋅
n1 n 31 0

n 1 n n 1 ⋅n
2  2 a⋅ ⋅
F  a ⋅ jb  31
an ⋅0.775 6n jn0t
1 ⋅ Fn  F⋅n  2  n sin e
F⋅n  Fn  an ⋅
2 ⋅⋅
*

⋅
jn0t
⋅
an jn0t
⋅
⋅0.775 6n jn0t
F (t)  ⋅ F
n e ⋅ e  4075  ⋅ sin e
⋅⋅ ⋅⋅ 2 ⋅⋅ n 31

Spektri i Amplitudave
1 2 a
Fn  an  bn2  n
2 2

Spektri i fazave eshte zero sepse funksioni eshte real

Zberthimi ne seri eksponenciale

f (t)  f1(t)  f 2 (t)  f 3 (t)  f 4 (t)

f1(t)  1

1.55 ⋅ j1.55
F1 ( )  1.55 Sa ⋅ 2 e

f1  t  f1 t ⋅1.55
 1 1

0
0
t -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 t

t
f 2(t)  ⋅
4
1
f 2' (t)  ⋅ 4

f ' (t 1.55)  ⋅  - 1.55  ⋅1.55 e⋅ j1.55  ⋅0.3875 Sa ⋅ 0.775e⋅ j1.55

1
2
4 4 2
1
F2 ( ) 
j  ⋅0.3875 Sa ⋅ 0.775e ⋅ j1.55

f 3 (t)  1

f 3 (t 1.55)  1.55 Sa ⋅ 1.55 e⋅ j1.55
2

1.55 ⋅ j1.55
F3 ( )  1.55 Sa ⋅ 2 e

f 3 t  f 3  t ⋅1.55

1 1

0 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

t
 t
f 4(t) 
4
1
f 2' (t)  4

f ' (t  1.55)  ⋅  - 1.55  ⋅1.55 e⋅ j1.55  ⋅0.3875 Sa ⋅ 0.775e⋅ j1.55

1
4
4 4 2
1
j 
F4 ( )  0.3875 Sa ⋅ 0.775e⋅ j1.55
 F ( )  F1( )  F2 ( )  F3 ( )  F4 ( )
0.775
F ( )  3.1cos1.55 ⋅ Sa  0.775   Sa  0.775 sin 1.55 


11)
Nga figura tregojme formen e sinjalit te kampionimit fk1

fk
1

t
0
-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12

f k min  4   4 ⋅ 0.6   4  3.4  7.4 kHz