ANNEXES

ANNEX 1 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

ANNEX 2 SIMPLE PRESENT

ANNEX 3 FREQUENCY ADVERBS
ANNEX 4 SIMPLE PAST
ANNEX 5 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
ANNEX 6 THERE IS – THERE ARE
ANNEX 7 QUANTIFIERS
ANNEX 8 COMPARATIVES
SUPERLATIVES

ANNEX 9 FUTURE TENSES

WILL
GOING TO

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ANNEX 1 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES –POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

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Possessive Adjectives versus Possessive Pronouns
A possessive adjective is an adjective that is used to show ownership. It
comes before a noun in the sentence and lets us know to whom the noun
belongs. While many cases of ownership are shown with possessive
nouns (Karen's, children's), these possessive adjectives are not nouns and
are not formed by adding an apostrophe + s.

The following words are possessive adjectives:

 my your his her its our their
Do not confuse these possessive adjectives with possessive pronouns.
A possessive pronoun does show ownership, but it does not come before a
noun or in a noun phrase. It stands alone. It can also be used to replace a
noun.
Here is a list of the possessive pronouns:
 mine yours his hers its ours theirs
A possessive adjective is an adjective that is used to show ownership. It
comes before a noun in the sentence and lets us know to whom the noun
belongs. While many cases of ownership are shown with possessive
nouns (Karen's, children's), these possessive adjectives are not nouns and
are not formed by adding an apostrophe + s.
Remember, possessive pronouns are used to replace the noun. Possessive
adjectives are used to describe the noun.
Notice that some forms of the possessive adjective and possessive pronoun are
the same (his, its).

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Examples of Possessive Adjectives versus Possessive Pronouns:
Examples of possessive adjectives in a sentence:
1) My book is on the table.
2) I think you forgot your purse.
3) The dog buried its bone.
4) The girls missed their bus.
5) Joey left his bat at home.

Examples of possessive pronouns in a sentence:

1) The chair next to the window is his. (Notice you can replace the noun: "His"
is next to the window.)
2) The house on the corner is ours. (Ours is on the corner.)
3) I think the chocolate cookies at the party were hers. (Hers were at the
party).
4) The phone that is ringing is yours. (Yours is ringing.)
5) The zebra-stripped bookbag is mine. (Mine is the zebra-stripped bookbag.)

Possessive Pronouns: Used in Sentences

Possessive pronouns include my, mine, our, ours, its, his, her, hers, their, theirs,
your and yours. These are all words that demonstrate ownership. If the book
belongs to me, then it is mine. If the book belongs to her, then it is hers.
A great way to understand this part of speech is to see them in action. Here are
some basic examples of possessive pronouns used in sentences:
 The kids are yours and mine.
 The house is theirs and its paint is flaking.
 The money was really theirs for the taking.
 We shall finally have what is rightfully ours.
 Their mother gets along well with yours.
 What's mine is yours, my friend.
 The dog is mine.
 The cat is yours.
 The ring is hers.

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 ANNEX 2 SIMPLE PRESENT
The function of Simple Present Tense. We use the simple present for some
purpose, there are:

1. To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging

situations, emotions, and wishes.

¯ I eat rice (habit).

¯ I live in Tarik (unchanging situations).
¯ The earth is a round (general truth).
¯ I hope I can go to Makkah again (wishes).
2.To express fixed arrangements, presents or future.
¯ Our meeting finishes at 9.00 p.m.
Pattern /Form
There are two pattern of Simple Present
1. By Using Verb
A. AFF.( + ) Subject + Verb1
e.g We play football in the yard.
NEG( – ) Subject + do not + Verb1
e.g We do not play football in the yard.
INT.( ? ) Do + Subject + Verb1
e.g Do we play football in the yard?
Note: the pattern above is for subject: I, We, You, They, and other plural noun.
Third person (HE_SHE_IT)
B. ( + ) Subject + Verb1+s/es
e.g She goes to school.
( – ) Subject + does not + Verb1
e.g She does not go to school.
( ? ) Does + Subject +Verb1
e.g Does she go to school?

 DROP THE “S” WHEN USING DOES

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ANNEX 3 FREQUENCY ADVERBS

S + F.A. + Verb + Complement

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 S + Verb TO BE + F.A. + Complement

The Position of the Adverb in a Sentence

An adverb of frequency goes before a main verb (except with To Be).

Subject + adverb + main verb

I always remember to do my homework.

He normally gets good marks in exams.

An adverb of frequency goes after the verb To Be.

Subject + to be + adverb

They are never pleased to see me.

She isn't usually bad tempered.

When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can, etc.), the adverb is placed
between the auxiliary and the main verb. This is also true for to be.

Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main verb

She can sometimes beat me in a race.

I would hardly ever be unkind to someone.
They might never see each other again.
They could occasionally be heard laughing.

We can also use the following adverbs at the start of a sentence:

Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally

 Occasionally, I like to eat Thai food.

BUT we cannot use the following at the beginning of a sentence:

Always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never.

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ANNEX 4 SIMPLE PAST

DEFINITION OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The simple past tense, sometimes called the preterite, is used to talk about
a completed action in a time before now. The simple past is the basic form of past
tense in English. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past
and action duration is not important.

TO WALK

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I walked I didn't walk Did I walk? Yes, you did –No, I didn´t

You walked You didn't walk Did you walk?

He walked He didn't walk Did he walk?

We walked We didn't walk Did we walk?

They walked They didn't walk Did they walk?

IRREGULAR VERBS Some verbs are irregular in the simple past. Here are the most
common ones.

TO GO

 He went to a club last night.

 Did he go to the cinema last night?
 He didn't go to bed early last night.

TO GIVE

 We gave her a doll for her birthday.

 They didn't give John their new address.
 Did Barry give you my passport?

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TO COME

 My parents came to visit me last July.

 We didn't come because it was raining.
 Did he come to your party last week?

VERB TO BE (SIMPLE PAST)

To Be - Affirmative

Subject To Be Examples

I was I was tired this morning.

You were You were very good.
He was He was the best in his class.
She was She was late for work.
It was It was a sunny day.
We were We were at home.
You were You were on holiday.
They were They were happy with their test results.

To Be - Negative Contractions
I was not tired this morning. OR I wasn't tired this morning.
You were not crazy. OR You weren't crazy.
He was not married. OR He wasn't married.
She was not famous. OR She wasn't famous.
It was not hot yesterday. OR It wasn't hot yesterday.
We were not invited. OR We weren't invited.
You were not at the party. OR You weren't at the party.
They were not friends. OR They weren't friends.

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ANNEX 5 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

The PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE indicates continuing action, something going

on now. This tense is formed with the helping "to be" verb, in the present tense, plus
the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending): "I am buying all my family's
Christmas gifts early this year. She is working through the holiday break. Dierdre is
being a really good girl in these days before Christmas".

The present progressive can suggest that an action is going to happen in the
future, especially with verbs that convey the idea of a plan or of movement from
one place or condition to another: "The team is arriving in two hours. He's moving to
Portland this summer." Because the present progressive can suggest either the
present or the future, it is usually modified by adverbs of time.

SUB + (AM, IS, ARE) + VERB (ING) + COMPLEMENT

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 Use:

 am with the personal pronoun I

 is with the personal pronouns he, she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
 are with the personal pronouns you, we, they (or the plural form of nouns)

affirmative negative question

I I am playing. I am not playing. Am I playing? Yes, I am- No, I´m not

he, she, it He is playing. He is not playing. Is he playing? Yes, he is- No, he isn´t

you, we, They are playing. They are not Are they playing? Yes, they are-No,
they playing. they aren´t

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 ANNEX 6 THERE IS- THERE ARE

There is, there’s and there are

We use there is and there are when we first refer to the existence or presence of
someone or something:

There’s a letter on your desk. Julia brought it from the mail room.

Not: It’s a letter on your desk.

There are three Japanese students in my class.

There is and there’s are both singular forms. We use there’s more commonly in
informal speaking:

There is a new cafe in the centre of town which sells Indonesian food.

She’s very determined and there’s no chance she will change her mind.

There are is the plural form of there is and there’s:

There are two new buildings next to the school. They are both science buildings.

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ANNEX 7 QUANTIFIERS

What are quantifiers?

A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used before a noun to indicate the amount
or quantity:
'Some', 'many', 'a lot of' and 'a few' are examples of quantifiers.

Quantifiers can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

Examples:

There are some books on the desk

He's got only a few dollars.
How much money have you got?
There is a large quantity of fish in this river.
He's got more friends than his sister.

Examples of quantifiers

With Uncountable Nouns

 much
 a little/little/very little *
 a bit (of)
 a great deal of
 a large amount of
 a large quantity of

With Both

 all
 enough
 no/none
 not any
 some
 any

Much/ Many and a lot of

These work in the same way as some and any. Much may only be used with
uncountable nouns while many is used with countable.

Do we have much time?

Were there many people at the party?

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 A lot of is used for positive.

There were a lot of people at the party.

Again, much and many may also be used in questions if the speaker thinks that the
answer will be positive.

We can use some, any or 'no article' before plural or uncountable nouns. They all
mean something similar to a/an before a singular noun. For example:

 Can I have a banana? [One banana, but any one is okay.]

 Can I have some bananas? [More than one banana, but any small group is okay.]

The difference between some and 'no article':

Often, there isn't a big difference in meaning between 'no article' and some. However,
we use some when we are talking about a limited number or amount (but we don't
know or we don't want to say the exact quantity).

Some means 'a certain number of' or 'a certain amount of'. We don't use some if we
are talking about something in general or thinking about it as a category. When we
use some, we don't say the exact quantity, but we could probably find it out if we
needed to. For example:

 Can you buy some milk? [We don't know exactly how much, but I'm talking about a
certain amount of milk – I don't want all the milk in the world.]

On the other hand, we use 'no article' when we aren't thinking about the quantity.
It's used to talk about the noun as a category, rather than a certain amount of it:

 We need Ø milk to make pancakes. [I'm thinking about milk as a category. I'm not
thinking about a certain amount of milk.]

Quantifiers can be placed right before a noun

Examples:

 The zoo has a few giraffes.

 No animals are allowed in my house!

 I like some sugar in my tea.

 None of the teachers were there.

 Every student should arrive on time.

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ANNEX 8 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES

Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects
they modify (larger, smaller, faster, higher). They are used in sentences where two
nouns are compared, in this pattern:

Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).

FORMING REGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

Forming comparatives and superlatives is easy. The form depends on the number
of syllables in the original adjective.

ONE SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES

Add -er for the comparative and -est for the superlative. If the adjective has a
consonant + single vowel + consonant spelling, the final consonant must be
doubled before adding the ending.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

tall taller tallest

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 Adjective Comparative Superlative

at fatter fattest

big bigger biggest

sad sadder saddest

TWO SYLLABLES
Adjectives with two syllables can form the comparative either by adding -er or by
preceeding the adjective with more. These adjectives form the superlative either by
adding -est or by preceeding the adjective with most. In many cases, both forms are
used, although one usage will be more common than the other. If you are not sure
whether a two-syllable adjective can take a comparative or superlative ending, play
it safe and use moreand most instead. For adjectives ending in y, change the y to an
i before adding the ending.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

happy happier happiest

simple simpler simplest

busy busier busiest

tilted more tilted most tilted

tangled more tangled most tangled

THREE OR MORE SYLLABLES

Adjectives with three or more syllables form the comparative by putting more in
front of the adjective, and the superlative by putting most in front.

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 Adjective Comparative Superlative

important more important most important

expensive more expensive most expensive

IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

These very common adjectives have completely irregular comparative and
superlative forms.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

good better best

bad worse worst

little less least

much more most

far further / farther furthest / farthest

EXAMPLES

 My house is the largest one in our neighborhood.

 This is the smallest box I've ever seen.
 Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race.

 We all threw our rocks at the same time. My rock flew the highest. ("of all
the rocks" is understood)
 Today is the worst day I've had in a long time.
 You play tennis better than I do.
 This is the least expensive sweater in the store.
 This sweater is less expensive than that one.

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ANNEX 9 WILL – GOING TO

A very confusing concept is when to use WILL and when to use BE GOING
TO when we refer the future.

Both refer to the future and there is a slight difference between the two though in
most cases they can be used interchangeably with no difference in meaning. Even if
you misuse them, a native speaker is going to understand you without any
problems.

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 1. When we know about the future we normally use the present tense.

 We use the present simple for something scheduled or arranged:

We have a lesson next Monday.

The train arrives at 6.30 in the morning.
The holidays start next week.
It is my birthday tomorrow.

 We can use the present continuous for plans or arrangements:

I’m playing football tomorrow.

They are coming to see us tomorrow.
We’re having a party at Christmas.

2. We use will to talk about the future:

 When we make predictions:

It will be a nice day tomorrow.

I think Brazil will win the World Cup.
I’m sure you will enjoy the film.

 To mean want to or be willing to:

I hope you will come to my party.

George says he will help us.

 To make offers and promises:

I'll see you tomorrow.

We'll send you an email.

 To talk about offers and promises:

Tim will be at the meeting.

Mary will help with the cooking.

3. We use (be) going to:

 To talk about plans and intentions:

I’m going to drive to work today.

They are going to move to Manchester.

 When we can see that something is likely to happen:

Be careful! You are going to fall.

Look at those black clouds. I think it’s going to rain.

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REFERENCES

http://www.softschools.com/examples/grammar/possessive_adjectives_versus_
possessive_pronouns_examples/82/
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-possessive-pronouns.html
https://www.nurdiono.com/the-function-of-simple-present-tense.html
https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1GCEU_esMX821MX821&biw=1366&bih
=657&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=umdgXMTfLKeatgXhrIzQBw&q=WHAT+ARE+FEREQU
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https://www.grammar.cl/Basic/Adverbs_Frequency.htm
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https://www.grammar.cl/Past/To_Be.htm
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/tenses/present_progressive.htm
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-progressive/form
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/there-is-there-s-
and-there-are
https://www.grammar.cl/Present/ThereIsThereAre.htm
https://www.hornerschool.com/some-and-any/
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/some-and-any.html
https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-
quantifiers.php
https://www.ef.com/wwen/english-resources/english-grammar/comparative-
and-superlative/
https://www.grammar.cl/Notes/Future_Will_vs_Going.htm

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