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Chapter 5 Solutions
Chapter 5 Solutions
Chapter 5 Solutions
CHAPTER 5
SOLUTIONS
Solution:
g kg mL L kg
1 0.001 1000 1000 3 1000 3
mL g L m m
Solution:
b. Calculate % by weight
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
mg g L g
1 0.001 1000 3 1 3
L mg m m
Solution:
10 3 ppm
10ppb 10 10 3 ppm or 0.010 ppm
ppb
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5-3
c. 0.438
d. 0.5
(0.5)(22.8245): = 11.41 or 10 MGD
e. 4.38
f. 5
mg L of species
Molarity
1000 mg g molecular weight
Normality = (molarity)(n)
a. HCN
200.0
Molarity 0.005485M
100036.4609
Normality = (0.005485)(1) = 0.005485 N
b. H2SO4
150.0
Molarity 0.001529M
100098.07
Normality = (0.001529)(2) = 0.003059 N
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5-4
c. Ca(HCO3)2
100.0
Molarity 0.0006168M
1000162.1122
Normality = (0.0006169)(2) = 0.001234 N
d. H3PO4
70.0
Molarity 0.000714M
100097.9951
Normality = (0.000714)(3) = 0.00214 N
Solution:
a. HNO3
80 g L 1
0.08 mg L
1000 g mg
0.08
Molarity 1.3 10 6 M
100063.015
Normality = (1.3 x 10-6 M)(1) = 1.3 x 10-6 N
b. CaCO3
135 g L 1
0.135 mg L
1000 g mg
0.135
Molarity 1.3 10 6 M
1000100.09
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5-5
c. Cr(OH)3
10 g L 1
0.01 mg L
1000 g mg
0.01
Molarity 1.0 10 7 M
1000103.02
Normality = (1.0 x 10-7 M)(3) = 3 x 10-7 N
d. Ca(OH)2
1000 g L 1
1.0 mg L
1000 g mg
1.0
Molarity 1.35 10 5 M
100074.096
Normality = (1.35 x 10-5 M)(2) = 2.7 x 10-5 N
Given: 0.05 mg/L As; 0.005 mg/L Cd; 0.002 mg/L Hg; 0.10 mg/L Ni
Solution:
mg L of species
Molarity
1000 mg g molecular weight
Normality = (molarity)(n)
a. As3+
0.05
Molarity 6.67 10 7 M
100074.92
Normality = (6.67 x 10-7 M)(3) = 2.00 x 10-6 N
b. Cd2+
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5-6
0.005
Molarity 4.45 10 8 M
1000112.4
Normality = (4.45 x 10-8 M)(2) = 8.90 x 10-8 N
c. Hg2+
0.002
Molarity 9.97 10 9 M
1000200.6
Normality = (9.97 x 10-9 M)(2) = 1.99 x 10-8 N
d. Ni2+
0.10
Molarity 1.70 10 6 M
100058.69
Normality = (1.7 x 10-6 M)(2) = 3.41 x 10-6 N
Solution:
c. H2SO4 (n = 2)
d. SO42-
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5-7
Solution:
a. H2CO3 (n = 2)
b. CHCl3
c. Ca(OH)2 (n = 2)
d. CO32-
Solution:
a. NaOH
b. Na2SO4
c. K2Cr2O7
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5-8
d. KCl
Solution:
KSP = [Mg2+][OH-]2
Given: Groundwater has 1.800 mg/L Fe and desired concentration is 0.30 mg/L
Fe 0.30 mg L
5.37 10 6 mole L
55.85 g mole 1000 mg g
KSP = [Fe][OH]3
13
2.69 10 39
OH
6
5.01 10 33
13
7.94 10 12 mole L
5.37 10
5-16 pH to precipitate Cu
Solution:
a. Notes:
(1) The starting concentration is not relevant to the solution of this problem
(2) From Appendix A
CuOH2 Cu 2 2OH
12
2.0 10 19
OH
6
6.36 10 14
12
2.52 10 7 mole L
3.15 10
d. Calculate pOH
e. Calculate pH
Given: Saturated solution of CaCO3 and addition of 3.16 x 10-4 moles/L of Na2CO3
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5-10
2
CaCO 3 Ca 2 CO 3
c. Calculate the molar concentration of Ca2+ and CO32- at equilibrium (before the addition
of Na2CO3).
d. Set up quadratic equation where x = amount of Ca that will be removed from solution.
K SP 7.04 10 5 x 3.86 10 4 x 4.95 10 9
x 2 4.57 10 4 x 2.23 10 8 0
Since 4.01 10 4 is greater than what we started with, we select the root x 5.56 10 5
NOTE: Because the carbonate buffer system is affected, the pH and solubility of CaCO3
also change.
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5-11
Given: Solubility product of CaF2 = 3.45 x 10-11, F- = 1.0 mg/L and Ca2+ = 200 mg/L
Solution:
F 19.00 g 1mole
.0 mg L
1000 mg g
5.26 10 6
mole L
KSP = [Ca2+][F-]2
12
3.45 10 11
F
3
8.31 10 5 mole L
4 .99 10
c. Since 8.31 x 10-5 is greater than 5.26 x 10-5, the 1.0 mg/L of F will be soluble.
Solution:
a. From Appendix A
2
CaSO 4 Ca 2 SO 4
K SP 6.998 10 3 x 1.200 10 2 x 4.898 10 5
8.398 10 1.899 10 x x
5 2 2
4.898 10 5
x 2 1.899 10 2 x 8.398 10 5 4.898 10 5
x 2 1.899 10 2 x 3.500 10 5 0
d. Solve the quadratic equation for roots
x
1.899 10 2 1.899 10 2
2
4 3.500 10 5
12
x
1.899 10 2 1.485 10 2
2
e. Because 3.384 x 10-2 > 6.998 x 10-3, or more than we started with, select x = 4.137 x
10-3
[SO42-] = 6.998 x 10-3 + 5.00 x 10-3 – 4.137 x 10-3 = 7.861 x 10-3 mole/L
Solution:
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5-13
a. The reaction is
Therefore two moles of NaOH are required to neutralize each mole of H2SO4.
100.00mg x
98.07 mg mole 239.996 mg mole
x = (1.0197)(2)(39.997)
x = 81.5683 or 81.6 mg
Solution:
N x mL = N x mL
We can say
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5-14
Solution: Since the normality is exactly the same as in Problem 5-21 the form of the acid
is irrelevant and the answer is the same as in Problem 5-21, i.e. 27.5 mL
Solution:
b. For this reaction n = 1 for both reactants and the molarity is equal to the normality.
d. After reaction with 1.0 mL of 0.0200 N HCl the molar concentration of NaOH is
e. The pH is then
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5-15
Titrant
HCl 0.0200 N
Analyte
NaOH 0.0200 N
50.00 mL
Note that in each case the number of moles per liter = the number of equivalents per liter
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5-16
12
10
pH
6
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Milliters of HCl
Solution:
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5-17
0.6580mg
1.061 10 5 mole L
62.026 g mole 1000 mg g
c. Write equilibrium expression
Ka
H HCO 10
3
6.35
4.467 10 7
H 2 CO 3
d. Substitute carbonic acid concentration
H HCO 4.467 10
7
1.06110
3
Ka 5
Solution:
H 2 CO 3 0.6580 mg L
1.061 10 5 mole L
62.026 g mole 1000 mg g
c. Calculate [H+]
HCO K HH CO
10 1.061 10 mole L
6.35 5
a 2 3
5
3.16 10 mole L
3
Solution:
0.5000mg
9.53 10 6 mole L
52.45 g mole 1000 mg g
c. Write equilibrium expression
Ka
H OCl 10
7.54
2.884 10 8
HOCl
d. Substitute hypochlorous acid concentration
Ka
H OCl 2.884 10
8
9.53 10 6
Solution:
0.5000mg
1.371 10 5 mole L
36.46 g mole 1000 mg g
c. Write equilibrium expression
Ka
H OCl 10
7.54
2.884 10 8
HOCl
d. With [H+] = 10-7 and hypochlorous acid concentration
Ka
10 OCl 2.884 10
7
8
1.37110 5
f. Convert to mg/L
40.08
E.W. 20.04
2
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5-20
50.04
mg/L as CaCO3 = 83.00 mg L 207.3
20.04
24.305
E.W. 12.1525
2
50.04
mg/L as CaCO3 = 27.00 mg L 111.2
12.1525
44.01
E.W. 22.00
2
50.04
mg/L as CaCO3 = 48.00 mg L 109.2
22.00
61.02
E.W. 61.02
1
50.04
mg/L as CaCO3 = 220.00 mg L 180.4
61.02
60.01
E.W. 30.00
2
50.04
mg/L as CaCO3 = 15.00 mg L 25.02
30.00
36.461
E.W. 36.461
1
50.04
mg/L as CaCO3 = 200.00 mg L 274.5
36.461
56.08
E.W. 28.04
2
50.04
mg/L as CaCO3 = 280.00 mg L 499.7
28.04
105.99
E.W. 53.00
2
50.04
mg/L as CaCO3 = 123.45 mg L 116.6
53.00
d. Ca(HCO3)2 (n = 2 as in b.)
162.12
E.W. 81.06
2
50.04
mg/L as CaCO3 = 85.05 mg L 52.5
81.06
22.9898
E.W. 22.9898
1
50.04
mg/L as CaCO3 = 19.90 mg L 9.143
22.9898
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5-22
Solution:
96.06
E.W. 48.03
2
48.03
mg/L = 100.00 mg/L as CaCO3 95.98
50.04
61.016
E.W. 61.016
1
61.016
mg/L = 30.00 mg/L as CaCO3 36.58
50.04
40.08
E.W. 20.04
2
20.04
mg/L = 150.00 mg/L as CaCO3 60.07
50.04
d. H2CO3 (n = 2 because 2 H)
62.03
E.W. 31.02
2
31.02
mg/L = 10.00 mg/L as CaCO3 6.198
50.04
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5-23
22.9898
E.W. 22.9898
1
22.9898
mg/L = 150.00 mg/L as CaCO3 68.91
50.04
Solution:
44.01
E.W. 22.00
2
22.00
mg/L = 10.00 mg/L as CaCO3 4.397
50.04
74.09
E.W. 37.045
2
37.045
mg/L = 13.50 mg/L as CaCO3 9.994
50.04
c. H3PO4 (n = 3 because of 3 H)
97.9951
E.W. 32.6650
3
32.6650
mg/L = 481.00 mg/L as CaCO3 314.0
50.04
d. H2PO4 (n = 2 because of 2 H)
96.9872
E.W. 48.4936
2
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5-24
48.4936
mg/L = 81.00 mg/L as CaCO3 78.50
50.04
35.453
E.W. 35.453
1
35.453
mg/L = 40.00 mg/L as CaCO3 28.34
50.04
Solution:
N=M*n
M = (0.0100 N) / 2 = 0.0050 M
b. Convert M to mg/L
40.08
E.W. Ca = 20.04
2
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5-25
50.04
mg/L as CaCO3 = 200.40 mg L 500.4 or 500 mg/L as CaCO3
20.04
Solution:
50.04
0.6580 0.53963 mg/L as CaCO3
61.016
b. Convert pH to [H+]
c. In mg/L
d. In mg/L as CaCO3
e. Convert pH to OH
f. In mg/L
g. In mg/L as CaCO3
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5-26
Solution:
Given: Problem 5-34; HCO3- = 120 mg/L; pH = 9.43; CO32- = 15.00 mg/L
Solution:
50.04
120.0 98.41 mg/L as CaCO3
61.016
50.04
15.0 25.02 mg/L as CaCO3
30.004
c. Convert pH to H
d. In mg/L
e. In mg/L as CaCO3
.0079
f. Convert pH to [OH-]
g. In mg/L
h. In mg/L as CaCO3
50.04
0.4578 1.347
17.007
Solution:
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5-28
b. Approximate alkalinity
5-37 Derivations
Solution:
a. Starting with
K1
H HCO
3
H 2 CO 3
K2
H CO
2
HCO
3
3
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5-29
w
3
H
f. Collecting terms
H H
2 3 w
3
Kw
A H
HCO
H
2K 2
3
1
H
i. Since we need bicarbonate alkalinity in mg/L as CaCO3, a factor of 5 x 104 is used to
convert [HCO3-] to mg/L as CaCO3 (5x104 = 50 x 1000 = E.W. of CaCO3 x mL/L)
A 5 10 4 K 5 10 H
w
4
H
HCO 3
2K 2
1
H
5 10
A K
4
w H
5 10
4
HCO 3
H
2K 2
1
H
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5-30
j. An equation for CO32- can be derived by putting the HCO3- expression into the K2
equilibrium expression:
Kw
A H
CO 2K
2 H
2
2K
3
H 1 2
H
5 10
A K
4
w H
2K 5 10
4
2
2
H
CO 3
H 2K
1 2
H
2 2K
CO 3 2 HCO3
H
Given: Total alkalinity = 233.00 mg/L as CaCO3; pH = 10.47; Eqns. from Prob. 5-37.
Solution:
233.00 10 14
5 10 4 10 10.47
10.47
5 10 4
10
HCO 3
2 4.68 10 11
1 10.47
10
HCO3
5 10 4 4.66 10 3 3.388 10 11 2.951 10 4
1 2.762
2.182 10 2
HCO3 58.01 mg/L as CaCO3
3.762
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5-31
CO 3
2
58.01
2 4.68 10 11
10.47
10
The total (58.01 + 160.22 = 210.23) does not equal total alkalinity (233.0) because the
OH-alkalinity is significant at a pH of 10.47.
[OH-] = 10-3.53
Given: Solution to Problem 5-37 and given water specifications. Total alkalinity = 284.0
mg/L as CaCO3, pH = 7.6
Solution:
a. Bicarbonate
284.0 10 14
5 10 4 10 7.6 7.6
50000 10
HCO 3
2 4.68 10 11
1 7.6
10
HCO3
5 10 4 5.68 10 3 2.512 10 8 3.981 10 7
1 3.726 10 3
b. Carbonate
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual
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5-32
CO 3
2
2.892 10 2
2 4.68 10 11 1.08 mg/L as CaCO3
10 7.6
Solution:
50.04
120.00 200.16 or 200.2 mg/L as CaCO3
30.00
200.16
2 4.68 10 11
HCO3
10.30
10
200.16
HCO3 107.177 mg/L as CaCO3
1.868
d. Convert to ion
61.016
HCO3 107.177 130.686 or 130.7 mg/L
50.04
Solution:
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5-33
2 4.68 10 11
25.020
100.053
H
H 9.365
9
10
3.743 10 10
25.020
Solution:
a. Calculate CO32- and HCO3 concentrations in mg/L as CaCO3 in the same fashion as in
Problem 5-40.
A 10 14
5 10 4 10 10.30
10.30
5 10 4
10
107.177
1
2 4.68 10 11
10.30
10
c. By the exact method we need [H+] and [OH-] in units of mg/L as CaCO3
d. Convert pH to [H+]
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5-34
e. In mg/L
= 5.051 x 10-8
f. In mg/L as CaCO3
.0079
g. Convert pH to [OH-]
h. In mg/L
i. In mg/L as CaCO3
50.04
3.393 9.984 mg/L as CaCO3
17.007
Solution:
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5-35
a. The data plot as a straight line on semi log paper. Thus, the reaction order is first order
based on the linearized forms shown in Table 5-5.
10.00
Concentration
, mmoles/L
1.00
-0.1401x
y = 2.8002e
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time, min
b. The rate constant may be determined by selecting values of A0, A, and the
corresponding time increment.
A
ln Kt
A 0
At t = 5 min
1.39
ln K5
2.80
-0.7003 = -K(5)
K = 0.1401 min-1
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual
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5-36
Solution:
a. The data plot as a straight line on arithmetic paper if the concentration is plotted as
1/[A0]. Thus, the reaction order is second order based on the linearized forms shown
in Table 5-5.
1.6
1.4
1.2
1/[A] 1
0.8
y = 0.1399x + 0.0208
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15
Time, min
b. The rate constant may be determined by selecting values of A0, A, and the
corresponding time increment.
1 1
Kt
A A0
At t = 5 min
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual
may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of
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5-37
K5
1 1
1.39 48.0
K = 0.1482 min-1
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Solution:
The pH will be below 7. This is an application of the carbonate buffer system. Since the
beverage container is closed the addition of CO2 forces the carbonate buffer system
reaction to the right. Carbonic acid is formed. The dissociation results in an increase in
hydrogen ion concentration and a lowering of the pH. See Equation 4-35 and Figure 4-5.
Solution:
Turbidity is finely suspended particulate matter that refracts light. Materials that may
cause turbidity include clay, silt, finely divided organic matter and algae.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual
may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of
the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.