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Structures and Stiffness: Engr 10 Introduction To Engineering
Structures and Stiffness: Engr 10 Introduction To Engineering
ENGR 10
Introduction to Engineering
Support
Structure
Lattice structure
Structural support
Support structure
failure, UK
Lightning strike,
Germany
PVC Pipe
Cardboard
Old Toys
Δx
Compression Tension
spring spring
F
F
F = k (Δx)
where
k = spring constant
Δ x = spring stretch
F = applied force
Ken Youssefi Engineering 10, SJSU 13
Stiffness (Spring)
• Deflection is proportional to load, F = k (∆x)
Load (N or lb)
slope, k
load
k Slope of Load-Deflection curve:
deflection
The “Stiffness”
Ken Youssefi Engineering 10, SJSU 14
Stiffness (Solid Bar)
• Stiffness in tension and compression
– Applied Forces F, length L, cross-sectional area, A,
and material property, E (Young’s modulus)
F F A
End view
L
F F
L δ E is constant for a given material
F
k AE E (steel) = 30 x 106 psi
k E (Al) = 10 x 106 psi
L E (concrete) = 3.4 x 103 psi
FL
Stiffness for components E (Kevlar, plastic) = 19 x 103 psi
AE in tension-compression E (rubber) = 100 psi
Ken Youssefi Engineering 10, SJSU 15
Stiffness
• Stiffness in bending
Wind
Support
Fixed end
F = force
L = length
Wind
Support
Fixed end
F = force
L = length
kg is a unit of force
A) True
B) False
F
A. K1
F
B. K2
F
C. K3
D. They are all the same
E. I don’t know
Default is:
• first column plots on
x axis
• second column plots
on y axis
Area, A
A2
A1 y2
y1
X X
1 4”
Load
Maximum distance of
4 inch to the centroid I2
2 x 8 beam
Same load 2
and location
I1
1”
2”
di
(d)4
I=
64 I= [(do)4 – (di)4]
64
1 1
I= BH3 - bh3
1 12 12
I= hb3 b
12
A. Solid section h H
B. Hollow section B
Now, consider a hollow rectangular section 2.25 inch wide by 1.25 high
by .125 thick. b
B = 2.25, H = 1.25 h H
b = 2.0, h = 1.0
B
Compare the weight of the two parts (same material and length), so
only the cross sectional areas need to be compared.
Stiffness = slope
Support
F = force
L = length
Sy – yield strength
Su – fracture strength
Steel is 3 times
stiffer than
Aluminum and
100 times stiffer
than Plastics.
Plastic is 7 times
lighter than steel
and 3 times lighter
than aluminum.
Rectangle deforms
Triangle rigid
A. True
B. False
A. Cast Iron
B. Aluminum
C. Polycarbonate
D. Steel
E. Fiberglass
A. True
B. False
Load
Dial gage
pulling on
to measure
tower
deflection
weights
Successful
testers