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Chapter 6 Solutions
Chapter 6 Solutions
Chapter 6 Solutions
CHAPTER 6
SOLUTIONS
Solution:
Solution:
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6-2
335.1 − 332.8
Error in TH = × 100 = 0.69%
335.1
Error in CH = 0.00%
51.1 − 48.8
Error in NCH = × 100 = 4.5%
51.1
6-3 Total, Carbonate, Non Carbonate Hardness
Solution:
Solution:
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6-3
Solution:
285.0 10 −14
5 × 10 4 + 10 −7.6 − −7.6
−
= 50000 10
( )
HCO 3
2 4.68 × 10 −11
1 +
10 −7.6
HCO 3 =
− (
5 × 10 4 5.70 × 10 −3 + 2.512 × 10 −8 − 3.981 × 10 −7 )
(
1 + 3.762 × 10 −3 )
HCO 3 - = 285.0 mg/L as CaCO 3
50.04
Ca 2+ = (37.0 mg L ) = 92.39 mg/L as CaCO 3
20.04
50.04
Mg 2+ = (18.1 mg L ) = 74.51 mg/L as CaCO 3
12.16
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6-4
Given: Total alkalinity = 130.0 mg/L as CaCO 3 ; pH = 7.4; alum dose = 60.00 mg/L
Solution:
b. Convert alum to CaCO 3 equivalent. From the equivalent weight equation and the
discussion that follows the Eqn., n=6
594.346
E.W. = = 99.058
6
50.04
60.00 = 30.31 mg/L as CaCO 3
99.058
c. This is equal to the amount of alkalinity that will be destroyed. Thus, the alkalinity
remaining is
Given: Total alkalinity = 136.0 mg/L as CaCO 3 ; pH = 7.6; ferric chloride dose = 30.00
mg/L
Solution:
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6-5
b. Convert ferric chloride to CaCO 3 equivalent, note that each mole of ferric chloride
destroys 3 moles of alkalinity and n = 3.
162.206
E.W. = = 54.069
3
50.04
30.00 = 27.76 mg/L as CaCO 3
54.069
Given: Total alkalinity = 29.5 mg/L as CaCO 3 ; pH = 7.2; alum dose = 40.00 mg/L
Solution:
b. Convert alum to CaCO 3 equivalent. From the equivalent weight equation and the
discussion that follows the Eqn., n = 6
594.346
E.W. = = 99.058
6
50.04
40.00 = 20.21 mg/L as CaCO 3
99.058
c. This is equal to the amount of alkalinity that will be destroyed. Thus, the alkalinity
remaining is
Solution:
a. E.W. CaCO 3
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6-6
pH = 7.6
b. CO 2 calculation
K a1 =
[H ][HCO ]
+
3
−
[H 2 CO 3 ]
pK a = 6.35 from Table 5-3
CO 2 + H 2 O → H 2 CO 3
Convert pH to mole/L
Convert pK a1 to K a
Solve for H 2 CO 3
] = (2.51 × 10 )(5.68 × 10 )
−8 −3
[H 2 CO 3
(4.47 × 10 )
−7
Since CO 2 = H 2 CO 3
(3.19 × 10 ) 50.04
mole L (44 g mole)(1000 mg g )
−4
22.00
CO 2 = 31.9 mg/L as CaCO 3
Solution:
a. E.W. CaCO 3
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6-8
pH = 7.7
b. Calculate CO 2
Ka =
[H ][HCO ]
+
3
−
[H 2 CO 3 ]
pK a = 6.35 from Table 5-3
CO 2 + H 2 O → H 2 CO 3
[HCO ] 61E.W.HCO 3
−
= (494 mg L )
− 1 1
3 50E.W.CaCO
61 g mole 1000 mg g 3
Convert pH to mole/L
Convert pK a1 to K a
Solve for [H 2 CO 3 ]
] = (2.00 × 10 )(9.88 × 10 )
−8 −3
[H 2 CO 3
(4.47 × 10 )
−7
Since CO 2 = H 2 CO 3
( ) 50.04
CO 2 = 4.42 × 10 − 4 mole L (44 g mole)(1000 mg g )
22.00
CO 2 = 44.2 mg/L as CaCO 3
Solution:
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6-10
Solution:
K a1 =
[H ][HCO ]
+
3
−
[H 2 CO 3 ]
pK a1 = 6.35 From Table 5-3
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6-11
CO 2 + H 2 O → H 2 CO 3
[HCO ] 61E.W.HCO 3
−
= (115 mg L )
− 1 1
3
1000 mg g 50E.W.CaCO
61 g mole 3
Convert pH to mole/L
Convert pK a1 to K a1
(4.47 × 10 )
Since CO 2 = H 2 CO 3
( ) 50.04
CO 2 = 2.05 × 10 −5 mole L (44 g mole)(1000 mg g )
22.00
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6-12
Solution:
Lime = CO 2 = 10.0
Solution:
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6-13
Lime = CO 2 = 4.60
Given: Ca = 210.0; Mg = 23.0; HCO 3 - = 165.0; CO 2 = 5.0; all mg/L as CaCO 3 . Lime is
90% pure and soda ash is 97% pure.
Solution:
Lime = CO 2 = 5.0
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6-14
28 1
(190.0 mg/L as CaCO 3 ) = 118.22 or 118 mg/L CaO
50 0.9
53 1
(28.0 mg/L as CaCO 3 ) = 30.59 or 31 mg/L Na 2 CO 3
50 0.97
Solution:
Lime = CO 2 = 17.0
c. Compute Soda
NCH f = 70.0 - 40 = 30
Solution:
CH = 244.0
NCH i = 0.0
Lime = CO 2 = 39.8
Because (Mg – 40) is > 20 and < 40 add excess lime = Mg – 40 = 36.3
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6-16
Given: Ca = 137.0; Mg = 56.0; HCO 3 - = 128.0; CO 2 = 7.0 all mg/L as CaCO 3 . Lime is
93% pure and soda ash is 95% pure.
Solution:
Lime = CO 2 = 7.0
c. Compute Soda
NCH f = 80.0 - 40 = 40
28 1
(171.0 mg/L as CaCO 3 ) = 102.97 or 103 mg/L CaO
50 0.93
53 1
(15.0 mg/L as CaCO 3 ) = 16.74 or 17 mg/L Na 2 CO 3
50 0.95
Solution:
CH = 183.7
NCH i = 0.0
Solution:
a. Calculate CO 2 content
Ka =
[H ][HCO ]
+
3
−
[H 2 CO 3 ]
pK a = 6.35 from Table 5-3
CO 2 + H 2 O → H 2 CO 3
Convert pH to mole/L
Convert pK a1 to K a
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6-19
Solve for H 2 CO 3
] = (2.51 × 10 )(5.68 × 10 )
−8 −3
[H 2 CO 3
(4.47 × 10 )
−7
Since CO 2 = H 2 CO 3
[CO 2 ] = 3.19 x 10-4 mole/L
(3.19 × 10 −4
) 50.04
mole L (44 g mole)(1000 mg g ) = 44.2 mg/L as CaCO 3
22.0
Lime = CO 2 = 31.90
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6-20
Solution:
a. Calculate CO 2 content
Ka =
[H ][HCO ]
+
3
−
[H 2 CO 3 ]
pK a = 6.35 from Table 5-3
CO 2 + H 2 O → H 2 CO 3
Convert pH to mole/L
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6-21
Convert pK a1 to K a
[H 2 CO 3 ] = (3.98 × 10 )(2.60−7 × 10 )
−8 −3
(4.47 × 10 )
[H 2 CO 3 ] = 2.31 x 10-4 mole/L
Since CO 2 = H 2 CO 3
(2.31× 10 −4
) 50.04
mole L (44 g mole)(1000 mg g ) = 23.1 mg/L as CaCO 3
22.0
Lime = CO 2 = 21.15
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6-22
d. Soda
Given: Water analysis, HCO 3 - = 276.6 mg/L as CaCO 3 , pH = 7.2, Ca = 177.8 mg/L as
ion, Mg = 16.2 mg/L as ion, Pb = 0.020 mg/L as ion
Solution:
K a1 =
[H ][HCO ]
+
3
−
[H 2 CO 3 ]
pK a1 = 6.35 from Table 5-3
CO 2 + H 2 O → H 2 CO 3
Convert pH to mole/L
Convert pK a1 to K a1
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6-23
Solve for [H 2 CO 3 ]
] = (6.31 × 10 )(5.53 × 10 )
−8 −3
[H 2 CO 3
(4.47 × 10 )
−7
NCH f = 80 – 40 = 40.0
1 28.04E.W.CaO
(408.1) = 245.9 or 246 mg/L as CaO
0.93 50 .04 E.W.CaCO 3
1 52.99E.W.Na 2 CO 3
(194.1) = 216.3 or 216 mg/L as Na 2 CO 3
0.95 50 . 04 E.W.CaCO 3
e. Lead removal
This amount will be removed by the excess lime if the solubility is low enough. From
table of solubility products in Appendix A, the solubility of PbCO 3 is less than CaCO 3 .
It will be removed.
Given: Ca = 200; Mg = 100; HCO 3 - = 150; CO 2 = 22; all mg/L as CaCO 3 ; lime =
$100/megagram (Mg); soda = $200/megagram (Mg); flow = 0.5 m3/s.
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6-24
Solution:
Lime = CO 2 = 22.0
Delta = 60.0
c. Compute Soda
d. Lime as CaO
28.04E.W.CaO
(272.00) = 152.41 mg L
50.04E.W.CaCO 3
e. Soda as Na 2 CO 3
105.99
E.W. = = 52.99
2
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6-25
(110.00) 52.99E.W.Na 2 CO 3 = 116.49 mg L
50.04E.W.CaCO 3
f. Annual cost
CaO
Na 2 CO 3
Total Cost
Solution:
Lime = CO 2 = 3.0
Delta = 15.0
c. Compute Soda
1 28.04E.W.CaO
(339.0 ) = 218.34 mg L
0.87 50.04E.W.CaCO 3
105.99
E.W. = = 52.99
2
1 52.99E.W.Na 2 CO 3
(33.0 ) = 36.02 mg L
0.97 50.04E.W.CaCO 3
f. Annual cost
CaO
Na 2 CO 3
Total Cost
(2) Determine annual chemical cost using prices from Prob. 6-23. CaO
price is $100.000/Mg; Na 2 CO 3 price is $200.00/Mg
Solution:
a. Calculate CO 2 content
K a1 =
[H ][HCO ]
+
3
−
[H 2 CO 3 ]
pK a1 = 6.35 from Table 5-3
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6-28
CO 2 + H 2 O → H 2 CO 3
[HCO ] 61E.W.HCO 3
−
= (344 mg L )
− 1 1
3
1000 mg g 50E.W.CaCO
61 g mole 3
Convert pH to mole/L
Convert pK a1 to K a1
Solve for H 2 CO 3
[H 2 CO 3 ] = (6.31 × 10 )(6.88−7 × 10 )
−8 −3
(4.47 × 10 )
[H 2 CO 3 ] = 9.71 x 10-4 mole/L
Since CO 2 = H 2 CO 3
(9.71× 10 −4
) 50.04
mole L (44 g mole)(1000 mg g ) = 97.1 mg/L as CaCO 3
22.00
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6-29
Lime = CO 2 = 97.10
Delta = 146.2
Total Lime = 97.10 + 344. + 146.2 + 40. = 627.3 or 627. mg/L as CaCO 3
e. Soda calculations
f. Calculate cost
1
(627.3) 28.04 = 415.63 or 416 mg/L
50.04 0.87
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6-30
Na 2 CO 3 (97% pure)
1
(42.2) 52.994 = 46.08 or 46 mg/L
50.04 0.97
Solution:
Lime = CO 2 = 9.0
c. Compute Soda
1
(226.0) 28.04 = 140.71 mg L
50.04 0.90
f. Annual cost
CaO
Na 2 CO 3 = $0.00
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6-32
Given: CO 2 = 42.7, Ca = 102.0, Mg = 45.2 all in mg/L as ion, HCO 3 - = 344.0 mg/L as
CaCO 3
Solution:
E.W.CaCO 3
CO 2 = (42.7 mg L ) 2.28 = 97.36 mg/L as CaCO 3
E.W.ion
E.W.CaCO 3
Ca = (102.0 mg L ) 2.50 = 255.0 mg/L as CaCO 3
E.W.ion
E.W.CaCO 3
Mg = (45.2 mg L ) 4.12 = 186.22 mg/L as CaCO 3
E.W.ion
b. Because Mg is greater than 40 mg/L as CaCO 3 , design for a split treatment system
where in the first stage, the water is softened to practical solubility limits.
c. Chemical additions
Lime Soda
(meq/L) (meq/L)
CO2 0.40
-
HCO3 2.72
Mg 1.12
-
Ca + Mg - HCO3 -- 0.56
Excess (Mg - 40 > 40) 0.40
40 − 10
X= = 0.17
186.22 − 10
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6-33
The fraction passing through the first stage is 1 - 0.17 = 0.83 or 83%.
This is below the limit of 120 mg/L as CaCO 3 . No further softening is required.
Solution:
b. Chemical additions
Lime Soda
(meq/L) (meq/L)
CO2 0.40
-
HCO3 2.72
Mg 1.12
-
Ca + Mg - HCO3 -- 0.56
Excess (Mg - 40 > 40) 0.40
40 − 10
X= = 0.65
{(1.12 meq L )(50mg CaCO 3 meq )} − 10
The fraction passing through the first stage is then 1 - 0.65 = .35 or 35%
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6-34
This is above the design limit of 120 mg/L as CaCO 3 . Therefore second stage softening is
required.
Lime
(meq/L)
CO2 0.40
-
HCO3 2.72
Total 3.12
Solution:
CH = 244.0
NCH = 0.0
b. Split calculation
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6-35
40 − 10
X= = 0.4525
76.3 − 10
Lime (mg/L
as CaCO3)
CO2 39.80
-
HCO3 257.90
Mg 76.30
Excess (Mg - 40 > 40) 36.30
Total 410.30
d. TH of mixed water
Because 132.3 mg/L is > 120 mg/L desired, need second stage softening.
Lime = CO 2 = 39.8
f. Final hardness
g. Split scheme
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual
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6-36
(X)(Q)
Solution:
V = Qt 0
Given: Flow = 0.150 m3/s; detention time = 20 minutes; two parallel tanks
Solution:
180
Volume for each tank = = 90m 3
2
Given: 2 sedimentation tanks in parallel, combined Q = 0.1000 m3/s, volume of each tank
= 720 m3
Solution:
a. Sketch of system
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6-37
c. Detention time
V 720m 3
θ= = = 4.00h
Q 180 m 3 h
Solution:
b. Solve Eqn 6-22 for P using volume of 0.5 m3 from Prob. 6-30
Solution:
b. Solve Eqn 6-22 for P using volume of 90.0 m3 from Prob. 6-31
Solution:
b. Solve Eqn 6-22 for P using volume of 0.5 m3 from Prob. 6-33
Solution:
b. Solve Eqn 6-22 for P using volume of 90.0 m3 from Prob. 6-34
Solution:
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6-39
N P = 0.31
D = 1.4 m
13
152
13
= (0.0912 )
152 W
n= =
13
5
(
(0.31) 1000 kg m (1.4 )
3
) 1667.25
P = 54.7 W
13
54.7
13
= (0.0328)
54.7 W
n= =
13
5
(
(0.31) 1000 kg m (1.4 )
3
) 1667.25
n = 0.32 rps or 19 rpm
Given: Q = 0.1065 m3/s, Temperature = 29oC, 1 tank, circular with depth = 2x diameter,
detention time = 10 s, velocity gradient = 800 s-1, Impeller = turbine, 6 flat blades,
N P = 5.7
Solution:
( )
V = θQ = (10s ) 0.1065 m 3 s = 1.065m 3
with H = 2T
πT 2 πT 3
V = (2T ) =
4 2
πT 3
1.065m = 3
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6-40
(1.065)(2 )
13
π
With a water temperature of 19oC, use Appendix A to find µ = 1.027 x 10-3 Pa-s
T= 0.88 m
H= 1.76 m
B= 0.586661 m
13
700 W 700
13
n= 5
= = 6.66rps or 400 rpm
( )
(5.7 ) 1000 kg m (0.45m )
3
105.18
Given: Q = 0.168 m3/s, Temperature = 5oC, square tank with depth = width, detention
time = 5 s, velocity gradient = 700 s-1, impeller = turbine, 6 flat blades, N P = 5.7
Solution:
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6-41
( )
V = θQ = (5s ) 0.168 m 3 s = 0.84m 3
T3 = 0.84m3
T = (0.84)1/3 = 0.94 m
H = T = 0.94 m
Equivalent T
(4 )(0.94 )2
12
Te = = (1.125) = 1.06m
12
π
With a water temperature of 5oC, use Appendix A to find µ = 1.519 x 10-3 Pa-s
T= 1.06 m
H= 0.94 m
B= 0.31333 m
13
625W 625
13
n= 5
= = 1.81rps or 110 rpm
(
(5.7 ) 1000 kg m (0.45m )
3
) 105.18
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6-42
Given: Q = 0.050 m3/s, Temperature = 8oC, circular tank with depth = 1.0 m, detention
time = 5 s, velocity gradient = 750 s-1, impeller = turbine, 6 flat blades, N P = 3.6
Solution:
( )
V = θQ = (5s ) 0.050 m 3 s = 0.25m 3
with H = 1.0 m
πT 2
0.25m 3 = (1.0 )
4
(4 )(0.25)
12 12
1.0
T= = = 0.5642 or 0.56 m
π (1.0 ) π
8−5 x − 1.519
=
10 − 5 1.307 − 1.519
3 x − 1.519
=
5 − 0.212
x – 1.519 = -0.1272
x = 1.392
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6-43
T= 0.56 m
H= 1 m
B= 0.33333 m
13
196 W 196
13
Given: Problem 6-38; 2 tanks; 3 compartments with G = 90 s-1, 60 s-1, and 30 s-1; Gθ =
120,000; length = width = depth; axial flow impeller; impeller diameter available
= 1.0 m, 1.5 m, and 2.0 m; N P = 0.31
Solution:
a. Based on Gθ value and average G for the 3 compartments, calculate the detention time
90 + 60 + 30
G avg = = 60s −1
3
Gθ 120000
θ= = = 2000s
G avg 60
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6-44
( )
V = Qθ = 0.1065 m 3 s (2000s ) = 213m 3
c. Since each basin will be divided into 3 compartments, the volume of each compartment
will be
(w)3 = 35.5 m3
(4 )(10.89 )2
12
Te = = (13.86 ) = 3.72m
12
π
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6-45
T= 3.72 m
H= 3.3 m
B= 1.099989 m
Based on trial calculation, 1.0 m diameter yields a tip speed of 3.1 m/s.
This is > allowable tip speed of 2.7 m/s.
Therefore, best available diameter = 1.5 m
1st compartment
13
295W 295
13
n= 5
= = 0.50rps or 30 rpm
( )
(0.31) 1000 kg m (1.5m )
3
2354
2nd compartment
13
130 W 130
13
n= 5
= = 0.38rps or 23 rpm
( )
(0.31) 1000 kg m (1.5m )
3
2354
Solution:
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6-46
a. Based on Gθ value and average G for the 3 compartments, calculate the detention time.
90 + 60 + 30
G avg = = 60s −1
3
Gθ 120000
θ= = = 2000s
G avg 60
( )
V = Qθ = 0.168 m 3 s (2000s ) = 336m 3
c. Since each basin will be divided into 3 compartments, the volume of each compartment
will be
(w)3 = 56 m3
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6-47
(4 )(14.44 )2
12
Te = = (18.39 ) = 4.29m
12
π
T= 4.29 m
H= 3.8 m
B= 1.266654 m
Based on trial calculation, 1.0 m diameter yields a tip speed of 3.8 m/s.
This is > allowable tip speed of 2.7 m/s.
Therefore, best available diameter = 1.8 m
1st compartment
13
690 W 690
13
n= 5
= = 0.45rps or 27 rpm
(
(0.40 ) 1000 kg m (1.8m )
3
) 7558
2nd compartment
13
310 W 310
13
n= 5
= = 0.34rps or 21 rpm
(
(0.40 ) 1000 kg m (1.8m )
3
) 7558
This is less than the allowable tip speed of 2.7 m/s so okay.
Given: Problem 6-40; 1 tank; 3 compartments with G = 60 s-1, 50 s-1, 20 s-1; detention
time = 30 min; width = 3.5 m; axial flow impellers; available impeller diameter =
1.0 m, 1.5 m, 2.0 m; N P = 0.43
Solution:
b. With 3 compartments,
30m 3
Area = = 8.57 m 2
3.5m
L = w = (8.57)1/2 = 2.93 m
(4 )(8.57 )2
12
Te = = (10.91) = 3.3m
12
π
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6-49
T= 3.3 m
H= 3.8 m
B= 1.266654 m
From Problem 6-40, the temperature is 8oC and µ = 1.392 x 10-3 Pa-s
1st compartment
13
150 W 150
13
n= 5
= = 0.70rps or 42 rpm
( )
(0.43) 1000 kg m (1.0m )
3
430
2nd compartment
13
104 W 104
13
n= 5
= = 0.62rps or 37 rpm
( )
(0.43) 1000 kg m (1.0m )
3
430
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6-50
This is less than the maximum allowable tip speed of 2.7 m/s.
Solution:
0.70
% Re moval = × 100% = 87.50 or 88%
0.80
Solution:
2.80 mm s
vS = = 0.280 cm s
10 mm cm
% Retained = 0.0%
Solution:
0.30 cm s
% Re moval = × 100% = 120%
0.25 cm s
The settling tank cannot remove more than 100%. Thus, the answer is 100%.
Given: Data in Problem 6-44, increase in flow rate from 0.150 m3/s to 0.200 m3/s
Solution:
a. Since the surface area of the tank remains constant and overflow rate is directly
proportional to flow rate, the new overflow rate is
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6-51
v0 0.200
=
0.80 0.150
v 0 = 1.07 cm/s
b. New % Removal
0.70
% Re moval = × 100% = 65%
1.07
Solution:
Since no particles were removed at the lower flow rate, the increase in flow rate would
only decrease the efficiency. The answer remains the same: 0.00% removal.
Solution:
The surface area of the tank remains constant and the overflow rate is
proportional to flow rate. The new overflow rate is
v0 2Q
=
0.25 Q
b. % Removal
0.30 cm s
% Re moval = × 100% = 60%
0.50 cm s
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6-52
Solution:
86400 m 3 d
= 8640 m 3 day ⋅ tan k
10 tan ks
8640 m 3 d
As = = 576.0m 2
15 m d ⋅ m
3 2
Solution:
a. From Table 6-12 select 57 m3/d-m2 as conservative overflow rate, i.e. one that will
yield the larger and, hence, more conservative surface area.
0.05162 m 3 s
Q= = 0.02581 m 3 s
2
As =
(0.02581m s)(86400 s d ) = 39.123 or 39 m2
3
57 m 3 d ⋅ m 2
Solution:
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6-53
a. From Table 6-12 select 20 m3/d-m2 as conservative overflow rate, i.e. one that will
yield the larger and, hence, more conservative surface area.
0.05162 m 3 s
Q= = 0.02581 m 3 s
2
As =
(0.02581m s)(86400 s d ) = 111.49 or 111 m2
3
20 m 3 d ⋅ m 2
Given: Two sedimentation tanks operate in parallel, total Q = 0.1000 m3/s, depth = 2.00
m, θ = 4.00 h
Solution:
Q = 0.1000 m3/s
c. Solve for V
V
θ=
Q
d. Surface area
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6-54
V = (H )(A s )
V 720m 3
As = = = 360m 2
H 2.00m
e. Overflow rate
Q 180 m 3 h
v0 = = 2
= 0.50 m 3 h ⋅ m 2 or 12.0 m3/d-m2
As 360m
6-54 How many filters at standard loading?
Solution:
a. Determine Q in m3/d
69120 m 3 d
As = = 628.36m 2
110 m d ⋅ m
3 22
628.36m 2
No. = = 3.14 or 4 filters
(10m )(20m )
6-55 How many filters at high loading?
Solution:
a. Determine Q in m3/d
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6-55
69120 m 3 d
As = = 230.4m 2
300 m d ⋅ m
3 22
230.4m 2
No. = = 1.152 or 2 filters
(10m )(20m )
6-56 Flow rate through filters
Solution:
Q = 56,000 m3/d
c. Convert to m3/s
56000 m 3 d
Q= = 0.648 m 3 s
86400 s d
Given: Example 6-17, mono-media filter loading of 600 m3/d-m2, filter box limit of 50m2
Solution:
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6-56
As =
(0.5 m s )(86400 s d ) = 72m
3
2
600 m d ⋅ m
3 2
72m 2
= 1.44 filter boxes
50m 2
=
(0.5 m s)(86400 s d ) = 864 m d
3
(1filters)(50 m filter )
va 2
va =
(0.5 m s )(86400 s d ) = 576 m d
3
(3filters)(25 m filter )
2
Solution:
a. Convert sieve number to size using Table 6-13 and compute cumulative mass %.
Tabulation is shown below:
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6-57
10
Grain size
[mm]
1
0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cumulative mass % <
Figure S-6-58
E = P 10 = 0.35 mm
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6-58
P60 0.56mm
U= = = 1.60
P10 0.35mm
d. The effective size just fits the lower end of the acceptable range of 0.35 to 0.55 mm.
The uniformity coefficient falls within the acceptable range of 1.3 to 1.7. Therefore,
the sand meets the specifications.
Given: U.S. sieve number, mass retained and sample size of 500.00 g
Solution:
a. Convert sieve number to size using Table 6-13 and compute cumulative mass %.
Tabulation is shown below:
b. Plot
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6-59
Figure S-6-59
E = P 10 = 0.495 mm
P60 0.68mm
U= = = 1.37
P10 0.495mm
d. The effective size fits the acceptable range of 0.35 to 0.55 mm. The uniformity
coefficient meets the acceptable range of 1.3 to 1.7. Therefore, the sand meets the
specifications.
Given: Data in Example 6-18 with 70, 100 and 140 sieve fractions removed.
Solution:
a. Recompute cumulative % passing assuming that 4.0% of the sand (i.e. % passing the
No. 70 sieve) is removed. For computational purposes assume 100 g was in original
sample and 4.0 grams of lower sized fractions were removed. The tabulations are
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6-60
shown below. The computations for the 3rd, 4th and5th columns are explained below
the table.
Figure S-6-60
E = P 10 = 0.34 mm
P60 0.84mm
U= = = 2.47
P10 0.34mm
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6-61
d. The effective size does not quite fit the acceptable range of 0.35 to 0.55 mm. The
uniformity coefficient exceeds the acceptable range of 1.3 to 1.7. Therefore, the sand
does not meet specifications but is improved from the example effective size of 0.30
mm and uniformity coefficient of 2.8.
Solution:
a. The following tabulation for computing the solution was obtained from a spreadsheet
program.
-4
Sieve No. % Retained d [m x 10 ] Re CD ((CD)(f)/d) x 104
8-12 0.01 20 2.7 11.056 0.00005528
12-16 0.39 14.2 1.917 15.029 0.004127683
16-20 5.7 10 1.35 20.703 0.1180071
20-30 25.9 7.14 0.964 28.299 1.026532353
30-40 44 5.05 0.682 39.184 3.414051485
40-50 20.2 3.57 0.482 54.469 3.08199944
50-70 3.7 2.52 0.34 70.56 1.036
70-100 0.1 1.78 0.24 99.894 0.056120225
120 m 3 d ⋅ m 2
= 0.0013889 m s
86400 s d
1.067(0.0013889 m s ) (0.60m )
(8.7369 × 10 )
2
hL = 4
(1.00)(9.80)(0.42)4
h L = 0.3538 or 0.35 m
Given: Data from Problem 6-61 and backwash rate of 1,000 m/d
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6-62
Solution:
a. The following tabulation for computing the solution was obtained from a spreadsheet
program.
NOTE: The sieve ranges and fractions (f) are not shown due to space limitations. They
are the same as in Problem 6-61. Also note that the backwash velocity (v b ) of
1,000 m/d is the same as 0.01157 m/s used to calculate e using Eqn. 6-55.
Solution:
a.
-4 4
Sieve No. % Retained d [m x 10 ] Re CD ((CD)(f)/d) x 10
12-16 0.4 14.2 2.265 12.932 0.003642817
16-20 13.1 10 1.595 17.765 0.2327215
20-30 54.5 7.14 1.139 24.229 1.849412465
30-40 30.2 5.05 0.805 33.483 2.002349703
40-50 1.785 3.57 0.569 46.471 0.232355
50-70 0.015 2.52 0.402 59.719 0.003554702
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6-63
230 m 3 d ⋅ m 2
= 0.0026620 m s
86400 s d
1.067(0.0026620 m s ) (0.75m )
(4.324 × 10 )
2
hL = 4
(0.91)(9.80)(0.50) 4
h L = 0.44 m
Solution:
a. The maximum backwash rate is determined by estimating the settling velocity of the
smallest sand grain size that makes up the filter bed. A 2.8 cm/s backwash velocity
was used to estimate the depth of the expanded bed and the height of the backwash
troughs.
a. The following tabulation for computing the solution was obtained from a spreadsheet
program.
NOTE: The sieve ranges and fractions (f) are not shown due to space limitations. They
are the same as in Problem 6-63. Also note that the backwash velocity (v b ) of 0.028
m/s was used to calculate e using Eqn. 6-55.
D e = (1 - 0.50)(0.75)(4.2343) = 1.59 m
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6-64
Solution:
a.
100
y = 100 −
10 x
100
y = 100 − = 100 − 0.32 = 99.68%
10 2.5
Solution:
a. Solve for x
100
y = 100 −
10 x
100
y − 100 = −
10 x
− 100
10 x =
y − 100
− 100
( )
log 10 x = log
y − 100
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6-65
− 100
x = log
y − 100
− 100
x = log = log(2500) = 3.3979 or 3.4
99.96 − 100
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Solution:
Surface water may be unpalatable because of turbidity, color, taste, or odor. The
chemicals used to treat the water to remove these contaminants are listed below:
turbidity and color - alum or ferric chloride
taste and odor - activated carbon (GAC or PAC)
Solution:
Solution:
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6-66
If there is no bicarbonate, then the water has only noncarbonate hardness and the
chemicals required are lime and sodium carbonate (soda ash).
Given: Horizontal flow clarifier, settling velocity of particles is 1/4 that of the overflow
rate.
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Cheap, available land favors lagoons and sand drying beds. The sand drying beds would
provide more drying capacity in less space but at a higher capital cost. If the sludge is to
be spread on the land for agricultural use, then the lagoons would probably be selected.
If the sludge was to be buried, then sand drying beds would probably be selected.
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