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Zhang Han (Qin dynasty)

Zhang Han (died 205 BC) was a military general of the Qin dynasty.
Zhang Han
When uprisings erupted throughout China during the reign of Qin Er Shi,
章邯
Zhang Han led the Qin armies and successfully quelled several of these
rebel forces. In 207 BC, Zhang Han was defeated by Xiang Yu of Chu at the
雍王)
King of Yong (

Battle of Julu, after which he surrendered along with his 200,000 troops. Tenure 207 BC – 205 BC
He was conferred the title "King of Yong" ( 雍 王 ) by Xiang Yu and given
Born Unknown
part of the lands in Guanzhong as his fief when Xiang split the former Qin
Died 205 BC
Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms after the fall of the Qin dynasty. Zhang
Xingping, Shaanxi
Han's territory was conquered by Liu Bang in 206 BC, and he committed
suicide a year later.

Life
In 209 BC, the rebel army led by Chen Sheng's deputy, Zhou Wen ( 周 文 ), was the first to reach the Qin capital
Xianyang. Qin Er Shi was shocked and discussed with his subjects how to counter the rebels. Zhang Han suggested to
the emperor to grant amnesty to some of the convicts serving as labourers at Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum, and
organise them into an army to deal with the rebels. The emperor approved Zhang Han's proposal and put him in
charge of the army to quell the rebel forces. Zhang Han emerged victorious against Zhou Wen, defeating and driving
Zhou out of Guanzhong. The emperor then commissioned Sima Xin and Dong Yi to serve as Zhang Han's deputies.

Zhang Han's army continued to advance eastward and destroyed the rebel army of Chen Sheng. Zhang Han then led
his men to attack the Wei rebels, emerging victorious against Wei and enemy reinforcements from Qi. Zhang Han's
armies moved on to attack Tian Rong ( 田 榮 ) of Qi, while Xiang Liang of Chu came to help Qi and defeated Zhang.
Zhang Han scored another victory at the Battle of Dingtao against the Chu forces, killing Xiang Liang in battle.

In 207 BC, when Zhang Han attacked and besieged the Zhao forces at Julu, the Zhao ruler Zhao Xie (趙歇) sought help
from King Huai II of Chu. King Huai II sent Xiang Yu to lift the siege and Xiang's army defeated Zhang Han's forces at
the Battle of Julu despite being heavily outnumbered. Zhang Han sent Sima Xin to request for reinforcements from
Xianyang but Zhao Gao deceived Qin Er Shi and the emperor refused to send aid. Sima Xin escaped from Zhao Gao's
assassins on his return journey and reported to Zhang Han that the state power of Qin had fallen into the hands of
Zhao. Zhang Han pondered over the situation and realised that he would not survive even if he attained victory over
Xiang Yu, as Zhao Gao would have him killed on false charges of treason. Hence, Zhang Han and his 200,000 troops
then surrendered to Xiang Yu and Zhang was conferred the title of "King of Yong" (雍王) by Xiang.

After the fall of the Qin Dynasty in 206 BC, Xiang Yu divided the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms,
while Zhang Han and his two deputies were granted the region of Guanzhong as their fiefs. The three kingdoms were
known as the Three Qins because they occupied the lands of the former Qin state. Later that year, the forces of Liu
Bang (King of Han) invaded Guanzhong and captured Zhang Han's territory in a surprise attack. Zhang Han retreated
to Feiqiu (廢丘; present-day Xingping, Shaanxi) and remained there. A year later, in 205 BC, the Han army flooded
Feiqiu and Zhang Han committed suicide after his defeat.

References
Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian, volumes 7, 8.
Ban Gu et al. Book of Han, volumes 1, 31.

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Chinese royalty
Preceded by King of Yong Succeeded by
None 206 BC None

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