Training Report

Fiber Optics and Power Measurements

Objectives
This Training report mainly aims to indentify the training experiences gained during my
training period from--------- to -------- at ------------company.

Mainly the company uses fiber optics cables to connect between buildings and head
offices, the used fiber cable us G652D and after the installation phase of the cable the
power measurements of the fiber starts.

 What is G652D?

Low Water Peak single mode optical fiber, which enables customers to
construct high-capacity, low-cost transmission in applications in optical
fiber communication networks, cable TV, utilities, and special optical
networks.

 Main features:

1. Low attenuation.
2. Long term reliability.
3. Excellent bending resistance and geometrical properties.
4. It provides expanded transmission window from 1310nm to
1550nm.
5. Has a low PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion).
6. Operating temperature: -40 to + 60.
7. Small cable diameter, light cable weight, easily to lie.

 Characteristics:

 Composition
 1. Core: Germanium doped silica.
2. Cladding: Silica, step index and matched clad type.
3. Coating: Dual layers of UV.

 Applications:

1. Optical fiber networks.

2. Optical fiber sensors.
3. Special optical networks.
4. TV Cable.
5. Long distance communication.
6. Local trunk line.
7. Computer network system.

 Specifications
Figure (1-1):
the cross

sectional Area for G652D

 Comparing with GJFJV

GJFJV G652D
1-12 hairs 48 hairs Number of hairs
in cable
PVC jacket Black virgin UV Jacket type
protected
Single mode & multi mode Single mode
 FTTH optical cable.  Optical fiber Application
  Interconnect cables. networks.
 Indoor and outdoor  Optical fiber
point to point sensors.
applications.  Special optical
 Direct networks.
connectorization.  TV Cable.
 Internal wiring in cable  Long distance
trays. communication
 Local trunk line.
 Computer
network system.

LED & LASER LASER

Power meter and power source

 Definition

Power Meter and Laser Light Source are convenient hand held
instruments that when paired together allow will make automatic loss
measurements at up to multi wavelengths simultaneously.

 Main features

1. The power meter has maximum sensitivity and stability.

2. The units also functions as a fiber identifier that permits

detection of the laser sources at a multiple frequencies.

3. Instrument is equipped with interchangeable adaptors to

accommodate FC, ST or SC connectors.
 4. The Power Meter stores up to 2000 triple wavelength loss
measurements that may be download to a host computer via a
USB port and use of the provided Windows compatible
application software.

 Using the Power Meter During System Design

The first thing a system designer needs to know about a fiber optic link
is how much optical loss will be experienced between the end points of any
fiber optic cable. All fiber optic transmitters and receivers will specify a
maximum amount of optical attenuation, or loss budget that can be
tolerated before the equipment will no longer work properly. This loss
budget is specified in dB and can vary from as little as 5 dB to as high as 30
dB depending on the products design.

 What we must know before we using the power meter

Before determining an optical loss measurement, you need to know

two things:

The type of fiber being used - either single mode or multimode.

The operating wavelength of the transmitter you are using for the light
source you are injecting into the fiber. This is usually 850nm, 1310nm or
1550nm

 Using the Power Meter During System Installation

 During system installation, the use of the power meter will be essential
to verifying that the fiber cable you are working with is performing as well
as it should. Typical problems include dirty fiber connectors, breaks, kinks
and knots in the fiber, poor splices, faulty connector terminations and the
use of incorrect patch cables based on the type of fiber used (multimode or
single mode).

 Specification
 Optical Power Budget

Definition

The optical loss budget is the calculation and verification of a fiber optic
system's operating characteristics.

 This encompasses items such as:

1- Routing.
2- Electronics.
3- Wavelength.
4- Fiber type.
5- Circuit length.

There are two important parameters for loss budget analysis:

1- Attenuation.
2- Bandwidth.

When we calculate the loss budget for an optical fiber we must include:

1- Passive Components.
2- Active Components.

Where:

Passive Components: are the losses in the overall system (Loss is made up):

1- Fiber loss.
2- Connector loss.
 3- Splice loss.
 Don’t forget any couplers or splitters in the link

Active components: Is the gain in the overall system (gain is made up):

1- Wavelength.
2- Transmitter power.
3- Receiver Sensitivity.
4- Dynamic range.

Simple example:
Calculate the loss in the following figure?

Where:
N - transmitter
W - amplifier
O - receiver
Z - connector
S – splice

Aside from the transmitter (N) and receiver (O), the optical link contains
optical amplifier (W), 4 optical connectors (Z) and 5 splices (S). The
following table gives for each item its attenuation or gain. With these
values one can appropriately choose the sensitivity of the receiver:

Tx power: 3 dBm
Connector loss: 0.15 dB
Splice loss: 0.15 dB
Amplifier gain: 10 dB
Fiber optic loss: 0.2 dB/km

Solution:
The total attenuation of the link is the sum of:

Fiber optic loss: (30 km + 50 km) x 0.2 dB/km = 16 dB

Attenuation of connectors: 4 x 0.15 dB = 0.60 dB

Attenuation of splices: 5 x 0.15 dB = 0.75 dB

Pl = 16 dB + 0.60 dB + 0.75dB = 17.35 dB

The total gain of the link is in this case equal to the amplification of the
optical amplifier (W).

Pg = 10 dB

A good safety margin is 6 dB.

Pm = 6 dB

To select the receiver's sensitivity at the end of the optical path it is

sufficient to rearrange and solve the equation:

Ptx - Prx < Ps - Pg + Pm

Prx > Ptx - Ps + Pg - Pm
Prx > 3 dBm - 17.35 dB +10 dB - 6 dB
Prx > -10.35 dB

The receiver should provide sensitivity better than -10.35 dB.