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5.62 Physical Chemistry Ii: Mit Opencourseware
5.62 Physical Chemistry Ii: Mit Opencourseware
5.62 Physical Chemistry Ii: Mit Opencourseware
http://ocw.mit.edu
Spring 2008
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5.62 Spring 2008 Lecture #34 Page 1
kT ‡"
k TST = ! K
h
K ‡" = e#G
‡
but RT
$$
% #RTln K ‡ = &G‡
kT #G‡ /RT kT ‡
= ! eS /R e#H /RT
‡
so k TST = ! e
h h
because G = H # TS
‡ ‡ ‡
NOW : H‡ = E ‡ + &nRT
e.g. ∆n = 1 –2 = –1
So:
kT S‡ R 1 "E‡ RT
k TST = ! e ee
h
Now:
) " k ‡ % ‡,
d + ln $! eS /R e1 ' + lnT + e(E .
d ln k TST * # h & -
=
dT dT
1 E‡
= + (TST)
T RT 2
d ln k d ln k TST
=
dT dT
Ea 1 E‡
= +
RT2 T RT2
! E a = RT + E ‡
Calculate kTST in the limit of the assumptions of collision theory (i.e. simplified TST):
H 2 + F ! H 2 F ‡ ! HF + H
‡
With these assumptions H2 + F H2 F
Note: no vibrational partition function for H2F‡ is included because the one vibrational
mode for the pseudo-diatomic molecule transition state has become the reaction
coordinate. Also, no rotational partition function for H2 is included because we are
treating H2 as an atom.
%$ h 3N h 3N ('
The reason there is no rotational or vibrational partition function for H2 is not that we are
assuming the high-T limit, but rather that we are treating H2 as if it were an atom.
Now: I‡ = µd 2H2 !F
m H2 m F
where µ = H2 F
m H2 + m F
dH2–F
) 8kT # m + m &,
1/2
"d H2 /F
k ! N+ %% H2 ((. e/E
‡
F RT
+* " $ m H2 m F '.- 0
This looks identical to the collision theory result, and collision theory is not based on
thermodynamics.
" 8kT %
1/2
(E 0 RT
k =$
CT
' !d ABe
2
# !µ &
TST
Calculate value for k in limit of collision theory assumptions (i.e. what fraction of
collisions are effective because they have sufficient translational energy along the line of
centers?):
! =1 "d 2H2 #F = 3 $10 #19 m 2
k % 3.4 $10 8 e#E
‡
RT
m 3 mol & s
Compare to kTST
kTST is smaller because it reflects the more restrictive co-linear steric requirement. kCT is
an upper bound because collision theory treats reactants as spheres with no favored
direction of approach (but with an explicit requirement on the effective collision energy).
HX + Y → X + HY
(or HX+ + Y → X + HY+)
HX = A, Y = B, (X + HY) = C
A + B → C
So the key question is how do we know whether breaking and making a bond to H occurs
in the transition state region of the reaction coordinate? The size of the HD kinetic
isotope effect tells us whether the H transfer occurs at or before/after the transition state.
Kinetic isotope effect — reaction rates are slower if deuterium is substituted for
hydrogen and a hydrogen bond is involved in the reaction.
2 h νHX 2 h νDX
1 1
!HX # m DX &
1/2
"% ( because k HX = k DX
!DX $ m HX '
Intramolecular potentials are the same. The “shape”
of potential curve doesn’t change upon isotopic
substitution.
"m %
1/2
kH
Kinetic Isotope Effect !
kD
1 1 1 1
!E ‡H + E ‡D = !V0H ! h# "‡i H + h# "Hi + V0D + h# "‡i D ! h# "Di
2 i 2 i 2 i 2 i
! D$
k H ! q‡H $ ! q DA q BD $ ' 2 h #"(i
1
)‡i H ' ( )‡i D ' ( )H
i + ( )i & RT
%
= # &# &e i i i
Most of the isotope effect is in the difference between the zero point energies of the
deuterated vs. hydrogenated reactants. Can use isotope effect to determine whether a
hydrogen bond was involved in the transition state. Standard diagnostic in kinetics!