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Algebraic Properties of Polynomial Iterates: Alina Ostafe
Algebraic Properties of Polynomial Iterates: Alina Ostafe
iterates
Alina Ostafe
Department of Computing
Macquarie University
1
Motivation
General setting
p: prime number
IFp: finite field of p elements.
How do we iterate?
⇓
Estimating exponential sums
In our case:
−1
NX m
X
Sa(N ) = e aiun,i ,
n=0 i=1
where
|Sa(N )| ≤ N
(as it is a sum on N roots of unity).
Remarks:
deg f (k) = dk
is fully controlled and exponential (if d ≥ 2).
YES!!
gi 6= 0, degXj G
f <s ,
i i,j degXj Hi ≤ si,j , 1 ≤ i < j ≤ m
ei = −1 : Hi has a unique leading monomial
i,i+1 s s
Hi(Xi+1, . . . , Xm) = hiXi+1 . . . Xmi,m +H
f (X
i i+1 , . . . , Xm ),
with
hi 6= 0, degXj H
f <s ,
i i,j degXj Gi ≤ 2si,j , 1 ≤ i < j ≤ m
8
where
(2) (pm−i )
R i = Hi G i . . . G i (mod I)
is of degree at most p − 1 in each variable and I
p p
is the ideal generated by X1 − X1, . . . , Xm − Xm.
⇓
Let’s start with quadratic polynomials
. . . not too many results but there are some!!
16
Irreducibility of iterations
Critical orbit of f :
Orb(f ) = {f (n)(γ) : n = 2, 3, . . .}
∃t such that f (t)(γ) = f (s)(γ) for some positive
integer s < t.
Orb(f ) = {f (n)(γ) : n = 2, . . . , tf }
where
log 2
αd = .
2 log(4d)
Then
1. if d = deg f is even,
f −1
degY d−1
d
f (n)(γi) | n > 1 }
[ Y
{a { (−1) a
2 f (γi) }
i=1 i=1
contains only non squares in IFq ;
2. if d = deg f is odd,
(d−1) d−1
f (n)(γi)
Y
{ (−1) 2 d | n≥1 }
i=1
contains only squares in IFq .
21
Questions: