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د. وهيب زين الدين الأساسات بأنواعها PDF
د. وهيب زين الدين الأساسات بأنواعها PDF
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ
واﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ واﻟﺠﺪران اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎدﯾﺔ
2011
2
.
= = =
ﻣﺜﺎل )(1
≤ . , . ﻋﻤﻮد ﻣُﺮﺑﻊ 40(40) cm2ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺘﮫ N=80Tﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن اﻹﺟﮭﺎد اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ
=́ / اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ ﻋَﻠﻤ ًﺎ أن 2
اﻟﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ NT = 1.1 (80) = 88 Ton
s = 1.5 ﺑﻔﺮض
: اﻹﺟﮭﺎد اﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ
so = = 13.3 t/m2
. ( . )
( .)
W= = 0.426 m2
.
= Am2
= M=MI-I .
(2) ﻣﺜﺎل
[ s = 1.5 , 2, 3] , N = 80 T, 40 (40) cm2 اﻟﻌﻤﻮد
Fy = 2400 , f ́ = 150
σs Am2 Lm Tm
1.5 5.75 2.45 60
2 4.40 2.10 50
3 2.95 1.75 45
so = =26.1 T/m2
. ( . )
. ( . )
M= = 5.86 T.m
. ( )
As = ( )
= 13.4 cm2
-اﻷﺳﺎس اﻹﺟﺎﺻﺔ :ﯾﺠﺐ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺰم . = 685 mm > 504
-اﻷﺳﺎس اﻹﺟﺎﺻﺔ :ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﮫ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺺ d1ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ .d
650 mm
-ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﺴﻄﻮح اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ وﻣﺼﻘﻮﻟﺔ .
-اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﻟﻠﻜﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻷوﺳﺎط اﻟﻀﺎرة ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺎً .
اﻟﻘﻀﯿﺐ ﯾﻠﺰﻣﮫ ﻋﻜﻔﺔ .
-دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎورة .
وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة ﻟﺠﺮف ﺻﺨﺮي .
اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :
13
14
( )
= As ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺠﺎه A
( )
= As ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺠﺎه B
.
=B )≥ (0.6 – 0.8) m (minimum اﺧﺘﯿﺎر اﻷﺑﻌﺎد :
T ≥ 0.5 B
T ≥ [25 cm – 30 cm] (minimum).
so = اﺧﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ :
.
= 13.33 = 0.7 t.m
= ( )
= 2.95 cm2 / m.l
.
4 ∅ 12 mm / m.l
́
Min lb = 0.79 ∅ = 588 mm.
́
ﯾﺠﺐ رﻓﻊ ﻗﻀﺒﺎن اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ ﻟﻸﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ
17
: ﻣﺜﺎل
h = 2mc Lo = 2.5m
s = 15 ; so = 13.3
L = 1.05 (250) = 2.63 m
.
MA = MB = 13.3 = 6.18 T.m
As = 23.64 cm2 → 8 ∅ 20 mm.
Mc = 3.09 T.m ⇒ As = 11.82 cm2 ⇒ 8 ∅ 14 mm.
.
Q= 50 = 13.3 = 16.625 Ton
: ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑُﻌﺪ90 (20) cm اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ
اﺧﺘﯿﺎر اﻷﺳﺎس
.
= A1
( )
so =
( ) . ( )
=M so =, W =
. ( )
20
( )
T= = = so ≤ TC
( . )
200 km/m3 250 300
Tc 4 5 6
s= 15 N = 80 Ton : ﻣﺜﺎل
. ( )
A1 = = 0.8 m2 : أﺑﻌﺎد اﻷﺳﺎس
Chosen 0.9 (0.9) m2 , h = 4 m
40 (40) cm : إذا ﻛﺎن أﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻌﻤﻮد
so = = 99 T/m2
.
( . )
M= = . .
Chosen 5 f 14 mm in both direc on
21
( )
=A = 8.33 m2
Chosen 2.9 (2.9) m2
50 = = 9.5 T / m2
) . ( .
: اﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻲ5 – 2
ﺑﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺒﺪﯾﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ واﻋﺘﻤﺎد أﻓﻀﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ
اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﻔﻨﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ :
أﺳﺎس ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻣﻊ ﺻَﻒ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﺔ .
أﺳﺎس ﻣَﻊ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﺗﻘﻮﯾﻢ .
ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ واﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻇﻔﺮﯾﺔ .
أﺳﺎس ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ .
25
6 – 2أﺳﺎس ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻣَﻊ ﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﺔ :
ﻋَﺮض اﻷﺳﺎس Bﯾَﺠﺐ أﻻﱠ ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮة وﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﺮﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد
≤ Qmax اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ Q all :
وإﻻ ﯾﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺟﻮاﺋﺰ ﺗﻘﻮﯾﻢ .
ﯾُﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰ ا ﻟﻤﻘﻠﻮب ﻛﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﻋﻤﯿﻖ .
ﯾﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﺷﯿﻨﺎﺟﺎت ﻋﻤﻮدﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺪار .
ﯾُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﺤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮب اﻟﻘﺎﺳﯿﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ 2.5 kg / cm2
اﻟﻤﻌْﻄﯿﺎت :
اﻷﺣﻤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌَﻤﻮد ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﯿﮫ وزن اﻷﺳﺎس ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ أﻋﻼه :
2
أﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻌَﻤﻮد s = 4 kg / cm ; 30 (60) cm
ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ 30 (300) cm
ﻃﻮل اﻟﺠﺪار L = 12 m
26
.
)Mo = 0.9 (40.7) (0.5 = 28.04 T.m
اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎز اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻲ ) اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي (
As = 0.7 ) 18mmئ [1+ ] = 9.1 cm2 (4
.
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎز اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ) اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي (
As = 0.6 ] [1+
.
) 16 mmئ As = 7.8 cm2 chosen (4
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎز اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ) اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ (
A ́ = 0.6 = ] [1+
.
) 16 mmئ A ́ = 7.8 cm2 chosen (4
: Lاﻟﻤﺠﺎز اﻟﻔﻌﱠﺎل ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ L = 3.5 m
: hإرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰ اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻖ h = 3 m
28
8 -2ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ واﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻇﻔﺮﯾﺔ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ :
P = 60 Tons.
s = 30 a = 0.75 m L=4m ﻣﺜﺎل :
Ra = 71.25 Ton RB 11.25 Ton
Ma = 45 T.m
ﻧﺨﺘﺎر ﺷﯿﻨﺎج ﻇﻔﺮي 30 (1.25) m
اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي 22 mmئ 6
اﻷﺳﺎور ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻈﻔﺮي 10 mm / 12 cm :ئ 3
اﻷﺳﺎور ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ 8 mm / 25 cmئ 2
33
ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﻛﻮن اﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك ﯾﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ أوﺗﺎد ﺗُﻌﺪ اﻷوﺗﺎد ﻣﺮﻧﺔ ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ :
=e
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
≤ a) If e
=Q [1± ]
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
وإﺣﺪاﺛﯿﺎت ﻣﺤﺼﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻮى Q
إذا ﻛﺎن أي ﻋﻤﻮد ﺧﺎﺿﻊ ﻟﻌﺰم إﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﻣُﺘﺮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﯿﺆﺧﺬ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ھﺬا اﻟﻌﺰم ﻣﻊ اﺗﺠﺎھﮫ .
– 2ﯾُﺤﺪد ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ رد اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻌﻞ اﻷﺳﺎس ) ﻟﻌﺮض ﻣﺘﺮ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ( :
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
=e
.
ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﻘﺺ وﻋﺰوم اﻹﻧﺤﻨﺎء :
MB = 150 = 42.2 T.m
.
Mc = 150 )– 625 (36
Mc = 1419.2 – 2250 = -830.8 T.m
.
MD = 150 = 229.7 T.m
40
( . ).
= As = 184.1 cm2
( . )
chosen 26 f 30 mm
41
. ( )
= ( )
= 28.8 kg / cm2
.
،o = 0.95
( . ) .
= As = 69.42 cm2
( . )
44
30 mm / mئ 10
=
( )=V
=q
ﻋَﺰم اﻹﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﻓﻲ أي ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ اﻷﺳﺎس . : M ﺣﯿﺚ :
إﺣﺪاﺛﯿﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺪروﺳﺔ . : xy
ﻗﻮة اﻟﻘﺺ . : V
رد اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﻤﺮن . : q
ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ ﻣﺎدة اﻷﺳﺎس : E
ﻋﺰم ﻋﻄﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻸﺳﺎس ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻤﺪروس . : I
q = - y . B. K
ﻋﺮض اﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﻤﺪروس . : B
ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ رد ﻓِﻌﻞ اﻷﺳﺎس : K
48
= M0
ﺣﯿﺚ ) Qﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ( اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰة
.
=
ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً ﺗُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻮاردة أدﻧﺎه ﻹﺗﻤﺎم اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﯿﺪوﯾﺔ .
ﯾُﺤﺴﺐ رد اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﻌﻞ اﻷﺳﺎس ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :
( . ))2
K = 2.35 K1 ( + )
49
ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﻌَﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ K ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ أﺑﻌﺎد اﻷﺳﺎس
L = 2,3,4,5
ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت ﺗُﻌﻄﻲ ﻗﯿﻢ ﻋﺰوم اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء واﻟﺘﺸﻮھﺎت ) (0 – M0ﻷﺳﺎس ﻃﻮﻟﮫ Lﺧﺎﺿﻊ ﻷﺣﻤﺎل ﻣﺮﻛﺰة Q
وﻓﻖ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ )(seely & smith
51
وﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت ﺗﺤﺪد ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻤﺘﺸﻜﻞ M0وذﻟﻚ ﺗﺒﻌﺎً ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ
Qﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺎس وﻟﺘﻮﺿﯿﺢ ذﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره أﺳﺎس ﻣﺮن .
اﻟﺤﺼﯿﺮة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ رﺧﻮة ﻓﺈن اﻟﻼﻣﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ھﺒﻮط ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻲ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ زواﯾﺎ اﻟﺤﺼﯿﺮة.
ﺗﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺼﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺠﺎھﯿﻦ .
ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻘﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﺴﺎر وﯾﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ .
ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ ھﺬا اﻟﺸﺮط ﯾﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﺄن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪات اﻷﻋﻤﺪة وأﺣﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ وﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﯿﺔ
اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ .
55
s =5
x1 = 3.54 m.
B ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻮر ( ) . . ( . ) . ( . )
y1 =
= 4.60 m
.
ex = 3.54 + 0.3 – = 0.39 m
.
ey = 4.60 + 0.75 – = 0.78 m
.
Ix = (9.15)3 = 440 m4
.
Iy = (6.9)3 = 250 m4
q= [1 ± 6 ± ]
. .
= [1 ± 6 ±6 ]
. ( . ) . .
qmax 33.3 T/m2 < 59 T/m2 O.K
57
اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺤﺔ B
( . )
= As = 38.4 cm2
( . )
ﻋﻠﻮي وﺳﻔﻠﻲ f 25 / 12 cm
اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺤﺔ A
( . )
= As ( )
= 4 cm2
.
chosen f 14 cm / 25 cm
ﺳﻔﻠﻲ وﻋﻠﻮي
اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺺ
V = 22 (3.6) = 79.2 Ton
. ( )
=τ ( )
= 11.9 kg / cm2
.
= τ cu √= ́
= 15.8 > 11.9 kg / cm2 O.K.
60
ب -إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﺳﯿﺔ أو ﻣﺮﺻﻮﺻﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻧﺘﺸﺎراً .
ج – إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ أو ﻃﺮﯾﺔ ﻓﺈن ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻹﺟﮭﺎدات ﯾﻘﺘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ .
اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﺔ :
ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻘﺴﺎوة وﻃﺮﯾﺔ ⇐ ﺗﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺼﯿﺮة ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرھﺎ ﺻَﻠﺪة .
ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺻﺨﺮﯾﺔ وﻗﻮﯾﺔ ﺗﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺼﯿﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ وﺳﻂ ﻣﺮن .
61
=q ± Q ± Q x
35.7
اﻟﻤﺠﺎز )(2
( . ) .
= As = 117 cm2
( . )
30ئ chosen 16
اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ
( . ) .
= As = 8.7 cm2
( . )
16 mmئ chosen 10
اﻟﺠﺪران اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺎدﯾﺔ
أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺠﺪران اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺎدﯾﺔ :
أ – اﻟﺠﺪران اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ :
ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﺮ اﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮس أو اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ
ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺿﯿﺔ ﻣﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ .
ﯾﺤﺪد اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﻼرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة .
– 1ﺟَﻤﻊ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤُﻌﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ :اﻟﻤﻌْﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﻄﻮﺑﻮﻏﺮاﻓﯿﺔ واﻟﺠﯿﻮھﻨﺪﺳﯿﺔ واﻻﺧﺘﯿﺎر اﻷول ﻟﻸﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺠﺪار .
- 3ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻹﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺪار .وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة ،وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺰﻻزل اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ .
- 5ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻗﯿﻢ وﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺠﺪار اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺎدي اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪ واﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻹﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ .
– 6اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺟﮭﺎدات ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻌﻞ أﺳﺎس اﻟﺠﺪار وﻓﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ :
.
=max [1 + ] 1.2 adm
.
- 1ﯾﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر أوﻟﻲ ﻷﺑﻌﺎد ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺠﺪار اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺎدي ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻮاردة أﻋﻼه .
- 2ﯾُﺪرس ﺗﻮازن واﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﺠﺪار ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ :
أ – اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﻘﻼب :
75
.
=T اﻟﻘﻮى ﻏﯿﺮ ) اﻟﺰاﻟﻘﺔ ( اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ
9.65 T / m2
.
max = 29.16 Tons
max = 22.87 T / m
. ( . ) ( )
M1 = –
( )
cosen 9 Ф 20 mm / m.l
. ( )
As2 = = 4.19 cm2
. ( )
chosen 5 Ф 14 mm / m.l
84
ß f
اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ :
أ – ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ hcrﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ . B
ب – اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ß, H, ،c , C. fوﺗﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :
=
،
89
ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﻮح اﻟﺪاﺋﺮﯾﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺰﻻق ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ) :اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﻮح اﻟﺪوراﻧﯿﺔ ( :
1 = ،s.Z
2 = ،s.Z Ka
اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﯾﺠﺎﺑﻲ f
= ،s.Z tg2 (45 - )
45 + .f/2 زاوﯾﺔ اﻻﻧﺰﻻق
2 = ،z KP
2 f
= ،z tg (45 + )
( ) اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ
f
Pe = ،s He tg2 (45 - )
2 f
Ph =،s He tg (45 - )
f
+،s H tg2 (45 + )
2 f
= (He + H) ،s tg (45 - )
94
f
2c tg (45 - ) : اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ
f f f
Ph = ،s H tg2 (45 + ) + 2C tg (45 + ) ،s H tg2 (45 - )
2 f 2 f
KP = tg (45 + ) Z0 = tg (45 + )
،
f f
Pn = ،s H tg2 (45 - ) – 2C tg (45 - )
f
Hcr = ، tg (45 + )
Hcr = ،
95
ß
P1 = ،s1 he tg2 (45 – ) he =
،
f
P2 = ،s1 (he + H1 ) tg2 (45 - )
f
P3 = ،s2 (he1) tg2 (45 - )
، ( )
he1 =
،
f
P4 = ،s2 (he1 +H2) tg2 (45 - )
، ( )
he2 =
،
f
P5 = ،s3 he2 + tg2 (45 - )
f
P6 = ،s3 (hc2 + H3) tg2 (45 - )
96
اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب - :ﺣﺴﺎب ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﻮى واﻹﺟﮭﺎد اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﮫ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺳﯿﺲ .
-ﺣﺴﺎب ھﺒﻮط اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ وﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺘﮫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح.
101
=
ß
.
= = 0.6
∆
=
.
= ∆L =
∑ = S = ∑∆L
- 9اﻟﺘﺄﺳﯿﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮب ﺗﻄﺒﻘﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ . – 1اﻟﺘﺮب ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ .
– 10ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﯾﺲ ﻟﻸﺳﺎس أو ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﮫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻛﺎفٍ . - 2اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺊ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﺔ .
- 11اﻟﺘﺄﺳﯿﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ . - 3اﻧﺘﻔﺎخ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﺳﯿﺲ .
- 12اﻟﮭﺒﻮط اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻲ ﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﺎورﯾﻦ .
- 4ﺳﻮء ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ أوﺗﺎد اﻟﺘﺄﺳﯿﺲ .
- 13اﻟﺘﺄﺳﯿﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯿﻦ دون اﺗﺨﺎذ
- 5ﻓﻘﺪان إﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺗﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﺳﯿﺲ
اﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎﻃﺎت .
- 6ﻓﻘﺪان ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻷﺳﺎس .
- 14اﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺊ ﻟﻜﻠﺘﻠﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻲ اﻹرﺗﻔﺎع.
- 15اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺊ ﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد أو اﻟﮭﺒﻮط . - 7اﻟﺤﻔﺮﯾﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﺑﺠﻮار اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ .
- 8ھُﺒﻮط ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻲ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎورة .
105
d
=M
ﻣﺜﺎل :
√ E = 21000 = 257000 kg / cm2
Q. =M
اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰ 25 (60) cm
( )
( ) =I = 450000 cm4
=Q
L = 400 cm
،
= M
( ) ( . )
M = 9.2 T.m =
( )
اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ
وﺟﻮب ﻟﺤﻆ ﻓﺎﺻﻞ ھﺒﻮط
) ( ) (
= MI-I )- 30 (5
= 1750 – 150 = 1600 T.m
.
400 اﻟﻌﺰم ﻋﻠﻰ = 1 m.l
.
= MR = ⇒ = 3.2
. .