Power System Grounding and Transients An Introduction A. PR. Sakis MeliopoulosALR Salts MetiopoulosELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND ELECTRONICS A Series of Reference Books and Textbooks EXECUTIVE EDITORS Marlin O. Thurston Department of Electrical Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio ~ William Middendorf Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio EDITORIAL BOARD Maurice Bellanger Télécommunications, Radioélectriques, et Téléphoniques (TRT) ~¢ Plessis-Robinson, France . Lewis Blackburn 3othell, Washington ‘ing T. Bow department of Electrical Engineering “he Pennsylvania State University Jniversity Park, Pennsylvania Yorman B. Fuqua teliability Analysis Center iriffiss Air Force Base, New York *harles A. Harper Jestinghouse Electric Corporation nd Technology Seminars, Inc. ‘imonium, Maryland ‘aim A. Kheir ‘epartment of Electrical and Systems Engineering vakland University ochester, Michigan Lionel M. Levinson General Electric Company Schenectady, New York V. Rajagopalan Department of Engineering Université du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada Karl Swartzlander TRW Defense Systems Group Redondo Beach, California Spyros G. Tzafestas Department of Electrical Engineering National Technical University of Athens Athens, Greece Sakae Yamamura Central Research Institute of the Electric Power Industry Tokyo, Japan1. Rational Fault Analysis, edited by Richard Saeks and S. R, Liberty wRw ow ae . Circuit Interruption: Theory and Techniques, Thomas . Nonparametric Methods in Conmunications, edited by P. Papantoni- Kazakos and Dimitri Kazakos . Interactive Pattern Recognition, Yi-tzuu Chien Solid-State Electronics, Lawrence E. Murr . Electronic, Magnetic, and Thermal Properties of Solid Materials, Klaus Schroder . Magnetic-Bubble Memory Technology, Hsu Chang . Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook, Colonel Wm. T. McLyman . Electromagnetics: Classical and Modern Theory and Applications, Samuet Seely and Alexander D. Poularikas . One-Dimensional Digital Signal Processing, Chi-Tsong Chen Interconnected Dynamical Systems, Raymond A. DeCarlo and Richard Sacks Modern Digital Control Systems, Raymond G. Jacquot . Hybrid Circuit Design and Manufacture, Roydn D. Jones 13. Magnetic Core Selection for Transformers and Inductors: A User's Guide to Practive and Specification, Colonel Wm. T. McLyman Static and Rotating Electromagnetic Devices, Richard H. Engelmann . Energy-Efficient Electric Motors: Selection and Application, John C. Andreas Electromagnetic Compossibility, Heinz M. Schlicke Electronics: Models, Analysis, and Systems, James G. Gottling Digital Filter Design Handbook, Fred J. Taylor . Multivariable Control: An Introduction, P. K. Sinha . Flexible Circuits: Design and Applications, Steve Gurley, with contribu- tions by Carl A. Edstrom, Jr., Ray D. Greenway, and William P. Kelly Browne, Jr. Switch Mode Power Conversion: Basic Theory and Design, K. Kit Sum Pattern Recognition: Applications to Large Data-Set Problems, Sing-Tze Bow . Custom-Specific Integrated Circuits: Design and Fabrication, Stanley L. Hurst Digital Circuits: Logic and Design, Ronald C. Emery . Large-Scale Control Systems: Theories and Techniques, Magdi S. Mahmoud, Mohamed F. Hassan, and Mohamed G. Darwish |. Microprocessor Software Project Management, Eli T. Fathi and Cedric V. W. Armstrong (Sponsored by Ontario Centre for Microelectronics) . Low Frequency Electromagnetic Design, Michael P. Perry . Multidimensional Systems: Techniques and Applications, edited by Spyros G. Tzafestas ). AC Motors for High-Performance Applications: Analysis and Control, Sakae Yamamura. Ceramic Materials for Electronics: Processing, Properties, and Applications, edited by Relva C, Buchanan . Microcomputer Bus Structures and Bus Interface Design, Arthur L. Dexter . End User's Guide to Innovative Flexible Circuit Packaging, Jay J. Miniet Reliability Engineering for Electronic Design, Norman B. Fuqua . Design Fundamentals for Low-Voltage Distribution and Control, Frank W. Kussy and Jack L. Warren . Encapsulation of Electronic Devices and Components, Edward R. Salmon . Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, J. Lewis Blackburn . Testing Active and Passive Electronic Components, Richard F. Powell . Adaptive Control Systems: Techniques and Applications, V. V. Chalam . Computer-Aided Analysis of Power Electronic Systems, Venkatachari Rajagopalan . Integrated Circuit Quality and Reliability, Eugene R. Hnatek . Systolic Signal Processing Systems, edited by Earl E. Swartzlander, Jr. . Adaptive Digital Filters and Signal Analysis, Maurice G. Belanger . Electronic Ceramics: Properties, Configuration, and Applications, edited by Lionel M. Levinson . Computer Systems Engineering Management, Robert S. Alford .. Systems Modeling and Computer Simulation, edited by Naim A. Kheir . Rigid-Flex Printed Wiring Design for Production Readiness, Walter S. Rigling . Analog Methods for Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis and Diagnosis, edited by Takao Ozawa . Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Colonel Wm. T. McLyman |. Power System Grounding and Transients: An Introduction, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos Additional Volumes in Preparation Signal Processing Handbook, edited by C. H.Chen Dynamic Models and Discrete Event Simulation, William Delaney and Erminia Vaccari Electronic Product Design for Automated Manufacturing, H. Richard StillwellElectrical Engineering-Electronics Software Transformer and Inductor Design Software for the IBM PC. Colonel Wm. T. McLyman Transformer and Inductor Design Software for the Macintosh, Colonel Wm. T. McLyman Digital Filter Design Software for the IBM PC, Fred J. Taylor and Thanos StouraitisPower System Grounding and Transients AN INTRODUCTION A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos School of Electrical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 7. Marcet Dexker, INc. New York + Base DEKKERLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Meliopoulos, A. P. Sakis Power system grounding and transients : an introduction / A.P. Sakis Meliopoulos. p- em.. — (Electrical engineering and electronics ; 50) Includes index. ISBN 0-8247-7908-8 1. Electric currents—Grounding. 2. Transients (Electricity) I. Title. II. Series. TK3227.M45 1988 621.31'7--de 19 88-10919 \ : CIP lopyright © 1988 by MARCEL DEKKER, INC. All Rights Reserved Jeither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in my form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo- copying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage md retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. 1ARCEL DEKKER, INC. ‘70 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 RINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICADedicated to My daughters, Dee Anne and Victoria My wife, Kathy My parents, Victoria and PanagiotisPreface Since the installation of the first electric power transmission system a century ago, electricity has infiltrated our industrial and every- day life. As a result, the need for electric power transmission facilities has been increased amazingly. With it, numerous problems associated with the reliable and economic transmission of electric power have emerged. Through a century-long evolutionary process, the design of transmission equipment has been advanced to an amaz- ing degree of sophistication, and the operating reliability of these systems is very high. As electric power systems grow larger and larger, the need for comprehensive analysis techniques, design, and optimization procedures has arisen, On the other hand, the avail- ability of low-cost computing equipment resulted in the development of such techniques. Cost-conscious electric power designers and planners strive for optimal designs and highly reliable systems. The objective of this book is to provide coverage of modern analysis tech- niques employed in the design of electric power transmission systems. The book has been developed over a number of years of teaching undergraduate and graduate courses in electric power engineering and many years of research and consulting activities in related problems. ‘The first chapter is an overview of electric power transmission and defines the basic concepts and nomenclature. The next four chapters of the book are devoted to modeling of transmission systems. Simple, well-established models are presented together with the basic concepts underlying modern computer-based modeling techniques. The modeling in these chapters is approached from the electromag- netic fields point of view. The interrelationship between the simple