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Bio Molecular Computing
Bio Molecular Computing
1. INTRODUCTION:
Can be defined as the body of tools, algorithms needed t o handle large and complex
biological information.
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RIIMS BIOINFORMATICS AND BIO-MOLECULAR COMPUTING
Bioinformatics is
Another Revolution in Biology
Molecular Biology
Physics & Chemistry, 1950s
Biochemistry
Biophysics
Biology
Computer Sci. & Statistics, 1970s
Bioinformatics
DNA contains the instructions needed for a living organism to grow and function.
It tells cells exactly what role they should play in the body. It holds instructions to make
your:
• Heart cells beat.
• Limbs form in the correct place.
• Immune system fight infection.
• Digestive system digest your dinner.
Baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae(15 million bp), was the first eukaryotic genome to
be sequenced. In September 1999, Celera Genomics completed the sequencing of the
Drosophila genome.The 3-billion-bp human genome sequence was generated in a
competition between the publicly funded Human GenomeProject and
Celera.Bioinformatics bridges many disciplines.
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4. DATA MINING:
Data Mining is the process of extracting knowledge hidden in large volumes of raw
data. Data mining automates the process of finding relationships and patterns in raw data
and delivers results that can be either utilized in an automated decision support system or
assessed by a human analyst.Data mining techniques can be divided into two broad
categories: “predictive data mining and discovery data mining”.
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Clustering is the term for range of techniques, which attempts to group data
records on the basis of how similar they are.
Fig 3 Data mining in the larger context of the knowledge discovery process.
Sequence alignment
Genome sequencing
Genome comparison
Micro array data analysis
Proteomics data analysis
Small molecular array analysis.
To derive “information” and gain “knowledge” from the data
APPLICATIONS:
Bioinformatics is the use of IT in biotechnology for the data storage, data warehousing
and analyzing the DNA sequences. In Bioinfomatics knowledge of many branches are
required like biology, mathematics, computer science, laws of physics & chemistry, and
of course sound knowledge of IT ... Microbial genome applications;
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6. LIMITATIONS:
7. CONCLUSION:
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8.BIBILOGRAPHY:
LeBlanc, M. D. and Dyer, B. D. (2005). Bioinformatics and Computing Curricula 2001. Why
Computer Science is well positioned in a post-genomic world,
http://genomics.wheatoncollege.edu/LeBlancDyerSIGCSE.html.
http://www.bioinformatics.org/forums
1. DEFINITION:
Molecular computing is an emerging field to which chemisty biophysics,
molecular biology, electronic engineering,solid state physics and computer science
contribute to a large extent.
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The objective is to find a path from start to end going through all the points only once.
This problem is difficult for conventional computers to solve because it is a "non-
deterministic polynomial time problem".
These problems, when they involve large numbers, are intractable with conventional
computers, but can be solved using massively parallel computers like DNA computers.
The Hamiltonian Path problem was chosen by Adleman because it is known problem.
Keep only those paths that begin with the start city (A) and conclude with the
end city (G).
If the graph has n cities, keep only those paths with n cities. (n=7)
Keep only those paths that enter all cities at least once.
The key was using DNA to perform the five steps in the above algorithm. Adleman's first
step was to synthesize DNA strands of known sequences, each strand 20 nucleotides
long. He represented each of the six vertices of the path by a separate strand, and
further.He represented each of the six vertices of the path by a separate strand, and
further represented each edge between two consecutive vertices, such as 1 to 2, by a
DNA strand which consisted of the last ten nucleotides of the strand representing vertex
1 plus the first 10 nucleotides of the vertex 2 strand.Then, through the sheer amount of
DNA molecules (3x1013 copies for each edge in this experiment!) joining together in all
possible combinations, many random paths were generated.Adleman used well-
established techniques of molecular biology to weed out the Hamiltonian path, the one
that entered all vertices, starting at one and ending at six.After generating the numerous
random paths in the first step, he used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify and
keep only the paths that began on vertex 1 and ended at vertex 6.The next two steps kept
only those strands that passed through six vertices, entering each vertex at least once. At
this point, any paths that remained would code for a Hamiltonian path, thus solving the
problem
1.3 Open Problem:
Given a DNA strand, there are polynomial-time algorithms that predict the secondary
structure of the strand.
1.3.1 Inverse Problem: find an efficient algorithm that, given a desired secondary
structure, generates a strand with that structure.
1.4 Applications:
– Information storage, retrieval for DNA computing
– Molecular bar codes for chemical libraries.
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Advantages
1. By DNA computing, people can get and analyze the information of materials.
Through DNA computing, we can find all the genes in the DNA sequence and to
develop tools for using this information in the study of some fields, such as
biology, medicine biology, physics, and so on. The team from HP and U.C.L.A.
has found a way to build circuits using chemical processes, making the switches
as small as a molecule. Tim Gardner, a graduate student at Boston University,
recently made a genetic system that can store a single bit of information—either a
1 or a 0.
2. More parallel: for some problem too big to fit or run in a silicon machine, DNA
computer, which be with pure parallel power or massive memory, will be able to
do a computation quickly than a powerful supercomputer.
3. By creating DNA computing, some fields are combined together to reach a
desirable goal, by the way, this is improving those fields and some new fields
come out.
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2. Hydrolysis: the DNA molecules can fracture. Over the six months you're
computing, your DNA system is gradually turning to water. DNA molecules can
break – meaning a DNA molecule, which was part of your computer, is fracture
by time.
5. Not practical: DNA computing is not a here and now practical technology. It just
is a pie-in-the-sky research project.
6. No generality: Some concrete algorithms are just for solving some concrete
problems. Every algorithm has some constraints on it.
7. The process is extremely laborious and time-consuming
8. Radioactive probes pose health and disposal risks (although chemiluminescent technology
eliminated this risk)
11. The use of yield gels is an essential, but time consuming, step in the analysis not only to
estimate the amount of DNA recovered but also to determine the suitability of the sample
for analysis
Advantages of DNA microarray tests include high throughput (lots of information with
one test), and good coverage of the genome with the chips that have larger numbers of
test spots.
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Disadvantages include incomplete coverage, which can lead to false normal results, and
the ability to test only for unbalanced rearrangements (duplications and deletions), and
not balanced translocations or inversions.
12.
1.6 Disadvantages:
In spite of being young, the science of Bioinformatics exhibits tremendous potential for
playing a major role in the future development of science and technology. This is evident
from the fact that modern biology and related sciences are increasingly becoming
dependent on this new technology. It is expected that Bioinformatics will especially
contribute in the future as the leading edge in biomedicine to pharmaceutical companies
by expediently yielding a greater quantity of lead drugs for therapy.
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2. CONCLUSION:
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BIBILOGRAPHY:
www.dna computing.org
www.gene.ch.genetech
www.genetic engineering.org
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