חזקת הבתים כרך ב עברית סופי PDF

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z`n
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g"ryz milyexi
odk ikcxn : witne cebi`d xikfn
ield oc : zipeyl dkixr
ze` xev qetc : qetcl dpkd
Ï
zexeny zeiekfd lk
cenlzd zepyxtl cebi`l
g"ryz milyexi
2018
: zeiepga dvtd
qn oae`x z`ved
02-6277863 :lh
rmass@barak.net.il : l"èc
ISBN 978-965-7442-08-1 a"zqn
onlh z`ved zeaicà `plie qetc zxecdn
cenlzd zepyxtl cebi`d

milyexi 4179 c"z
talmud@netvision.net.il
www.talmudha-igud.org.il
mipiipr okez
h xtqd mr
bi jxerd zncwd
oey`x jxk
1 (`"r hk-`"r gk) "mipy yly" : dpey`xd ìbeqd
74 (a"r-`"r hk) "zetevx" : diipyd ìbeqd
70 (`"r l-a"r hk) "raex zian ueg" : ziyilyd ìbeqd
89 (`"r `l-`"r l) "dixagl dil xn`c èdd" : ziriaxd ìbeqd
111 (a"r dl-`"r `l) "izea` ly xne` df" : ziyingd ìbeqd
176 (`"r el-a"r dl) "dcedi ax" : ziyyd ìbeqd
391 (`"r el) "zexceb" : ziriayd ìbeqd
702 (a"r-`"r el) "xip" : zipinyd ìbeqd
422 (`"r gl-a"r el) "zepli`" : ziriyzd ìbeqd
243 (`"r n-`"r gl) "d`gn" : zixiyrd ìbeqd
279 (`"r `n-`"r n) "`rcen" : dxyr zg`d ìbeqd
303 (a"r-`"r `n) "dprh" : dxyr mizyd ìbeqd
318 (`"r an-a"r `n) "`lw" : dxyr yelyd ìbeqd
331 (a"r-`"r an) "oitzey" : dxyr rax`d ìbeqd
356 (`"r bn-a"r an) "ozecra oirbep" : dxyr yngd ìbeqd
373 (a"r-`"r bn) "xky ixney" : dxyr yyd ìbeqd
380 (`"r dn-a"r bn) "zeixg`" : dxyr rayd ìbeqd
409 (`"r dn) "fixkn" : dxyr dpenyd ìbeqd
419 (a"r en-`"r dn) "one`" : dxyr ryzd ìbeqd
444 (a"r en) "qix`" : mixyrd ìbeqd
456 (`"r fn-a"r en) "cirn" : zgè mixyrd ìbeqd
465 (`"r fn) "olfb" : mizye mixyrd ìbeqd
483 (a"r-`"r fn) "cxi" : yelye mixyrd ìbeqd
492 (`"r hn-a"r fn) "oiafe edeilz" : raxè mixyrd ìbeqd
ipy jxk
523 (a"r p-`"r hn) "ezy` iqkpa" : ynge mixyrd ìbeqd
554 (`"r `p-a"r p) "yi` zy`" : yye mixyrd ìbeqd
573 (a"r-`"r `p) "dlra iqkpa" : raye mixyrd ìbeqd
592 (`"r ap-a"r `p) "zepecwt" : dpenye mixyrd ìbeqd
603 (`"r ap) "ewlg" : ryze mixyrd ìbeqd
611 (a"r-`"r ap) "oig`d on cg`" : miyelyd ìbeqd
626 (a"r ap) "uxte xcb lrp" : zgè miyelyd ìbeqd
634 (`"r bp-a"r ap) "ipwe wfg jl" : mizye miyelyd ìbeqd
647 (a"r cp-`"r bp) "èdy lk" : yelye miyelyd ìbeqd
688 (`"r dp-a"r cp) "`pic `zeklnc `pic" : raxè miyelyd ìbeqd
711 (`"r ep-`"r dp) "oiwiqtn" : ynge miyelyd ìbeqd
739 (a"r-`"r ep) "xac ivg" : yye miyelyd ìbeqd
756 (`"r fp-a"r ep) "oig` dyly" : raye miyelyd ìbeqd
765 (a"r-`"r fp) "dcnrd" : dpenye miyelyd ìbeqd
780 (a"r gp-a"r fp) "d`pa iax" : ryze miyelyd ìbeqd
808 (`"r hp-a"r gp) "afxn" : mirax`d ìbeqd
823 (`"r hp) "ixvnd mleq" : zgè mirax`d ìbeqd
831 (`"r hp) "zixvnd oelg" : mizye mirax`d ìbeqd
841 (a"r-`"r hp) "fif" : yelye mirax`d ìbeqd
848 (a"r hp) "gthn zegt" : raxè mirax`d ìbeqd
854 (`"r q-a"r hp) "zepelg" : ynge mirax`d ìbeqd
863 (`"r q) "zxg` xvga" : yye mirax`d ìbeqd
873 (`"r q) "cbpk" : raye mirax`d ìbeqd
881 (`"r q) "irephvi`" : dpenye mirax`d ìbeqd
889 (`"r q) "llg" : ryze mirax`d ìbeqd
897 (a"r-`"r q) "miaxd zeyxl" : miyingd ìbeqd
906 (a"r q) "ely jezl qpek" : zgè miyingd ìbeqd
914 (a"r q) "ycwnd zia axgy mein" : mizye miyingd ìbeqd
931 zexewn gztn

xi zilbpà zeibeqd ixivwz
527
(a"r p Ð `"r hn) "ezy` iqkpa" : ynge mixyrd ìbeqd
.'eke ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le
`xit ,<"`xitl" : qetca ; l"vke ,micrd aexa jk> `xit dil zi`c oeik ,`hiyt .1 ,epzpynl xaqd .`
oeice ,b b `xza àa
! lik`wc èd ea
.jiiqkpa il oi` mixace oic : dl azkc ,`kixv `l .2
ef dcy lr il oi` mixace oic : exiagl xne`d ,ìpzde ? ied i`n dl azk ike .3
! melk xn` `l Ð dpnn zewleqn icie da wqr il oiè
,dqex` dcere dl azeka Ð oizipzn : i`pi iax iac dl ixn` .4
xg` mewnn mc`l el dàd dlgp [a cenr hn sc] : `pdk ax xn` c ,`pdk axcke .5
,dpyxii `ly dilr dpzn mc` Ð
oirney Ð z`f oebk minkg zpwza iyt` i` xne`d lk : àx xn` c ,àxcke .6
.el
dy` dleki : ax xn` `ped ax xn` c ,ax xn` `ped axck ? z`f oebk i`n .7
.dyer ipiè zpefip ipi` dlral xn`zy
.yi di`x `d .8 ,epzpynn weic .a

oeice ,b b `xza àa
ea
dy`d on gwle xfge yi`d on gwl : opz `l in ! ilral iziyr gex zgp : `niz .9
gex zgp : `niz inp `kd ,ilral iziyr gex zgp : dxn` `nl` ,lha egwn Ð
! ilral iziyr
zg` ,zecy 'b ozeà `l` dkxvp `l : `ped ax xa dax xn` ,dlr xnzi` `d .10
el dqipkdy zgè ,dzaezka dl cgiy zgè [` cenr p sc] ,dzaezka dl azky
.dlyn mey
: dl xn`c ,dai` dil ìedc oky lk ,miqkp x`y ihernl `nili` ? i`n ihernl .11
,beln iqkp ihernl `l` ! dzinae oiyexiba zzp jipir
! melk `le eyr `l Ð beln iqkpa exkny dyè yi` : xnin` xn` d .12
idi` dpaf p"` ,`wtne idi` ìz` ,zine edi` oiafc `kid Ð xnin`c xnzi` ik .13
,opaxc `zpwza witne edi` `z` ,dzne
dxkny dy`d ,epiwzd `yeà : `pipg xa iqei iax xn` c ,`pipg xa iqei 'xcke .14
; zegewld cin ìven lrad Ð dzne beln iqkpa
.ipiaf dpiaf Ð dicicl idi` dpaf p"` ,`nlrl ediiexz epiafc `kid la` .15
; xfrl` 'xk xn`c xnin` : `ni` ziraiè .16

mizad zwfg wxt - `xza àa zkqn 528
: xne` xi`n 'x Ð mei miyly epynyiy enr wqte ,ecar z` xkend : ìpzc .17
e` mei oica epi` ipyde ,eizgz èdy iptn minei e` mei oica epyi oey`xd
: xne` dcedi 'x ; inc sebd oipwk zexit oipw : xaqw ,eizgz epi`y iptn minei
minei e` mei oica epi` oey`xd ,etqk èdy iptn minei e` mei oica epyi ipyd
[a cenr p sc] : xne` iqei 'x ; inc sebd oipwk e`l zexit oipw : xaqw ,etqk epi`y
,etqk èdy iptn dfe ,eizgz èdy iptn df ,minei e` mei oica opyi mdipy
zeytp wtqe ,inc sebd oipwk e`l i` inc sebd oipwk zexit oipw i` dil `wtqne
,eizgz epi`y itl df ,minei e` mei oica opi` mdipy : xne` xfrl` iax ; lwdl
.etqk epi`y itl dfe
etqk ,èd etqk ik mwei `l : `xw xn` ? xfrl` iaxc `nrh i`n : àx xn` e .18
.el cgeind
529 (a"r p ± `"r hn) "ezy` iqkpa" : ynge mixyrd ìbeqd
cenlzd zxeqn
e ,c c zeaezk dpyn .`xit dil zi`c oeik .1 .([2±1] ,"dlra iqkpa" ,fk ìbeq) `"r `p ,oldl eeyd .2±1
,lirl ; c i ,g e zeaezk `ztqez ; e i ,` h zeaezk dpyn e`x .jiiqkpa il oi` mixace oic : dl azkc .2 .`
azk ike .7±3 .([14] ,"zetevx" ,a ìbeq) `"r hk ,lirl mb eeyd .([2] ,"ozecra oirbep" ,eh ìbeq) `"r bn
...mixace oic exiagl xne`d : ìpzde .3 .`"r fr oihib ,`"r bt zeaezk ilaa .dyer ipiè zpefip ipi` ...dl
`"r bn lirl ,`"r fr oihib ,`"r dv ,`"r bt zeaezk ilaa ; c"r al ,` h zeaezk inlyexi .melk xn` `l
dcere dl azeka Ð oizipzn : i`pi iax iac dl ixn` .4 .a"r ck zezixk ,([4] ,"ozecra oirbep" ,eh ìbeq)
: iipi iax mya opgei iax") c"r al ,` h zeaezk inlyexi ; `"r f"r oihib ,`"r bt zeaezk ilaa .dqex`
.xg` mewnn mc`l el dàd dlgp .5 .("dfd oeyla ezekf z` ca`n mc` oi` qpk m` la` ,qpk `lya
i` xne`d lk : àx xn`c ,àxck .6 .hi e zexeka `ztqez ; i g zexeka dpyn eeyd ; h el xacna e`x
.7 .a"r g `nw àa ,`"r bt zeaezk ,`"r fr oihib ilaa .el oirney Ð z`f oebk minkg zpwza iyt`
r ,a"r gp zeaezk ilaa .dyer ipiè zpefip ipi` dlral xn`zy dy` dleki : ax xn` `ped ax xn`c
,ck ìbeq) a"r fn ,lirl eeyd .yi di`x `d .8 .a"r g `nw àa ,a"r fr oihib ,a"r fw ,`"r bt ,`"r
dv zeaezk .ilral iziyr gex zgp .9 .([3] ,"dlra iqkpa" ,fk ìbeq) `"r `p ,oldl ; ([1] ,"oiafe edeilz"
inp `kd ,ilral iziyr gex zgp : dxn` `nl` ,lha egwn ...gwl : opz `l in .a"r hp `nw àa ,`"r
.lha egwn dy`d on gwle xfge yi`d on gwl .`"r dv zeaezk ilaa .ilral iziyr gex zgp : `niz
,dzaezka dl azky zg` ,zecy 'b ozeà `l` dkxvp `l : `ped ax xa dax xn` .10 .e d oihib dpyn
.12 .("dzaezka") ì b oihib `ztqez eeyd .dlyn mey el dqipkdy zgè ,dzaezka dl cgiy zgè
`ztqez eeyd ; `"r v `nw àa ilaa .melk `le eyr `l Ð beln iqkpa exkny dyè yi` : xnin` xn`
lrad Ð dzne beln iqkpa dxkny dy`d ,epiwzd `yeà : `pipg xa iqei iax xn` .14 .` h zenai
àa ,a"r ev ,`"r dl `rivn àa ,a"r gt `nw àa ,`"r gr ,`"r p zeaezk ilaa .zegewld cin `ven
ìicn xa diig 'x") c"r al ,` h zeaezk inlyexi .ipiaf dpiaf Ð dicicl idi` dpaf .15 .a"r hlw `xza
mdipy ...ecar z` xkend : ìpzc .17 .("xkn dxkn ...dil xn` edn dlral dxkn dpei iax inew `ra
ilaa ; k `k zenyl i"ayxc `zlikn .etqk epi`y itl dfe eizgz epi`y itl df ,minei e` mei oica mpi`
zi` miyly xg`l jcar il dpwiy df sqk jlid") b"r bq ,` b oiyeciw inlyexi eeyd ; `"r v `nw àa
zgz zn epi` ipyde etqk epi`y oey`xd mineiae meia epi` dfe df c"n ...miineiae meia oey`xd ipz iipz
gt `nw àa ,`"r gn Ð a"r fn oihib ,a"r el zenai ,`"r dlw zay ilaa .sebd oipwk zexit oipw .("eci
zeytp wtqe .a"r ek oikxr ,`"r flw Ð a"r elw `xza àa ,`"r ev `rivn àa ,`"r v ,a"r ht ,a"r
oixcdpq ,`"r v ,a"r cn `nw àa ,`"r eh zeaezk ,a"r ct ,`"r bt `nei ,`"r hkw zay ilaa .lwdl
.k `k zeny .èd etqk ik mwei `l .`"r v `nw àa .el cgeind etqk ...àx xnè .18 .`"r hr
meyxb epiaxl qgeind yexit

`lc .`hiyt : dwfg el oi` mipy 'b miqkpa ecal wifgd m`c ,beln ly .ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l oi` 'qit
il oi` : dwfg el oiè ely sebd oiè .lik`wc èd ixit : ixitl dil icarzyn beln iqkpc oeikc ,dwfg ied
,dwfg iediz diqkpa wifgde ikd dl azkc lièd `"cqe ,ixitl lik` `l `zydc .ixnbl rnync .jiqkpa
wqrznc opifg `dc .melk xn` `l : eiqkpa izign `ly ilral iziyr gex zgp xninl ìvnc `lc l"nw
ipi` : ezy`c beln iqkp oebk .xg` mewnn : ezeyxa diqkp eid `l oiicrc .dqex` dcere : ied ezeyxae da
dici dyrn zgz dizepefn minkg epwizy .dk`ln jl .dyer ipiè : zepefn jnn zywan ipi` .zipefip
azkc oeike .el oirney dxaew ipiè dizexitn ywan ipi` dpzn mè .dzxeaw zgz dly beln iqkp zexite
iziyr gex zgp : xn`zy ìd dlekic ,`lc l"nw ,dwfg iediz c"q diqkpa lra wifgn ikd 'itè ikd dl
iziin i`c ,el yi di`x `d ,ezy` iqkpa yi`l oi` dwfg xnelk .yi di`x `d 'iywne : izwzyy .ilral
iala izxnb `le el dxkenl ipnn qiity .el iziyr gex zgpc [`niz] : 'ildip dpafc xhy di`x lra
azky zg` zecy 'b ozeà : lha egwne ilral iziyr gex zgp xninl ivnc .dkxvp `l : el dzepwdl
dzaezk xeriy dabzy dl azke daezk xeriyn xzei deyy dlecb dcy el dzidy .dzaezka dl
dl qipkdy zgè : dzaezk epnn dabzy dzaezk cbpk deyy .dzaezka dl cgiy zgè : dcy dze`n
epi` el dxkny di`x lrad ìan m` dlra dl cgiiy zecy 'b jidc .dziipecp cbpk ztqezl .elyn mey
egwnc [ìd dxknc dcen] m`y .i`n ihernl 'iywne : ilral iziyr gex zgp xnele zegnl dlekic melk
ilral iziyr gex zgp xninl zivnc ,lha egwnc èd .oky lk dicic miqkp x`y ihernl `nili` .miiw
ize` zhpwn z` ikdl il xn`c .ikda dai` ilral dil ìed icin diqkpn dil oafnl dizway `l i`c
lehzy ick jiiga zen`y jpevx e` ,odn jzaezk lehze jyxb`y ick melk xeknl il zgpn z` oi`y
egwn dwzye dipta lrad oxkn m`y .beln iqkp ihernl `l` : lha exkne izign `l ikdle ,odn daezk
: iiegnl dl irai` lra ly `le dly sebdc lièd meyn ilral iziyr gex zgp xnel dleki oi`c ,miiw
xkend .enr wqte : xfrl` 'xk xn`c : melk `le eyr `l beln iqkp exkny dy` e` yi` xnin` xn`de
jeza edkd m` .ipy : mwei `l minei e` mei xg`l zne edkd m`y .minei e` mei oica epyi oey`x : gwell
ikdl : xi`n 'x .xaqw : ixiinw iprpk carae dknd bxdi minei e` mei xg`l zny it lr s` mei 'l oze`
dn ,inc sebd oipwk mei 'l zecara el yiy zexit oipw dil `xiaqc meyn .minei e` mei oica epyi oey`x
m` xne` dcedi 'x : zexit oipw inp ikd ok minei e` meia epyic ea lage ixnbl ecar èdyk sebd oipw
dil `wtqnc .lwdl .zeytp wtqe : e`pwy etqk èdy iptn .minei e` meia epyi mei 'l ozeà ipy ea lag
`le minei e` mei oica opyi ediiexzc ,`zeliw epiidc mwei `lc .lwdl : zexit oipwk i` inc sebd oipwk i`
odipyc xnin`l dil `xiaq inp ikde ,ixnbl df ly `le ixnbl df ly `l epi`c .'eke xne` xfrl` 'x .mwei
.melk rwxwd seba oi` yi`le melk zexita dy`l oi`c meyn ,melk `le eyr `l beln iqkpa exkn m`
etqk ik : ira di`x mlerle ipiaf dipiaf eed dicicl idi` dpafc `kid inp i` `nlrl ediiexz ipiaf i` la`
: dfl `le dfl `l mei 'l ozeà cgein epi` car dfe .el cgeind etqk èd
xivwz
èdy meyn mzqd on z`f .ezy` iqkpa dwfg lral oi` b b `xza àa dpyn itl
rwxwd ceaire rwxwa ezwfg okle ,mze` yekxl ilan mb elld miqkpd zexta ¥ dkef
wlga .miwlg ipy eply ìbeql .mipy yely xg`l mb ,zelral oniq mda oi` eci lr
xiaqn ède ,dil`n zpaenk dpynay dkldd z` xicbn `xnbd lra oey`xd
dwfg el oi` oièyipd iptl qkpd on eci z` lrad jyn m` mby cnll dà dpyndy
eze` dpwy ilan ,dxwn lka qkpd zext¥ lr el dlgn ezy`y okzii ik ,el` miqkpa
zepwl leki mc`y dpynd oeyln wiicn `xnbd lra ìbeqd ly ipyd wlga .dpnn
oiipra .di`xk lawzn ef dxiknl cerizye ,dwfgn ueg ,zexg` mikxca ezy`n dcy
iqkp dlral xeknl dleki dyi`y xeaq `ped ax xa dax : mixzeq zexewn miàen df
mbe lrad mby xeaq xnin` ; ikd e`la mb lke` èd mdizext¥ z`y miqkpd ,beln
epzpynn weicd z` dxe`kl cbepd dkld wqt ,beln iqkp xeknln mirepn dyi`d
ixacl miàen mixaqd ipy .dlral dyi`d ici lr dcyd zxiknl swez wiprnd
dxikn la` ,ipyd znkqd ila bef ipan cg` ly dxiknl wx qgiizd èd (`) : xnin`
zrck wqt xnin` (a) .zxzen ,dlral dyi`d ly dxikn oky lke ,mdipy ici lr
drcd j` .llk xknidl leki epi` ztzeyn zelraa qkp ditly xfrl` iax ly cigid
ztzeyn zelraay rwxw xeknl ozipy ìd ,epzpyna ztwzynd ,zlaewnd zi`pzd
`ziixaa zàen ìdy itk ezrce ,ok xaq xfrl` iax s`y dler gezipd on dyrnl)
.(cala zelaben zeaiqpl dqgiizd `"r v `nw àa ilaaa
zxge`n ztqez ìd qkpd on lrad ly eci zkiynl zeqgiizddy dler gezipd on
z` zepwl leki zextl
¥ ezekf lr xzeend lray xaq zixewnd ìbeqd lra .ìbeql
lraa zwqer epzpyny yxtl did leki `l èd okl ,diqkpa dwfg el yie ezy` dcy
dil`n zpaend dcaerd z` zpiivn epzpyny xiaqd èd .qkpd on eci z` jyny
z` zepwl leki èdy epcnll ick zext¥ lke` èd mday miqkpa dwfg lral oi`y
`ny miyyeg oiè ,zlawzn dfd oiiprd jxevl ezii`xe ,xhya e` sqka elld miqkpd
,ef dkldl dxizqk miqtzp xnin` ixac .diqkp z` el xeknl ezy` lr ugl
xzieey lra mby xaq xzei xge`n `xnb lra .lirl epxkfdy mikxcd izya eyxtzde
eceqiy ìbeql caex siqede ,qkp ezeà dwfg el oi` ezy` ly qkpa zextd ¥ lr
e d oihib dpynl dca`y zilaa ìbeqne `"r bt zeaezk ilaan eàeiy mipeica
ipy ly zexzeqd zegpdd zeawr j` .zixewnd ìbeqd jeza alyl dqip mze`y
.mixkip oiicr ìbeqd icaex
dizecleze ìbeqd jldn

iqkp ly zext¥ lke`d lra ,xnelk ; ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l oi` ,b b `xza àa ,epzpyn itl
m`pwy cnll ick d`gn `ll ef dlikà oiè ,jka m`pw `l xzeie mipy yely jyna ezy`
qkpd z` dpwy di`x lrad cia yi m`y dpynd oeyln wiicn eply `xnbd lra 1.ok iptl
y`xa ,a"r fn ,lirl `ped ax mya ongp ax zriaw zeawra z`fe ,[9] di`x ezii`x ,ezy`n
.([1] ,"oiafe edeilz" ,ck ìbeq) "di`x ozii`x ,di`x eìady olek" : zncewd ìbeqd
iqkpa dwfg lral oi`y Ð elld zekldd izy z` xiaqdl oeiqipl miycwen ìbeqd iwlg ipy
lr epl recid xe`l Ð ely èd ixd ,ezy`n qkp ykxy di`x lrad icia yi m`ye ; ezy`
dièyipl ez` zqpkp yi` zy`y yekxd .llka zi`pzd dklda yi` zy` ly iyi`d dyekx
lral iepw mteby ,zxfeg ìpecp xeza daezka mineyxd lfxa o`v iqkp : mibeq ipyl wlgzn
beln iqkpe ; oièyipd mez mr zeixgà dyi`l mxifgdl aiig ède mikynp mièyipd cer lk
i`pzn cg`k mdizext¥ z` lke` lrad j` ,dyi`d yekx miaygp mde lral iepw epi` mteby
.daezkd
dpi` epzpyn .dpynay dkldd mvr lr dywn `xnbd lra [7±1] ìbeqd ly oey`xd wlga
dcixen dpiè dlrn dpi` mda "ezwfg"e ,lral miiepw xak el` ixdy ,lfxa o`v iqkpa zwqer
zext¥ zlikà oi`y èd heyt ixdy ,ziywen beln iqkpa xaecny dgpdd mb j` .df oiiprl
ilan mb zext¥ lke` èd : qkpd z` dpw lrady gikedl ick d`gn `ll mipy yely jyna
: ` h zeaezk dpyn it lr eply dpyna jxevd z` xiaqn `xnbd lra ! [1] qkpd z` yekxl
Ð jzenae jiiga odizexit ixitae odizexitae jiqkpa il oi` mixace oic ...ezy`l azekd
.dyxei epi` Ð dzn mè ,diiga zexit lke` epi`
epi` lrade ,dyi`d zeyxa ixnbl md ixd ef jxca ezy` iqkpn eci z` wliq lrady dxwna
dyi`d jxcy meyn ,[2] mda dwfg lral oi` Ð epzpyna epipy Ð ok it lr sè .zext¥ lke`
itk ,hlgene icrla oteà dl mikiiy mdyk mb dizextn ¥ lke` èd m` dlral legnl
dpeylk o`k zàend Ð `"r bt zeaezk ilaaa ìdd dpynd lr ìbeqa 2.m"ayxd xiaqny
xg`l wx ixyt` beln iqkp zext¥ lr lrad cvn dfk xezieey i`pi iax iac mixidan Ð [7±3]
ax ly `xnin it lr df xezie ly mfipknd z` xiaqn `xnbd lrae ,oièyipd iptle 3oiqexi`d
iccd xezie zxyt`nd ax xn` `ped ax ly `xnine ,dyexi lr y`xn xezie zxyt`nd `pdk
.daezkay oicd zia i`pz it lr zeliawnd mdizeieaiegn lr dyiè lra ly
lrad ykx m` eitly dpynd on wiicy weic lr dywn `xnbd lra ìbeqd ly ipyd wlga
oihib dpyna iepyd z` dxe`kl zxzeq ef dkld .[8] di`x ezii`xe oiipw epiipw Ð ezy`n miqkp
mdn cg` lkyk Ð liawna dyi`de yi`d ici lr beln iqkp ly mzxikn z` zlqetd e d
dlray meyn wx oxwd z` xeknl dnikqd dyi`dy yyg jezn Ð qkpa eizeiekf z` xken
z` dxkny yeygl epl did Ð `xnbd lra dywn Ð oky lk .gex zgp el aqdl dilr ugl
eziiyewl aiydy itk aiyn epi` `xnbd lra ,riztn oteà ! [9] ugl zgz envr lral qkpd
,iytegd epevxn ea eizeiekf lr y`xn lrad xzie xaky yekxa o`k xaecny dpey`xd
`xnin ìan èd z`f mewna .el exknl jk xg` ezy` lr ugl èdy yeygl oi` `linne
micareynd zecy dyelyl e d oihib dpynay dkldd z` dliabnd `ped ax xa dax ly
ixacn rnzyn .[10] oièyipd mez mr dil` zxfegd ìpecpl e` dzaezkl zxg` e` ef jxca
ienq ugl zeawra ok dzyry miyyeg oiè ,beln iqkp xeknl dleki dyi`y `ped ax xa dax
."zerwxwa dwfg oiipwe zerwxw zwfg : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"mipy yely" ,` ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 1
.eixac seqa ,ax xn` `ped axck d"c ,a"r hn ; ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l oi` d"c ,`"r hn `xza àa m"ayx e`x 2
oiqexi`d iptl mby mixeaqd yie .`"r `n s"ixd itc ,zeaezk s"ixd lr o"x ; qwzz oniq ,` wlg ,`"ayxd zeaeyz e`x 3
.my mipeive ,fqx±eqx 'nr ,f"qyz milyexi ,dkld xexiae dxexa dkld ,zeaezk zkqnl dkld xexia e`x ; liren weliqd
xnin` ly `xninl m`zda dpi` dxe`kly driaw ,[11] dlra cvn zpbedÎizla drtyd e`
z` xiaqn `xnbd lra .[12] "melk `le eyr `l Ð beln iqkpn exkny dyè yi`" drawy
xnin` ,dpey`xd zexyt`d itl : mikxc izya xnin` ixacl `ped ax xa dax ixac oia xrtd
mb j` ,lrad `ll dyi`d ici lr e` dyi`d `ll lrad ici lr beln iqkp ly dxikn lqt
dxyk ,dyi`d ici lr lral qkpd zxikn e` ,befd ipa ipy ici lr ztzeyn dxikn ezrcl
zwelgn zeawra z`fe ,`ped ax xa dax lr wleg xnin` diipyd zexyt`d itl .[15±13]
xfrl` iaxk xeaq xnin` ; ea zeiekf miipyl yiy qkp ly ecnrn zl`yl xyà mi`pz
qkpd z` xeknl zexyt` oi` okle ,ynn ly zelra dpi` cg` mc`l zcgein dpi`y zelray
.[18±16]
: zepiga dnkn ziywen ìbeqd
lra raw ok` m` .ìbeqd iwlg ipya `xnbd lra zyib oiay xrtd èd ixwird iyewd .1
dlral oi`y qkp ,dyi`l icrla oteà jiiyd qkpa zwqer epzpyny [3±2] `wqita `xnbd
odizexitae jiiqkpa il oi` mixace oic" dièyip iptl cer dl azky meyn ea zekf mey
dcyd z` dpnn yekxl jk xg` leki lrady jk lr denzl oi`y ixd 4,"odizexit zexitae
lr iytegd epevxn xzie df lra ! xg` mc` lk oick ,di`x ezii`xe ,xhya e` sqk oiipwa
z` el xeknl ezy` lr obed `l oteà ugl èd okn xg`ly yeygl daiq oiè ,zextd ¥
my ,[9±8] e d oihib dpyna xèznd avnl dfd avnd z` `xnbd lra deeyn recn .qkpd
? qkpd z` xeknl lrad cvn obed `l ugll miyyeg
meyn ,ezy`l icrla oteà mikiiyd miqkpa dwfg lral oi`y xiaqd m"ayxd ,xen`k .2
dyw zvw mxa 5.mdilr xzie m` s` diqkpn zext¥ lke`d dlral legnl dyi`d jxcy
"odizexit ixitae odizexitae jiqkpa il oi` mixace oic" y`xn xidvdy lra recn oiadl
ìyewd .ezy`n qkpd z` ykxy `l m` ,dpy xg` dpy el` miqkpn lek`l ligzi
: ` h zeaezk dpynay dkldl mixweg erivdy rwxd z` oeayga gwip m` znvrzn
ipta gzt xi`ydl dzvx Ð ezy` iqkpa xzi zeiekf lral dwiprdy Ð zi`pzd dkldd
oi` mixace oic ezy`l azekd" m` 6.odiqkp lr xenyl zecin` zegtynn zecin` miyp
ly dcin`d dzgtyn ici lr ok zeyrl ul`p "odizexit ixitae odizexitae jiqkpa il
qiqa hlgda yi if` ,dgtynd jeza x`yii dgtynd yekxy `ceel dzvxy ,dlkd
qkpd z` dpw ok` y`xn mikqdy dnkqdl cebipa el` miqkpn zext¥ lke`d lray ocne`l
.epnn zllyp dwfgd recn oiadl dywe ,ezy`n
ìyewd dxe`kl ? [12] beln iqkp zxikn milqetd xnin` ixacn `xnbd lra dywn in lr .3
jxca micareynd zecyl e d oihib dpyna dnec dliqt liabdy `ped ax xa dax lr ìd
xninè `ped ax xa dax oky ,ef ìyew oiadl dyw j` .[10] daezkd i`pzl zxg` ef
dyelyl e d oihib dpynay dkldd z` liabd `ped ax xa dax m` mb .mi`xen` mdipy
milqetd xnin` ixac : daxc` .ok dyr xnin`y xnel gxkd oi` ,cala "daezkd zecy"
z` llk dliabd `ly e d oihib dpyn z` xzei dheyt dxeva miyxtn beln iqkp zxikn
s`l oi`y dpnn wiqdl ie`xd one ,"lha egwn dy`d on gwle xfge yi`d on gwl" dkldd
iqkpa exkny dyè yi`" : epiidc ,cegl e` cgia ,qkpd z` envra xeknl zekf mdn cg`
."melk `le eyr `l beln
ezy` iqkpa dwfg lral oi`y ìd `xnbd zgpd ,ok mè ,[1] "`hiyt" zl`y zeawra dà dpynl ef `zniwe` mpn` 4
it lr sè .mda dwfg el oi`y xnel jxev oi` mdn eci wliq `ly dxwnay `l` ,e`l m` oiae mdn eci wliq m` oia
dkldd oi` if` ,oekp df weic m` Ð jytp dnn ixd : mewna dpi` [8] `wqita wiicy weicd lr [9] `xnbd lra ziiyew ,ok
,`hiyt ìd dpynay dklddy epraw mè ,mdn eci lrad wliq `ly miqkpa dpcinrp m` elit` "`hiyt" dpynay
.[8] `wqita epwiicy z` dpnn wiicl oi`y rnyn
.2 dxrd ,lirl e`x 5
dxrde ,M.A. Friedman, Jewish Marriage in Palestine, Tel Aviv and New York 1980, vol. 1, pp. 301–304 ,lynl ,e`x 6
.351 'nra my 63 dxrde ,M.L. Satlow, Jewish Marriage in Antiquity, Princeton 2001, pp. 208–209 ; 303 'nra my 55
`wqita mewn did `l ,`ped ax xa dax lr ìd xnin` ixacn ìyewd ok` m` : cere z`f .4
miwqer `ped ax xa ax `le xnin` `l ixd : "dicicl idi` dpaf inp i`" xikfdl [15]
zilnxety it lr s`y rnzyn el` milinn .dyi`d ici lr envr lral beln iqkp zxikna
`ped ax xa dax ixacn wiicy "i`n ihernl" weicd lr xnin`n `xnbd lra dywd
"yi di`x `d" ,epzpynn wiicy weicd lr xnin` ixacn zeywdl oeekzd dyrnl ,[12±10]
ipta ezy` iqkp z` yekxl leki èd la` ,ezy` iqkpa dwfg lral oi` dpynd itl : [8]
lrad ici lr oia ,beln iqkp ly dxikn lk lqt xnin` mxa .di`x ezii`xe xhya e` micr
xnin`y `xnbd lra uxzn jk lr ! rnyna dlral dyi`d zxikn sè ,dyi`d ici lr oiae
,znèzn dxiknn llk yyg `l mxa Ð dyi`d e` lrad cvn znèzn `l dxikna wqr
miixwird uexizde ìyewd el` m` mxa .[15] dlral dyi`d zxiknn yyg `ly oky lke
miqkpa epzpyn z` `xnbd lra cinrd xak : mewn mdl oi` ixd ,xnin` lr dpynd on
"beln iqkp" el` oi`y `hiyte ,icrla oteà dyi`l mikiiyd ,[2] mdn eci lrad jyny
.xnin` lqt mzxikn z`y
dpynne ` h zeaezk dpynn zeàendy dgpd jezn `vp m` opexzt lr dpèaz el` zeiyew
zixewnd daeyzd .ìbeql zxge`n ztqez od [11±10 ,7±3] oda mipeicde [9 ,2] e d oihib
lrad mdn wliqy miqkpa dpynd z` dcinrd `l dpynd lr [1] "`hiyt" `xnbd ziiyewl
`w] `d" : "ol rnyn `w"d jxc lr `l` ,llk `zniwe`d jxc lr dziid `l ìd .eci z`
lray wiicpy ick beln iqkpa lrad zwfg z` dlly dpynd : xnelk ,"yi di`x[c ol rnyn
ìbeqd .di`x ezii`x Ð xhya e` micr ipta ok dyr mè ,beln iqkp ezy`n zepwl leki
: oldlck ,dvxize [12] xnin` zxninn zexiyi df weic lr dzywd zixewnd
! lik`wc èd `xit ,`xit dil zi`c oeik ,`hiyt .1
.yi di`x[c l"nw] `d .8
! melk `le eyr `l Ð beln iqkpa exkny dyè yi` : xnin` xn`d[e] .12
,dzne idi` dpaf p"` ,`wtne idi` ìz` ,zine edi` oiafc `kid Ð xnin`c xnzi` ik .13
,opaxc `zpwza witne edi` `z`
iqkpa dxkny dy`d ,epiwzd `yeà : `pipg xa iqei iax xn`c ,`pipg xa iqei 'xcke .14
; zegewld cin ìven lrad Ð dzne beln
.ipiaf dpiaf Ð dicicl idi` dpaf(...)c `kid la` .15
; xfrl` 'xk xn`c xnin` : `ni` ziraiè .16
oey`xd : xne` xi`n 'x Ð mei miyly epynyiy enr wqte ,ecar z` xkend : ìpzc .17
,eizgz epi`y iptn minei e` mei oica epi` ipyde ,eizgz èdy iptn minei e` mei oica epyi
èdy iptn minei e` mei oica epyi ipyd : xne` dcedi 'x ; inc sebd oipwk zexit oipw : xaqw
; inc sebd oipwk e`l zexit oipw : xaqw ,etqk epi`y minei e` mei oica epi` oey`xd ,etqk
iptn dfe ,eizgz èdy iptn df ,minei e` mei oica opyi mdipy [a cenr p sc] : xne` iqei 'x
zeytp wtqe ,inc sebd oipwk e`l i` inc sebd oipwk zexit oipw i` dil `wtqne ,etqk èdy
itl dfe ,eizgz epi`y itl df ,minei e` mei oica opi` mdipy : xne` xfrl` iax ; lwdl
.etqk epi`y
cgeind etqk ,èd etqk ik mwei `l : `xw xn` ? xfrl` iaxc `nrh i`n : àx xnè .18
.el
oic" ezy`l azeka epzpyn z` cinrdl df ixewn `xnb lra ly ezrc lr dlr `ly d`xp
iqkpa dwfg lral yiy xaq èdy meyn "odizexit ixitae odizexitae jiqkpa il oi` mixace
,epzpyny èt` yxit èd .dqex` dpcera mdn eci wliqy xg`l ezy`n m`pw m` ezy`
mteby beln iqkp ,libxd beqd on "ezy` iqkp"a zwqer ,ezy` iqkpa lrad ly dwfg zlleyd
el` miqkpa dwfg lral oi`y jka yecig oi` mpn` .zext¥ lke` lrade ,dyi`d yekx x`yp
j` Ð mdizext¥ z` lke` èd `linn ixd Ð xzeie mipy yely jyna mdizext¥ z` lk` m`
iqkp yekxl leki èd ,xnelk Ð [8] "el yi di`x `d ,el oi` dwfg"y epcnll dà dpynd
xnin` ixacn `xnbd lra dywd jk lr .di`x ezii`x Ð jkl di`x ìad mè ,ezy`n beln
xeknl dyi`l e` lral zekf mey oi` eli`k ,sxeb oteà "`pin` ded"a yxit mze`y [12]
lqt `l xnin` (1) : mivexiz ipy uxize Ð cegl e` cgia ,dfl df e` iyily mc`l beln iqkp
m`zda ,befd oa mr meìza `ly mzxikn z` wx lqt èd ; sxeb oteà beln iqkp zxikn
jkl zecbpzd mey el didz `ly èd heyte Ð `pipg oa iqei iax itn zàend `ye` zpwzl
weicde epzpyn lr wleg ok` xnin`y okzii (2) ; dlral zexiyi miqkpd z` xeknz dyi`dy
iqkp oebk Ð mda zeiekf miipyl yiy miqkpy 7xfrl` iax `pzd enk xeaq èdy meyn ,dpnn
xknidl mileki mpi` Ð mei miyely jynl xkend ici lr dxfg l`ype xknpy car e` ,beln
.llk
ilaad ziibeq ,`"r bt zeaezk ilaan eply ìbeql opeylk exared [7±2] ze`wqity epi`x dpde
oihib dpynl dnecw zilaa ìbeq od s` [11±9] ze`wqit eeid dfa `veik .` h zeaezk dpynl
i`xg`d èd ipy `xnb lray d`xpe 9.[10] "dlr xnzi` `de" oeyld on gkeny itk 8,e d
oey`xd : oey`xd `xnbd lra lr wlg df ipy `xnb lra .o`k elld zeaihgd izy ueaiyl
eznerl .ezy`l icrla oteà mikiiyd miqkpa lrad zwfg z` leqtl mrh oi`y xen`k xaq
: dyi`l icrla oteà mikiiyd miqkpa `l` dheytk zyxtzn dpi` epzpyny ipyd xaq
ìbeqde ` h zeaezk dpynl m`zda ,oièyipd iptl cer eci z` mdn wliq lrady miqkp
.ìbeql [7±2] ze`wqit ztqez ici lr z`f xidad èd .dilry
eni`zd `l ìbeqd ly oey`xd wlgl ipyd `xnbd lra siqedy mixacde ,`wr `c j`
dlra ly ecie ,dyi`l icrla oteà mikiiyd miqkpa zwqer epzpyn ok` m` : ìbeqd jyndl
zrcl s` ,el` miqkp dpnn yekxl leki ède ,"el yi di`x"y èd heyt ,lilk mdn zwleqn
cg` mc`l oi`y meyn `l` df oi` j` ,beln iqkp zxiknn biizqd mpn` xnin` ! xnin`
mikiiyd Ð oièyipd iptl cer mdn eci wliq lrady dyi`d iqkp ok `l ; odilr d`ln zelra
.xg` mc` lkl e` dlral el` miqkp xeknl dpnn repnl daiq mey oi` .dyi`l icrla oteà
ixewnd ipyd wlgde [7±1] ìbeqd ly daernd oey`xd wlgd oia ef dn`zdÎi` yhyhl ick
dnecwd ìbeqde e d oihib dpyn ,[11±9] ze`wqitd z` ipyd `xnbd lra siqed [18±12 ,8]
: oldlck ,dilr eiptl dziidy
,ilral iziyr gex zgp : dxn` `nl` ,lha egwn Ð dy`d on gwle xfge yi`d on gwl
! ilral iziyr gex zgp : `niz inp `kd
dl azky zg` ,zecy 'b ozeà `l` dkxvp `l : `ped ax xa dax xn` ,dlr xnzi` `d
.dlyn mey el dqipkdy zgè ,dzaezka dl cgiy zgè ,dzaezka
zzp jipir : dl xn`c ,dai` dil ìedc oky lk ,miqkp x`y ihernl `nili` ? i`n ihernl
.beln iqkp ihernl `l` ! dzinae oiyexiba
,oldl e`x .k `k i`gei xa oerny iaxc `zlikna ep`vn oke ,"xfril`" miqxeb `"r v `nw àaae o`k gqepd icr zvwn 7
.[18±12] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir
xywa zxkfen àad ik m` ,e d oihib dpyn ly ef àa lr zaqend ìbeq llk my oi` .a"r gp oihib ilaaa ahid epiir 8
on dhnyed ,dpynl `ped ax xa dax ly xaqdd z` xewna dllky ,ef àal ìbeqdy xyt` .oewixwiq oiipra oeicl
.oaxegd zecbà oewixwiqd ziibeq z` eaigxdyk Ð xvwl ick e` zerha Ð my ilaad
ze`wqity : zeiexyt` izy df oiipra rivn ,`w 'nr ,(1 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,zexeqne zexewn ,ipald 'c 9
dv zeaezk ilaaa ìbeqd on wlg oxewna eid ody e` ,epixack ,e d oihib dpyn lr zi`nvr ìbeq xewna eeid [11±9]
xnzi`" ixdy ,ef diipy drvda ezrc seql izcxi `l .e i zeaezk dpyne e d oihib dpyn oiay dxizqa zwqerd `"r
ìdd dpynd oia lcadd oecip day ìbeq zxbqna `le ,dnvr ìdd dpynl xywa exn`p mixacdy eyexit "dlr
.my dxn`p `ped ax xa dax zxniny jkl zecr mey oi`y mb dn Ð zxg` dpynl
iziyr gex zgp : `niz" milind z` ipyd `xnbd lra siqed [9] e d oihib dpynn dàend iptl
dpynn : xen`l ,epzpyn lr ìdd dpynd on ìyewl dze` jtd jkae ,"...opz `l in ! ilral
beln iqkpa dizeiekf z` xeknl zaiegn yibxz dyi`y miyyeg epgp`y rnzyn e d oihib
yibxz ìdy ,ipyd `xnbd lra lèy ,oky lk .qkpa ely zeiekfd z` xkn xak dlray meyn
wx dligzkln icrla oteà dzkf eaye ,icrla oteà dl jiiyd qkp dlral xeknl zaiegn
ea oiipern èdy xxazn onf xeark m` ,zextd
¥ lr dl xzieey lrad ly eal zeaicpl zeced
dlir èd dfd yygd : `ped ax xa dax zxnin it lr okend on uexiz did `xnbd lral ! [9]
`le Ð [10] dzaezk i`pzl micareynd zecyd zyelya xaecnyk wx gwind lehial
wliq mdizextny
¥ dyi`d iqkpa xaecnyk `l i`cee ,[11] illk oteà beln iqkpa xaecnyk
ozip j` ,epzpynn weicd lr e d oihib dpynn ìyew èt` oi` .[2] y`xn eci z` lrad
.[12] llka beln iqkp ly mzxikn z` lqetd xnin` lr e d oihib dpynn zeywdl
ìyew ,[12] xnin` ixacn oey`xd `xnbd lra ly ìyewd z` ipyd `xnbd lra "livd" jka
lra ly epzpynl zepyxtd itl mewna dpi` j` ,[8] epzpynn weicd cbp dxewna dzptedy
mipkzd ztqed mr .[2] dyi`l icrla oteà jiiyd qkpa zwqer epzpyn ditly ipyd `xnbd
,epzpynn weicd cbp zipten dpi` xak xnin`n ìyewd ,e d oihib dpynl dnecwd ìbeqd ly
`ped ax xa dax itl : e d oihib dpynl `ped ax xa dax ly zepyxtd on weicd cbp `l`
lra xnin` itl eliè ,[11±10] miiw egwin Ð dyi`d on jk xgè lrad on beln iqkp gweld
oey`xd `xnbd lra ly mivexizd ipy .[12] gwin mgwin oi` Ð beln iqkp exkny dyiè
z` [15] `wqitl siqedl ul`p `xnbd lra : lw oewiz mr ,ef dycg ìyewl dprnk mb eni`zd
xywda ihpeelxl oey`xd uexizd z` jetdl ick "inp i` ,`nlrl ediiexz ipafc `kid" milind
Ð meìza dxiknd zcner xnin` ly meìz `ll dxiknd len oky ,ef ztqez `lle ycgd
.epzpynay dlral dnvr dyi`d ly dxiknd `le ,e d oihib dpyn ly Ð df xg` dfa
zetqezde miiepiyd len oey`xd `xnbd lra ly zixewnd ìbeqd z` drivnd dlaha mkqp
: ipyd `xnbd lra ly
ziteqd dzpekzna ìbeqd oey`xd `xnbd lra ziibeq

(miybcen ipyd `xnbd lra ly miiepiye zetqez)
.'eke ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le .'eke ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le
`xit ,`xit dil zi`c oeik ,`hiyt .1 `xit ,`xit dil zi`c oeik ,`hiyt
! lik`wc èd ! lik`wc èd
mixace oic : dl azkc ,`kixv `l .2

.jiiqkpa il oi`
,ìpzde ? ied i`n dl azk ike .3

lr il oi` mixace oic : exiagl xne`d
zewleqn icie da wqr il oiè ef dcy
! melk xn` `l Ð dpnn
oizipzn : i`pi iax iac dl ixn` .4

,dqex` dcere dl azeka Ð
: `pdk ax xn`c ,`pdk axcke .5

Ð xg` mewnn mc`l el dàd dlgp
,dpyxii `ly dilr dpzn mc`
xne`d lk : àx xn`c ,àxcke .6

Ð z`f oebk minkg zpwza iyt` i`
.el oirney
xn` `ped axck ? z`f oebk i`n .7

dleki : ax xn` `ped ax xn`c ,ax
zpefip ipi` dlral xn`zy dy`
.dyer ipiè
.yi di`x `d .8 .yi di`xc l"nw `d
in ! ilral iziyr gex zgp : `niz .9

on gwle xfge yi`d on gwl : opz `l
: dxn` `nl` ,lha egwn Ð dy`d
inp `kd ,ilral iziyr gex zgp
! ilral iziyr gex zgp : `niz
ax xa dax xn` ,dlr xnzi` `d .10

'b ozeà `l` dkxvp `l : `ped
,dzaezka dl azky zg` ,zecy
zgè ,dzaezka dl cgiy zgè
.dlyn mey el dqipkdy
ihernl `nili` ? i`n ihernl .11

dil ìedc oky lk ,miqkp x`y
zzp jipir : dl xn`c ,dai`
iqkp ihernl `l` ! dzinae oiyexiba
,beln
exkny dyè yi` : xnin` xn`d .12 exkny dyè yi` : xnin` xn`d[e]
! melk `le eyr `l Ð beln iqkpa ! melk `le eyr `l Ð beln iqkpa
oiafc `kid Ð xnin`c xnzi` ik .13 oiafc `kid Ð xnin`c xnzi` ik

p"` ,`wtne idi` ìz` ,zine edi` p"` ,`wtne idi` ìz` ,zine edi`
witne edi` `z` ,dzne idi` dpaf witne edi` `z` ,dzne idi` dpaf
,opaxc `zpwza ,opaxc `zpwza
iax xn`c ,`pipg xa iqei 'xcke .14 iqei iax xn`c ,`pipg xa iqei 'xcke
dy`d ,epiwzd `yeà : `pipg xa iqei dy`d ,epiwzd `yeà : `pipg xa
lrad Ð dzne beln iqkpa dxkny lrad Ð dzne beln iqkpa dxkny
; zegewld cin ìven ; zegewld cin ìven
la` .15 la`

p"` ,`nlrl ediiexz epiafc `kid
dpiaf Ð dicicl idi` dpafc `kid dpiaf Ð dicicl idi` dpafc `kid
.ipiaf .ipiaf
'xk xn`c xnin` : `ni` ziraiè .16 'xk xn`c xnin` : `ni` ziraiè
...xfrl` ...xfrl`
: ìbeqd jldn lr lirl epiywdy zeiyewd z` xzet df xefgy
meyn z`f .ìbeqd ly ipyd wlgde oey`xd wlgd ly ceqid zegpd oia xrt yi ok` .1
lrae ,ìbeqd ly ipyd wlgl i`xg` oey`xd `xnbd lra .`xnb ilra ipya xaecny
ipyd wlgd z` okcrl ezleki ahink dqipe ,oey`xd wlgd z` siqed ipyd `xnbd
ipyd wlgd ly zixewnd zernynd zeawr j` ,oey`xd wlga ycigy yecigl eni`zdle
.exzep
dzelraay miqkpa zwqer epzpyny zexyt`d z` dgc ok` oey`xd `xnbd lra .2
itk ,ezy`n m`pw m` di`xe dwfg dlral yi el` miqkpay xaqe ,dyi`d ly zicrlad
zeaezk ilaan okend on [7±2] ze`wqit z` xiard ipyd `xnbd lra .ìyewa epxaqdy
lra dywdy "`hiyt"d zl`yl heyt xaqd oda yiy d`xp ighy hanay meyn ,`"r bt
.epiywdy zeiyewl yyg `l ède ,[1] oey`xd `xnbd
[10] `ped ax xa dax ixac cbp liawna ziptend ,[12] xnin` ixacn ìyewa zernynÎecd .3
.zixewnd ìbeqd z` yhyhl ipyd `xnbd lra ly oeiqipa dceqi ,[8] epzpynn weicd cbpe
lra zepyxtl mi`zd `ly dn ,epzpynn weicd cbp wx ìyewd dzpted zixewnd ìbeqa
dziiptd ici lr zixewnd ìyewd z` "llcl" ywia èd okl .[2] epzpynl ipyd `xnbd
siqed envr èdy zeceqi ,`ped ax xa dax ly zepyxtd itl e d oihib dpyn cbp liawna
.ìbeql
idi` dpafc `kid" : `xnbd ilra ipy ly dk`lna eceqi [15] `wqit ly letkd geqipd .4
oiipra epzpynn weicd lr xnin` ixacn dywdy ,oey`xd `xnbd lral jiiy "dicicl
ly ztqez èd "`nlrl ediiexz epiafc `kid" eliè ,lral dyi`d dcy ly dxiyi dxikn
`ped ax xa dax ixac lr ìyewl xnin` ixacn ìyewd z` aqdy ipyd `xnbd lra
mxebl meìza dyi`de lrad ici lr beln iqkp zxikn dpiipry e d oihib dpyn oiipra
.iyily
yexit ipeir
,ìpzde ? ied i`n dl azk ike .jiiqkpa il oi` mixace oic : dl azkc ,`kixv `l .7±2
`l Ð dpnn zewleqn icie da wqr il oiè ef dcy lr il oi` mixace oic : exiagl xne`d
,`pdk axcke ,dqex` dcere dl azeka Ð oizipzn : i`pi iax iac dl ixn` ! melk xn`
,dpyxii `ly dilr dpzn mc` Ð xg` mewnn mc`l el dàd dlgp : `pdk ax xn`c
i`n .el oirney Ð z`f oebk minkg zpwza iyt` i` xne`d lk : àx xn`c ,àxcke
dlral xn`zy dy` dleki : ax xn` `ped ax xn`c ,ax xn` `ped axck ? z`f oebk
.dyer ipiè zpefip ipi`
alya eply ìbeql xared dfd rhwd lk ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecna ,lirl xen`k
dpynd oeyl dfe .` h zeaezk dpyn lr aqend `"r bt zeaezk ilaan ìbeqd yeaib ly ipyd
: my
.dyxei Ð dzn mè ,diiga zexit lke` df ixd Ð jiqkpa il oi` mixace oic ezy`l azekd
.miiw Ð dpzpe dxkn m`y ? jiqkpa il oi` mixace oic dl azk dnl ,ok m`
dzn mè ,diiga zexit lke` epi` df ixd Ð odizexitae jiqkpa il oi` mixace oic dl azk
il oi` mixace oic dl aezkiy cr ,zexit ixit lke` mlerl : xne` dcedi 'x ; dyxei Ð
.mler cr odizexit ixitae odizexitae jiqkpa
lke` epi` Ð jzenae jiiga odizexit ixitae odizexitae jiqkpa il oi` mixace oic dl azk
dpzny iptn ,dpyxii Ð dzn m` : xne` b"ayx ; dyxei epi` Ð dzn mè ,diiga zexit
.lha e`pz Ð dxeza aezky dn lr dpznd lke ,dxeza aezky dn lr
ìbeqa mb dàed daexy ,oldlc ìbeqd z` `"r bt zeaezk ilaaa ep`vn ìdd dpynd lr
: [7±3] ze`wqit ,eply
.ezy`l xne`d : ìig iax ipz
il oiè ,ef dcy lr il oi` mixace oic exiagl xne`d : ìpzde ? ied i`n ikd dl azk ike
<eply ìbeqa [3]=> ! melk xn` `l Ð dpnid zwleqn icie ,da wqr
<[4]=> .dqex` dcere dl azeka : i`pi iax iac ixn`
`ly dilr dpzn mc` ,xg` mewnn mc`l dàd dlgp : `pdk ax xn`c ,`pdk axck
<[5]=> ; dpyxii
<[6]=> .el oirney Ð ef oebk minkg zpwza iyt` i` xne`d : àx xn`c ,àxcke
dlral xn`zy dy` dleki : ax xn` `ped ax xn`c ,ax xn` `ped axck ? ef oebk i`n
<[7]=> .dyer ipiè zpefip ipi`
fr oihib ilaaa mb dep`vn jk ,ipyn oteà `xza àaa eply ìbeqa zàen ìbeqdy myke
ixd Ð dxvg jeza e` dzia jeza ìde ,ezy`l hb wxefd" : epipy ` g oihib dpyna .a"r±`"r
: xn`p my ilaaae ,"zyxebn ef
ike .jiqkpa il oi` mixace oic dl azeka : xfrl` x"` ! dlra dpw dy` dzpwy dn ,dxvg
wqr il oiè ,ef dcy lr il oi` mixace oic exiagl xne`d : ìpzde ? ied i`n ikd dl azk
; dqex` dcere dl azeka : i`pi 'x iac ixn` ! melk xn` `l Ð dpnid zwleqn icie ,da
`ly dilr dpzn mc` ,xg` mewnn mc`l el dàd dlgp : `pdk ax xn`c ,`pdk axcke
i`n .el oirney Ð ef oebk minkg zpwza iyt` i` xne`d : àx xn`c ,àxcke ; dpyxi
ipi` dlral xn`zy dy` dleki : ax xn` `ped ax xn`c ,ax xn` `ped axck ? ef oebk
.dyer ipiè zipefip
oi` mixace oic dl azeka" zeyxetn zwqerd dpynd lr dligz eàede exn`p mixacdy xexa
ecinrd mi`xen`y meyn ,a"r±`"r fr oihible eply ìbeql ipyn oteà exarede ,"jiqkpa il
alyd oiipra oeicd ihxt .ezy` iqkpn eci wliqy lraa oihiba dpynd zè eply dpynd z`
mde ,oihib oiiprl `le eppiiprl `l miihpeelx mpi` dyi`d dcyn eci lrad wliq eay oièyipa
.zenewnd ipya xwir ìdy ,dpynd on dàend ab` `zlinc `geexl wx o`k eàed
lr lrad xezieea oeicd xwir my ,`"r bt zeaezka dligzkl èt` eàed mi`xen`d ixac
ze`wqitl midfd ,èdd oeica mipey`xd mialyl .dzen xg`le diiga mdizexte ¥ ezy` iqkp
z` ef cvl ef ìap .c"r al ,i h zeaezk inlyexia dliawn ep`vn ,eply ìbeqa [4±2]
: inlyexia oeicde eply ìbeqd on ze`wqitd
eply ìbeqa [4±2] ze`wqit

` h zeaezk dpyna oceqiy
c"r al ,i h zeaezk inlyexi `"r bt zeaezk ilaaae
il oi` mixace oic ezy`l azekd oi` mixace oic : dl azkc... .2

.'ek jiiqkpa .jiiqkpa il
`lya : iipi iax mya opgei iax [`] ? ied i`n dl azk ike .3
ca`n mc` oi` qpk m` la` ,qpk oic : exiagl xne`d ,ìpzde
.dfd oeyla ezekf z` oiè ef dcy lr il oi` mixace
zewleqn icie da wqr il
,oea iax ia iqei iax xn` [a]
iici xne`d : diig iaxc dizlin
iilbxe efd dcyd on zewleqn : i`pi iax iac dl ixn` .4
xn` `l efd dcyd on zewleqn dcere dl azeka Ð oizipzn
.melk `le ,dqex`
`xnin ìd `"r bt zeaezk ilaaae eply ìbeqd ly [3] `wqita zàend `ziixad inlyexia
iac" mya zeaezk ilaaae eply ìbeqd ly [4] `wqita zàend `xninde 10,[a] ìig iax ly
,dpynd lr `ziixad on miywn ilaaa .[`] i`pi iax mya opgei iax ici lr zàen "i`pi iax
,dpynl zepyxtk miàen i`pi iax ixac inlyexia eliè ,uexizk miàen i`pi iax iac ixace
dyrnl j` Ð i`pi iax ixacl `zknq`k miàen ,ilaaa `ziixal miliawnd ,ìig iax ixace
.midf zeliawnd zeibeqd ly mipkzd
ìbeqa zeliawnae zeaezk ilaaa ep`vn my inlyexid ziibeql liawnd wlgl xarn mxa
iac zxnin z` xiaqdl `xnbd lra dqpn oxe`ly zeilaa zexnin yely oihibae eply
: [7±5] i`pi iax
`ly dilr dpzn mc` ,xg` mewnn mc`l dàd dlgp : `pdk ax xn`c ,`pdk axck .5
; dpyxii
.el oirney Ð ef oebk minkg zpwza iyt` i` xne`d : àx xn`c ,àxcke .6
dlral xn`zy dy` dleki : ax xn` `ped ax xn`c ,ax xn` `ped axck ? ef oebk i`n .7
.dyer ipiè zpefip ipi`
mewnn mc`l el dàd dlgp" oiipra `pdk ax zxninl mipey`xd ici lr erved miyexit ipy
: [4] i`pi iax iac ixacl dqgie ,[5] "xg`
`ped axe àx ,i`pi iax enk ,`pdk axy eyxit 11mixgè m"ayx ,meyxb epaxl qgeind .1
dàd dlgp" iehiad .ezaehl dpwzpy minkg zpwz lawl mc` ly eaexiqa wqer ,ax xn`
xg`l ezy` z` lrad zyexil wx `l qgiizn [5] `pdk ax ixacay "xg` mewnn mc`l
oebk ,ezy` iqkpa lral minkgd epwizy zexg` zeiekfl mb `l` ,opaxcn ìdy ,dzen
oeeik ,mlawl `ly y`xn zepzdl leki mc`y `pdk ax xne` dl` lk lr .beln iqkp zext¥
azeky ina ` h zeaezk dpyn z` [4] i`pi iax cinrn daiq dze`n .ezaehl epwzpy
ozip recn .`pdk axck ynn epiide ,dqex` dcera "jiqkpa il oi` mixace oic" ezy`l
iax zrck ,ezy` iqkpa lral minkgd ewiprdy zeiekfd z` lawl `ly y`xn zepzdl
meyn `l` df oi` ? [5] `pdk ax ixacay "xg` mewnn mc`l dàd dlgp" epiidc ,[4] i`pi
iyt` i` xne`d lk" àx xn`c ,àxck ,dpznd zaehl ìdy minkg zpwza xaecny
zepefn oebk dpwz ìd "z`f oebk minkg zpwz" .[6] "el oirney ,z`f oebk minkg zpwza
ax raw okle ,dyi`d zaehl dpwzk zqtzpd ,dici dyrn zxenz dyi`l minkg epwizy
.[7] "dyer ipiè zipefip ipi`" dlral xnel dleki ìdy
ax ixacay "xg` mewnn mc`l el dàd dlgp"y eyxit 12mixgè `"ahix ,`"ayx ,o"anx .2
`nw `pzd itl wlzqn lrad dpnn s`y ,dzen xg`l ,ynn ezy` zyexi ìd [5] `pdk
jiiga odizexit ixitae odizexitae jiqkpa il oi` mixace oic dl azk" : ` h zeaezk dpyna
Ð dzn m` : xne` b"ayx ; dyxei epi` Ð dzn mè ,diiga zexit lke` epi` Ð jzenae
dpyna mi`xenè mi`pz df oiipra ewlgp ; opaxcn gxkda dpi` ef dyexi ."...dpyxii
lkk `ziixe`cn ìd ef dyexiy ewqt miaxe ,`"r ct zeaezk ilaaae i g zexeka
iptl dpnn eci z` wlql lrad leki ,el` mipey`x mixeaq ,ok it lr s` 13.zeyexid
lrady jkl dwcvdd ef .oièyipd iptl ok dyer èd cer lk ,[5] `pdk ax itl oièyipd
lèny zxnin : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"ozecra oirbep" ,eh ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x df iepiyl xaqdl 10
."`xninl `xnbd lra ly zepyxtde
`xza àa zetqez ; el dàd dlgp d"c ,my m"ayx ; xg` mewnn d"c ,a"r hn `xza àa meyxb epaxl qgeind e`x 11
.`pdk axcke d"c ,`"r hn
,a"r hn `xza àae ,`pdk axcke d"c ,my `"ayxd iyecig ; èd jk ìbeqd 'ite d"c ,`"r bt zeaezk ,o"anxd iyecig 12
d"c ,a"r hn `xza àa o"xd iyecig ; `pdk ax xn`c d"c ,`"r hn `xza àa `"ahixd iyecig ; `pdk axcke d"c
.dlgp
'nr ,e"pyz milyexi ,oiihyphkil '` 'cdn) oizrny `wlq jkld d"c ,`"r aiw `xza àal o"xd iyecig lynl e`x 13
.my 98 xicdnd zxrda mitqep mipeive ,(`pxz±pxz
i`pi iax wqt oke ,` h zeaezk dpyn itl dzen xg`l mb ezy` iqkpn eci z` wlql leki
dyexin xeng mpicy aeygl mewn did ,diiga ezy` zextn ¥ lrad zewlzqdl xy` .[3]
xak j` .minkg zpwza dxitk meyn ea yi mlawl aexiqy oeeik ,èal cizrl el dribny
epiidc ,[6] el` oebk ,dpznd zaehl ody minkg zepwz lawl `ly zepzdl ozipy àx wqt
.[7] dizepefnl xywa dyi`d dpzny enk dipzd
xaecny jk lr miriavn "...àxcke ...`pdk axck" miiehiad ,el` ixacl oiae el` ixacl oia
` h zeaezk dpyn z` micinrnd eyxcn ziae i`pi iax ly `zniwe`l miwenip e` oikeniqa
itk ,el jiiyd qkpn eci wlql leki mc` oi`y it lr s` : xen`l ,[4] `weec oièyipd iptl
leki `pdk ax itl ,(inlyexia ìig iax ly `xnin ìdy) [3] ilaaay `ziixad on dlery
zipwend dlgpl cebipa ,oièyip zeawra ,"xg` mewnn dàd dlgp" lawl y`xn axql mc`
sè .[5] divpheta el zkiiy cinz ìdy oeeik dlawl y`xn axql leki epi`y ,dciln mc`l
y`xn axql mc` leki [6] àxe [7] ax itl ,el jiiyd qkpn eci wlql leki mc` oi`y it lr
.elà `veike diqkp zext¥ ,dici dyrn ,dyi`d zepefn oiipra minkgd epwizy zepwzl
zg` sà : [7±5] axe àx ,`pdk ax ixaca dyer ìbeqd lray yeniya mevr iyew yi mxa
dipzda xaecny `l i`cee ,y`xn dipzda xaecny yxetna xn`p `l elld zexnind on
,[5] `pdk ax ixacay "xg` mewnn mc`l dàd dlgp" oeyld on : daxc` .oièyipd iptln
èdyk eil` jxca xak dlgpdy rnyn ,dizeliawn yelya ilaaay ef ìbeqa wx ritend
.oièyipd xg`l epiidc ,dze` lawl axql leki èd ok it lr sè ,dze` lawl eaexiq z` rian
zeyxetn ep`vn ,[7] ax mya `ped ax xizd oze`y daezkay oicd zia i`pz lr zeipzdd iabl
zpicnn àyn ixd" : xn`p ,c"r dl ,` bi zeaezk inlyexia .oièyipd xg`l s` zetwz ody
r zeaezk ilaaae ,"el oirney ,dizpefna dici dyrn e`vi xnè zepefn zraez ezyè mid
leki lra ditly ` f zeaezk dpyn z` yxtl ick ef dipzd zexytà miynzyn a"r±`"r
lk" ,àx ly `xnind s` .dizepefnl careyn èdy it lr s` ,el zepdiln ezy` z` xicdl
dlg mxha cer xezieel zqgiizn dpi` ,"el oirney ,ef oebk minkg zpwza iyt` i` xne`d
`xnin jnq lr mixiaqn a"r g `nw àa ilaaa ixdy ,opc dxwna oièyipd iptl oebk ,dpwzd
zeabl miyepn yexcl eizeiekf lr xzeel deeld on gwell yiy zihxe`zd zexyt`d z` ef
aygp èdyk ,diiabd zrya gweld ly xezieea xaecn mye ,deeld ly oixeg ipa miqkpn mcew
lr zepzdl leki mc` ,xne` deed ; qkpd z` ykx mxhy gwela `le ,xac lkl qkpd lral
lral xyt`y¦ ,`pdk axy `vnp .da "aiigzp"y xg`l mb ezaehl dzyrpy minkg zpwz
,axe ,[6] ezekfl dpwzpy minkg zpwzn dpdpl xyt`y
¦ ,àx ,[5] ezy` zyexi z` lawl axql
iptl e` y`xn xezieel mdixac z` eliabd `l ,[7] dizepefn lr xzeel dyi`l xyt`y ¦
i`pi iax zcnrl oikeniq meyn mdixaca `xnbd lra dèx ok m` cvik .`weec oièyipd
? [4] "dqex` dcere dl azek"a zwqer ` h zeaezk dpyny
¥ lr lra xezie oial dizepefn lr dyi`d xezie oia lcadd z` xiaqn 14m"ayx
: jk zextd
mlawl axql jixv okle ,oièyipd zrya ,zg` zaa llk jxca zygxzn lral zextd ¥ zwprd
dleki dyi`d okle ,mei icn ycgznd ezy` zepefna lrad aeig ok `l .oiqexi`d ztewza
gikedl ick eàed `l axe àx ixacy `vnp .oièyipd inin mei lk zepefn lawl `ly zepzdl
ède ,opaxcn mdy ,daezkd i`pz lr xzeel ozipy gikedl ick `l` ,y`xn zepzdl jixvy
lke ,ze`kfd zelg iptl zeidl dkixv ìd ,zewlzqdd zryl xy` .beln iqkp zextl ¥ oicd
.zxg` drya dlg zekf
oekpl `xnbd lra d`x `l recn ìd dl`yd j` ,elld zepgadd z` xiaqdl mpn` ozip
zhiyl oikeniqk ax xn` `ped axe àx ,`pdk ax ixac z` ìadl oeekzd ok` eli` .ok zeyrl
.ax xn` `ped axck d"c ,a"r hn `xza àa m"ayx 14

mikeniqd miàen dn myl xiaqdl el did ,dqex` dpcera dpynd z` dcinrnd ,i`pi iax
.oiqexi`d inia miyrpd mixezieea miwqer gxkda mpi` el` m` Ð cvike elld
axe àx ixac ly ixewnd mcnrnl xyà zeiaihpxhl` zeiexyt` izy rivdl d`xp okl
ìd zg` zexyt` .[7±6] eply ìbeqae oihiba zeliawnae `"r bt zeaezk ilaaa ax mya `ped
itelg yexitk oxewna o`k eàed el` ze`wqit ,[5] `wqit y`xay "...àxcke" oeyld s` lry
iac ixac ,eiptly dn lr èt` aqen epi` "àxck" ."inp i`" zpigaa ,dpynl i`pi iax yexitl
: oldlck ,[3] `wqitay ìyewd ,eipt iptl ày dn lr `l` ,[4] `wqitay i`pi iax
<` h zeaezk dpyn>

<`xnb>
zewleqn icie da wqr il oiè ef dcy lr il oi` mixace oic : exiagl xne`d ,ìpzde...
: `pdk ax xn`c ,`pdk axcke ,dqex` dcere dl azeka Ð oizipzn : i`pi iax iac dl ixn`
.dpyxii `ly dilr dpzn mc` Ð xg` mewnn mc`l el dàd dlgp
oirney Ð z`f oebk minkg zpwza iyt` i` xne`d lk : àx xn`c 15,àxck <inp i`>
xn`zy dy` dleki : ax xn` `ped ax xn`c ,ax xn` `ped axck ? z`f oebk i`n .el
.dyer ipiè zpefip ipi` dlral
cg weliq j` .dzyexine ezy` iqkp zextn

¥ eci z` wlql leki lrad ` h zeaezk dpyn itl
lr lrad xezieea epzpyn z` cinrn i`pi iax okl ,ixyt` epi` mc`l xak iepwd qkpn iccv
axck ,dzen iptl ezy` zyexi lr lrad xeziee ,dqex` dpcera ,mda dkfy iptl cer zextd
¥
dkfy xg`l mb zeyridl leki xezieedy ,zxg` zexyt` zrven àxc àil` mxa .`pdk
xewna exn`p àx ixac .ezaehl epwzpy opaxc zepwz lr xzeel leki ahendy oeeik ,miqkpa
jyna dizepefn lr dyi`d xezie oiipra ax mya `ped ax zxnin z` aigxdle xiaqdl ick
zeaeg minkg epwizy it lr s` : xne` deed .ezy` ici dyrn lr lrad xezie zxenz ,dièyip
lrad m` : ziccd dnkqda oièyipd iptl el` mi`pz lr zepzdl ozip ,dyi`le lral zeiekfe
ax .dizepefn aeign dxenza xhtidl ax itl leki èd ,dyi`d iqkpa eizeiekfn y`xn wlzqn
dl yiy ,xaecn dcin` dyià m` j` ,dici dyrn zxenz dizepefn ly dnbeca mpn` hwp
itlk eizeaeg zvwn zxenz beln iqkp zext¥ lr xzeei lrady dxwn mb okzii ,miax miqkp
z`f oebk minkg zpwza iyt` i` xne`d lk" àx ixacke 16,dxenz `ll elit` e` ,ezy`
.[6] "el oirney
`ll ,"àxck" miqxeb `xza àaa dvpxite cxetqwe` cid iazk la` ,"àxcke" èd gqepd micrd aexae qetca mpn` 15
xewna did xaecny eply dpadl gzt gzety dn ,`"r bt zeaezkl 130 owihe i"kae `"r fr oihibl okpin i"ka oke ,e"ie
.[2] `wqitay ìyewl xg` uexiza
dizepefn epwiz : opax epz" : daeg efi` zxenz lral epwiz zekf efi` zhxtn ,my zdbene ,a"r fn ilaaa zàend `ziixa 16
: ipzw ikde `xqgn ixeqg ? ediiny xkc o`n zexit .zexit lke` lra jkitl ,dzaezk zgz dzxeawe ,dici dyrn zgz
d`xp df itl ."zexit lke` lra jkitl ,dzaezk zgz dzxeawe ,zexit zgz dpewxite ,dici dyrn zgz dizepefn epwiz
j` .ziayp ìdyk dze` zectl daegd on xeht zxenz diqkp zext¥ lr y`xn lrad xzie eay dxwnl ìd dpeekdy
,` h zeaezk dpyn ly `yixd lr xewna eàed [4] i`pi iax ixacy ìd zxg` zexyt`
zxikn lr el yiy eheed zekf lr `l` xzie `le ,"jiiqkpa il oi` mixace oic" xn` lradyk
mewnn mc`l el dàd dlgp" ,[5] `pdk ax ixac .dyi`d ici lr iyily mxebl ezpizp e` qkpd
,`tiqd oiiprl wx xewna eàed mde ,ynn dlgp mpiipr ,"dpyxii `ly dilr dpzn mc` xg`
oiiprl exn`py md axe `ped axe àx ixace ,dyxei epi` dpynd itle ,"jzenae jiiga" yxityk
df itl ."odizexit zexitae odizexitae jiqkpa il oi` mixace oic" xn`yk ,(`zrivnd) zext¥
: dfa `veik e` oldlck ,zeibeq yely dyrnl dziid zeaezka zixewnd ìbeqd
.1
<`yix ,` h zeaezk dpyn>
<`xnb>
zewleqn icie da wqr il oiè ef dcy lr il oi` mixace oic : exiagl xne`d ,ìpzde...
.dqex` dcere dl azeka Ð oizipzn : i`pi iax iac dl ixn`
.2
<`zrivn ,` h zeaezk dpyn>
<`xnb>
oebk i`n .el oirney Ð z`f oebk minkg zpwza iyt` i` xne`d lk : àx xn`c ,àxck
zpefip ipi` dlral xn`zy dy` dleki : ax xn` `ped ax xn`c ,ax xn` `ped axck ? z`f
.dyer ipiè
.3
<`tiq ,` h zeaezk dpyn>
<`xnb>
`ly dilr dpzn mc` Ð xg` mewnn mc`l el dàd dlgp : `pdk ax xn`c ,`pdk axck
.dpyxii
aeygl drh xnegd xcqne ,dpynd on ze`wqitd icenlzd oeicd on ehnyed minid zeaxa j`
ef dxeva .eipir ze`xk mixacd xcq z` dpiye xeaigd e"ie z` siqed okl ,cg` svx eleky
.`xza àale oihibl ìbeqd dxared
dilr dpzn mc` Ð xg` mewnn mc`l el dàd dlgp : `pdk ax xn`c ,`pdk axcke .5
.dpyxii `ly
`xnbd lra itl mb ìdd `ziixal zi`xen` ztqez ìd "zexit zgz dpewxt" sirqde ,ilaaa wx driten ef `ziixa
dpewxt ,dizepefn" zeaegd yely lk zxenz beln iqkp zext¥ lral epwizy d`xp c c zeaezk dpyn ly dheytn .my
xzeel mileki dyi`d od lrad ody d`xp "el` oebk minkg zpwza iyt` i`" àx ly geqipd on ,mipt lk lr ."dzxeawe
miqgiizn i`pi iax `le dpynd `le ,befd za e` oa cvn liawn xezie `ll mb minkg zpwz swezn mdl dribnd zekf lr
.oeict e` zepefn lr dyi`d ly liawn xezieel zeyxetn
bt zeaezk ilaaa zeliawnae o`k : ef ìbeq ly zeiexwidd yelya wx zàen `pdk ax zxnin
mewnn"e "dlgp" miiehiad yexita mipey`xd ewlgp 17,lirl epi`xy itk .`"r f"r oihibe `"r
"dyexi" dlind mewna zi`xwn zixara zynynd dlind ,"dlgp" dlindy mixne` yi : "xg`
zyexi ìd "xg` mewnn mc`l el dàd dlgp"yk ,dyexil zitivtq zqgiizn ,l"fg oeyla
xy`n xzei siwn byenl oeekzdy meyn "dlgp" dlina xga `pdk axy mixne` yie ,ezy`
llek ,ezy` iqkpn lral zwprend d`pd lkl dpeekd : dgtyn aexw ly ezen zeawra dyexi
: "xg` mewnn" iehiad zernyna ewlgp dfa `veik .diiga lke` èd mze`y beln iqkp zext¥
18
dyexil dpeekdy mixne` yie ; `ziixe`c oicl cebipa ,minkg zpwzl dpeekdy mixne` yi
mc`l dribnd zxg` dyexil cebipa Ð oièyip Ð dyry dyrn zeawra mc`l dribnd
19
.znieqn dgtyn jezl ezcil zngn
dziid ezpeek m` : oiiprle minkg oeyla `pdk ax xaic `l recn oiadl dyw miyexitd lkl
lral xyt`l dziid ezpeek mè ,z`f xnel el did Ð ezy` zyexi lr xzeel lral xyt`l
xzzqdl `le ,z`f xnel el did Ð diqkpa minkgd el ewiprdy zexg` zeiekf lr xzeel
ax oeekzd ok` m` : cere z`f ."xg` mewnn mc`l dàd dlgp" ltxernd iehiad ixeg`n
zeaezk dpyna epipy xak ixd : epl ycgl ywia dn oiadl dyw ,agxend oaena "dlgp"l `pdk
zekfe zekf lk lr xezieel mi`znd oeyld z` mi`pzd ehxit xake ,ixyt` df xezieey ` h
.ezy` iqkpa lral yiy
ly `xnind ly zixewnd zernynd z` swyn epi` elld miyexitd on cg` s`y d`xp okl
el dàd dlgp" iehiad z` egqpa `xwn oeyla `pdk ax xga icka `ly d`xp .`pdk ax
,dxeza weqtl zeqgiizd ìd ,mii`xwnd dicd lr ,ely `xnind Ð "xg` mewnn mc`l
weqt ."l`xUi
¥ ¨ § ¦ ipA
¥ § zFHn© EwAci
§ § ¦ FzlgpA
¨ £ © § Wi`¦ iM¦ xg`
¥ © dHnl
¤ © § dHOn
¤ © ¦ dlgp
¨ £ © aQz
Ÿ ¦ `le"
Ÿ § : h el xacna
,dypn haya x`yiz ozlgpy ick odicec ipal `ypidl eehvpy cgtlv zepa oiiprl xn`p df
: epipy i g zexeka dpynae
ixac ,dpznde ,eig` zy` z` mainde ,ezy` z` yxeide ,dxekad : laeia oixfeg opi`y el`
opgei iax .laeia oixfeg olek : xne` xfril` iax .xknk dpzn : mixne` minkge .xi`n iax
20.mincd z` mdn dkpie dgtyn ipal xifgi ezy` z` yxeid : xne` dwexa oa
dlra iciay ezy` zyexi ly cnrnl xywa exn`p zerc yely 21,ef dpyn ly dheyt itl
iax itl ; lrad lv` zx`yp dyexid ,xi`n iax itl : bdep laeidy onfa laeid zpy dribnyk
oeeik ,llk dler epi` oiiprd dwexa oa opgei iax itle ,dyi`d zgtynl zxfeg dyexid ,xfril`
zxenz ,dyi`d zen mr dgtynd ipal zxfeg dlgpd : dnvr dlgpd z` yxei epi` lrady
e zexeka `ztqeza la` ,ekxev lk xexa epi` "mincd z` mdn dkpie" oeyld .dlral melyz
: xg` oeyla dwexa oa opgei iaxe xfril` iax zehiy zeàen hi
ltk inelyze wfp ivge wfp ,dpznde ,eig` zy` z` mainde ,ezy` z` yxeide ,dxekad
'x .laeia zxfegd dcyn odl ozep la` ,wfgenak ie`xa oilhep oi` olek ,drax` inelyze
: xn`py ,ecin oiìvene zern el oipzep dgtyn ipa ezy` z` yxeid : xne` dwexa oa opgei
,xnebe xg` dhnl dhnn dlgp aeqz `l
.my 12Îe 11 zexrda mipeive ,[7±2] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,lirl e`x 17
ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,eyxcn ziae l`ppg epax iyexit ,odk 'i e`x ; `pdk axcke d"c ,`"r bt zeaezk ,c"ix zetqez 18
.dzegcl ick z`fd drcd z` miìan a"r±`"r hn `xza àal mipey`xd on miax .ehx 'nr ,(6 dxrd `
iyecig ; `pdk axcke d"c ,a"r hn `xza àa ,`"ayxd iyecig ; `pdk axcke d"c ,`"r hn `xza àa ,`"ahixd iyecig 19
.dlgp d"c ,my o"xd
."mincd on mdl dkpie" : miqxeb mixg` micr .'bcixaniiwe `nxt ,ontiew cid iazka `qxibd jk 20
zia dlral dyixedy dyià xaecny eyxite dheytn dpynay dkldd z` eìved a"r ap zexeka ilaaay oiivl yi 21
.my epiir ; `weec zexaw
onfay h el xacnan cnel dwexa oa opgei iax .envr melyzd èd df minc iekipy xexa myne
dhnn dlgp zaqdl mexbi xacd oky ,ezy`n rwxw zyxl lral xyt`l oi` bdep laeidy
dhnn zelgpd zaqd repnl ick dypn hay ipa mr ozgzdl eehvp cgtelv zepa .xg` dhnl
o`kne ,hayl uegn ozgzdl rwxw zelra miyp lr lilk zxqe`d dpwz dpwzp `l la` ,dhnl
ezy` z` yxei lrad m` oia z`fe Ð dhnl dhnn dlgp zaqd repnl ick xg` oexzt yxcpy
z` yxii `l lrady rivn dwexa oa opgei iax .opaxcn dpwz `l` ef oi` m` oiae `ziixe`cn
jxca mpn` .minc zxenz ezy` zgtyn ipa zaehl y`xn dilr xzeei `l` dnvr rwxwd
iaxc àil`y ycgn `pdk ax la` ,eilr dpzn epiè ezeyxa epi`y xac xken mc` oi` llk
dilr dpzn mc` xg` mewnn mc`l el dàd dlgp"y df dxwna minkg epwiz dwexa oa opgei
.dzxenz minc lawie ,"dpyxii `ly
milaben mixacd ixd Ð "xg` [mewn]"e "dlgp" `xwnd oeyla yeniyd lr denzl oi` df itl
lra xne` Ð mxa .eihayl okey l`xyi mre bdep laeid oday "zei`xwn"d zeaiqpl `weec
onfa ezy` zlgp oiipra y`xn zepzdl leki lray zipexwr rawpy rbxa Ð eply ìbeqd
Ð mdizeyp z` eyxii `ly y`xn zepzdl dfd onfa milran mb repnl oi` ixd ,bdep laeidy
zervdd itl ,oièyipd jyna mb ileè ,i`pi iax zrck ,oièyipl oiqexi`d oiay dtewza
22
.`pdk ax ixaca zeaezka ìbeqd lra dyry ixewnd yeniyl xyà lirl epàdy
gex zgp : dxn` `nl` ,lha egwn Ð dy`d on gwle xfge yi`d on gwl : opz... .11±8
dl azky zg` ,zecy 'b ozeà `l` dkxvp `l : `ped ax xa dax xn` ...ilral iziyr
? i`n ihernl .dlyn mey el dqipkdy zgè ,dzaezka dl cgiy zgè ,dzaezka
oiyexiba zzp jipir : dl xn`c ,dai` dil ìedc oky lk ,miqkp x`y ihernl `nili`
.beln iqkp ihernl `l` ! dzinae
z` dpew ,epiidc Ð liawna dyi`d one lrad on beln iqkp dpewy in ,e d oihib dpyn itl
miyyegy meyn z`f .lha egwin Ð dyi`d on rwxwd seb zè lrad on zextl ¥ zekfd
iziyr gex zgp : dxn`" `xnbd oeyla e` ,dlra ugla rwxwd seb z` dxkn dyi`dy
dyelya ìdd dpynd z` cinrn `ped ax xa dax .mly ala jkl dnikqd `le ,"ilral
`l` dkxvp `l" : dzaezk i`pz itl dièyip wexit mr `ln oteà dyi`l miribnd zecy
mey el dqipkdy zgè ,dzaezka dl cgiy zgè ,dzaezka dl azky zg` ,zecy 'b ozeà
,qetcde o`k owihee dvpxit cid iazk ,lìxewq` ci azk ly miptd zqxib itl jk .[10] "dlyn
mxa 24.ezqxib dziid efy `"r `t zeaezkl eyexita cirn i"yx sè 23,o`k m"ayx qxeb jke
ìd `pdk ax ly zecyd zniyxa oexg`d hixtd ,aexd mdy ,mipey`xde micrd x`y itl
."elyn mey dl qipkdy zg`"
dxwnay `l` Ð daezkd xwirl micareyn mipey`xd zecyd ipy ,dpey`xd `qxibd itl
cgii `l daezkd zaizk zrya ipyd dxwnae ,dnvr daezka daezkl dcyd carey oey`xd
èd oexg`d dcyd .oièyipd zepy jyna ,jk xg` iwizet` dl azk `l` jkl dcy lrad
ìpecpk daezka mnya mixkfend lfxa o`v iqkp epiidc ,"dlyn mey el dqipkdy zg`"
.oièyipd wexit mr mzeixgà aiig dlray ,dia` zian dyi`d dqipkdy
,"miqkp x`y ihernl" eà `ped ax xa dax ixacy `xnbd lra ly drvdd ,ef `qxib itl
micareyn mpn`y ,lrad iqkp x`yl zqgiizn ,[11] "dai` dil ìedc oky lk" meyn zigcpd
lr dlr ike : ce`n dywen df yexit .itivtq oteà `l la` dzaezkle dizepefnl illk oteà
llba oièyipd iig lk jyna lrad iqkp lk ly mzxikn lr ehe zekf dyi`l didzy epzrc
.[7±2] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,lirl e`x 22

.zgè b"d d"c ,`"r p `xza àa m"ayx 23
.hba dyxbn d"c ,`"r `t zeaezk i"yx 24
dpde ,ef zexyt` eplwy `l "`pin` ded" xeza s` ! `ly èd heyt ? dzaezkl illk ceary
cearyd llba el` zecy dyely oick lrad iqkp x`y oic ìbeqd zpwqnl mby xxazn
25
.ehe zekf ezy`l yie ,illkd
: ynn ly ehe zekfa xaecnd oi`y d`xp e d oihib dpyna ahid oiirp m` j`
? cvik .oewixwiq da yi jliè dngln ibexdn .dngln ibexda dcedia oewixwiq did `l
egwn ,oewixwiqn gwle xfge ziad lran .lha egwn ,ziad lran gwle xfge oewixwiqn gwl
egwn ,yi`d on gwle xfge dy`d on .lha egwn ,dy`d on gwle xfge yi`d on gwl .miiw
.miiw
,miiw gwind ,dyi`d on gwle xfg `le ,cala lrad on lrad iqkp z` gweld gwl m`y d`xp
gweld ywia o`k mxa .jka jxev yi m` aeg ilra x`yk gweld on dzaezk ztxeh ezyè
gwle xfge" epiide ,dcyd zgiwl zrya dzaezk melyz ici lr ef zexyt` y`xn dpnn repnl
dyi`dy miyyeg epgp`y meyn ,lha gwind ,cala df dxwnae ,df dxwna ."dy`d on
,okè .dlral gex zgp zeyrl ick wx df dcyn dzaezk zeabl zexyt`d lr xzeel dnikqd
Ð mzq qkpl dil` zxfegd ìpecpl e` dzaezkl zeyxetn careyy qkp oia oigadl daiq oi`
,daxcè .lha gwind ,dlra iiga melyz zxenz ceary lr xzeel dyi`d dywazdy lk
zegt cer ,epnn zeabl jxhvz `ny ,dzaezkl careyn epi`y qkp lr melyz lawl daexiq
."dai` dil ìedc oky lk"e ,zeyxetn dl careynd qkp lr melyz lawl daexiqn oaen
swz dpynd oic mleka : lrad ly mixg` miqkp hrnl à `l `ped ax xa daxy `vnp
.beln iqkp hrnl à `ped ax xa dax .lrad on gwly xg`l dyi`d on gwl m` lha gwinde
aexe cid iazk aex zqxib itl j` .qetcde m"ayx ,i"yx zqxib ,epiptly `qxibd itl df lk
ef `qxibl ."elyn mey dl qipkdy zg`" èd `pdk ax zniyxa oexg`d dcyd ,mipey`xd
itl .ezy`l lrad zpzn ìdy ,daezkd ztqezl careyn oexg`d dcydy mipey`xd eyxit
dl zxfegd ìpecpd epiidc ,daezka mdizenya dlral dyi`d dqipkdy lfxa o`v iqkp df
,"miqkp x`y" md mde ,`ped ax xa dax zniyxa miriten mpi` ,oièyipd wexit mr oira
el` md ,lfxa o`v iqkp epiidc ,"miqkp x`y"y `xnbd lra zrvd . d y i ` d iqkp x`y epiidc
Ð "dai` dil ìedc oky lk" mrhn zigcpy ` i d dyi`de lrad ici lr liawna mixknpy
lfei m` mzeixgà aiig èdy miqkp xeknln eze` zakrn dyi`dy jk lr qrki i`ce lrad
yeninle mcwda oièyipd wexitl ztèy ìdy da ceygie ,oièyipd wexit zrya miieey
mpi` ,zecyd zyely enk ,lfxa o`v iqkp mby `xnbd lra xeaq okl .deabd miieeya miqkpd
ax xa dax à mze`y miqkpdy yxtl `l` xzep `le ,dyi`de lrad ici lr liawna mixknp
.beln iqkp md ,oièyipd jyna xeknl ozip mze`ye ,hrnl `ped
iqkp mbe lfxa o`v iqkp mb millek dyi`d ly "miqkp x`y" oky ,miywen df yexite ef `qxib
ly "miqkp x`y" mzq : daxc` .mzq "miqkp x`y" mipekn beln iqkp recn oiadl dywe ,beln
mdiably beln iqkp md ,cg` gwell ezy` mr meìza xeknl lrad ywan mze`y ,dyi`d
lral el did .dyi`d on rwxwd seb zè lrad on zextl ¥ zekfd z` liawna zepwl jxev yi
? i`n ihernl" : m`zda [11] `wqit z` gqple mnya lfxad o`v iqkp z` zepkl `xnbd
gipdl epilr df yexitl ."beln iqkp ihernl `l` ...oky lk ,lfxa o`v iqkp ihernl `nili`
oeayga gwl xak èd : ìbeqd seq my lr "miqkp x`y" lfxa o`v iqkp dpik `xnbd lray
"miqkp x`y ihernl `nili`" iehiad z` oiadl epilr df itl .beln iqkpa xaecny dpwqnd z`
epeciiy beln iqkpn uege el` zecy dyelyn ueg ,dly] iqkp x`y ihernl `nli`" oaena
."...[lfxa o`v iqkp epiidc ,jynda
dtxhd zry cr la` ,"dtixhd zryn lha" oaena el` mixwna "lha egwn" yxtl zetqezd ilra z` ìad df lewiy 25
ef oi`y xexa j` .`nil` d"c ,`"r p `xza àa zetqez e`x ; lrad iqkp x`ya ode zecyd zyelya od miiw egwin
.oewixwiqd oiipra ddfd dkldd jk lr cirze ,"lha egwn" ly dheytd zernynd
ipyd yexitl oiae oey`xd yexitl oiay oiivl yi j` ,miyexitde ze`qxibd oia rixkdl dyw
xexiaa miqgiizn eixac .mheytk `ped ax xa dax ixac z` zyxtn dpi` eply ìbeqd
mvry meyn z`f 26.cg`k dyi`de lrad iqkp x`y lk ihernl ,cala elld zecyd zyelyl
zeyxetn careynd lrad ly dcya wx jiiy dyi`d one yi`d on liawna zepwl oeiqipd
lra znkqda `l` mixknp mpi`y ,iwizetà micareynd miqkpd x`y oicke ,ezy`l
m` : dyi`d znkqda ic `l dyiè lra ly dxwnay epcnll dà e d oihib dpyn .iwizet`d
z` dxkn dyi`dy yeygl yi ,melyz zxenz sè ,lral zixwird dxiknd xg`l zpzip ef
d oihib dpynl dliawna yxetn ax xa dax ixack .dlral gex zgp zeyrl ick wx dceary
: ì b oihib `ztqezay e
on .miiw egwn ,yi`d on gwle xfge ,dzaezka dy`d on gweld : 'e` xfrl oa oerny 'x
,lha egwn ,dy`d on gwle xfge 'i`d
oiae dnvr daezka oia ,dzaezkl micareynd miqkpl ìd dpeekdy xiaqn `ped ax xa daxe
,daezka mnya mixkfend ìpecpd iqkp e` daezkd ztqez oke ,okn xg`l azkpy iwizetà
.lfxa o`v iqkp epiidc
ceary lr dyi`d xezie z` biydl gweld zrc lr dlri `l lrad iqkp x`ya ,z`f znerl
èaz dzaezk ziiab zryay dyelw zexyt` wx yi oky ,melyz ici lr dzaezkl qkpd
dax itl o`k mipc ep` mda `l ,beln iqkpl xy` .df dcyn `weec dzaezk z` zeabl dyi`d
`l` ezy`l oiè ,lral iepw mteby zecy dyelya dpynd z` cinrd èd oky ,`ped ax xa
ìpecpd e` ,dzaezk ztqezl e` dzaezkl yxetna micareynd lrad iqkp : mda ceary
,dyi`l iepw mteby ,beln iqkp .oièyipd jynl dlral iepw mteb s`y ,lfxa o`v iqkp ,dly
.[16±12] ìbeqd jynda zepey mikxca miyxtzne xnin` zxnina oecipd xg` oiipr md
xnzi` ik ! melk `le eyr `l Ð beln iqkpa exkny dyè yi` : xnin` xn`d .18±12
edi` `z` ,dzne idi` dpaf p"` ,`wtne idi` ìz` ,zine edi` oiafc `kid Ð xnin`c
,epiwzd `yeà : `pipg xa iqei iax xn`c ,`pipg xa iqei 'xcke ,opaxc `zpwza witne
epiafc `kid la` ; zegewld cin `ven lrad Ð dzne beln iqkpa dxkny dy`d
.ipiaf dpiaf Ð dicicl idi` dpaf p"` ,`nlrl ediiexz
epynyiy enr wqte ,ecar z` xkend : ìpzc ; xfrl` 'xk xn`c xnin` : `ni` ziraiè
ipyde ,eizgz èdy iptn minei e` mei oica epyi oey`xd : xne` xi`n 'x Ð mei miyly
dcedi 'x ; inc sebd oipwk zexit oipw : xaqw ,eizgz epi`y iptn minei e` mei oica epi`
minei e` mei oica epi` oey`xd ,etqk èdy iptn minei e` mei oica epyi ipyd : xne`
mdipy [a cenr p sc] : xne` iqei 'x ; inc sebd oipwk e`l zexit oipw : xaqw ,etqk epi`y
oipw i` dil `wtqne ,etqk èdy iptn dfe ,eizgz èdy iptn df ,minei e` mei oica opyi
: xne` xfrl` iax ; lwdl zeytp wtqe ,inc sebd oipwk e`l i` inc sebd oipwk zexit
i`n : àx xnè .etqk epi`y itl dfe ,eizgz epi`y itl df ,minei e` mei oica opi` mdipy
.el cgeind etqk ,èd etqk ik mwei `l : `xw xn` ? xfrl` iaxc `nrh
iqkpn exkny dyè yi`" xnin` zxninay "dyè yi`" iehiad z` yxit eply `xnbd lra
wiicy weicd oia dxizq d`x `l èd ."dy` e` yi`" oaena Ð [12] "melk `le eyr `l Ð beln
`xnind oial ,[11] beln iqkp xeknl szeyna mileki dyiè yi`y ,`ped ax xa dax ixacn
beln iqkp dxkn dyi`d m`y drawy `ye` zpwzl miliawn xnin` ixac ,ezrcl .xnin` ly
27
.zegewld cin qkpd z` ìven dlra dzen xg`l ,dlra znkqd `ll
.`w±w 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) ipald 'c e`xe 26

,"dleb ipiice ax zwelgn : dkldne ìbeqd dpan" xecnd seq ,"yi` zy`" ,ek ìbeqa oeicd ,oldl e`x ef dpwz lr 27
.my 14 dxrde
: ` h zenai `ztqeza iepy dfa `veik .xnin` ixaca heytd yexitd dfy d`xp ,okè
e` ezgt m` : lfxa o`v icar od eliè .dly od ixd exized e` ezgt : beln icar od eli`
ozlhep ,mixrp ,mixrp ozlhep ,micli ,oinca ozlhep ,oinca ozqpkd ; ely od ixd exized
.mipwf
: xeknl oileki oi` dfe dfe ,odizepefna aiig lrad eliè eli` ,lral odizext eliè eli`
iptn xeknl dleki dpi` dy`de ,dy`l oicareyny iptn xeknl leki oi` yi`d
.lral odizexity
iqkpn exkny dyiè yi`" oaena xnin` zxnin z` eyxit `"r v `nw àa ilaaa mxa
zxikn lilk dlqty xfrl` iax ly zi`pzd ezhiyl cd xnin` ixaca e`xe ,szeyna "beln
zàend `pipg xa iqei iax zxnin zàen a"r gt `nw àaa .ztzeyn zelraa mdy miqkp
beln iqkpa dxkny dy`d ,epiwzd `yeà : `pipg xa iqei iax xn`c" : [14] eply ìbeqa
Ð a"r ht ,my `xnbd ziibeq zaqen jk lr ."zegewld cin ìven lrad ,dzne dlra iiga
: `"r v
`l la` ,dy`l oire oya oi`vei beln icar : `cg ipzc ! ìd i`pz `ye` zpwz ,`nil
; dy`l `le yi`l `l : jci` ìpze ; yi`l
o`nc ,ibltin `w `da e`l i`n ,inc sebd oipwk e`l zexit oipw Ð `nlr ilekc ,dexaq
! `ye` zpwz dil zi` Ð dy`l `le yi`l `l c"ne ,`ye` zpwz dil zil Ð dy`l xn`c
.dpwz xg`l o`k ,dpwz mcew o`k `l` ,`ye` zpwz edl zi` `nlr ilekc ,`l
dy`l xn`c o`nl `l` ,`ye` zpwz edl ziè ,dpwz xg`l iciè ici` : `ni` zira iè
.ceariy icin oiriwtn Ð xexgye ,ung ,ycwd : àx xn`c ,àxck ? `nrh i`n yi`l `le
`ceariyl opax denl` `kde ,àxc edl zi` `nlr ilekc ,`l ! ìd i`pz àxc ,`nil
.lrac
oipwk zexit oipwa `kde ,`ye` zpwz i`pz ipdl edl zil `nlr ilekc : `ni` ziraiè
zpn lr enr wqte ,xg`l ecar xkend : ìpzc ; i`pz ipdc `zbeltae ,ibltinw inc sebd
: xaqw ,eizgz èdy iptn ,minei e` mei oica epyi oey`x : xne` n"x ,mei miyly epynyiy
,etqk èdy iptn ,minei e` mei oica epyi ipy : xne` dcedi iax ; inc sebd oipwk zexit oipw
df ,minei e` mei oica opyi mdipy : xne` iqei iax ; inc sebd oipwk e`l zexit oipw : xaqw
i` inc sebd oipwk i` zexit oipw : dil `wtqn ,etqk èdy iptn dfe ,eizgz èdy iptn
,minei e` mei oica opi` mdipy : xne` xfrl` iax ; lwdl zeytp wtqe ,inc sebd oipwk e`l
etqk ik : `xw xn` ? xfrl` iaxc h"n : àx xn` .etqk epi`y itl dfe ,eizgz epi`y itl df
.el cgeind etqk ,èd
? o`nk ,melk `le eyr `l Ð beln iqkpa exkny dyè yi` : xnin` xn`c `d `lf` o`nk
.xfrl` iaxk
zrck ,okzii : [18±16] ze`wqitay "`ni` zirai`"d z` `xnbd lra siqed ef ìbeq zeawra
lrad ici lr beln iqkp ly ztzeyn dxikn mb lqt xnin`y ,`"r v `nw àaa ìbeqd lra
z` zkted zicrla zelra wxy xeaqd xfrl` iax `pzd zrck ezrc ok mè ,cgi dyi`de
.oec`d ly "etqk"l card
: ("xfril` 'x" gqepd mye) k `k zenyl i"ayxc `zlikna mb zàen xfrl` iax zcnr
zgz zne l"z dn ! aiig df ixd zery xyrl zn elt` `lde ? jixv ip` dn .eci zgz zne
car exagl xne`d : xne` dz` o`kn .cearyl oipr edipz ,dzinl oipr epi` m` `l` ? eci
iptn oey`xd minei e` mei oica epi` dfe df xne` xfril` 'x mei miyly xg`l jl xekn df
,ecar epi`y iptn ipyde ,eizgz epi`y
bdep "minei e` mei" oic oi`y cnll mià "èd etqk ik"e "eci zgz zne" miweqtdy xexa myne
wx .eyekx epi` la` oec`d zeyxa èdy car e` ,ezeyxa epi` la` oec`d yekx èdy cara
ixdy ,xknp epi` ztzeyn zelraa cary o`kn `"r v `nw àaa `xnbd lra cnl `gxe` ab`
.beln iqkpa oicd ède .exknl zekf el oi` "etqk" e` "ecar" epi` m` mzqd on
on gkeny itk ,xg` mewnn dàenk i"ayxc `zlikna zàen xfril`/xfrl` iax zcnr
on s` .weqtd lr yxcnk xewna dàed `l zwelgndy o`kne ,"xne` dz` o`kn" oeyld
zeziixa zxbqna mi`pz ici lr exn`p zercd rax`y dler b"r bq ,` b oiyeciw inlyexid
my inlyexia j` .dkld yxcn zxbqna `le ,"miinei e` mei" oicd zelga zepcd zeizkld
: dfxtxta zei`pzd zecnrd zeàen
ziè ,miineiae meia oey`xd : ipz iipz zi` ,miyly xg`l jcar il dpwiy df sqk jlid
dfe df : ipz iipz zi` ,miineiae meia epi` dfe df : ipz iipz zi` ,mineiae meia ipyd : ipz iipz
.miineiae meia
.eci zgz zne ,mineiae meia oey`xd xnc o`n

.èd etqk ik ,miineiae meia ipyd xn`c o`n
.èd etqk ik ipyd eci zgz znk oey`xd ,miineiae meia dfe df xn`c o`n
.eci zgz zn epi` ipyde etqk epi`y oey`xd ,mineiae meia epi` dfe df c"n
el` e` i"ayxc `zliknay el` mpi` zwelgnd ly miixewnd mewinde gqepd m`

ilaaa zàend ef ìd zixewnd `ziixady dlilyd jxc lr reawl ile` ozip ,inlyexiay
ly zexrd zeàen eply ìbeqa od `nw àaa od .eply ìbeqa mb myne ,`"r v `nw àa
on wlg èdy "...èdy iptn" oeyla wenip àen dcnr lkl .`ziixad gqep jeza `xnbd lra
zeizeà zàen zixewnd `ziixad) oldlck ,zinxà sqep xaqde ,zixewnd `ziixad
: (zeybcen
Ð mei miyly epynyiy enr wqte ,ecar z` xkend
minei e` mei oica epyi oey`xd : xne` xi`n 'x

,eizgz èdy iptn
minei e` mei oica epi` ipyde
,eizgz epi`y iptn
; inc sebd oipwk zexit oipw : xaqw
minei e` mei oica epyi ipyd : xne` dcedi 'x

,etqk èdy iptn
minei e` mei oica epi` oey`xd
,etqk epi`y
; inc sebd oipwk e`l zexit oipw : xaqw
,minei e` mei oica opyi mdipy : xne` iqei 'x

,etqk èdy iptn dfe ,eizgz èdy iptn df
; lwdl zeytp wtqe ,inc sebd oipwk e`l i` inc sebd oipwk zexit oipw i` dil `wtqne
,minei e` mei oica opi` mdipy : xne` xfrl` iax

.etqk epi`y itl dfe ,eizgz epi`y itl df
.el cgeind etqk ,èd etqk ik mwei `l : `xw xn` ? xfrl` iaxc `nrh i`n : àx xnè
wx : envr dcedi iax ly wenipd z` mèze xiaq dcedi iax zcnrl `xnbd lra ly xaqdd
oec`k qtzp oey`xd `le ipyd wx okle ,ynn ly zelra aygp ,zext¥ oiipw `le ,sebd oiipw
xi`n iax zecnrl `xnbd lra ly mixaqdd ok `l .miinei e` mei oica èd wxe ,card
,df xaqde ,envr cvn xzeia dywen xi`n iax ixacl `xnbd lra ly xaqdd .iqei iaxe
iaxe xi`n iax ly mixaqdd z` minèz mpi` ,iqei iax ixacl `xnbd lra ly xaqdd oke
,`xnbd lra ixack ,"inc sebd oiipwk zexit oiipw"y xeaq xi`n iax m` .`ziixaa mnvr iqei
oiipw yi oey`xl ? "miinei e` mei" llka epi` ipyde "miinei e` mei" llka oey`xd recn
"miinei e` mei" llka oey`xdy xiaqd envr xi`n iax : cere z`f ! sebd oiipw yi ipyle ,zext¥
sè ! `xnbd lra zrck el yiy zext¥ oiipw llba `le Ð "eci zgz" `vnp cardy meyn
llba `le ,"eci zgz" `vnp cardy meyn "miinei e` mei" llka oey`xdy xiaqd iqei iax
lra ixack Ð lwdl zeytp wtqy meyn ,`witqn sebd oiipwk oecipd Ð el yiy zext¥ oiipw
! `xnbd
zne" aezkd on cnld dkldd yxcn (`) : ceqi zegpd izya el` miiyw xeztl eqip mipey`xd
ly izn`d
¦ wenipd epiè ,ynn ly dyxc epi` oec` ly "eizgz" zeidl jixv cardy "eci zgz
28
(a) .miyxetnd eixac zexnl ,"miinei e` mei" oica ipyd `le oey`xd zllkdl xi`n iax
29
Ð sebd oiipw `le ,zelra raew zext¥ oiipw wxy eyexit "inc sebd oiipwk zexit oiipw" iehiad
deeyd dbxcl zextd
¥ oiipw z` milrn xzeid lkly ,onvr milind zernynl cebipa z`fe
.sebd oiipwl
ìd "eizgz Ð eci zgz zne" dyxcdy dler inlyexiae i"ayxc `zlikna zeliawnd on j`
itl .sebd oiipwn xzei aygp zext¥ oiipwy eyexit oi` "inc sebd oiipwk"y èd heyte ,o`k xwir
.sebd oiipwk epi` zext¥ oiipwy mixeaq mi`pzd zrax` lk ,zixewnd `ziixad ly dheyt
znerl .llk "ely" epi` la` ,ezeyxa epiidc ,"eizgz" card : card seba llk oiipw oi` oey`xl
,"eci zgz zne" yxec xi`n iax ."eizgz" epi` card j` ,xac lkl card lra èd ipyd ,z`f
cardy ,oey`xd z` wx "miinei e` mei" oica llek èd okle ,"èd etqk ik" yxec epi` j`
yxec dcedi iax .cala "etqk" `l` "eizgz" epi` cardy ,ipyd z` `le ,"etqk" `le "eizgz"
eilra ,ipyd z` wx "miinei e` mei" oica llek èd okle ,"eci zgz zne" `le "èd etqk ik"
izy z` yxec iqei iax ."etqk" `l la` "eizgz" cardy ,oey`xd z` `le ,card seb ly
s` llek epi` xfrl` iax ."miinei e` mei" oica mdipy z` lleke ,zeitelg zeiexyt`k zeyxcd
cardyk wx jiiy "miinei e` mei" ly xehtd ezrcly oeeik ,"miinei e` mei" oica mdn cg`
."etqk" mbe "eizgz" mb èd
mi`xen`d zrax`y reawle dheytn `ziixad z` ìvedl `nw àaa `xnbd lra d`x dn
cgeina dinzn xacd ? e`l m` sebd oiipwk èd m` ,zextd ¥ oiipw cnrn zl`ya ewlgp elld
sebd oiipwk zexit oiipw" byena jxev mey `nw àa `xnbd lral el did `ly dcaerd xe`l
zaygp dyi`d wxy zraewd zg` : zei`pz zecnr izy xiaqdl ìd ezxhn lk ixd ."inc
lrad `le dyi`d `ly zraewd zgè ,oire oya mzìvi jxevl beln icar ly milrad
sebd oiipwk e`l zext¥ oiipw ,dpey`xd dcnrd itl .df jxevl beln icar ly milrad miaygp
: sebd oiipwk èd zext¥ oiipw m` dppi` zwelgnd ! diipyd dcnrd itl mb oicd èd j` ,inc
m` zelra aygp zexta ¥ diikf `ll sebd oiipw m` ìd zwelgnd .ok xacd oi` `nlr ilekl
iax : xfrl` iax len `ziixaa mipey`xd mi`pzd zyely z` cinrdl did ic df jxevle ,e`l
iaxl eliè ,xac lkl zelrak epic zext¥ `ll seb oiipwy mixeaq iqei iaxe dcedi iaxe xi`n
.oiipw aygp epi` ,zexta
¥ dkef xg` mc`yk ,sebd oiipw xfrl`
aizk inp ikd ,eizgz yixcc meyn i`c" : inc sebd oipwk zexit oipw xaqw d"c ,`"r p `xza àa zetqez lynl e`x 28
."inc sebd oipwk zexit oipw dil `xiaqc meyn `l` ? etqkn ith `wec eizgzc dil `pne ,etqk
sebd oipw oi` zexit el oi`y ezeè .eteb dpw eli`k ,xnelk" : inc sebd oiipwk d"c ,`"r p `xza àa m"ayx lynl e`x 29
."oec` iexw oey`x jklde ,eizexitl `l` cner eteb oi`c ,melk cara el yiy
: oldl zeybcend milind z` wx `nw àaa ìbeqd dllk xewna `nye
[a"r gt `nw àa]

,dzne dlra iiga beln iqkpa dxkny dy`d ,epiwzd `yeà : `pipg xa iqei iax xn`c
...zegewld cin ìven lrad
[`"r v Ð a"r ht `nw àa]

`l la` ,dy`l oire oya oi`vei beln icar : `cg ipzc ! ìd i`pz `ye` zpwz ,`nil
; dy`l `le yi`l `l : jci` ìpze ; yi`l
,ibltin `w `da e`l i`n ,inc sebd oipwk e`l zexit oipw Ð `nlr ilekc ,dexaq
zpwz dil zi` Ð dy`l `le yi`l `l c"ne ,`ye` zpwz dil zil Ð dy`l xn`c o`nc
! `ye`
.dpwz xg`l o`k ,dpwz mcew o`k `l` ,`ye` zpwz edl zi` `nlr ilekc ,`l
dy`l xn`c o`nl `l` ,`ye` zpwz edl ziè ,dpwz xg`l iciè ici` : `ni` zira iè
icin oiriwtn Ð xexgye ,ung ,ycwd : àx xn`c ,àxck ? `nrh i`n yi`l `le
.ceariy
`ceariyl opax denl` `kde ,àxc edl zi` `nlr ilekc ,`l ! ìd i`pz àxc ,`nil
.lrac
oipwk zexit oipwa `kde ,`ye` zpwz i`pz ipdl edl zil `nlr ilekc : `ni` ziraiè
zpn lr enr wqte ,xg`l ecar xkend : ìpzc ; i`pz ipdc `zbeltae ,ibltinw inc sebd
,eizgz èdy iptn ,minei e` mei oica epyi oey`x : xne` n"x ,mei miyly epynyiy
iptn ,minei e` mei oica epyi ipy : xne` dcedi iax ; inc sebd oipwk zexit oipw : xaqw
mei oica opyi mdipy : xne` iqei iax ; inc sebd oipwk e`l zexit oipw : xaqw ,etqk èdy
oipwk i` zexit oipw : dil `wtqn ,etqk èdy iptn dfe ,eizgz èdy iptn df ,minei e`
oica opi` mdipy : xne` xfrl` iax ; lwdl zeytp wtqe ,inc sebd oipwk e`l i` inc sebd
? xfrl` iaxc h"n : àx xn` .etqk epi`y itl dfe ,eizgz epi`y itl df ,minei e` mei
.el cgeind etqk ,èd etqk ik : `xw xn`
,melk `le eyr `l Ð beln iqkpa exkny dyè yi` : xnin` xn`c `d `lf` o`nk
.xfrl` iaxk ? o`nk
on zg` s`l zihpeelx dpi`y ,"sebd oiipwk zexitd oiipw" zl`y llk dxkfed `l df oeica
iqkp xeknl lral dyxnd `xen` e` `pz ep`vn `l .beln icare beln iqkpl xywa zecnrd
icary xeaqd `xen` e` `pz ep`vn `le ,ezy` cvn seziy e` dnkqd `ll dligzkln beln
zewelgnd .cala "zextl"
¥ mdly oec`d ezeid jnq lr ,oire oya lrad ci zgzn mi`vei beln
lkl milra daiygdl ick jka ic m`d : qkpd seba dyi`l yiy oiipwd opiipr beln iqkp oiipra
mi`pzd ewlgp ok` ef dl`ya ? mebt Ð zext¥ oiipw `ll sebd oiipw Ð dpiipw s` `ny e` ,xac
oiipw `ll s` ,sebd oiipwa icy md mirc ininz iqei iaxe dcedi iax ,xi`n iax : eply `ziixaa
zraew zelrad `l xi`n iax zrcly `l` ,card lr milral ipyd z` aiygdl ick ,zext¥
dkfnd `ln oiipw wx : witqn epi` èd s` sebd oiipwy xfrl` iax xeaq mznerl ."eizgz" `l`
.zelra aygp eizextae
¥ qkpd seba milrad z`
f g `xza àa dpyn dpecip ,`ye` zpwz ly oey`xd xekf`d iptl ,`"r gt `nw àaa mxa
z` eiptl d`xy xge`n jxery xytè .ynn "sebd oiipwk zexit oiipw" ly dxwn dpiipry
mby xaq ipevigd oeincd jnq lre ,epin epi`ya oin axir `"r v sca eply `ziixaa oeicd
oiipwk sebd oiipw `ll zext¥ oiipw m` opiipr beln iqkpe beln icara my zeàend zewelgnd
qipkd èd .e`l m` zelrak epic zext¥ `ll sebd oiipw m` opiipr dyrnly cera ,e`l m` sebd
zexit oiipw" iehiad ztqed zxeva ,illk oteà dligz ,`"r v sca oeicl mb iehiad z` èt`
`zbelta `kde" mewnay jk ,"i`pz ipdc `zbelta `kde" iehial "ibltinw inc sebd oiipwk
eteqa j` ."i`pz ipdc `zbeltae ibltinw inc sebd oiipwk zexit oiipwa `kde" qxb "i`pz ipdc
mi`pzd on cg` lk iabl reawle ,mixaca wiicl dqip Ð ziyily ci e` Ð envr èd xac ly
uliè ,oelyikl crep df oeiqip ."sebd oiipwk zexit oiipw" zl`y itlk ezcnr z` `ziixaay
wxy mixg` miwenipa mxindle dnvr `ziixaay miwenipd on mlrzdl owiicd jxerd z`
30
.miixewnd miwenipl mipey`xd ici lr en`zed wgeca
.29±28 zexrd ,lirl e`x 30

557
(`"r `p Ð a"r p) "yi` zy`" : yye mixyrd ìbeqd
.ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le
! zegnl dkixv yi` zy` : ax xn` de .1 zexnin izya oeic .`

,epzpyn xe`l ax ly
b b `xza àa
! yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi` : ax xn` de ,xgà `nili` ? o`na .2
! ? lraa e`l `l` .3
.zexrne oigiy ,zexea da xtgy oebke ,lraa mlerl : àx xn` .4
! oiwfpl dwfg oi` : dea` xa dax xn` ongp ax xn` de .5
.oiwfpl dwfg oic oi` : `ni` .6
ziaa : xn` ciaf ax ,`xhewa : xn` ixn ax ,dlr xnzi` e`l : `ni` zira i` .7
! ? `qkd
xg`l ylye lrad iiga dwfg zvwn dlk`y oebke ,xgà mlerl : xn` sqei ax .8
dzpiaf z` : inp l"` ik ,jpin dzpiaf `p` : dil xn` ira i`c ebin ,lrad zzin
.onidn Ð ildip dpafe dil
: exn` dleb ipiice [` cenr `p sc] .yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi` : ax xn` ,`teb .9 ipiice ax zwelgn .a
xewnd Ð dleb
.oiwifgn zg` dàed epnny
ax ly zexnind on
: miqetca .l"vke ,cid iazk lka jk> dleb ipiicc ediinrh xazqn : ax xn` .10 da oeice ,` wlga
.<"dleb ipiick dkld"
? dizrnyn xn dia xcd : axl iq` axe `pdk ax dil exn` .11
.ixn` `xazqn : edl xn` .12
.sqei axck .13

cenlzd zxeqn
àa eeyd .zexrne oigiy ,zexea da xtgy oebk .4 .[9] ,oldl .yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi` : ax xn` .2
dwfg oi` : dea` xa dax xn` ongp ax xn` .5 .a"r w ,a"r ci ,`"r d `rivn àa ,`"r gn ,a"r bl `nw
ax .7 .("dwfg el oi` wifnd : ozpei iax xn`") a"r bi ,a a `xza àa inlyexi ; `"r bk `xza àa .oiwfpl
my `xza àa inlyexi .`xhewa .my `xza àa ilaa .`qkd ziaa : xn` ciaf ax ,`xhewa : xn` ixn
oi` : ax xn` .9 .("xicz oyra `l` exn` el xn` dqp iax ...xicz oyra opax iignn xne` ryedi iax")
ediinrh `xazqn : ax xn` .oiwifgn : exn` dleb ipiice .10±9 .[2] ,lirl .yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn
e`x .sqei axck .13 .`"r gn dcp ,`"r fk dvia .ixn` `xazqn .12 .[1] ,lirl eeyd .dleb ipiicc
.[8] ,lirl

`l m` diqkpa dwfg el yic `nl` dly rwxwa wifgny ina .zegnl dkixv yi` zy` ax xn`d 'qit
.yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi` ax xn`de : diqkpa wifgny .xgà `nili` : zegnl dkixv .o`na : dzgin
da xtgy oebke : dzgin `le dilr dknq lra dl yic ebnc ,dwfg ìed `l dwfg ipy dlk`c ab lr s`
.melk da xetgl `le cala zexit `l` ezy` iqkpa el oi` lrac ,`rx`l dl wifnc .zexrne oigiy zexea
ixd xnel .oiwfpl dwfg oi` ongp ax xn`de : oda wifgd dzgin `l mè zegnl dkixv da xtg m` jkld
oi` : ikd ongp ax xn`c `d .`ni` : zegnl dkixv i`nè rwxwd ìd ilye mipy dnk wfp dfa izyniy
zegnl dkixv ikd meyne mipy 'b jixv `le dgin `le d`x m` dwfg ìed xzl`lc .oiwfipl dwfg oic
wizy 'it`c .`qkd ziae `xhewa : oiwfipl dwfg oi` ongp ax xn`c `d .`ni` zirai` : da xtga xzl`l
mlerl xn` sqei axe : dwfg ied lrad wifgde dzgin `l m` zexrne oigiy zexea la` .lign `l ypi`
mipy 'be : yi` zy` ìdyk .dlra iiga dwfg ipy zvwn dlk`y oebk : oiwifgn oi` jl ìywce .xgà
dl xn` ira i`c ebine : zegnl dl dide dlra lr dzrc `knq `l dil zinc xzac .lrad zzin xg`l
: ax xn`wc epiidc .onidn ildip dpafe jlral dzpiaf inp dl xn` ik : dwfg ipy dizlkè .dzpiaf jpin
dkixv dlra zne dlra iiga diqkpa wifgdl cg` ligzdy yi` zy` xnelk ,zegnl dkixv yi` zy`
.`zrnyn xn dia xcd : `pxwe lèny .dleb ipiic : mipy 'b dlra zzin xg`l wifgi `ly aey zegnl
mlerl xn`c sqei axc uexizk l"qc meyn .ixn` ediinrh xazqn : oiwifgn oi` ax xn`d lirl xn`c
: 'eke xgà
559 (`"r `p ± a"r p) "yi` zy`" : yye mixyrd ìbeqd
xivwz
mdipye ,miwlg ipy ef ìbeql .ezy` iqkpa dwfg lral oi` b b `xza àa dpyn itl
oi` iyily mxebl mb ditly ax `xen`d ly `xnin lr zigkepd mzpekzna miaqen
ax ly ztqep `xnin mb zàen ìbeqd ly oey`xd wlga .yi` zy` iqkpa dwfg
dlral `l diqkpa dwfg oi` m` : dl`yd zl`ype ,"zegnl dkixv yi` zy`" ditly
dyi`d ,àx itl : mirven mixaqd ipy ? zegnl dkixv ìd in cbp ,iyily mxebl `le
e` ,cin zegnl jixvy wefip lk enk ,rwxwd seba wfp mxb dlrayk zegnl dkixv
mxeb zwfg cbp zegnl dkixv dpnl` ,sqei ax itl .mipy yely xg`l ,zxg` drc itl
jez ,ezen iptl dlran iwegÎ`l oteà qkpd z` dpw èdyk ,dly qkpa iyily
iqkpa iyily mxeb zwfg lqetd ax ly `xnind .qkpa ezwfg zligzn mipy yely
dcirnd oeyl ,`teb oeyla ìbeqd ly ipyd wlgd zligza aey zàen yi` zy`
mzcnr z` ìan èd ely dkldd cvl .mixacd ly ixewnd xywdd did dfy jk lr
xne` èdy `l` cer `le ,yi` zy` iqkpa miwifgn ditly dlebd ipiic ly zwlegd
èdy xne` àx ezrc z` dpiy m` eicinlz ici lr l`yp èdyk .zxazqn mzrcy
mzrcy ayg axy dxiaqn `xnbd .mzenk dklddy `l la` ,zxazqn mzrcy xn`
ziweg `l dxikny ìbeqd ly oey`xd wlga sqei ax dlrdy yygd llba zxazqn
ok m` `l` ,ezen xg`l dwfgl jetdz eiiga dlra ici lr iyily mxebl dcyd ly
.mipy yely jez dgnz dpnl`d
lrad zwfga dwqr dpey`xd .zecxtp zeibeq izy xewna eid el`y dler gezipd on
xf zwfg oiipra ax ly `xnind z` zixewnd dzpekzna dxikfd `le ,ezy` iqkpa
ici lr dcyd ly ziwegÎ`ld dxiknd oiipra sqei ax ixac z` e` ,yi` zy` iqkpa
àx ici lr dyxtzd "zegnl dkixv yi` zy`" ax ly `xnind .xf mxebl lrad
zegnl dkixv ìd m` mi`xen` ewlgpe ,rwxwd seba lrad mxby wfpl zeqgiizdk
eàed mye ,yi` zy` iqkpa xf zwfga dwqr diipyd ìbeqd .mipy yely jez e` cin
epi` ax ly zikxrÎecd ezxninl sqei ax ly yexitd .mxewna sqei axe ax ixac
s` ,mixazqn dleb ipiic ixacy xn` ax .mixacd ly zixewnd zernynd z` swyn
zil`xyiÎux`d `ye` zpwz z` exikd `l mdy meyn ,mzenk dkld oi`y it lr
,zipey`xd dkldd it lr ,egipd dleb ipiic .beln iqkp xeknl yi` zy`n drpny
on ,mze`y ,el` miqkpa dwfg xfl yi okle ,diqkp z` xeknl dleki yi` zy`y
cg` s`l oi`y wqt okle ,`ye` zpwz z` xikd envr ax j` .dpnn dpw ,mzqd
.mxknln mirepn dyi`d mbe lrad mb ik ,yi` zy` iqkpa wifgdl zexyt`
jezl Ð sqei axe ax ly zexnind Ð diipyd ìbeqd on zeceqi qipkd ipy `xnb lra
dly zipey`xd zexwida sqei ax zxnin z` xviwe ,dpey`xd ìbeqd

ax mya zàend `xnin itl .ezy` iqkpa dwfg lral oi` ,b b `xza àa ,epzpyn itl
zexewnd ipy oian .yi` zy` iqkpa dwfgl oerhl mi`yx mpi` mixg` s` ,[2] ef ìbeq zligza
ly oey`xd wlga dywn `xnbd lra okle ,yi` zy` iqkpa dwfg cg` s`l oi`y dler elld
cg` s`l oi` m` ixd : [1] "zegnl dkixv yi` zy`" ditly ax ly ztqep `xnin lr ìbeqd
dilry yxtn àx : ef ìyewl mirven mivexiz ipy ? zegnl dilr zeaiqp elià ,diqkpa dwfg
xteg èdyk `l` Ð ely zextd ¥ ixdy Ð diqkpn zext¥ lke` èdyk `l ,dlra ipta zegnl
: [5] mdly rwxwd seba miwifnyk zegnl mikixvy miwfipd lk oick ,[4] wifne rwxwd seba
,z`f znerl ,yxtn sqei ax .[7] mipy yely xg`l zxg` drc itle ,[6] cin zg` drc itl
ly rwxwa xf wifgd eay dxwnl ax oeekzd [1] "zegnl dkixv yi` zy`" ely `xninay
jiyni xfdy yyg sqei ax la` ,dlra iiga dwfg dpi` mpn` ezwfg : dlra iiga yi` zy`
,dlral rwxwd z` dxkn dyi`dy dprha ,dlra zen xg`l mipy yely rwxwa wifgdl
z` xfl xeknl zekf dlral dziid `ly drciy oeeik zegnl yeygz `l ìd .el dxkn lrade
leki didy jezn ,el oin`dl ulìi oicd zia j` .dkldl cebipa dilr hlzyd yi`de ,rwxwd
jke ,mipy yely da wifgde dzepnl`zd xg`l dyi`d on zexiyi rwxwd z` dpwy oerhl
.[8] dzepnl`zd xg`l mipy yely "ebn" zprh zeawra rwxwd z` ca`z ìd
iqkpa oiwifgn oi`" ax xn` eay ixewnd xywdd "`teb" oeiva àen ìbeqd ly ipyd wlga
dleb ipiic ly zwlegd mzcnr z` 1ax bivd ef ezxin` mr cgiy xxazne ,[9] "yi` zy`
eicinlz ici lr l`ypyk .xazqn mnrhy xn` sè ,[10] "yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn" ditly
iqkpa miwifgny ,dleb ipiic zrck "xazqn"y wx xn` èdy dpr ,[11] ezrc z` dpiy m`
"sqei axck" xaqdd sqep eicinlzl ax ly ezaeyzl .[12] mzenk dkldy `l la` ,yi` zy`
oey`xd wlga dpynde ax ly zexnind izy oia dxizql sqei ax ly uexizl zeqgiizd ,[13]
elgd m` yi` zy` iqkpa miwifgny ,dleb ipiic ly mrhd xazqny xeaq ax : ìbeqd ly
d`gn `ll ,dlra zen xg`l mipy yely mda wifgdl ekiynde dlra iiga mda wifgdl
.dcvn
: cg` cg` mze` oiivp .miiyw dtevx ìbeqd
,"ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le" epzpynn `wqitd z` gqepd icr lka ep`vn ìbeqd y`xa .1
zxne` ef drtez ."ezy` iqkpa" ,dk ìbeq ,zncewd ìbeqd y`xa ep`vny `wqit dze`
ef oi` 2,elek cenlzd zkixr xg`l zeibeqd zligza etqep ze`wqitd m` s` oky ,ipyxc
.dpynd on `wqit dze` lr zeibeq izy aqdl ze`wqitd ilra ly mkxc
oiivn "`teb" gpend ,df xeaiga minrt dnk epiivy itke ,qiie mdxa` rawy millkd itl .2
miàd mixacd mihhevn day diptly ìbeqd dyaebyk mewna xak dziidy dnecw ìbeq
miàend mixacl encw "`teb" xg`l miàend mixacd : xne` deed ."`teb" oeivd xg`l
gpenl dìk ,mewna xak didy cenlzd on hehiv ìd dpey`xd dàende ,"`teb" iptl
znerl mdixac ly zexazqdd lr xirn èd ixdy Ð o`k eilr miwlegd zrc z` bivn envr axy ,xnel d`xp jk 1
xn`" : `"r r ± a"r hq `xza àa ilaa eeyd .mnya `le "dleb ipiic" mipekn md okle Ð [10] dàd `wqita eixac
Ð eyaek lerdy lk : ixn` dleb ipiice ; xeiy ied `l Ð laga el oiler oi`y lk ,xeiy ied Ð laga el oilery lk : ax
zeiexwid izyl hxt .ax ixac jyndk zxiihvn mzrc zàd my mbe ,"xeiy ied Ð eyaek lerd oi`y lk ,xeiy ied `l
oeyla zbven mzcnre ,a"r r `xza àa ilaaa zàend `ziixaa "l`xyi ux` ipiic"l micbpen "dleb ipiic" ,el`
,a"r fi oixcdpq ilaaa `pxw ilaad oiicd mr midefn md .a"r fwe `"r w `xza àa ilaaa zeziixaa "mixne` mixg`"
ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,oldl e`xe .cala cg` oiicl exewna qgiizd `l iehiady jk lr riavn miaxa iepikd ik m`
."dleb ipiice ax zwelgn : dizecleze
zexrd ,c ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`xe ; 913 ,900 ,897 'nr ,(15 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) dpynd gqepl èan ,oiihyt` p"i e`x 2
.el` zexrd cil hqwhde ,107Îe 10
oday el` oia eply zeibeqd z` dpen qiie ,okè 3.exwire xacd "seb" eyexity ,"`teb"
`xnind oky ,"`teb" iptly ìbeqd ly wlgl dncw "`teb" xg`ly `xnindy xazqn
df xvw oeyla zàen ,[2] "yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi` : ax xn`" ,miwlgd ipya zàend
zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi` : ax xn`" agxend oeyla zàen ìd `teb xg`l eliè ,`teb iptl
xazqn" : ìbeqd ly ipyd wlga jk lr xird s` axe ,[9] "oiwifgn exn` dleb ipiice ,yi`
ly oey`xd wlgd deedzd cvik oiadl dyw ,xacd ok m` mxa 4.[10] "dleb ipiicc ediinrh
wlgd y`xa zavend ìyewl i`xg`d `xnbd lrae [8] sqei ax ,[4] àx erci m` : ìbeqd
iqkpa oiwifgn oi`" ely ztxebd dxin`d on biizqd envr axy [3±1] ìbeqd ly oey`xd
md recn ,zenieqn zeaiqpa zegtl ,"dleb ipiicc ediinrh xazqn" rawe "yi` zy`
seqk [2] "yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi`" ax zxninl ìbeqd ly oey`xd wlga miqgiizn
? ìbeqd ly ipyd wlgd ly mipkzd z` oeayga ìadl ilan ,weqt
myl dnevira zwqten zixwird ìyewd eitly [3±1] ze`wqita ìyewd ly dpand .3
ax ly `xnind lr dpynd on ìyewl mitvn epiid .laxeqn ,[2] "o`na" dl`yd zxdad
`xnind on ztqep ìyewe ,"xgà ax xn`w ik" : uexizd ,[1] "zegnl dkixv yi` zy`"
.dfa `veik e` ,[2] "yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi`" ax ly
milindy xexa .[13±12] "sqei axck ixn` `xazqn" eicinlzl dper ax epiptly ìbeqa .4
ipy .sqei ax iptl zeax mipy lrt èd ixdy ,ax itn opeylk e`vi `l "sqei axck"
itl (`) : mixacd zelylzyd z` x`zl mixwegde mipey`xd ici lr erved miyigxz
ylye lrad iiga dwfg zvwn dlk`y oebk ,ixn` `xazqn" : eicinlzl xn` ax ,m"ayxd
dil dzpiaf z` : inp l"` ik ,jpin dzpiaf `p` : dil xn` ira i`c ebin ,lrad zzin xg`l
ìadl mewna [13] "sqei axck" myxe xviwy df èd `xnbd lrae ,"onidn Ð ildip dpafe
meyn" miqxeb gqepd icrn miax (a) 5.ipald cec yxit oke ; envr ax ly jex`d xaqdd z`
uexizk dil `xiaqc meyn" yxit meyxb epaxl qgeinde 6,"sqei axck" mewna "sqei axc
xazqn" exnày xiaqn `xnbd lra df yexitl 7.qiie mdxa` yxit oke ; "sqei axc
dizerwxwa xf ly ezwfg lr dgen dpi` dyi`d m`y jkl oeekzd ax "dleb ipiicc ediinrh
zen xg`l mipy yely xfd oda wifgi m` oze` ciqtdl dlelr ìd ,dlra iiga dlgdy
dze` xzet oick `ly diqkp z` xkn dlray dcaerd mvry aeygz ìdy meyn ,dlra
dkixv yi` zy`"y ax raw jkn rpnidl icke ,[13] ezen xg`l mb zegnl jxevd on
.[1] "zegnl
qgiizd "dleb ipiicc ediinrh `xazqn" eixacay dler mdipyn .miywen mixefgyd ipy
mxa .lrad iiga mipy yely zwfg ly libx dxwnl `le ,cala sqei ax xìzy dxwnl ax
i`ce mnvr md : mnvr dleb ipiic epeekzd jkly oin`dl dyw ,m"ayxd xird xaky itk
eid md ok `l m`y 8,mipy yely dlra iiga "yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn"y jkl epeekzd
iiga zvwn yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn" e` ,"dpnl` iqkpa oiwifgn" oebk ,zxg` migqpzn
mdixac z` ìan did `l ax : cere z`f .dfa `veik e` "ezen xg`l mipy yelye dlra
ipiice ,yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi`" : oeyla ,envr ely dkldd wqt lr miwelg md eli`k
oeekzd i`ce èd "dleb ipiicc ediinrh xazqn" xn` ok` ax m` ."oiwifgn exn` dleb
ax ly dxwna mdly dkldd ly ixyt` meyiil `le zizn`d ¦ mzhiy ly ixewnd mrhl
"xn xn`" gpend znerl z`f .128±124 'nr ,(36 dxrd ci ìbeq ,lirl) xn xnè `teb : ilaad zeedzd zexewl ,qiie '` 3
.ìbeqa ibelepexkd oveaiy z` mèz ìbeqa zeàend xcqyk ynynd
.57 'nr ,my ,qiie 4
.bw±aw 'nr ,(1 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,zexeqne zxeewn ,ipald 'c ; sqei axck d"c ,`"r `p `xza àa m"ayx 5
.owihee lìxewq` ,okpin ,dvpxit cid iazka jk 6
.54±53 'nr ,(3 dxrd ,lirl) qiie ; xazqn d"c ,`"r `p `xza àa meyxb epaxl qgeind 7
.ixn` `xazqn d"c ,`"r `p `xza àa m"ayx 8
ipiicc ediinrh xazqn" xn` envr axy ipalde m"ayx ly mzrc z` lawl dyw ,okl .sqei
gipdl xzei xiaq ! dleb ipiic ly mnrh df oi` oky ,"...dlra iiga zvwn dlk`y oebk ,dleb
,qiiee meyxb epaxl qgeind zrvdk ,`xnbd lra ly dxrd ìd "sqei axck" [13] `wqity
daiqde ,ax ixac ly zixewnd zernynd z` ztwyn ìd oi`y zecedl epilr f` la`
ipiic ly mnrh xazqny xn` z`f lkae "yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi`" wqt axy zizn`d ¦
epiid ixdy ,riztn xacd .ìbeqa zxaqen dpi` ,"yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn" ewqty ,dleb
m` eze` el`yy xg`l [10±9] ze`wqita eixac zernyn z` eicinlzl xiaqi axy mitvn
.ely dkldd wqtn ea xfg
mya zàen [8] `wqit recn oiadl dyw : ztqep daiqn dywen ipalde m"ayx ly xefgyd .5
dxizql qgiizd envr axy gipdl epilr ,mdixacl ! mixacd z` xn` envr ax m` ,sqei ax
lrad iiga dwfg zvwn dlk`y oebk" oeyla [10±9] ze`wqitay ely `xninay ziniptd
dzpiaf z` : inp l"` ik ,jpin dzpiaf `p` : dil xn` ira i`c ebin ,lrad zzin xg`l ylye
zexnind izy oiay dnecd dxizqd iabl l`ypyk ,sqei axe ,"onidn Ð ildip dpafe dil
oiivl ilan ,[8] ax ly epeyla dlina dlin aiyd ,[2±1] ze`wqita zeàend ax ly
...oebk : ax xn`c ,axck" xnì sqei axy mitvn epiid .envr ax ixac lr qqean uexizdy
.dfa `veik e` ,"...oebk inp ikd
ax xìzy zeaiqpa wx `l [9] yi` zy` iqkpa "oiwifgn"y ewqt dleb ipiicy zpzep zrcd .6
? mdly mrhd dn ? recn 9.m"ayx yxity itk ,lrad iiga mipy yely s` `l` ,sqei
`l beln iqkp exkny dyè yi`" xnin` ly `xnind oixxer `ll dàed zncewd ìbeqa
itl : miyexit ipy dl ervede ,([12] ,"ezy` iqkpa" ,dk ìbeq ; `"r p ,lirl) "melk `le eyr
`ll ,cal beln iqkp xeknl mi`yx dyi`d e` lrad oi` ìbeqa ixwirde oey`xd yexitd
xken lradyk ,iyily mxebl szeyna beln iqkp xeknl mi`yx md la` ,befd oa znkqd
,my) lral mze` xeknl dleki dyi`de ,rwxwd seb z` zxken dyi`de zexta ¥ ezekf z`
seziy jezn elit` ,beln iqkp xeknl zexyt` llk oi` diipyd dcnrd itl .([15±13]
iqkpa miwifgn oi`y `hiyt diipyd dcnrd itl dpde .([18±16] ,my) befd ipa oia dlert
ìbeqa oeicdy `vnp .xhya e` sqka s` yi` zy` iqkp mixken oi` oky ,llk yi` zy`
dyi`de ,cgia beln iqkp xeknl mileki dyiè lray xaqc o`nc àil` `l` epi` eply
oiipw oia zncewd ìbeqa epigad dlral dyi`d zxikn iabl dpde .lral mxknl dleki
m` cvik .ezy` iqkpa lrad ly mipy yely zwfg elqte ,mipy yely zwfg oial di`xa
? diqkpa wifgn xg`yk [9] "yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn" dleb ipiic eraw ok
ipiicc ediinrh `xazqn" xn` èd dnl ,ezrcl oeeike ,"sqei axck"l oeekzd ok` ax m` .7
ixyt` meyiiy wx `l` ,illk oteà xazqn mdly mrhdy xeaq epi` èd ixd ? "dleb
zy` iqkpa oiwifgn" eraw mnvr dleb ipiic ax zrcl m`d ! okzii mdly dkldd ly cg`
mdilr wleg envr èd recn ,ok m` ? dzepnl`zd xg`l mipy yely ok eyr m` wx "yi`
? "ediinrh `xazqn" wx xnel mikqne
: elld miiywd z` xeztl epicia riiql zeleki zepaez izyy d`xp
,dpynd enk ,dwqr dpey`xd Ð zecxtp zeibeq izy xewna eid eply ìbeqd iwlg ipy .1
.yi` zy` iqkpa xf zwfga dwqr ,"`teb" ziibeq ,diipyde ,ezy` iqkpa yi`d zwfga
wx xewna dàed ,diqkpa mixg` zwfg dpiipry ,"yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi`" ax zxnin
[2] `wqitl dxared ìd xzei xge`n alya wxe ,[9] "`teb" ziibeq ,ìbeqd ly ipyd wlga
[13] `wqita did ìbeqa sqei ax ixac ly ixewnd mnewin .ìbeqd ly oey`xd wlgay
zegztzda ziqgi xge`n alya [8] `wqita igkepd mnewinl exared md ."`teb" ziibeqay
.aw 'nr ,(5 dxrd ,lirl) ipald mb e`x ; ixn` `xazqn d"c ,`"r `p `xza àa m"ayx 9
"sqei axck" myxe ixewnd mnewina mixacd z` `xnbd lra xviw mzxard mre ,ìbeqd
."sqei axc meyn" e`
mikiiy eidy beln iqkpl dqgiizd dleb ipiice ax zwelgny d`xp ,ìbeqd zgpdl cebipa .2
`le ,dlra iigae dièyip xg`l xf mxebl d y i ` d dxkn mze`y dièyip iptl dyi`l
,`ye` zpwz ly `yepd èd df oiipr .szeyna dyi`de lrad e` ,lrad xkny beln iqkpl
zwelgna diepy dziid ìd okn xg`l mbe ,dleb ipiic inia laaa dhytzd mxhy dpwz
ixac ly mheytk ewqt ,`ye` zpwz z` elaiw `l e` exikd `ly ,dleb ipiic okl .laaa
zxg` `qxib itl e` ,"miiw dpzpe dxkn" el` miqkpay ` g zeaezk dpyna lìlnb oax
lr beln iqkp zxikn mè 10,dligzkl s` "miiwe zpzepe zxken" mi`xen`d inia dgeexy
,z`f znerl ,ax .xg` qkp lkak "yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn" if` ,dxikn zaygp dyi`d ici
m`y drawe beln iqkp xeknl zekfd z` dyi`d on driwtdy `ye` zpwz z` xikd
zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi`" wqt okle ,zegewld icin ìven lrad beln iqkp dxkn dyi`d
.mipy yely zwfga mda miwifgn oi` mixknp mpi` yi` zy` iqkp m` ixdy ,"yi`
.miàd mixecna hxtpe xiaqp
zixewnd dzpekzna ìbeqd

,gqepd icr lka eply ìbeqd iptl driten "ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le" dpynd on `wqitd
mxa .epzpynn ef `wqit lr zaqend zetivxa diipyd ìbeqd ef oky ,oeir xen`k jixvy dn
ly okxck ,ìbeqd z` mwnl dàd dpynl diptd wx opi` el` miliny jkl al miyl yi
àa ,epzpynn `wqitd itl : ìbeqa dpey`xd ìyewd ly ilxbhpi` wlg `l` ,ze`wqit
oerhl mi`yx mpi` mixg` s` [2] ax ly `xnin itle ,ezy` iqkpa dwfg lral oi` ,b b `xza
zy` iqkpa dwfg cg` s`l oi`y dler elld zexewnd ipy oian .yi` zy` iqkp lr dwfgl
ditly ax ly ztqep `xnin lr ìbeqd ly oey`xd wlga dywn `xnbd lra okle ,yi`
dilr zeaiqp elià ,diqkpa dwfg cg` s`l oi` m` ixd : [1] "zegnl dkixv yi` zy`"
? zegnl
on dàend dàed 11zeibeq iy`xa dpynd on ze`wqit ealey mxha s`y èt` xazqn
ìyewd z` oiadl ozip dxe`l wx oky ,ìbeqd on ilxbhpi` wlgk ef ìbeq zligza dpynd
milinde ,zncewd ìbeqd jynd xewna dziid eply ìbeqd .ax ly zexnind izyn dlerd
ìyewd on wlgk `l` dpynd on `wqit xeza eàed `l "ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le"
xn`de ? ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le" : [1] `wqit mr cg` svxa d`xwl yie ,[1] `wqitay
."! zegnl dkixv yi` zy` : ax
lr s`y dpyna "ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le" `wqitd on `xnbd lra wiic zncewd ìbeqa
e` xhy lrad ìad m` ,`linn lke` èd mdizext¥ z`y beln iqkpa dwfg lral oi`y it
iqkpa" ,dk ìbeq ,a"r hn ,lirl) di`x ezii`x ,ezy`n rwxwd z` ykxy di`xk micr
,my) "melk `le eyr `l beln iqkp exkny dy` e` yi`"y raw mpn` xnin` .([8] ,"ezy`
mr cgi e` dlral rwxwd z` dxkny dyià xen` xacd oi`y xiaqn ìbeqd lra j` ,([12]
ef ,mi`pzd oia cigi zrc mitwyn xnin` ly eixacy ,oiteligl e` ,([13] ,my) xf yi`l dlra
on ; ynn ly di`x lrad ìadyk df lk mxa .[18±16] dkldl mitwz mpiè ,xfrl` iax ly
.zelra zwfg lral wiprdl ick mipy yely beln iqkp zext¥ zlikà ic `ly xexa dpynd
Ð "zegnl dkixv yi` zy`" ax zxninn eply ìbeqd zligza `xnbd lra dywn z`f lr
lvè ,36±35 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) oiihyt` lv` oeice cerize ,a"r gr zeaezk ilaa ; `"r al ,a g zeaezk inlyexi e`x 10
.309±308 'nr ,(7 dxrd ci ìbeq ,lirl) zeaezk ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y
.my mipeive ,2 dxrd ,lirl e`x 11
dkixv ìd recn Ð rwxwd lr zelral orehe beln iqkp lke`y dlra lr d`gnk zyxtznd
! ezy` iqkpa dwfg lral oi`y zraew dpynd ixd ? zegnl
: oldlck ,dpynd on `wqit oeiv `ll eply ìbeqd zligzay oeicd z` wqtl èt` mewn yi
! zegnl dkixv yi` zy` : ax xn`de ? ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le .1
! yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi` : ax xn`de ,xgà `nili` ? o`na .2
! ? lraa e`l `l` .3
ìbeqd y`xay "ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le" milind eqtzp zicenlzÎxzad dtewza
dilry dpynd on `wqit dze` lr ztqep ìbeq ly dzligzl oniqke ,dpynd on `wqitk
ixdy ,zcxtp ìbeq o`k xevile miwacd oia cixtdl did gepy d`xp .zncewd ìbeqd daqp
dwqr ,"ezy` iqkpa" ,dk ìbeq : dpkeza zncewd on dpey ef dcigie ,ce`n dkex` ìbeqd
dyi`d e` lrady zexyt`d z` mb dxikfn ìdy it lr s` ,ezy` iqkpa lrad zwfga xwira
ìbeqd jynd dxewna dziid ìdy it lr s` Ð eply ìbeqd .iyily mxebl qkpd z` exkni
zexyt`d z` dxikfd ìd m` mb ,dyi`d iqkpa xf yi` ly ezwfga xwira zwqer Ð zncewd
ze`wqitd ilra .diqkpa lrad wifgny mieqn beqn dwfg lr zegnl dkixv dyi`dy
dze` ektde ,dpynd on dàena ìd s` dgztp ef jynd zcigiy dcaerd z` elvip mipqxbde
.`wqitl
itk ,zlaxeqn ìbeqd zligz ,zncewd ìbeqd jynda xaecny dgpd jezn `vp m` mb
oi`" ax zxninl `l llk dqgiizd `l zixewnd ìbeqdy d`xp okl .3 ìyewa lirl epi`xdy
z`gn dpiipr "zegnl dkixv yi` zy`" ezxniny zexyt`l `le [2] "yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn
oi`" ax zxnin drited zixewnd ìbeqa .[2] dizerwxw lr xf mc` zehlzyd cbp dyi`d
oaenk sqepy my "`teb" oeivd `lle ,[9] "`teb" xg`ly dnewina wx "yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn
.qiie mdxa`c àil` mitvn epiidy itk ,[2] `wqita ,`xnind ly sqep xekf` sqepy xg`l wx
ìbeqd ly oey`xd wlga mb xge`n alya daley "yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi`" `xnind
jk lr riavdl ick ,[9] ipyd wlgd zligza dzexwid iptl "`teb" dlind dtqep fè ,[2]
ixac sè .gpend z` qiie mdxa` yxtny itke ,ìbeqa dxwire `xnind seb ìd ef zexwidy
cbp d`gn oiiprl "zegnl dkixv yi` zy`" ax zxnin z` miyxtnd ,[8] `wqita sqei ax
md my ,ipyd wlga mceqie ,ìbeqd ly oey`xd wlgl zxge`n ztqez md ,iyily mxeb
.[13] fnxa wx zigkepd dzpekzna ìbeqa miàen
: zixewnd ìbeqd zè zigkepd dzpekzna ìbeqd z` ef cvl ef bivp
zixewnd ìbeqd zigkepd dzpekzna ìbeqd
.ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le
[`] [`]
? ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le .1 dkixv yi` zy` : ax xn`de .1

! zegnl dkixv yi` zy` : ax xn`de ! zegnl
: ax xn`de ,xgà `nili` ? o`na .2

! yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi`
! ? lraa e`l `l` .3
,zexea da xtgy oebk : àx xn` .4 oebke ,lraa mlerl : àx xn` .4
.zexrne oigiy .zexrne oigiy ,zexea da xtgy
xa dax xn` ongp ax xn`de .5 xa dax xn` ongp ax xn`de .5

! oiwfpl dwfg oi` : dea` ! oiwfpl dwfg oi` : dea`
.oiwfpl dwfg oic oi` : `ni` .6 .oiwfpl dwfg oic oi` : `ni` .6
,dlr xnzi` e`l : `ni` zira i` .7 ,dlr xnzi` e`l : `ni` zira i` .7
: xn` ciaf ax ,`xhewa : xn` ixn ax : xn` ciaf ax ,`xhewa : xn` ixn ax
! ? `qkd ziaa ! ? `qkd ziaa
oebke ,xgà mlerl : xn` sqei ax .8

lrad iiga dwfg zvwn dlk`y
i`c ebin ,lrad zzin xg`l ylye
ik ,jpin dzpiaf `p` : dil xn` ira
ildip dpafe dil dzpiaf z` : inp l"`
.onidn Ð
[a] [a]
zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi` : ax xn` .9 iqkpa oiwifgn oi` : ax xn` ,`teb .9
.oiwifgn : exn` dleb ipiice .yi` .oiwifgn : exn` dleb ipiice .yi` zy`
ipiicc ediinrh xazqn : ax xn` .10 ipiicc ediinrh xazqn : ax xn` .10
.dleb .dleb
: axl iq` axe `pdk ax dil exn` .11 : axl iq` axe `pdk ax dil exn` .11
? dizrnyn xn dia xcd ? dizrnyn xn dia xcd
.ixn` `xazqn : edl xn` .12 .ixn` `xazqn : edl xn` .12
zvwn dlk`y oebk : sqei ax xn` .13 .sqei axck .13

zzin xg`l ylye lrad iiga dwfg
`p` : dil xn` ira i`c ebin ,lrad
dzpiaf z` : inp l"` ik ,jpin dzpiaf
.onidn Ð ildip dpafe dil
eil`n oaen mdl did .ax ly zexnind izya cxtpa epc zixewnd dzpekzna ìbeqa
oiwifgn oi`" `xninde ,dlra cbp d`gnl zqgiizn "zegnl dkixv yi` zy`" `xnindy
dcaerd on dler jk .diqkpa mixg` ly mipy yely zwfgl zqgiizn "yi` zy` iqkpa
dkixv yi` zy`y rnyne ,"zegnl dkixv yi` zy`" `xnina llk mixkfen mpi` mixg`y
"yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi`" dklddy cera ,obedk `ly diqkpa bdep èdyk dlraa zegnl
oiipra zillk dklda xaecny xexae ,dlra oiipra dkldl mi`zn epi`y dn ,miaxa zgqepn
.diqkpa mixg` ly mzwfg
yexita iehia icil dàd ,zgeexd dkldd itl : mixwnd ipya ddf dpi` dkldd mb ,okè
,"ezy` iqkpa" ,dk ìbeq ,`"r p ,lirl) zncewd ìbeqa xnin` ixacl ozipy ixwirde oey`xd
epzpyna mpn` .mda dwfg ly beq mb el yi okle ,dlral beln iqkp xeknl dleki dyi` ,([13]
,mipy yely jyna zext¥ zlik` xg`l beln iqkpa wfgen lrad oi`y xxazp zncewd ìbeqae
ìbeqa ipyd `xnbd lra itle ,ezy`n qkpd z` ykxy ilan mb zext¥ lke` èdy oeeik
lr el dlgn ezy`y zexyt`l yeygl yi ezy` iqkpa eizeiekf lr xzie m` s` zncewd
xkip lrad dyrn jezn m`y xiaqn àx j` .rwxwd z` el xeknl ilan el` zext¥ zlik`
zegnl dyi`d lr ,zexrne oigiy ,zexea zxitg ici lr ,rwxwd s e b a milrak ldpzn èdy
epnn repnl ick z`fe ,edyrnl zecbpzd mey dl oi` m` mb rwxwd z` el dxkn `l m`
12
.dwfg zprha rwxwd lr hlzydl
ceqi .[7] mipy yely jez wx e` ,[6] el` zeaiqpa cin zegnl wfipd lr m` mi`xen` ewlgp
eipt lr yxtznd iehia ,[5] "oiwfipl dwfg oi`" : dea` xa dax mya ongp ax ixaca mixacd
xg`l mbe ,wfp da yiy rwxw lr zehlzyd lr d`gnl mipy yely ly onf zlabn oi` eli`k
okl ."zegnl dkixv yi` zy`" àx zgpd lr dywny dn ,yletd z` wlql ozip mipy yely
lr .oiwfipa jiiy epi` dwfg zepy yely o i c y jkl oeekzd dea` xa daxy rivn `xnbd lra
dgn `l okyd mè ,mixkip wfpde dyiltdy oeeik ,cin zegnl Ð dyi`d ,df dxwna Ð okyd
iqkpa xtg lrad m`y `vnp 13.[6] y`xn ez` mkeq oiiprdy jkn wiqdl yi wfpd lr cin
."zegnl dkixv yi` zy`" exnà àxc àil` ax oeekzd jkle ,cin zegnl dilr ezy`
.`"r bk `xza àa ilaaa ciaf axe ixn ax ixac it lr `xnbd lra rivn ìyewl xg` uexiz
oiwfipd aexl dwfg yi : `zniwe`d jxc lr "oiwfipl dwfg oi`" dea` xa dax ixac z` eyxit md
èd "oiwfipl dwfg oi`" xn` dea` xa daxyke ,zegnl ilan dnlyd ly mipy yely xg`l
xg`l mb mdilr zegnl ozipy ,`qikd zia ly e` oyr ly ,milaqp izla gix iwfpl wx oeekzd
,ciaf axe ixn ax zrcly `vnp .dwfg dl yi okle ,laqp izla wfp dpi` dxitg .[7] mipy yely
oeekzd èd ,diqkpa xtg dlrayk "zegnl dkixv yi` zy`" àxc àil` xn` axyk
.mipy yely jez el` zexitg lr dlra ipta zegnl dilry
dleb ipiice ax zwelgn

dl oi` m` mb zegnl dyi`d lr .rwxwd seba xtege zextl
¥ ezekfn bxegd lrad oiipra df lk
rwxwd z` el dxkny d`cedk mipy yely xg`l dzwizy yxtzz `ny ,eiyrnl zecbpzd
`l .[6] xzl`l dwfg mda yi la` oiwfipa dwfg oic oi`y xne`y in zrcl ,cin elit` e` ,[7]
mpi`y xexa df dxwna : dyi`de lrad iiga mipy yely beln iqkpa miwifgnd mixf oiipra ok
mixwna ,àx my`xae ,laa i`xen` epzpy zervdl dnec o`k "zegnl dkixv yi` zy`" ax ixacl àx ly exaqd 12
jez "zegnl" mdilr ok it lr sè ,mdly rwxwa mixf ly mdiyrnl zecbpzd mey milral dxe`kl oi` mday mixg`
zextl
¥ edcy jezl zlefd z` cixedy in : zilìvphet dwfg ly avn xveeidl lelr d`gn `lly oeik ,mipy yely
xkny ine ,([53] ,my) `xeqc `zpkyna edcy z` caryy in ,([50] ,"izea` ly xne` df" ,d ìbeq ,a"r dl ,lirl) cala
xveeidl dlelr el` mixwna .([19 ,17] ,"zepli`" ,h ìbeq ,`"r gl ,lirl) eaiaqy rwxwd `ll dcyd jeza oli` exagl
"zegnl" `nw ixnd lr dwqrd ¦ on dbixg mey `ll mb okle ,dwfg zepy yely xg`l dwqrd ¦ ite`l xywa dpadÎi`
oicd ède ,oli`d lral e` deelnl e` zextd ¥ shewl rwxwd z` xkn `ly ianeta xidvdl epiidc ,mipy yely jez
.ezy` dcya xtegd lraa
yexit itl .dwfg oic oi` `ni` d"c ,my m"ayxe a"r p `xza àa meyxb epaxl qgeind eyxity itke ,yxtl d`xp jk 13
.dwfg zepy yely oic eyexit "dwfg oic" df
zira i`"d itly enky yxtne ,df yexit lr wleg ,oiwifpl dwfg oic oi` `ni` d"c ,a"r p `xza àal eiyeciga o"anxd
itl mb jk ,[7] dwfg mdl yi oiwifpd lk x`ye ,cala gix iwfpa dea` xa dax ixac z` ecinrd ciaf axe ixn ax "`ni`
"oiwfipa dwfg oic oi` : `ni`" .rwxwd seba mirbet mpi`y oiwifp md s` dea` xa dax ixacay oiwifpd oey`xd uexizd
ixac oi` jkitl .zerwxw lr zelra migiken mpi`y oiwifpa `le , z e r w x w a xn`p dwfg oicy o"anxd itl eyexit [6]
milrak zeieldpzdd x`yk dpic rwxwd sebl wfp znixb la` ,rwxwd seba rbet epi`y wfpa `l` mixen` dea` xa dax
dpi` ef dprh mipy yely cr .dprh el yi cer lk ,rwxwa wifgn/wifnd z` dkfn ìd mipy yely xg`le ,rwxwd lr
.zerwxwd zewfg x`yk ,xhy `ll dtwz
dwfg yiy "oiwifpa dwfg oi`" iehial "oic" dlind ztqez zpiivn cvik .xtqd on xqg xwird o"anxd yexitl dxe`kl
,"rwxwa miwifgny jxca zerwxw zwfg oi`" oaena yxtzn "oiwifpa dwfg oi`" o"anxd zrcly d`xp ? opc dxwna
la` ."eil` lbxzd wefipdy xg`l rxtnl wfp xizdl oiwifpa llk dwfg oic oi`" eyexity "oiwifpa dwfg oic oi`" znerl
zelrae dwfg oibtdl jxc mb `l` ,cala wfp dpi` Ð wfp xcba ìdy mbd Ð rwxwd jeza dxitge ,zerwxwa dwfg oic yi
did èd ,"oiwifpa dwfg oic oi` : `ni`" uexiza `xnbd lra jkl oeekzd znà m`y d`xp ,ok it lr sè .rwxwd lr
.xzei dxexa dxeva gqpzn
Ð zeyxa exag dcyl cxeid ditly dkldl qgiizn [6] "oiwifpa dwfg oic oi`"y yxit ,oic oi` d"c ,my eiyeciga o"xd
lra e` qixà jiiy epi` df oicy eyexit "oiwifpa dwfg oic oi`" ,o"xd zrcl .dwfg el oi` Ð qix`d mr edif eze`y
mb j` .dwfg mdl yi ,milrad egin `le rwxwd seba ewifd el` m` ; rwxwd seba ewifd md m` ,zeyxa zext¥ milke`y
illkd oicl dpeekdy heyt d`xpe ,itivtq dk oicl qgiizn "dwfg oic" inzqd iehiady xnel dyw : dywen df yexit
jxca ìd dwfgdyk jiiy epi` df oic : m"ayxde meyxb epaxl qgeind yexitk ,mipy yely zkxe` zerwxw zwfg eitly
.xzl`l ìd dwfgd el` mixwna .opc dxwna oebk ,rwxwd sebl wfp znxebd
repn lrad .beln iqkp mdl xeknl mi`yx dyi`d `le lrad `l ixdy ,zekfa mda miwifgn
dpi` dyi`d s`y epiwzd `yeàe ,ely epi` mteby oeeik ,`ziixe`cn beln iqkp xeknln
diqkpa mipy yely zwfg mixg`l oi` Ð ax xne` Ð `linn .mixg`l beln iqkp xeknl dleki
.dpnn `le epnn `l ,rwxwd seb z` epwy dprh mdl zeidl dleki `ly oeeik ,[9]
mzenk dkld oi` ok it lr sè ,[10] mnrh xazqny raw axe ,[9] zxg` ewqt dleb ipiic
dxwna wx `le ,dxwn lka ax lr ewlg dleb ipiicy heyt d`xp ,m"ayxd oiivy itk .[12±11]
.ezen xg`l mipy yelye lrad iiga dwfgd zvwn lk` wifgndyk [13 ,8] sqei ax oiivy
recn yxit `le eicinlz ipta mzq axe ,dleb ipiic ly mdixac mrh z` dxikfn dpi` ìbeqd
.[12±11] mzenk wqt `l ok it lr sè ,dleb ipiic ly "ediinrh xazqn" xn`
xazqn" xg` mewna ep`vn mpn` .sqei ax el qgiiy drxkdl oeekzd `l axy heyt d`xp j`
`"r ck zezixk ilaaa ."...a ipelt iax ixac oi`xp"l aexwd oaena "...oebk ,ipelt iaxc dinrh
: xn`p
xn` .ea dkf ea wifgnd lk ,eicr enfedy lwqpd xey : opgei 'x xn` i`ctqexk iax xn`
èd ,exey rax exn` la` ,exey raxp dil ixn`c oebk ,opgei iaxc `nrh `xazqn : àx
.micr iziine gxhe ,dil xwtn `le ,rax `lc rici rcin envra
oebk ,ixn` `xazqn" eicinlzl dpr axy ipalde m"ayxd zrvd z` un`p m` ,dxe`kl
dzpiaf `p` : dil xn` ira i`c ebin ,lrad zzin xg`l ylye lrad iiga dwfg zvwn dlk`y
myxe xviwy df èd `xnbd lrae ,"onidn Ð ildip dpafe dil dzpiaf z` : inp l"` ik ,jpin
jldn eply ìbeqa yi Ð envr ax ly jex`d xaqdd z` ìadl mewna ,[13] "sqei axck"
lwqpd xeyy opgei iax zrvd z` ziwlg uni` àxy myk : zezixka ep`vny dnl liawn
`le raxpy orhpy xey ly dxwna wx la` ,enrh xazqny dprha ,xwtd epd eicr enfedy
,yi` zy` iqkpa miwifgny dleb ipiic zrvd z` ziwlg ax uni` jk ,raxy orhpy xeya
ok zeyrl jiynde lrad iiga qkpa wifgdl lgdy dxwna wx la` ,mnrh xazqny dprha
.ezen xg`l mipy yely
: zeaiq izyn dywen df yexit ,ok it lr sè
zezixka àx ixac .zezixka ìbeqa àx ixacl eply ìbeqa ax ixac oia lecb lcad yi .1
m` mb j` ."...exey raxp exn`c oebk ,opgei iaxc dinrh `xazqn" : `zgn `cga exn`p
xazqn" dligz xn` eply ìbeqa ax ,[13] `wqita ipalde m"ayxd ly xefgyd z` xfgyp
ipiic lr wleg envr èdy dcaerl llk qgiizd `le ,hxit `le ,[10] "dleb ipiicc ediinrh
rixkdl oeekzdy xiaqd mdixack zexedl xfg m` eicinlz eze` el`yy ixg` wx .dleb
jyna dzepnl`zd xg`l dyi`d iqkpa wifgdl jiynd wifgndy dxwna wx mdixack
,mieqn dxwna wx mdixack rixkdl ax oeekzd [10] `wqita mb m` .xzeie mipy yely
epnn eyxcy cr ,mirneyd z` drhd jkae ,hxit `le ,zeciga xaic èdy gipdl epilr
? okziid .dcigd oexzt z` eicinlz
,lirl epiywdy itk) zeywdl epilr ,[13] `wqita ipalde m"ayx ly xefgyd z` xfgyp m` .2
ylye lrad iiga dwfg zvwn dlk`y oebk" xewna xn`y df èd envr ax m` : (5 ìyew
dil dzpiaf z` : inp l"` ik ,jpin dzpiaf `p` : dil xn` ira i`c ebin ,lrad zzin xg`l
` w e e c s q e i a x m y a ax ixacl xaqdk miàen mixacd recn ,"onidn Ð ildip dpafe
? [8] `wqita
àx ita yniy èdy itk ax ita "ediinrh xazqn" gpend yniy `l xewnay heyt d`xp okl
: lirl epxfgyy itke ,dpey`xl ax ixac z` ok yxity df èd sqei ax .`"r ck zezixk ilaaa
.oiwifgn : exn` dleb ipiice .yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi` : ax xn` .9
.dleb ipiicc ediinrh xazqn : ax xn` .10

? dizrnyn xn dia xcd : axl iq` axe `pdk ax dil exn` .11
.ixn` `xazqn : edl xn` .12
ebin ,lrad zzin xg`l ylye lrad iiga dwfg zvwn dlk`y oebk : sqei ax xn` .13
Ð ildip dpafe dil dzpiaf z` : inp l"` ik ,jpin dzpiaf `p` : dil xn` ira i`c
.onidn
zigcpd daeh dxaqa xaecn : xg` oaena "xazqn" dlind dyniy ,z`f znerl ,envr ax lv`
lleky e` ,dxaqn zi`xpd drcd lr wlegd xewn oebk ,zipevig dripn zeawra dyrnl dkld
14,"l"nw,...`xazqn `nizc edn" minrt dnk ep`vn jk .zwlegd drck dwiqt aiignd wqt
dkld ewqty miyigkn mi`xen` ,eply ìbeqa enk ,`"r gn dcp ilaae `"r fk dvia ilaaae
eyry `l la` ,ef drck weqtl dxaq yiy xnel eywia wx md : "`xazqn" exn`yk znieqn
.lreta ok
mnrh did dn : dlbpd lr xzqpd ax opc dxwna j` .ìbeqa zyxetn dxaqd elld zeibeqa
? mzenk wqt `l recn ,xazqn df mrhy ayg ax mè ? sqei ax ixack `l m` ,dleb ipiic ly
g zeaezk dpyn ly dheyte `ye` zpwzl xewna dqgiizd dleb ipiice ax zwelgny d`xp
beln iqkpn dpzp e` dxkn dyi` m`y raew lìlnb oax ` g zeaezk dpyn ly dheyt itl .`
oeyl dfe .dligzkl s` "miiwe zpzepe zxken" e` ,miiw dxkn ,oièyipd iptln dly eidy
: my dpynd
eltp .miiwe zpzepe zxkeny ,lld ziae y"a micen ,qx`zz `ly cr miqkp dl eltpy dy`
,micen elè el` .xeknz `l : mixne` lld ziae ,xeknz : mixne` y"a ,dqx`zpyn dl
`l dyà dkfe lièd : b"x iptl minkg exn` ,dcedi iax xn` .miiw Ð dpzpe dxkn m`y
.mipyid z` epilr oilblbn mz`y `l` ,miyea ep` miycgd lr : mdl xn` ? miqkpa dkfi
.zegewld cin ìven lrady Ð dpzpe dxkn m`y ,micen elè el` ,z`ypyn dl eltp
zpzepe zxken" : xg` gqep> miiw Ð dpzpe dxkn m` : xne` b"x ,z`ype z`yp `ly cr
xn` ? miqkpa dkfi `l dyà dkfe lièd : b"x iptl exn` ,ìawr oa `pipg x"` .<15"miiwe
.mipyid epilr oilblbn mz`y `l` ,miyea ep` miycgd lr : mdl
oi` ,df oiipra eilr ewlg lìlnb oax icinlz ditly zxeqn zàen ìdd dpynay it lr s`
dheyt it lry d`xpe .dpexg`d dlind zpzip ele ,mdl aiyn lìlnb oax oky ,mzenk dkld
wifgnd eay heytd dxwnl epeekzde ,"yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn" dleb ipiic ewqt ef dpyn ly
dlra iiga rwxwd z` xeknl dleki dyi`d : dlra iiga dyi`d on qkpd z` dpwy oreh
.ef rwxwn zext¥ lke` dlra oi` dxkny xg`le ,dpzna dwiprdl e` ,dwfga e` xhya ,sqka
rwxwa wifgd iyily mxeb m` .mipy yely zwfg llek ,ef dxikn lr milg rwxw oiipw ipic lk
orhe ,dlra mewna ef rwxwn zext¥ lk`y df ici lr xzeie mipy yely jyna yi` zy` ly
.ely ìd ixd ,dpzna el dpzp ìdy e` ,dyi`d on rwxwd z` ykxy
zenewna j` ,mdilr wleg ax o`k : mi`xen`de mi`pzd oia xarnd ztewza elrt dleb ipiic
`xen` ,opgei iax ly ecinlz `pipg iaxa iqei iax itl j` 16.`ziixaa miàen mdixac mixg`
epa oerny oax inia `ye`l dpain oixcdpqd xarn mr ,dleb ipiic ixg` lrty il`xyiÎux`
oeeiky eraw md .ef dkld epiye dpwz lìlnb oax ly eicinlz epwiz ok` ,lìlnb oax ly
ìven lrad qkpd z` dxkn mè ,qkpd z` xeknl dleki dyi`d oi` Ð zext¥ lke` lrady
a"r gr zeaezk ilaaa .dzen xg`l rwxwd seb z` ode ezy` iiga zextd ¥ z` od zegewld on
miqkpa elit` oicd èd mzrcly `l` cala ef `le ,ef drcl enikqd lènye ax s`y yxetn
.a"r hn dcp ,a"r l dcp ,`"r q zay ilaa 14

.10 dxrd ,lirl e`x 15
.a"r r `xza àa ,lynl ,e`x 16
zraew dpyndy s` ,dqx`zpy xg`l mze` dxkn m` oiqexi`d iptl dyi`d ly eidy
.miiw dxkn `nlr ilekle ,df oiipra lld ziae i`ny zia ewlgp `ly zirnynÎcg
ztwzyn dpi` ìd ,ok it lr sè ; ìypd dcedi iax inil mzqd on dncw ef `ye` zpwz
zcnr zè ,xwirk lìlnb oax zcnr z` iax ìad ezpyna .ìypd dcedi iax zpyna
zeawra dxeg` lblbd z` xifgdl ywia iaxy d`xp .dkldk `le ,cala dl`yk eicinlz
mdixg`l jenqe iax inia elrty dleb ipiic ."mixrhvn ep` mipexg`d lr" ,eaq ly dxaqd
da yiy eayg `l delaiw m` s` e` 17,delaiw `l dexikd m` e` ,dpwz mey exikd `l laaa
,laaa dpwzd zehytzd iptl odizerwxwn laa zeyp exkn xak oday ze`wqr¦ lhal ick
lìlnb oax zxaq lre dpynd lr eknq md 18.xzeie mipy yely oda miwifgn zegewldyk
minkg eliabd m` mbe ,diqkpa dyi`d zeiekf z` gtwl mrh mey oi` ditly da zyxetnd
md dièyip inin dl eidy miqkp ,dièyip inia dykxy e` dlaiwy miqkp xeknl dzekf z`
.mda dzekf z` gtwl oiè ,dly
lky a"r gr zeaezk ilaaa lèny mr cgi raw dizeawrae `ye` zpwz z` xikdy Ð ax sè
diqexi` iptl dyi`l eidy miqkp sè ,`ye` zpwz mr elha ` g zeaezk dpyna zekldd
,lìlnb oax ly mall oiad Ð dièyip xg`l oky lke ,diqexi` xg`l dci lr mixknp mpi`
ly enrh èdy ,"dleb ipiicc ediinrh `xazqn" raw okl .dleb ipiice ìypd dcedi iax eckp
gtwl ynn ly mrh oi` .ìypd dcedi iax eckp mzq edenke ,` g zeaezk dpyna lìlnb oax
dièyipa da dkef dlray myky epiwzd `yeàe ,dyrp dn la` .diqkpa dyi`d zeiekf z`
oeeik ,"yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi`" dyrnl dkld weqtl epilr okl ? diqkpa dkef èd jk
.rwxwd seb z` xeknl mi`yx dlra `le ìd `ly
`l j` ,xazqn dleb ipiic ly mnrhy izxn` : eicinlzl ax ly eixac miayein df yexitl

.`xaql xyw `ll ,dyrnl dkld zraewd ìd `ye` zpwz ixdy Ð mzenk dkldy izxn`
: lènye ax mya ,a"r gr zeaezk ilaaa ep`vn dfa `veik
opnf" ,lhpn 'g e`x ; miax epigady itk ,mi`xen`d ipey`x icia zttex dziid ef `ye` zpwzy jkl zeiecr dnk opyi 17
'nr ,`"pyz milyexi ,` jxk ,l`xyia zepwzd ,iwqptivy 'i ; 283±281 'nr ,(d"kyz) cl uiaxz ,"`ye` zepwz ly
.my 66Îe 42 'rde ,hvy±fvy
ilaaa zàen cinz `ye` zpwze ,"`pipg iaxa iqei iax ? `ye`c `zrnyc `xn o`n" xn`p `"r p zeaezk ilaaa
`rivn àa ; a"r gt `nw àa ; `"r gr ,`"r p zeaezk ilaa) opgei iax ly ecinlz ,`pipg iaxa iqei iax ly `xnink
iqkpa" ,dk ìbeqa oeicd e`xe ,(a"r hlw `xza àa ,[14] ,"ezy` iqkpa" ,dk ìbeq ,`"r p ,lirl ; a"r ev ,`"r dl
"exn`" oeyla zfnxp wx ìde ,llk `ye`l zqgein dpi` dpwzd inlyexia .[18±12] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,"ezy`
"ìxa zpzn `le" oeyla opgei iaxl zexiyi zqgein e` ,(c"r al ,` h zeaezk inlyexi) opgei iax mya ini` iax ixaca
`l s` `l` ,beln iqkpn rxn aiky zpzn zpzep dyi`d oi`y cala ef `l ,epiidc ; b"r fh ,h g `xza àa inlyexi)
dceqiy s` xytè ,mi`xen`d ini zligza zwdaen zi`pz dkldk dqtzp `l dpwzdy d`xp o`kn .(ìxa zpzn
.llka `ye` zepwzl xywa ,my ,lhpn zrck ,oixcdpqa `weec e`le ,mi`xen`d ini zligza
cg` uexiz itl zrcd lr milrn my ,a"r ht `nw àa ilaan mb zxkip mi`xen`d ztewz zligza dpwzd zetitx
48 'rd gvy 'nr ,my ,iwqptivye ,my yexitd ipeira dàen e`x) ezpwz xg`l mb "`ye` zpwz zil zil"c `pz yiy
my miywn oky ,ìypd dcedi iax ini xg`l dpwzp `ye` zpwzy rnzyn epnn ,`"r hr zeaezk ilaane ,(hvy 'nre
epipyyk mby dxiaqn s` my `xnbd .epzpynl zxge`n ìd eli`k ,` g zeaezk dpyna "`ye` zpwzl `pipz `nil"
rwxwd seb z` xeknl zi`kf dziid dyi`d la` ,zextl ¥ `l` dpeekd oi` zegewld icin ìven lrady ìdd dpyna
'rda mipey`xl mipeive ,hvy 'nre fvy 'nr ,my iwqptivy e`x) `ye` zpwz z` epwizy cr ,mi`pzd inia zercd lkl
lìlnb oa oerny oax ly execa ,`yeà dziid oixcdpqdyk dceqi `ye` zpwzy egipde jk lr edzy yi j` .(my 64
dpyn z` yxtl mewn did zi`pzd `ye` zpwz oiipra zexnind `lnl`y eyxit md .mipta eprvdy itke ,iax ia`
xn`p oday zeaiqpay xexa lìlnb oa oerny oax inin `ye` zpwzl eprceezdyn la` ,cala zext¥ oiiprl ` g zeaezk
mya ,a"r gr zeaezk ,zvaewn dhiy e`x) `ye` zpwzke ,rwxwd sebl mb dpeekd zegewld icin ìven lrady dpyna
zpwzy d`xp my `xnbd ly dheytn ,mipt lk lr .(`pipz `nile d"c ,`"ayxd cinlz mya mye ,eixacle d"c ,y"aix
`lt `l .xceqn oteà laaa dxqne `pipg iaxa iqei iax ày cr ,mi`xen`d ini zligza mdicia zttex dziid `ye`
ini zligza lekl zexexa eid mdizexaqe zwelgnd zernyne ,epzhiyl `ye` zpwza ewlgp dleb ipiice axy èt`
.mi`xen`d
.1 drvd ,[9] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x 18
miqkp dl eltpy oia ,dqx`zp `ly cr miqkp dl eltpy oia : ediiexz ixn`c lènye ax
`pipg 'xk `le dcedi iaxk `lc ? o`nk .zegewld cin ìven lrad Ð zqipe dqx`zpyn
`ly cr dl eltpy oia : epnpe exfg epizeax ,ìpzc ; epizeaxk ixn`c edpi` ! ìawr oa
.zegewld cin ìven lrad Ð zqipe dqx`zpyn dl eltpy oiae ,qx`zz
19
.yi` zy` iqkpa miwifgn oi` if` ,zegewld cin ìven lrad m`
d`xp ? dleb ipiic ly xiaqd mrhd z` hxtn èd oi` recn ,ax ixac ly zernynd ok` ef m`
zexeca ,laaa .` g zeaezk ,zyxetn dpyna lìlnb oax ly enrha xaecny jk lr jnq axy
oiwifgn" m` dl`ya ewlgp dleb ipiice ax xy`ky eil`n oaen did ,mi`xen`d ly mipey`xd
itl : yi` zy`n epwpy dprha mda ewifgdy miqkpl epeekzd md ,e`l m` "yi` zy` iqkpa
oax ixaca yxetny itke ,xac lkl dxikn ìd dxiknd oky ,xac lkl dwfg ef ixd dleb ipiic
,dyrnl dkld mdilr wlg ax xy`ky eil`n oaen did ,ok enk .` g zeaezk dpyna lìlnb
lr zqqeand dwfg oky lke ,`ye` zpwz mr dlha dnvr dxikndy meyn z`f dyr èd
.ef dxikn zprh
dwfg oiipra zwelgnk `l dleb ipiicl ax oia zwelgnd z` yxtl elgd sqei ax inil cr mxa
diqkpa dwfgd oiipra zwelgnk `l` ,mze` dxkn d n v r ` i d y dprha yi` zy` iqkpa
zextl
¥ mze` xkn èd Ð szeyna mze` exkn lrade dyi`dy e` ,mze` xkn lrady dprha
: zeaiq dnkn z`fe .rwxwd seb z` dxkn ìde
ly eteqa j` .mi`xen`d ini zligza laaa zttex dziid `ye` zpwz ,eply xefgyd itl .1
zexecy d`xpe ,ìypd dcedi iax iptly xecd on lecbd oicd zia zpwza xaecn xac
,axe ìypd dcedi iax zexeca elrty ,dleb ipiic enlrzd cvik oiadl eywzd mixge`n
.ìypd dcedi iaxl dncwy ,ef dpwzn
dcinrdl èt` xyt` did .beln iqkpa zerwxw zwfg dpiipr dleb ipiice ax zwelgn .2
iqkp dpiipry oeeikn ,g wxt zeaezk zkqna e` ,dwfg dpiipry oeeikn ,eply wxta ilaaa
`xza àa dpyna àad lr dze` aqdle oiwxta dcinrdl hlged xac ly eteqa .beln
it lr s` Ð oecpd oiiprl xzeia daexwd ìdy ,"ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le" ,b b
daqedyn .diqkpa xg` zwfga xaecn o`ke ,ezy` iqkpa yi`d zwfga zwqer dpyndy
,lrad ici lr exknpy miqkpa zwqer ìd s`y xryl did aexw ,ef `wqit lr zwelgnd
.el` miqkpa dwfg envr el oi`y dcaerd sxg
iyilyd xecd on laa inkg ,`"r ck zezixk ilaan lirl epàdy ìbeqd on gkeny itk .3
ly eixac oi`xp" oaena "...oebk ,ipelt iaxc `nrh `xazqn" iehiaa ynzydl elgd jliè
."...a ipelt iax
,[12±9] ax inin zixewnd `teb ziibeq z` eiptl sqei ax d`xyk ,el` zeaiqn
.oiwifgn : exn` dleb ipiice .yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi` : ax xn`
.dleb ipiicc ediinrh xazqn : ax xn`
? dizrnyn xn dia xcd : axl iq` axe `pdk ax dil exn`
,ixn` `xazqn : edl xn`
ediinrh `xazqn" exnày gipde ,ax ly zihpleeian`d dcnrd ly dpwpw lr ddz èd
mey oi` lrad iigay oeeikne ,mieqn dxwna dleb ipiic ixack rixkdl ax oeekzd "dleb ipiicc
`weec dleb ipiicl dcen axy sqei ax gipd ,`ye` zpwz xg`l ezy` iqkpa dwfgl zernyn
df oebka .ezen xg`l mipy yely cere ,dlra zen iptl diqkpa ewifgdy dpnl` ly dxwna
: ([8] `wqita epiptl ep`vny itk) zixewnd [13] `wqita sqei ax xird jk .ebn wifgnl yi
.[9] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x 19

i`c ebin ,lrad zzin xg`l ylye lrad iiga dwfg zvwn dlk`y oebk [: sqei ax xn`]
.onidn Ð ildip dpafe dil dzpiaf z` : inp l"` ik ,jpin dzpiaf `p` : dil xn` ira
eàedy ax ixac z` mb xiaqdl dleki ef `zniwe`y xaq xge`n `xnb lra ,lirl xen`k
`xnin epzprhl mpn` ."zegnl dkixv yi` zy`" : ìbeqd ly oey`xd wlgay [1] `wqita
yxityn j` ,diny xkc o`n xf ixdy ,ezy` iqkpa lrad zwfg oiiprl wx ahid zyxtzn ef
iiga zvwn yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgny "dleb ipiicc ediinrh xazqn" ax ixac z` sqei ax
efy xge`nd `xnbd lra oiad ,dyi`d dzgn ok m` `l` ezen xg`l mipy yelye lrad
ax ixac z` xiard èd okle ,axc àil` "zegnl dkixv yi` zy`" day zxg` divphqpi`
ly xaqdl daihpxhl`k ,"xgà mlerl : xn` sqei axe" dncwdd ztqeza ,[8] `wqitl sqei
mr .[4] "zexrne oigiy ,zexea da xtgy oebke ,lraa mlerl" ,ax ly ìdd `xninl àx
axck" oeivl [13] `wqita mnewna exvew md [8] `wqita igkepd mnewinl mixacd zxard
."sqei
yexit ipeir
.zexrne oigiy ,zexea da xtgy oebke ,lraa mlerl : àx xn` .4
iazka .dplie qetcae cxetqweè okpin ,dvpxit ,fixt ,bxeand cid iazka ,"àx" ,`qxibd jk
"dax" `qxibd z` sicrn ipald cec ."dax" ep`vn ,exft qetca oke ,owihee lìxewq` cid
eixac eàeiy mrh oi` ,xaecna àxa m` : cere ; sqei ax ly `zbeltd xa èd daxy meyn
ìbeqd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,lirl epzhiyl j` 20.eax sqei ax ly el` iptl
; dax e` àx ly el`l sqei ax ixac oia dznir `l zixewnd ìbeqd ,"zixewnd dzpekzna
sqei ax ixac ly ixewnd mnewne ,zixewnd ìbeqd ly oey`xd wlga eàed àx ixac wx
d`xp .[8] `wqita igkepd mnewinl exared md xge`n alya wxe ,[13] `tebd ziibeqa did
ie`xd ony ipald ixaca iehia icil dàd dqitza dceqie ,ìd zipyn "dax" `qxibdy èt`
ep`vny itk ,miipyd oia dxiyi zwelgna sqei ax ly el` iptl miàen eixacy `xen`dy
enyn zrtyen "dax" `qxibdy mb xyt` .àx `le ,dax didi ,ziteqd dzpekzna ìbeqa
.dkenqd [5] `wqita dea` xa dax ly
.oiwifgn : exn` dleb ipiice .yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi` : ax xn` ,`teb .9
dleb ipiice axy epyxit ,"dleb ipiice ax zwelgn : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecna ,lirl
dxkn beln iqkp dxkny dyi` okle ,`ye` zpwz edl zil dleb ipiic : `ye` zpwza ewlgp
x`y oick xzeie mipy yely diqkpa wifgnd oice ,` g zeaezk dpyna lìlnb oax ixack ,miiw
wlg ,zegewld icin ìven lrady drawe xknd z` dlqty ,`ye` zpwz zeawra .oiwifgnd
."yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi`" rawe mdixac lr ax
`le ,`weec yi` zy` iqkpa d w f g a dleb ipiice ax ewlgp recn : le`yl ozip dfd yexitd lr
: zrcd lr zeler zeiexyt` dnk ? dxiknd mvra
.lirl epxìzy laaa `ye` zpwz ly zih`d¦ dzehytzd èd zwelgnl rwxdy okzii .1
mipiicd enikqd laaa dpwzd zehytzd xg`l mby ìd 21lirl epilrdy zeiexyt`d zg`
,df itl .el` zerwxwa zegewld ewifgdy zewfg lhal eaxiqe ,àdle o`kn wx dligdl
,zegewld icin ìven lrad laaa mby myexit "yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi`" ax ixac
.2 'rd aw 'nr ,(5 dxrd ,lirl) ipald 20

.15 dxrd cily hqwhd ,lirl e`x 21
iqkpa miwifgn xaky zegewld icin ìven lrad oi`y myexit "oiwifgn" dleb ipiic ixace
.yi` zy`
o`kn Ð ezy` iqkpa dwfg lral oi`y drawy epzpyn èd zwelgnl rwxdy okzii .2
epzpynn dleb ipiic ewiicyne ,dleb ipiic ewiic jke ,diqkpa dwfg yi mixg`ly rnzyn
.`ye` zpwz zeawra mdilr welgl ax ul`p Ð "yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn"
cala ef `l ,`ye` zpwzy xidadl ax ywia "yi` zy` iqkpa oiwifgn oi`" geqipay xyt` .3
itl lìlnb oax mb xq`y itk ,dligzkln dizerwxw z` xeknl dyi`d lr zxqe` ìdy
ìven lrad .carica ef dxikn dlqt mb ìd `l` ,` g zeaezk dpyna ze`qxibd zg`
mb ,rwxwa dwfg mey gwell oiè ,rwxwd seb z` mb `l` zext¥ wx `l zegewld icin
.dyi`d e` lrad mrhn d`gn `ll mipy yely xg`l
575
(a"r±`"r `p) "dlra iqkpa" : raye mixyrd ìbeqd
.'eke dlra iqkpa dy`l `le
! dlk` `wc èd ipefn Ð ipefn dl zi`c oeik ,`hiyt .1 ,epzpynl xaqd .`
b b `xza àa
.dpefnl izixg` `rx` dl cgic `kixv `l .2
.yi di`x `d .3 oeice epzpynn weic .a

rven ezxbqna ,ea
ezy`l dcy xkendy
`le ,dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend : dpin zrny ! irac èd ifef iielbl : `nil .4
dzpw `l Ð
.irac èd ifef iielbl opixn`
.dpzn xhya yi di`x `d : `ni` ,`l .5
ilin opixn`c ,`negza `zxeà oab xn ded `l : `ped axl ongp ax dil xn` .6 oey`x i`xen` oeic .b
zl`ya dyely jezn
.`ziilrn ,ezy`l dcy xkend
ìyew ztqeza
? ezixn` `ziilrn ilin i`n : dil xn` .7 lra ly uexize
`xnbd
.irac èd ifef iielbl opixn` `le ,dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend .8d
odl yiy miqkp : opz `l in ! `xhya ipwize `kdn ifef lc ,`hiyt : dil xn` .9
? dwfgae xhyae sqka oipwp zeixg`
la` ,dpzn xhya `l` epy `l : lèny xn` ,dlr xnzi` e`le : dil xn` .10
? dinc el oziy cr dpw `l Ð xkn xhya
t"r` qxgd lr e` xiipd lr el azk ? cvik xhya : `pepnd ax aizen e`le .11
jl <l"vke ,cid iazk lka jk> dpezp icy ,jl dxekn icy dhext dey ea oi`y
? dpezpe dxekn ef ixd Ð
? dzrx iptn edcy xkena : dl wxtn ède ,dl aizen èd e`le .12
miqetca ."`pdk axc dinyn" : miqxeb yi> ongp axc dinyn da miiqn iaia ax .13
ick ? xkn oeyla el azk dnle ,el dpzil ywa dpzna : <"xn` iy` axe" : sqep
? xkn oeyla dl azk dnle ,dl epzil ywa dpzna" : cid iazk aexa> egk zetil
.<"dgk zetil ick
i`n ; melk eilr odl oi` Ð dyxbe dy`d on ,exxgye card on del : iaizin .14
! irac èd ifef iielbl : opixn`c meyn e`l ? `nrh
.deln yi`l del car diytp diieeyl dil `gip `lc ,mzd ip`y .15
lke` lrae [a cenr `p sc] dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend : oia` xa `ped ax gly .16 ipy i`xen` oeic .c
dcy xkend zl`ya
,dl epzil ywa dpzna : exn` xecd ilecb lke eda` iaxe à` iax mxa ,zexit ìyew mr ,ezy`l
.dgk z` zetil ick ? xkn meyl dl azk dnle lra ly uexize
`xnbd
? h"n ; melk eilr odl oi` Ð dyxbe dy`d on ,exxgye card on del : iaizin .17
! `rac èd ifef iielbl : ixn`c meyn e`l
.deln yi`l del car yipi` ieyil `lc ,mzd ip`y .18
,dzpw Ð dpzna ,zexit lke` lrade ,dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend : ax xn` .19 i`xen` oeic .d
zl`ya iyily
; zexit lke` lrad oiè ,ezy`l dcy xkend
ly uexize ìyew mr
.zexit lke` lrad oiè ,dzpw Ð df cgè df cg` : xn` xfrl` iaxe .20 `xnbd lra
.xfrl` iaxk `caer `cqg ax car .21
iaxax xn wiay : `cqg axl axc dizpa ipa dingp oaxe àwer oax dil exn` .22
,icar iaxaxk inp `pè : l"` ? ixhefk ciare
.zexit lke` lrad oiè ,dzpw Ð df cgè df cg` : opgei 'x xn` oiax `z` ikc .23
; zexit lke` lrade ,dzpw `l Ð ezy`l dcy xkend : `zkld ,àx xn` .24
.zexit lke` lrad oiè ,dzpw Ð dpzna
? izxz .25
,oipenh oi`y zerna o`k ,oipenh zerna o`k : ìyw `l .26
.dzpw Ð oipenh opi`y zern ,dzpw `l Ð oipenh zern : dcedi ax xn`c .27
577 (a"r±`"r `p) "dlra iqkpa" : raye mixyrd ìbeqd
cenlzd zxeqn
dpyn ; i `k zeny e`x .ipefn dl zi`c oeik .1 .([2±1] ,"ezy` iqkpa" ,dk ìbeq) `"r hn ,lirl eeyd .2±1
cp zeaezk ilaa e`x .dpefnl izixg` `rx` dl cgic .2 .`"r gn Ð a"r fn zeaezk ilaa ; g d zeaezk
di`x `d ...irac èd ifef iielbl .5±4 .([8] ,"ezy` iqkpa" ,dk ìbeq) a"r hn ,lirl .yi di`x `d .3 .a"r
gixadl dvex did dlir ? xken oia dn azek oia dn") c"r al ,` h zeaezk inlyexi eeyd .dpzn xhya yi
`nw àa ilaa eeyd .`ziilrn ilin opixn`c ,`negza `zxeà oab xn ded `l .6 .("dy`d on zepefn
.d ` oiyeciw dpyn .dwfgae xhyae sqka oipwp zeixg` odl yiy miqkp : opz .9 .a"r a migaf ,`"r k
,dpzn xhya `l` epy `l : lèny xn` .10 .`"r ek oiyeciw ilaa .egk zetil ...lèny xn` .13±10
: xnin xaq dinxi 'x") b"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexi eeyd .dinc el oziy cr dpw `l Ð xkn xhya la`
dpzil ywa dpzna .16±13 .("sqk oziy cr dpw `l sqk ozil n"r xhya la` ,sqk ozil `ly n"r xhya
ick ? xkn meyl dl azk dnle ,dl epzil ywa dpzna ...egk zetil ick ? xkn oeyla el azk dnle ,el
...oiipw oeyla dpzn azk ...dpeg axl l`y lèny") b"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexi eeyd .dgk z` zetil
axl l`y lèny") a"r fh ,d g `xza àa ,"lkd z` ozp dpzn ozepde ...egek dtii ...ìiglnn iqei x"`
dil `gip `lc .15 .[18±17] ,oldl .deln yi`l del car ...el dpzil ywa dpzna .15±13 .("melk ...dpeg
.deln yi`l del car .`"r ci oihib ,a"r `l dpyd y`x ilaa eeyd .deln yi`l del car diytp diieeyl
xn` .19 .[15±13] ,lirl .deln yi`l del car ...el dpzil ywa dpzna .18±16 .("care" : mye) f ak ilyn
`l` xn` `l") c"r al ,` h zeaezk inlyexi .zexit lke` lrade ,dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend : ax
: ax mya dcedi ax `xirf ax xnc") my .zexit lke` lrad oiè ,dzpw Ð dpzna ("`l xken la` ,azek
.e ` ipy xyrn `ztqez e`x .oipenh zerna .27 .("zexit dlik` el oi` ezy`l dpzn dcy azekd

.'izepefnl izixg` 'rx` dl cgic oebk `kixv `l : da ìd zwfgenc meyn `le .dlk` `wc èd ipefn 'qit
dl .yi dldip dpafc di`x iziin `d : wizy ezy` iab lrac ,dwfg ìed `l ikd elit` zxgà dwifgde
ikdle i`pin `xnhn zedc dl efgc .ifef il iielbl ick : dldip dzpiaf ikd meyn lrad .`nip : i`n` .dwfg
: ikd xninl ivn `lcn ,n"y .dlra dpw dy` dzpwy dn `dc dxenb dxikn meyn `le dldip dzpiaf
ìed di`x `ziin iè .irac èd ifef iielbl 'ixn` `le dzpw ezy`l edcy xkendc dpin rnyinl `ki`
epiid .dl yi di`x `d zwiicc i`de ,irac èd ifef iielbl 'ixn` `le dzpw ezy`l xkend mlerl : dwfg
dil xn` : yxcnd ziaa .`negza : dii`x dzii`x dpzna dl dadic di`x `ziin i`c .dpzn xhya
ifef lc : dzpwc .`hiyt : `ziilrn i`n .dil xn` : ira ifef iielbl 'ixn` `le 'eke ezy`l edcy xkend
`la sqka .'ek opzc .xhya dl dpwne xnb `wc xhya dzpw ikd 'it` ifef dildip dadi `l 'it`c .`kdn
meyn `nrh epiid dzpw `l `kd 'ixn` iè .minc oziy cr : oda xcdinl ivn `le sqk `la xhyae xhy
`lc ab lr sè .dpezpe dxekn df ixd 'eke aizne : ifef aidic cr dpw `lc .`le 'iywne : ira ifef ielblc
.dzrx iptn edcy xkena : `xhya ipwze `kdn ifef lc inp `kd .dpw xhyd zpizpc meyn `nl` minc ozp
`l `nlra la` .minc laiw `lc ab lr s` dildip dadie xnb `w drx ìdy zngne zlrez da oi`y
ikd meyn icarc èd ifef iielbl xn` ivnc dzpw `l ezy`l edcy xkena inp ikde .minc oziy cr dpw
axc dinyn da miiqn iaia axe .`car ifef iielbl xn` ivn `le dzpwc `negza xninl edl jixhvi`
oeyla dl azk dnle dl ozil ywia dpznac meyn : `nrh i`d meyn dzpw ezy`l edcy xkendc ongp
ax azk oiyecw zkqnae .zeixg` ea oiazek dxikn xhyac .dlv` daexw ezrcc .dgk zetil ick dxikn
: mlyln xehtc .melk eilr odl oi` : dzrx iptn edcy xken` i`we 'eke el ozil ywa dpzna xn` iy`
ongp axl 'iywne .odl rextl xnb `le odn delc .ciarc èd ifef iielbl opixn`c meyn e`l `nrh i`n
e` ezy`l car iedinl .diytp ciaryl xnb `lc ip`y dèld iabl : car ifef iielbl opixn` `l xn`c
.exn` xecd ilecb lke : edifef dil iielbl irac `l` car `le .deln yi`l del carc rci rcinc : ecarl
: beln iqkpk .zexit lke` lrae : dl ozil ywa dpznac meyn car ifef iielbl opixn` `lc dzpw i`ce
ax epiidc .iaxax xn way : dl aidi zexit oiae seb oia dcy dlekc meyn .zexit lke` lrad oiè dzpw
.iaxaxk : axc dicinlz dedc xfrl` 'xk .ixhefk zcare : zexit lke` lrae dzpwc lirl ixn`c `ped axe
,zexit lke` lrad xninl jixhvi` i`n` dzpw `l i`c .jci`l `xzq `cg `lde ,xn`w .izxz : opgei 'x
èd ifef iielblc meyn ely lkde dzpw `l epnn zpnhny .mipenh zerna : ded ely inp rwxwd seb 'it`
: zexit lke` lrade .dzpw mipenh mpi`y zerna la` : carc
xivwz
lrady meyn mzqd on z`f .dlra iqkpa dwfg dyi`l oi` b b `xza àa dpyn itl
ahid zyxtzn xzeie mipy yely jyna edcy zexta ¥ dzlikè ,ezy` zepefna aiig
xeaq eply `xnbd lra .epnn dcyd z` dzpw ìdy jkl oniqk `le ,df aeig yenink
lrad dl wiprd m` mby cnll dà epzpyny xiaqne ,"`hiyt" xcba ìd ef dkldy
dcy ly zextd ¥ z` dzlikà oi` ,dizepefn z` zgwl dxen` ìd epnny xg` dcy
dpynd on wiicn ìbeqd ly ipy wlg .lrad on eze` dzpw ìdy cnll ick df
oekp df .zlawzn jkl di`xe ,xhya e` sqk oiipwa dlran dcy zepwl dleki dyi`y
zxenz ezy`l dcy xken lrad day xkn zwqr¦ zlqetd zi`xen`d dcnrd itl mb
zern seygl ezy` z` gixkdl ick xken ipt cinrd wx lrady dgpd jezn ,melyz
dleki dyi` ,`xnbd zxne` ,el` mi`xen` itl mb .ely mvra ody ,dl eidy zepenh
.jkl di`xk lawzi dpznd xhye ,dpznk dcy dlran lawl
lrad ici lr dcy zxiknl rbepa ìbeqa okn xg`l miàen micxtp mipeic dyely
xhyd m` mb ,sqk oiipw zervnà dyrp ède ,swz xknd oey`xd oeicd itl .ezy`l
`ziixae ,dgcp zepenh zern seygl dqpn lrady yygd .di`xk lawzn epi`
mitqk zeell ywane deel ipt cinrnd lraa zwqerk zyxtzn df oiiprl zyyegd
,swz xknd ipyd oeicd itl .ezy`l dcy xkene xken ipt cinrnd lraa `le ,ezy`n
x`y oick ezy`l xkn eze`y dfd dcyd zexta ¥ zekf lral yi m` ìd dl`yde
eickpe ax `xen`d itl : zerc yely zeàen iyilyd oeica .dzeyxay beln iqkp
iax ,opgei iax itl .zext¥ lek`l jiynn lrad j` ,dlran rwxw zepwl dleki dyi`
zextl
¥ zekfd z` ca`n lrade ,dlran rwxw zepwl dleki dyi` `cqg axe xfrl`
dleqt dwqrd ¦ ,dcedi ax ixac lr `xnbd lra itl zqqeand ,àx zcnr itl .dcya
ezy` iciay oedd lr rci lrad m` dtwz j` ,zepenh zerna zynzyn dyi`d m`
z`f zeawrae ,dpzna ezy`l dcy wiprdl leki lra lekd zrcl .miielb eizexewne
.zexta
¥ ezekf z` ca`n èd
miyexit od elld zecnrd lk (`) : zeàd zepwqnd ,xzid oia ,zeler gezipd on
ax xn` eitly ,c"r cl ,` h zeaezk inlyexia dpecipe dàedy itk ax ly ezrcl
miyyeg epgp` eiably xkna ok oi`y dn ,zext¥ lke` epi` ezy`l dpzn ozepdy
leqt envr xkndy epiad dcedi axe àx .ezy` iciay zern seygl ywia èdy
dcyd zext¥ z` lek`l jiynn lrad j` ,swz xkndy exiaqd mixg` j` ,jk meyn
dcyd zext¥ z` lek`l jiyni lrad : okezn dyi`d ly oiipwd zekf z` owexl ick
ly zixewnd zernynd d`xpk ef .mzxenz el "dnliy" ezy`y zernd on mb dpdiie
oia oigad dcedi ax (a) .envr ax mya z`fd dcnrd z` ìan ilaad mbe ,inlyexid
oeeik ,odipia oigad `l àxy d`xp j` ,el zeielbd zernl lrad on zepenhd zern
zexte¥ dici dyrne dzìvn : zepnefn zernl inihibl xewn dyi`l oi` ezrcly
.dlral el` zepefn xzen j` ,dlra mrhn zepefnl zi`kf ìd ; dlral dizecy
jkae ,dly dxzene ,dzqirn unwl dleki dyi`y z`f znerl exaq mixg` mi`xen`
zexyt`d z` xikfd `l ìbeqd ly xzei mecw gqep (b) .i`nvr oed xeavl dleki ìd
did dpynay "`zhiyt"l xaqdd ; dizepefnl xg` dcy ezy`l wtiq lrady
.zlawzn jkl di`xe ,dlran dcy yekxl dleki dyi`dy epcnll dà dpyndy
z` siqed ,ìbeqd jynda àx ly ezrc zeawra z`fk dwqr¦ lqty ,xge`n jxer
zepefnl xg` dcy wtiq lrad m` mby cnll dà dpynd eitly `zhiytl xaqdd
.ely xg` qkpa dwfg dl oi` ,ezy`

dlra dcyn zext¥ zlke`d dyi` : dlra iqkpa dwfg dyi`l oi` ,b b `xza àa ,epzpyn itl
dzpwy cnll ick d`gn `ll ef dlikà oiè ,jka dze` dzpw `l xzeie mipy yely jyna
ìdy zextd
¥ mzqd one ,eiqkpn ezy` z` oefl aiig `linn lrady meyn z`f .ok iptl dze`
epzpynay dkldd ,eply ìbeqd ly ` wlga `xnbd lra itl 1.el` dizepefn md zlke`
cgii m` elit`y cnll ick z`f lka dzpyp ìd j` ,[1] "`hiyt" xcba zeidl dkixv dziid
.[2] df dcya dwfg meyn dzlikà oi` ,dizepefn melyzl zxg` rwxw lrad dl
z` dzpwy di`x dyi`d cia yi m`y ,dpynd oeyln zwiicn `xnbd ìbeqd ly a wlga
: a"r fn ,lirl `ped ax mya ongp ax zriaw zeawra z`fe ,[3] di`x dzii`x ,dlran qkpd
`xnbd lra xaq dligz 2.([1] ,"oiafe edeilz" ,ck ìbeq) "di`x ozii`x ,di`x eìady olek"
meyn ,dil`n dlha ezy`l lrad iqkp zxikny mixaeqd zrcn ìvedl ick df weica yiy
on df sqk ; melyzd sqk z` seygl crepy lrad cvn qiqkh `l` dpi` dxiknd zrvdy
dyi` ly dzìvn oky ,dlra ly èd dyi` iciay onefn sqk mzq Ð el jiiy xak mzqd
lra mxa .[4] lral ribn èdy it lr s` dnvrl eze` dxny ìde Ð dlral dici dyrne
,di`x epiè lha ezy`l lrad on xkn xhyy okziiy rivne ,z`fd di`xd z` dgec `xnbd
.[5] xhy zervnà rwxw ly dpzn dl wiprd dlrayk wx di`x èd dciay xhyde
zl`ya mi`xen` ipeic dyely miàen "di`x dzii`x `d" weicd zernyna df oeic xe`l
oia giyÎeca gztpd ,ìbeqd ly b wlg Ð oey`xd oeicd zpwqnl .ezy`l lrad rwxw zxikn
ribnd sqk zelbl lrad cvn qiqkha xaecny miyyeg oiè ,miiw xknd Ð `ped axl ongp ax
oky ,xhya `le ,df sqka zipwp rwxwd lèny itl .[8±6] ezy` epnn dxizqd eze`y el
xaecnyk wx xhya rwxw oiipw xiykde ,"dinc oziy cr" lg epi` rwxw oiipwy raw lèny
"dzrx iptn" dcy zxikna wx xhya `le df sqka zipwp rwxwd ,`pepnd ax itl .[10] dpzna
xknk zbven dwqrd
¦ eay xhy lrad azkyk df sqka zipwp rwxwd ,ziyily drc itl .[12]
.[13] mipiipr dnkl xknk dpicy dpznk yxtzn xhyd df dxwna ; [11] cgi mb dpznke
[14] dyxibe ezy`n sqk lrad deelyk "ifef iielb" qiqkhl yeygl yi dxe`kl ditly `ziixa
.ezy`l dcy xkn lrady dxwna lilk dgcp ef yyge ,[15] cala dèeldl zrbepk zyxtzn
dxknpy rwxwn zextd

¥ cnrn zl`ya mi`xen` ewlgp Ð ìbeqd ly c wlg Ð ipyd oeica
x`y oick ,df dcy zext lek`l jiynn lrad oia` xa `ped ax itl : ezy`l lrad ici lr
dpzna dyrnl xaecn l`xyi uxà 3xecd ilecbe eda` iax ,à` iax itl ; dyi`d iqkp
,mipt lk lr .[16] zextd
¥ z` mb zllek dpznde ,dyi`d gek z` zetiil ick xknk zgqepnd
qiqkhl yeygl yi dxe`kl ditly `ziixan miywn jk lr .miiw xkndy jk lr wleg oi`
oiiprk `ziixad zcnrd ici lr mivxzne ,dyxibe ezy`n sqk lrad deelyk "ifef iielb"
.[15±14] lirl epi`x xaky uexize ìyew Ð [18±17] xknl `le ,cala dèeldl
,dwfg dzwfg oi` dizepefnl zxg` rwxw dlra dl cgii m` elit`y eprinydl dà dpyndy `xnbd zrvd xe`l 1
lk z` zlke` ìdy it lr s` dwfg dzwfg oi` okle ,dizepefnl d f d c y d l c g i i dlray ìd o`k dgpddy d`xp
leaid èlna dze` mikfn eid `l reay icn dl miwteqnd zepefny d`xp ,ikd e`la .mipy yely jyna dcyd leai
`veik e` dzqirl gnw mdn oeghl mihig mrt icn zthew dziid m` sè ,mipy yely zwfg jxevl yxcpk ,dcyd ly
: dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"cxi" ,bk ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`xe ,zerwxw zwfgl dnec xacd oi` dxe`kl dfa
."zyxebn dpiè zyxebn
,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecnd zligz ,ìdd ìbeqa oeica e`xe ,([8] ,"ezy` iqkpa" ,dk ìbeq) a"r hn ,lirl eeyd 2
.[5±1] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,eply ìbeqa oeica oldle
o`k ynyn "xecd ilecb" iehiad .92±90 'nr ,(a"pyz) bn mrl eppeyl ,"mler ilecbe xecd ilecb" ,oncixt i"y x"en e`x 3
s` oldl xxazny itke ,(miil`xyiÎux` zexewna "mler ilecb" mipeknd) minkgd ilecb oaena ,ilaaa libxd yeniya
,lirl) `xza àa ,zexeqne zexewn ,ipald 'c xack `ly z`f .df oiipra eda` iaxe à` iax eicinlzk xaq opgei iax
.my epiir ; 7 'rd cw 'nr ,(1 dxrd ` ìbeq
xkny lra zl`ya mitqep mi`xen` ly zerc zeàen Ð ìbeqd ly d wlg Ð iyilyd oeica
zerc yely exnzyp j` ,zext¥ lke` lrad oi` dpznay minikqn mlek : ezy`l dcy ozp e`
,[22 ,19] zext¥ lke` lrade dcyd z` dzpw dyi`dy mixeaq eickpe ax (`) : xknl xywa
dzpw dyi`dy mixeaq `cqg axe xfrl` iax ,opgei iax (a) ; [16] lirl oia` xa `ped ax zrck
l`xyi uxà xecd ilecbe eda` iax ,à` iax zrck ,[23±20] zext¥ lke` lrad oiè dcyd z`
lra .[24] zext¥ lke` lrade dcyd z` dzpw `l dyi`dy xeaq àx (b) ; [16] lirl c wlga
zerna dzpw mè ,lha xknd mipenh zerna dzpw m` : dcedi ax zrck ezrcy xiaqn `xnbd
.[27±25] zext¥ lke` lrade miiw xknd mipenh mpi`y
oeyl dfe .c"r al ,` h zeaezk inlyexia mb epecip ezy`l lrad dcy ly dpzne dxikn
: inlyexid
...zexit 4[zlik` el oi`] ezy`l dpzn dcy azekd : ax mya dcedi ax `xirf iax
gixadl dvex did dl<i>r ? xken oia dn azek oia dn .`l xken la` ,azek `l` xn` `l
.dy`d on zepefn
"zexit lke` lrad oiè ,dzpw" Ð dpznd aiaq ilaaa zxxeyd mircd zeninzy dnec
ef dkld ixeg`n zcnerd ceqid zgpd .inlyexiay ax ly ef `xnina dceqi Ð [24 ,20±19]
xknd m`y ilaaa oia` xa `ped ax raew df mrhn 5.ozep èd dti oira ,dpzn ozepdy ìd
f` Ð xecd ilecbe ,eda` iax ,à` iax mixne`y itk Ð dpzn dyrnl èd ezy`l lrad ly
xywa ilaaa eàedy zecnrd yely jezn miizyy mb d`xpe .[16] zext¥ lke` lrad oi`
xken la` ,azek `l` xn` `l" : ax ixacn inlyexiay weica oceqi ezy`l dcy xkny lral
lrad zpzn ."dy`d on zepefn gixadl dvex did dlir ? xken oia dn azek oia dn .`l
wiicn inlyexid .zext¥ lke` lrad oiè ,xac lkl dpzn ìd ,zeyxetn ax xne` ,ezy`l
meyn z`fe ,ezy`l xknp edcyy xg`l zext¥ lek`l jiynn lrad Ð "`l xken la`" eixacn
dxnye dyi`d dxizedy zepefnd inc z` lral xifgdle seygl dziid dxiknd zxhny
6
.dlral dizepefn xzen ditly dkldl cebipa dnvrl
dlha dwqrd¦ m`d : rwxwd seb ly cnrnd dne ,envr xknd oic dn oiivn epi` inlyexid j`
ick wx xken ipt cinrd ède ,dpwnd lrad cvn zrc zexinb dziid `ly meyn leke lekn
ly dwqra¦ el` zern envrl xifgdl lrad oeekzd `ny e` ,eicil oxifgdle zernd z` zelbl
d`xp ."zxken dpi`" epiptly gqepa .a"r bt zeaezk ilaal eizetqeze eizekld e`x ; eiptly inlyexia y"`xd qxb jk 4
ax `xirf iax ly `xnin zàen migqpd lka oldl oky ,(my epiir) inlyexia mcewd oeicd on dxbyà xaecny heyt
epiptly gqepd z` edibd miyxtnd aex ,okè ."zexit <z>lik` el oi` ezy`l dpzn dcy azekd" oeyla ax mya dcedi
`ll oldl dibd ,eplv` mixtqd gqep z` miiwy ,dcrd oaxw lrae ,ìbeqd jynday `xninde y"`xd gqep it lr
ipya mixtqd gqep z` miiwl jxc rivd ,dzpw dpzna d"c ,a"r `p `xza àa ilaal miipir dti lra .`zknq`
"zexit zxken dpi`" ìd ezy`l dpzn ozep lradyk ,eicinlz ici lr dxqnpy itk ax zrcly yxit èd .zenewnd
ax oeekzd dfl m` mxa .zext¥ lke` lrade rwxw mdn mipewe ,xknidl zextd ¥ oic `l` ,"zexit zlik` el oi`" ède
zexnin izya oiivl mewna ,df dcya mibdep cvik zeyxetn oiivle ,dxexa zg` `xnina lekd z` gqpl eilr did i`ce
.miyer oi`y dn z` zecxtp
dpzn ozepdy dkldd lr eywd mipey`xd .h c `xza àa dpyn e`xe ,([8] ,"uxte xcb lrp" ,l ìbeq) `"r bp ,oldl 5
ick ezy`l lrad ici lr dpzipy xvgy àx wqt my ,a"r fr oihib ilaaa àend dyrnn zext¥ lke` epi` ezy`l
dyi`d zeyxl zaygp xvgd oi` okle ,"dlra dpw dy` dzpwy dn"e beln iqkpk dpic xvgd ab` dhb z` zepwdl
lr s`y z`f xe`l yxit owfd i"x .dzpw dpzna d"c ,a"r `p `xza àa o"anxe zetqez e`x .zyxebn dpi` ìde ynn
lke` lrad dpnny rwxw mdn mipewe mixknp zextd ¥ `l` ,zext¥ zlke` dpi` dyi`d s` zext¥ lke` lrad oi`y it
,my àx oeekzd jkl m` j` .(4 dxrda epxkfdy my inlyexil miipir dti lra yexite ,` h zeaezk dpyn e`x) zext¥
zpzny ìd o`k ilaaa mi`xen`d lk lye inlyexia ax ly dklddy xzei d`xp .zeyxetn z`f oiivl mewn did i`ce
dxwna lg epi` df ocne` .ozep èd dti oira dpzn ozepdy ceqid zgpd zeawra z`fe ,zextd ¥ z` zllek ezy`l lrad
al zeaicp jezn zpzip dpi` ìdd dpzndy meyn ,dhb z` dilr gipdl lkeiy ick wx rwxw ezy`l dpwdy lra ly
.jtdl `l`
.my dyn ipt e`x xg` yexitl .xz` lr ,f"acixd yxit df oirke 6
oky ,dzr zrl dax zernyn jkl oi` j` ,rwxwd seb z` zlawn mpn` dyi`d day ynn
.eiptl zenz ezy` m` rwxwd seb z` zyxl ieyr s` ède ,zext¥ lek`l jiynn lrad
eixacn wiicnd e` ax ywia eli`y d`xp j` .ef dl`yl zyxetn zeqgiizd oi` inlyexia
inlyexid itly d`xp okl .zeyxetn z`f oiivl eilr did leke lekn xknd z` lhal inlyexia
xkend" : ilaaa eply ìbeqa envr ax mya àen jk .zext lke` lrad j` ,dtwz dwqrd ¦
mxa .[19] "zexit lke` lrad oiè ,dzpw Ð dpzna .zexit lke` lrade ,dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy
dpzn oiipra zixewnd `xnind z` ìady ,ax ly ecinlz dcedi ax Ð miilaa mi`xen` ipy
lrad ly zerna xaecn ok` m`y eayg md .zxg` exaq Ð àx `xen`de ,inlyexia ax mya
dwqrde
¦ ,rwxwd seb lr xzeei lrady mrh oi` ,"xkn"d qiqkha envrl oxifgdl gilvdy
zepwdl ezrca xnb `l lrady meyn od ,dly opi`y zerna dnliy dyi`dy meyn od dlha
.eicil oxifgdle diciay zernd z` seygl dziid ezxhn lke ,rwxwd z` dl
; zexit lke` lrade ,dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend" envr ax ly dkldd wqtl cebipa ,okl
Ð ezy`l dcy xkend : `zkld" àx wqt ,[19] "zexit lke` lrad oiè ,dzpw Ð dpzna
`l" oeyld .[24] "zexit lke` lrad oiè ,dzpw Ð dpzna ; zexit lke` lrade ,dzpw `l
,lral jiiy oiicr rwxwd seb dzpw `l dyi`d m` ixdy ,mbnebn "zexit lke` lrade ,dzpw
ixacy d`xp .[25] eply `xnbd lra dywdy itk Ð ely mdy zext¥ lke` èdy `hiyte
gqip df xcqn .eilr dywdy `xnbd lral mcwy xnegd xcqn ici lr egqep [24] el` àx
iaxe ax zexnina dyniyy "zext¥Îrwxw" dletkd zpekzna dligz dpeeka mixacd z`
`l" ,àx ixac okezl dni`zd `l ef zpekzny it lr s` ,mdixacl daebzke ,[20±19] xfrl`
7
."dzpw
zerna xaecn ok` m` Ð lha elek xkndy wqt ,dcedi ax `xen`d ,ax ly ecinlz s`
8.[27] "dzpw Ð oipenh opi`y zern ,dzpw `l Ð oipenh zern" : dlra ipirn dyi`d dpinhdy
ly `xnind jyndk mixazqn md j` 9,mirhewn mde ,xywd `ll miàen dcedi ax ixac
: oldlck ,[19] ax ,eax
oiè ,dzpw Ð dpzna ,zexit lke` lrade ,dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend : ax xn` .19
; zexit lke` lrad
.dzpw Ð oipenh opi`y zern ,dzpw `l Ð oipenh zern : dcedi ax xn` .27
ixeqg"d jxc lr yxtl ick dcedi ax ly drehwd `xnind z` lvip ilaaa `xnbd lra
xaecny epxaqd ik m` ,oir zi`xnl drehw ìd s`y) [26] àx ly `xnind z` "`xqgn
md eli`k (cig` oepbq eilr miwelgd ixace àx ixacl zeeyl dvxy ,jxerd ly oeekn geqipa
"zexit lke` lrae ,dzpw `l" àx ly driawdy d`xp ,ok it lr sè .df z` df minilyn
xekni lray zexyt`d z` y`xn lqte dcedi ax lr wlg àx .ztxeb driaw dxewna dziid
zerndy yyge lrad cvn zrc zexinb xqegl yyg jezn ,zeaiqpl xyw `ll ,ezy`l dcy
xa `ped ax ixacl mcibpdl ick mixac z` jk gqip envr àxy ,ew±dw 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) ipald rivd dfa `veik 7
jxca ely eixac z` "jxer" epi`y i`cee ,cenlza mzàd jxevl eixac z` gqpn envr `xen`dy d`xp oi` j` .oia`
,uiaepa 'n e`x ; mixg` zenewna ep`vny itke ,cig` ite` olekl deeydy zexnind xcqna xaecny xzei d`xp .ef
.my mipeive ,33 'rd 121 'nr ,(11 dxrd gi ìbeq ,lirl) lilgde daxre alel : cebi`d cenlz
yibp epi`y sqk zernyna mye ,e ` ipy xyrn `ztqeza ,l"fg zextqa sqep cg` mewna riten "zepenh zern" iehiad 8
eze` oillgn oi` my èdy rceiy it lr s` ,xeal eqik ltpy e` ,jlnd xdae `xhvwa zepenh zern el eid" : e i l r a l
xaecn ,718 'nr ,e"hyz wxei eip ,mirxf dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y yxity itk ."xyrn dpw `l ,llg mè .odilr
oiè ,inex oehlya mi`vnp zrk j` ,àkek xa cxne lecbd cxnd inia icedi oehlya eidy zenewna epnhpy zerna
,dlra ipirn dyi`d dpinhdy zern oaena ,l`yen oteà iehiaa ynzyn dcedi ax o`k j` .el` zenewnl dyib icedil
: (jenqa oldl e`x) inlyexiay "zepefn gixadl" iehiad e` [8] ongp ax exec oa itay "ifef iielbl" iehiad zeawra z`fe
."mipenh zern" md mze` milbn e` migixany zern
.13 'rd dw 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) ipald e`x 9
.mitqkd xewn iabl dyi`d z` e` eizepeek iabl lrad z` le`yl ilan z`fe ,dyi`d ly opi`
.etebl dxwn lk ; zeaiqpa ielz dwqrd
¦ lxeb ,z`f znerl ,dcedi axl
xknay meyn dpznl xkn oia wlgl yiy inlyexid ixac z` xen`k zenèz elld zercd
zl`ya àxe dcedi ax ,ax ewlgp ilaad itl j` ."dy`d on zepefn gixadl dvex did dlir"
leqtl ick lrad ly df ienq ripna oi`y wqt ax : ef dprh zeawra xknd on zebiizqdd zcin
z` envrl xenyle ,cala rwxwd seb z` xeknl ezpeeky yxtl ick ea yi j` ,dwqrd ¦ z`
zxenz dnliy dyi`dy xxazn ok` m`y rawe eaxn zkl wigxd dcedi ax .[19] zextd ¥
lka dlha dwqrdy
¦ wqt àxe ,[27] dlha dwqrd¦ if` ,lral jiiyd ,dizepefn xzena dcyd
.[24] dxwn
,dyi`d icia zern dpiidzy zinihibl zexyt` oi` hrnky dgpdd lr zeqqean elld zercd
z` lke` lrade ,dlral dici dyrne dzìvn ixd : md dlra ly diciay zern mzq okle
el` j` ,zepefn ezy`l wtql aiig mpn` lrad .dlra dpw dyi` dzpwy dne ,dizecy zext¥
`ztqeza zàend `ziixan dler jk .lral dxized ,dxized mè ,ynn dze` oefl ecrep
zei`la xzene ely zepefn xzen" iepy zeaezk `ztqeza .a"r dq zeaezk ilaae a d zeaezk
."dy`l ze`la xzen ,lral zepefn xzen : opax epz" : my ilaaae ,"dly
.zei`xen` zekld elld zeklda dz`xy zxg` dqitz mb dziidy xkip inlyexid on j`
dxized ,[e]ly Ð zepefn dxized : opgei iax mya diig iax" : xn`p ,a"r l ,i d zeaezk inlyexia
: xn`p ,`"r cl ,` ì mye ,"dly Ð zeila
yi` zy` Ð zepefn dxized .dly 'zìvn : opgei 'x mya eda` iax lèny mya dcedi ax
.dly zepefn dxized ,dly dzìvny dpnl` .ely zepefn dxized ,ely dzìvny
.zi`xen` dkldk dqtzpy zepefn xzen oiipra ef dkld lr ewlgy mi`xen` eidy d`xpe
: epipy c c xifp dpyna
dzid ely m` ,dlra dl xtid jk xgè ,dznda z` dyixtde xifpa dxcpy dy`d
axwz dlere ,zenz z`hgd Ð dndad dzid dly mè ,xcra drxze `vz Ð dndad
.mgl oiperh opiè cg` meil oilk`pe ,minly axwz minly ,dler
axe ,"! dlra dpw dy` dzpwy dn : zxn`d ? dl `pn ìd" ,a"r ck ,my ilaad lèy jk lr
mè ,dly dizepefn xzeny dler mheytk `tt ax ixacn ."dzqirn dzvnwy" : aiyn `tt
dnda zepwl zbyn dciy cr zern jeqgle eze` xeknl dl xzen dzqirn gnw dzvnw
10.dlran dcy zepwl ick ok zeyrl dl xzeny oicd èd mzqd one ,dzexifpl
okle ,dly dizepefn xzen "dzqirn dzvnw" m`y xaq eply ìbeqa xfrl` iax s`y d`xpe
iax raw okl .inihibl oteà dlran dcy zepwl ick dizepefnn sqk jeqgz dyi`y okzii
iaxk wqtyk `cqg ax xaq jk .[20] zext lke` epi` dlrae ,dpzn oick xkn oicy xfrl`
`wc èd ifef iielbl" dprhd z` zeyxetn llyyk ongp ax mb d`xpd lkke ,[21] xfrl`
.[8] "ira
dxexa dkld ,zeaezk zkqnl dkld xexia e`xe ; `ni` zira i` d"ce dzvnwy d"c ,a"r ck xifp i"yxl qgeind e`x 10
ax ixac z` yxtl eqip mixg` .dlk` `le dxized dy`dy zepefnd oic d"c ,hvw 'nr ,f"qyz milyexi ,dkld xexiae
,dvniwy d"c ,a"r ck xifp ,zvaewn dhiye zetqez e`x ; "ely Ð zepefn xzen" `ziixad z` zxzeq dpi`y jxca `tt
ux` i`xen`y itk ,`ziixad z` xikd `l `tt axy heyt d`xpe ,miwegc mixacd j` .my zeaezkl dkld xexiae
.dexikd `l zeaezk inlyexia l`xyi
yexit ipeir
`rx` dl cgic ,dkixv `l ! dlk` `wc èd ipefn Ð ipefn dl zi`c oeik ,`hiyt .5±1
dcy xkend : dpin zrny ! irac èd ifef iielbl : `nil .di`x `d .dpefnl izixg`
.dpzn xhya yi di`x `d : `ni` ,`l .irac èd ifef iielbl opixn` `le ,dzpw Ð ezy`l
cnll dà epzpyn eitly ,[1] "`hiyt" ,ìbeqa dpey`xd ìyewl `xnbd lra ly uexizd
dyi` m` .dywen ,[2] df dcya dwfg dl oi` dizepefnl xg` dcy ezy`l lrad cgii m` s`y
zwfg dl didz `ly recn ,dpzna epnn elawl mipt lk lr e` ,dcy dlran yekxl dleki
èd yygd lk ixd ? xg` mewnn dl miribn dizepefny reci m` èdd dcya mipy yely
dizepefn mè ,dizepefn zlhep ìd epnny dcyd èd èd milrak zldpzn ìd eay dcydy
dcyd z` dzpwy dgpdd caln dzeldpzdl xaqd oi` `weec xg` qkpn dl miribn
`le" epzpyna àad eitly ìbeqd ly ipyd wlgd rwx lr znvrzn ef ìyew 11! dlran
ezy`l lran qkp zxard lr cirnd xhyy dpnn wiicpy ick dvegp "dlra iqkpa dy`l
ly ìyewl xzei aeh uexiz jka oi` m`d .[5] dpzn xhya xaecnyk zegtd lkl Ð [3] xyk
? [2] my zrvend efn ,"`hiyt" ,oey`xd wlga `xnbd lra
ìbeq ly miwlgd ipy dpanl ddf eply ìbeqa mipey`xd miwlgd ipy dpany ep`vn dpde
: `"r `p Ð `"r hn lirl ,"ezy` iqkpa" ,dk
"dlra iqkpa" ,fk ìbeq ,eply ìbeqd "ezy` iqkpa" ,dk ìbeq
.'eke dlra iqkpa dy`l `le .'eke ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le
[b b `xza àa ,epzpynl xaqd .`] [b b `xza àa ,epzpynl xaqd .`]
ipefn Ð ipefn dl zi`c oeik ,`hiyt .1 Ð `xit dil zi`c oeik ,`hiyt .14
! dlk` `wc èd ! lik`wc èd `xit
izixg` `rx` dl cgic ,`kixv `l .2 mixace oic : dl azkc ,`kixv `l .15

.dpefnl ...jiiqkpa il oi`
[ea oeice ,b b `xza àa ,epzpynn weic .a] [ea oeice ,b b `xza àa ,epzpynn weic .a]
.yi di`x `d .3 .yi di`x `d .8
zrny ! irac èd ifef iielbl : `nil .4 in ! ilral iziyr gex zgp : `niz .9
,dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend : dpin on gwle xfge yi`d on gwl : opz `l
.irac èd ifef iielbl opixn` `le : dxn` `nl` ,lha egwn Ð dy`d
inp `kd ,ilral iziyr gex zgp
xhya yi di`x `d : `ni` ,`l .5
! ilral iziyr gex zgp : `niz
.dpzn
ax xa dax xn` ,dlr xnzi` `d .10
'b ozeà `l` dkxvp `l : `ped
...zecy
...beln iqkp ...ihernl .11
epazky dn e`xe ; `kixv `l d"c ,my `"ayxd iyecige ,zyxebn dpiè zyxebn d"c ,a"r fn `xza àa zetqez e`x 11
."zyxebn dpiè zyxebn : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"cxi" ,bk ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl
odizeawrae ,zeiyew dnk ìdd ìbeqd lr epiywd 12,lirl ,"ezy` iqkp" ,dk ìbeqa oeica
weicd did [1] `wqitay ìyewl oey`xd `xnbd lra ly ixewnd uexizdy dpwqnl eprbd
: oldlck ,my [8] `wqitay
! lik`wc èd `xit ,`xit dil zi`c oeik ,`hiyt .5
yi`l oi`y oiivl epzpyn ly `pzd ygy jxevd lr dzywd zixewnd ìbeqd : xne` deed
zpwz gekn lral zipwend zekf ìd beln iqkp zext¥ zlik` : "`hiyt" ,ezy` iqkpa dwfg
z` dpwy dgked dnvr ef dlik` oi`y eil`n oaen okle ,ezy`n mze` dpw `l m` s` minkg
leki lrady epcnll ick ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l oi`y dpy èdy xiaqn `xnbd lra .qkpd
.ok dyry di`x meyn xhya yie ,xhya qkp dpnn yekxl
ìbeqae ,eply ìbeql zxge`n ztqez ìd [2] `wqit .eply ìbeqa oicd èdy d`xpe
: oldlck ,[3] `wqitay weicd dziid "`hiyt" zl`yl daeyzd zixewnd dzpekzna
.'eke dlra iqkpa dy`l `le
! dlk` `wc èd ipefn Ð ipefn dl zi`c oeik ,`hiyt .1
opixn` `le ,dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend : dpin zrny ! irac èd ifef iielbl : `nil .4
.irac èd ifef iielbl
zepyxtd z` `le [2] zigkepd `zekixvd z` `l dllk `l ìd .zixewnd ìbeqd o`k cr
,dzpw ezy`l dcy xkend ,zixewnd ìbeqd itl .[5] `weec dpzn xhya weicd z` dcinrnd
zxg` rwxw dl cgii m` eiqkpa dwfg dl yiy oicd ède ,irac èd ifef iielbl opixn` `le
.dizepefnl
[1] `wqitay `zhiytd z` uxzle ,miwacd oia cixtdl ipy `xnb lra d`x dn ,xacd ok m`
e` ezy` rwxw xeknl leki lray ,weicd on dlerd z` biiql d`x dne ? [2] wegc uexiza
? [5] `weec "dpzn xhya yi di`x `d" `l` ok xacd oi`y epiiva ,dpzna dl dzzl
axe ongp ax ,`ped ax ,xfrl` iax ,ax mi`xen`d zhiy gexa dziid zixewnd dkixrdy d`xp
itke ,epzpyn ly dheytn mb dler jk .dzpw ezy`l dcy xkendy mlek exaqy ,`cqg
dpyna oiivl jxev did `l ,llk dlra iqkpa oiipw dyi`l oi` m` ixd : [3] `wqita miwiicny
`d" ,oiipw dl yiy cenll ozip dwfg dyi`l oi`y dcaerd on ; el` miqkpa dwfg dl oi`y
[4±3] ze`wqita ef dheyt dpaez yxetn iehia icil ìad oey`xd `xnbd lra ."yi di`x
.zeixewnd
,dzpw `l ezy`l dcy xkend : `zkld" : rawe el encwy mi`xen`d aex lr wlg àx j`
`le ,oiipwd revia myl dlyn zern dyi`d icia oi` mzqd on ezrcl ."zexit lke` lrade
ezy` iciay zernd z` seygl ick lrad ly qiqkh did xknd : dpwn zrc lral dziid
ìbeqd ly zixewnd dgiztd z` lawl àx icinlz eywzd z`f zeawra .`linn el zekiiyd
: max mzhiy z` zcbepd
! dlk` `wc èd ipefn Ð ipefn dl zi`c oeik ,`hiyt .1
."dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"ezy` iqkpa" ,dk ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 12
opixn` `le ,dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend : dpin zrny ! irac èd ifef iielbl : `nil .4
.irac èd ifef iielbl
z` etiqede ,[4±3] a-e [1] ` ,ìbeqd iwlg ipy oia ecixtd md : diipy dkixr da ervia md okl
icinlzn ,mipexg`d ìbeqd ilra ly mzhiyl .a wlgl [5] `wqit zè ` wlgl [2] `wqit
mipy yely zwfg mzqe ,dgiky dppi` dpzny oeeike .[5] dpzn xhya wx la` ,"yi di`x" ,àx
xyt`l dziid epzpyna "dlra iqkpa dy`l `le" àad zxhny xnel dyw ,`weec xkna ìd
jixv did `pzd : [2] `wqitay xaqdd z` àx icinlz eìvnd okl ."yi di`x `d" weicd z`
dcy dl cgii dlray dxwna s` oicd èdy cnll ick dlra iqkpa dwfg dyi`l oi`y zepyl
.dizepefnl xg`
zepefn lehil dilr xqè ,ynn dizepefnl dcy lrad dl cgii m`y zpzep zrcd ,xen`k
mipexg`d `xnbd ilray d`xpe .dwfg dl aygiz mixg` zecya dzwfg if` ,mixg` zecyn
ìdy xnel ozip oiicr "dpefnl izixg` `rx` dl cgii"ay [2] `wqita erawy ,àx icinlzn
"dpefnl `rx` dl cgii" byenl cigid xekf`d ¦ lr eknzqd ,zepefn xeza df dcya dwifgn
: a"r cp zeaezk ilaaa ,eply ìbeql uegn l"fg zextqa
xn` ,opgei iaxc dinwl ez` ,ipefn dcqtnw dedc à` zzi` edl ded opgei iaxc diaixw
xn` ,yiwl yixc dinwl ez` .dpefnl `rx` dl cgiipc oekea`l dil exnè elifi` : edl
elif : edl xn` ? ikd xn` `l opgei iax `de : dil exn` .zepefn dl daixy oky lk : edl
dn : edl xn` ,opgei iaxc dinwl ez` .ekiipe`n opgei iax ekl `pwitn Ð `l iè ,dl ead
zepefnl xn` : opgei iaxc dipin il `yxtn icicl ,eda` iax xn` .ilr welg icbpky ,dyr`
.zepefn dl uvw Ð zepefna xn` ,zepefn dl daix Ð
dcy ezy`l cgiiy in oia ,àx ly il`xyiÎux`d exec oa ,eda` iax oigan df xetiqa
wx zipefip ok` dyi`d oey`xd dxwna ."dizepefnl" ezy`l dcy cgiiy in oial "dizepefna"
eizext¥ zlke` ìd m`y mikqn did eply `xnbd lra s`y d`xpe ,jkl zcgeind dcyd on
yi ,xzei e` mipy yely jyna èdd dcyd lr milrak zldpzne ,dlra ly xg` dcy ly
zlawn ìd : zepefn dl daix ,"dizepefnl" dcy ezy`l cgiind mxa .èdd dcya dwfg dl
`rx` dl cgii m` : xne` deed .cgeind dcyd zextn¥ mdl siqedl dlekie ,eiqkp llkn zepefn
heyt mxa .zepefn melyzk yxtzdl dleki mixg` zecyn zext¥ zlik` mb ,dpefnl izixg`
dfd weligd z` eda` iax e` opgei iax dbdy iptle ,"dl cgii" iehiad ly eheyt df oi`y èd
.icrla cegiik aygp zepefn jxevl dcy cegii lk ,"zepefna"l "zepefnl" oia
ilin opixn`c ,`negza `zxeà oab xn ded `l : `ped axl ongp ax dil xn` .6
.`ziilrn
sexiva wx riten iehiad j` 13.yxcnd zia oaena "`negz" dlind z` miyxtn aex it lr
a migafe `"r k `nw àa ilaaae o`k ,"`ziilrn ilin ...c ,`negza ...oab xn ded/zied `l"
mipeica e` zeklda xaecn mixwnd zyelya ixdy ,xywdd lr qqean df yexity d`xp .a"r
yxcnd zia dpek recn xiaqdl zepeiqipd mxa .mi`xen` ici lr "`negza" mixn`pd miizkld
z` mi`ven epiidy d`xp yxcnd zial llek my "`negz" did eliè 14,miwegc "`negz"
.yxcnd zian zexcrid lr giyÎeca wx `le ,mixg` mixywda mb dfd yeniyd
15."àl lkezy eplv` aexw ziid `l" : yxity `"r k `nw àa i"yx zrck d`xp okl
"`negz" jxr ,jexrd lra ozp iax ; `negza d"c ,`"r `p `xza àa m"ayx ; oab zied `l d"c ,a"r a migaf i"yx e`x 13
.(216 'nr ,g jxk ,mlyd jexr)
rny `le yxcnd zial ribd `l okle zaya megzl uegn did xcrpde ,zay lill miqgiizn mixacdy yxit my i"yx 14
elkeiy ick ,ynn megzd lr epap mdy meyn "`negz" epek laaa yxcnd izay ,jtdl yxit o`k m"ayx .mixacd z`
."dxez ly dnegz" èd yxcnd ziay yxit ozp iax ; zaya ribdl zekenqd zexiird iayez
.`negza d"c ,`"r k `nw àa i"yx 15
zernynk ernyne ,`weec xeaicd ztya laa i`xen` z` yniyy innr iehia èd "`negza"
: èt` eyxit "`negza `zxeà oab xn ded `l" .epini ly zxaecnd zixara "daiaqa" iehiad
."dlila lenz` daiaqa did `l ipec`"
opixn` `le ,dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend ? ezixn` `ziilrn ilin i`n : dil xn` .18±7
: opz `l in ! `xhya ipwize `kdn ifef lc ,`hiyt : dil xn` .irac èd ifef iielbl
xn` ,dlr xnzi` e`le : dil xn` ? dwfgae xhyae sqka oipwp zeixg` odl yiy miqkp
e`le ? dinc el oziy cr dpw `l Ð xkn xhya la` ,dpzn xhya `l` epy `l : lèny
dey ea oi`y t"r` qxgd lr e` xiipd lr el azk ? cvik xhya : `pepnd ax aizen
dxekn ef ixd Ð jl <l"vke ,cid iazk lka jk> dpezp icy ,jl dxekn icy dhext
miiqn iaia ax ? dzrx iptn edcy xkena : dl wxtn ède ,dl aizen èd e`le ? dpezpe
: <"xn` iy` axe" : sqep miqetca ."`pdk axc dinyn" : miqxeb yi> ongp axc dinyn da
: cid iazk aexa> egk zetil ick ? xkn oeyla el azk dnle ,el dpzil ywa dpzna
on del : iaizin .<"dgk zetil ick ? xkn oeyla dl azk dnle ,dl ozil ywa dpzna"
: opixn`c meyn e`l ? `nrh i`n ; melk eilr odl oi` Ð dyxbe dy`d on ,exxgye card
.deln yi`l del car diytp diieeyl dil `gip `lc ,mzd ip`y ! irac èd ifef iielbl
à` iax mxa ,zexit lke` lrae dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend : oia` xa `ped ax gly
ick ? xkn meyl dl azk dnle ,dl epzil ywa dpzna : exn` xecd ilecb lke eda` iaxe
; melk eilr odl oi` Ð dyxbe dy`d on ,exxgye card on del : iaizin .dgk z` zetil
del car yipi` ieyil `lc ,mzd ip`y ! `rac èd ifef iielbl : ixn`c meyn e`l ? h"n
.deln yi`l
dpzil ywa dpzna" `qxibd it lr ? [13] `wqita ongp axc dinyn iaia ax "miiqn" dn z`
aex eyxit ,miqetcde fixt ci azk zqxib ìdy ,"egk zetil ick ? xkn meyl el azk dnle ,el
ax oiay giyÎeca dpexg`d rlvd ,mdl dncwy [12] `wqit lr miaqen mixacdy mipey`xd
ezy`l dcy xkend" ongp ax ly yecigdy ongp ax ipta orh `ped ax 16.`ped axl ongp
opi` zernd m` mb oky ,`hiyt xcba èd [8] "ira `wc èd ifef iielbl opixn` `le ,dzpw
xhyd oiipw z` liabd xak lènyy el xirn ongp ax .[9] xhya dcyd z` dpew ìd ,dly
dkld lr dywd `pepnd axy aiyn `ped ax .[10] oiipwd od zernd dxiknay rawe ,dpznl
xekn dcyl od qgiizdl leki oiipw xhyy zraewd "cvik xhya" `ziixad on lèny ly ef
z` cinrde ef eziiyewl envr `pepnd ax aiyd xaky el aiyd ongp axe ,[11] oezp dcyl od
jk lr .[12] xhya dpwp dcyde dpznk dpicy dxikn ,"dzrx iptn" edcy xkena `ziixad
: df `l` ,ongp ax itay `ziixal `pepnd ax ly itelgd yexitd did df `ly iaia ax xirn
zetil ick ? xkn oeyla el azk dnle ,el dpzil ywia dpzna : dl wxtn ède dl aizen èd"
xkend j` ,dpzna dcy zpizp èd "cvik xhya" `ziixaa oecipd dxwnd ,xnelk ; [13] "egk
lawnl wiprdl ick ("jl dxekn icy" aezk eay xg` xhy azk e`) "jl dxekn icy" mb azk
17.gwell llk jxca zexenyd zeahd
; jl dxekn icy d"c ,my `"ayx ; dnle d"c ,my zetqez ; oiyeciw zkqna opiqxb ikd d"c ,`"r `p `xza àa m"ayx 16
,oncixt i"y x"en ixac jezn mb dler el` mipey`x zrck .dpzna d"c ,my o"xd iyecig ; iaia axe d"c ,my `"ahix
yexitl m` ewlgp el` mipey`x .115 'nr ,(13 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) miyexitd jxk ,oipne`d z` xkeyd : jexr cenlz
eazkpy ,dpzn xhy cgè xkn xhy cg` ,zexhy ipy e` ,dpzne xkn ea aezky cg` xhya xaecn ongp ax mya iaia ax
.my epiir ; dwqr¦ dze` lr
,`"r `p `xza àa ,eizeilra dpei epiax ici lr drved df yexit lr divìxe .[13] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x 17
ongp ax mya iaia ax siqen [13] `wqita ,ezrcl .(fnx 'nr ,o"yz milyexi ,xlyxd 'cdn) dlr xnzi` e`le l"` d"c
oeyl aezkl ywan "dzrx iptn" edcy xkend : eze` xiaqne [12] `wqita ongp ax ìady `pepnd ax ly uexizd lr
azk èd j` ,lèny zhiyl s` Ð df dxwna akrzdl lelry Ð minc ozn iptl cer ,xhya dpwi gweldy ick dpzn
xzeel oken did `l gweldy ([13] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x) dpzna oi`y xkna zeahd opyiy meyn xkn oeyla
.df yexitk rnyn `l "el ozil ywia dpzna" oeyld on j` .odilr
ongp axe `ped ax mihhvn dpnny ìbeqd ,`"r ek oiyeciw ilaa jezn mb dler dfd yexitk
: my ìbeqd oeyl dfe ."...aizen `le ...dlr xnzi` e`le" oeyla ,mdly giyÎeca
aizn .minc el oziy cr dpw `l Ð xkna la` ,dpzn xhya `l` epy `l : lèny xn`
dhext dey mda oi`y it lr s` qxgd lr e` xiipd lr el azk ? cvik xhya : `pepnd ax
: dl wxtn ède ,dl aizen èd ! dpezpe dxekn ef ixd Ð jl dpezp icy ,jl dxekn icy
? xkn oeyl el azk dnle ,el dpzil ywia dpzna : xn` iy` ax .dzrx iptn edcy xkena
.egek z` zetil ick
`ziixal iaihpxhl` yexitk "el dpzil ywia dpzna" `zniwe`d z` i y ` a x rivn o`k
ax mya ongp ax mya iaia ax ita ,gqepd icr aex itl ,eply ìbeqa zàend "cvik xhya"
18
.envr `pepnd
eply ìbeqa mdipiay giyÎeca mihhvn `ped axe ongp ax ixd : zvwna dywen mixacd jldn
ixacn ìadl mileki md oi`y xexa la` ,oiyeciwa exqnpy itk `pepnd axe lèny ixac z`
mixacd z` ìady ,ongp ax ly ecinlz ,iaia ax ixgè ,mdixg` zexec dnk lrty iy` ax
ìbeqd it lr eply ìbeqa [13] `wqita mipqxb edibd okl .eply ìbeqa ongp ax mya
izy eàed miqetcae ,"ongp axc dinyn da miiqn iaia ax" mewna "xn` iy` ax" oiyeciwa
s` dplie qetcayk ,"xn` iy` axe ongp axc dinyn da miiqn iaia ax" ,ef cva ef ze`qxibd
ax" `qxibdy xexa j` .miixbeqa "ongp axc dinyn da miiqn iaia ax" `qxibd z` etiwd
ìbeqa .zixewnd ìdy dpzep zrcde ,oi`n yi dxvep `l "ongp axc dinyn da miiqn iaia
ixac z` owiz iaia axe ,oiyeciwa `pepnd axe lèny ixacn `ped axe ongp ax ehhiv eply
oiyeciwa ìbeqd z` iy` ax okcr zexec dnk xeark .ongp ax ici lr eàedy itk `pepnd ax
ax ici lr exqnpy itk ,mipexg`d `pepnd ax ixacl eply ìbeqa iaia ax ly oewizd it lr
ìbeqa mxne` mya mixacd z` oiyeciwa iy` ax ìad `l recn oiadl dyw zvw mpn` .ongp
mr eca` my dxiqnd ihxty okzii j` Ð `pepnd ax mya ongp ax mya iaia ax Ð eply
.dkixra ehnyed e` ,zexecd
zeibeqa hxetny itk md oiyeciway ìbeql eply ìbeqd oia oilnebd iqgi ,xacd ok m`
ax .oiyeciway `pepnd axe lèny ixac z` ehhiv `xza àaa ongp axe `ped ax : onvr
ax ixac it lr xewnd z` okcr iy` axe ,ongp ax mya zxg` zvw mixacd z` hhiv iaia
`ziixaay zexhyd e` xhyd iabl wx xn`p "...el dpzil ywia dpzna" df yexitl .iaia
dwqr¦ x`zl ick xkn oeyle dpizp oeyl miynyn Ð df yexit itl Ð mday ,"cvik xhya"
izy opi` "jl dpezp icy"e "jl dxekn icy"y epiad iy` axe iaia ax ,ongp ax .zg`
ly zepexzid mr dpzna xaecny exriy md df oebka wxe ,zg` dnbec `l` zepey ze`nbec
.xkn
jezne dnvr eply ìbeqd jynd jezn dler "...ywia dpzna" htynl ixnbl xg` yexit mxa
ick ,xkn oeyla d l azk dnle , d l epzil ywia dpzna" htynd .o`k gqepd icr aex zqxib
: [16] `wqita ,oldl riten ,dawp oeyla `yend iiepik mr , " d g k z` zetil
iaxe à` iax mxa ,zexit lke` lrae dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend : oia` xa `ped ax gly
zetil ick ? xkn meyl dl azk dnle ,dl epzil ywa dpzna : exn` xecd ilecb lke eda`
.dgk z`
miiqn iaia ax" : [13] `wqita mb cid iazk aex miqxeb Ð dawp oeyla `yend iiepik mr Ð jke
i"k ."dgk zetil ick ? xkn oeyla dl azk dnle ,dl epzil ywa dpzna : ongp axc dinyn da
.qetcd enk ,my xkf oeyl 19icrla oteà qxebd cigid èd fixt
.`pepnd ax itay uexizl yexite xaqdk ,(zncewd dxrda e`x) dpei epax yexitl ,e` 18
.xkf oeyll dawp oeyln miiepikd edbed bxeand ci azka 19
"el azk `le el dpzil" ,xkf oeyll ,"dl azk `le dl dpzil" ,dawp oeyln bxeand ci azka oewizd
,à` iax mya oia` xa `ped ax ixac ixg` cin zeàd ,[18±17] ze`wqity `l` cala ef `le
iaia ax ixac xg`l cin zeàd [15±14] ze`wqitl zedf ,[16] `wqitay xecd ilecbe eda` iax
ìd "...ywia dpzna" htynd zernyn [16] `wqit ly xywda .[13] `wqita ongp ax mya
dl wiprdl oeekzn èd Ð dpznl xkf ea oi`y Ð ezy`l libx xkn xhy lrad azk m` mby
.xkn ly zepexzid mr ,dpzna dcyd z`
ongp ax ixacl `l iaihpxhl` meiq ynyl dcrep ìd : [13] `wqitl xg` yexit dler o`kn
ezy`l dcy xkend" : dipt iptly [8] `wqitay ongp ax ixacl `l` diptly [12] `wqitay
"ira `wc èd ifef iielbl opixn` `le" mewna ."ira `wc èd ifef iielbl opixn` `le ,dzpw Ð
Ð ezy`l dcy xkend" : xg` meiq mr ongp axc dinyn ìdd `xnind z` miiq iaia ax
qgeind eyxit jke ,"dgk zetil ick ? xkn oeyla dl azk dnle ,dl ozil ywia dpzna ; dzpw
20
.c"ix zetqeze meyxb epaxl
ìbeqd ly c wlgl epkeza ddf [15±13 ,8] ìbeqd ly b wlga oeicd xwir ,df yexit itl
ilin"d ,iaia ax itl .il`xyiÎux` oeica c wlgae ilaa oeica xaecn b wlgay `l` ,[18±16]
oiè ,zinihibl ìd ezy`l lrad dcy zxikny eraw [8] `wqita ongp ax ly "`ziilrn
,dpzna dcyd z` dl zzl oeekzn lrad `linn oky ,dyi`d iciay zernd xewnl miyyeg
xecd ilecbe eda` iaxe à` iax mb exn` jk .[13] dgek zetiil ick wx xkn oeyla dl azeke
dyi` zèeld oiipra `ziixad on ddf ìyew dywn `xnbd mlek lr .[16] l`xyi uxày
okle ,ecarn e` ezy`n mitqk zeell lral ìd dyea : ddf daeyz daiyne [17 ,14] dlral
dyea llk oi` j` .[18 ,15] ely ody zern seygl `l` oeekzd `ly zpzep zrcd ,ok dyr m`
z` cgi zkxekd daed` dyi`l daicp deegna xaecn ,daxc` .ezy`l edcy zxikna lral
.[16 ,13] dpznay zepexzid mr xknay zepexzid
[13] `wqitay iaia ax ixac z` oekp l` oiad `l iy` axy gipdl epilr m`d ,ok yxtp m`
uexizk dfd uexizd z` rivd okle ,[12] `wqitay ongp ax ixac lr miaqen mdy ayge
oiyeciwa iy` axy xyt` .gxkda `l 21? `"r ek oiyeciwa `pepnd ax ly ìyewl iaihpxhl`
z` `le ,ezy`l lrad dcy ly dxiknd zrtez z` xiaqdl epeekzd ongp axe iaia axy rci
dinyn iaia ax ly epeyla ynzyd èd j` ,dpzne xkn zepeyl cgi jxekd xhyd zrtez
mpeyl z` dpiye oiyeciwa mnya mixacd z` ìad `l jk meyne ,xg` jxevl ongp axc
xknk gqepnd dpzn xhyl df yexity `l` cer `le ."egk ...el ...el"l "dgk ...dl ...dl"n
z` oiyeciwa iy` ax a`y m` mby jk ,ongp axc dinyn iaia axn elit` mecw cgi mb dpzne
inlyexia .xzei cer mecw oeirx èd oeirxd ,ongp axc dinyn iaia axn wiecnd oeyld
: xn`p ,b"r q ,d ` oiyeciw
,lirl) ipald mb yxit oke .iaea axe d"c ,my c"ix zetqez ; iaia axe d"c ,`"r `p `xza àa ,meyxb epaxl qgeind 20
df yexitly meyn ,"xnel miqqdn mipey`xd ,df xaqd mle`" azek èd oky ,mdixac z` d`x `l d`xpky ,(2 dxrd
.(21 dxrd ,oldl e`x) `"r ck oiyeciw ilaal eply ìbeqd on zerha exared mixacdy reawl epilr
dinyn da miiqn iaia ax" `le "iy` ax xn`" ìd o`k [13] `wqita mb dpekpd `qxibd ezrcly `l` ,ipald rivn jk 21
à` iax zrcke) [8] `wqitay ongp ax ixac z` jiyndl ,eplv` epiidc ,xewna oeekzd iy` axy rivn èd ."ongp axc
mrnyn z` oiad `ly jxer ici lr oiyeciwl eply ìbeqd on exared eixac j` ,([16] `wqita xecd ilecb lke eda` iaxe
.ixewnd
dxn` .iykix ixz` diakx` : dil xn` ? oiipw oeyla dpzn azk ...dpeg axl l`y lèny
oixz iziin xnin oixaq ? iwxa iykix ixz lr diakx` edn .lèny dlaiw `le à iax
.melk iab gky` `l `ca lf` oidde `ca lif` èdde oedixz lr dil oiakxne iihy oeeqeq
ceariy oiè dxiknl ceariy yiy Ð mixac ipya egek dtii : ìiglnn iqei iax xn`
22
.lkd z` ozp dpzn ozepde lkd z` xkn `l xkendy ; dpznl
axe ,xkn xhyk dazkpy dpzn ly dcnrn iabl `ped ax z` l`y lèny inlyexid itl
ipyy ìd dpeekdy exaq dligz .miqeq ipy lr lawnd z` aikxd dpznd ozepy el dpr `ped
`le dpzn `l o`k oi` ,xnelk ; mewna x`yp akexde ,xg` oeeikl cg` lk mikyen miqeqd
aeliy o`k yiy meyn ,cg` oeeika mikyen miqeqd ipyy yxit ìiglnn iqei iax mxa .xkn
lawnn dcyd z` dpznd ozep ly miyepd eqtz m` (1) : dpznd oexzie xknd oexzi ly
gwel oick ,ezxenz xg` dcy lawl leki ède ,ozepd zerwxwa ceary lawnl yi ,dpznd
mpi`y mixac h c `xza àa dpyna mihxetn okle ,ozep dti oira dpzn ozepd (2) ; dcy
."lkd z` ozp dpzn ozepd" ,ìdd dpynd itl ,z`f zexnle ,xkna milelk
mìad `le ,mheytn ongp axe iaia ax ixac z` ìved `l oiyeciwa iy` axy èt` d`xp
dpzn xhy èd "jl dpezp icy ,jl dxekn icy" ea aezky xhyy oeirxd .mxne` mya `ly
`ped axl inlyexia qgein ède ,mi`xen`d ini zligza eceqi xkn ly zepexzid mb ea yiy
l`xyi uxà xecd ilecbe eda` iax ,à` iax ,oia` xa ìig iax itl .ìiglnn iqei axe
ax itle ,[16] "dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend" dkldd z` xiaqdl ick dfd oeirxa eynzyd
xfge dpyeil dxhr xifgd `"r ek oiyeciw ilaaa iy` ax .[13 ,8] ongp ax mb dyr jk ,iaia
q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexia mb iehia icil àd ixewnd exywda `ped ax ly ixewnd oeirxd lr
.b"r
.dinc el oziy cr dpw `l Ð xkn xhya la` ,dpzn xhya `l` epy `l : lèny xn` .9
ilaa `xen` ,dinxi iaxl b"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexia zqgein df oiipra lèny ly ezrc
: lèny ixg` zexec dyely l`xyi ux`l dlry
dpw `l sqk ozil n"r xhya la` ,sqk ozil `ly n"r xhya xnin xaq dinxi 'x .xhya
.dpw sqk ozp `l 'it` : oixn` oedixz dqei 'xe dpei 'x .sqk oziy cr
uxà dpey`xl dze` uitdy df èdy meyn inlyexia dinxi iaxl zqgein zxeqndy xyt`
zxeqna xaecny xexiaa `vei o`k ongp axl `ped ax oia oeicd on ,mipt lk lr .l`xyi
.eicinlz da ewqry lèny ly zihpze`
.egk zetil ick ? xkn oeyla el azk dnle ,el dpzil ywia dpzna .13
inlyexia hxetn df oexzi ,epi`xy itk .dpzn ipt lr oexzi yi xknly jkl fnex gekd ietii
oexzi mipiivn 23mipey`xd ."dpznl ceariy oiè dxiknl ceariy yiy" : b"r q ,d ` oiyeciw
gw `rivn àa ilaaa xn`py itk ,xkn lr lg ède ,dpzn lr lg epi` `xvn xac `pic : sqep
xaecn ; my xkfen epi` llk `xvn xac `picy meyn ,inlyexia xkfen epi` df oexzi .`"r
.zilaa dklda
i`n ; melk eilr odl oi` Ð dyxbe dy`d on ,exxgye card on del : iaizin .18±14
diieeyl dil `gip `lc ,mzd ip`y ! irac èd ifef iielbl : opixn`c meyn e`l ? `nrh
lrae dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend : oia` xa `ped ax gly .deln yi`l del car diytp
dnle ,dl epzil ywa dpzna : exn` xecd ilecb lke eda` iaxe à` iax mxa ,zexit lke`
inlyexi ,onxail 'y e`x ; a"r fh ,d g `xza àa inlyexia ep`vn inlyexiay ef ìbeql zyaeyne drehw dliawn 22
.216±215 'nr ,(23 dxrd b ìbeq ,lirl) oiwifp
.lirl 16 dxrda mipeiv e`x 23
dyxbe dy`d on ,exxgye card on del : iaizin .dgk z` zetil ick ? xkn meyl dl azk
`lc ,mzd ip`y ! `rac èd ifef iielbl : ixn`c meyn e`l ? h"n ; melk eilr odl oi` Ð
.deln yi`l del car yipi` ieyil
zegp cnrna `vnp deeld Ð "deln yi`l del care ,leyni miyxa xiyr" : xn`p f ak ilyna
oec`y okzii `ly eply `xnbd lra wiqn o`kn .xiyrd itlk `vnp iprdy itk ,deelnd itlk
weqt ynyn dfa `veik .el mitetkd ezy`l e` ecarl zrcn envr z` caryn did lra e`
oecl ribdl axqz oicl zpnefny zexyt`d zlilyl `zknq` `"r `l dpyd y`x ilaaa df
mkg cinlz ly ezerpnid z` wicvdl ick `"r ci oihibae ,mewnl mewnn xary oiic ipta
.el` mitqkl zeixg` envr lr lawl mitqk zxardl xcla ynynd
yi`l del car yipi` ieyil `lc ,mzd ip`y" uexizde ,"card on del" `ziixad on `zaeizd
"dzpw eyz`l dcy xkend" ongp ax ixac lr miaqen md mrt : ìbeqa miinrt miàen ,"deln
ipyle" : xiaqd m"ayx .[18±16] l`xyi ux` i`xen` exn`y midf mixac lr mrte ,[15±14 ,8]
ipyy xnel xzei heyt o`k" : eyexit lr xird wal` jepge 24,"yxcnd ziaa ziywp zexnind
uexizde ìyewd z` ìadl `xnbd lra d`x dn j` 25."mipey zexewnn eày od ze`gqep
(a±` miwlg) ìbeqd xwirl cinvd `xnbd lray epzxryd dpekp m` s` ? svxa miinrt
gipp m` sè ,(d±b miwlg) ezy`l lrad dcy zxikn zl`ya mii`nvr mi`xen` ipeic dyely
lra did `l ,(c±e b miwlg) mipey`xd mivawd ipya eiptl eid df uexize ef ìyewy wal`k
! uexizde ìyewd lr dxfg ick jez mzenlya mivawd z` ìadl jixv `xnbd
: zrcd lr zeler zeiexyt` yely
[13] `wqita ongp ax mya iaia ax ixac oiay zedfd zeawra Ð dnecw ditxbehica xaecn .1
d`vny Ð [16] `wqitay xecd ilecbe eda` iax ,à` iax mya oia` xa `ped ax ixace
Ð zenewnd on cgà wx mxewna eàed uexizde ìyewd .gqepd icr lkl dkxc z`
,[16] `wqit ly seql ddf [13] `wqit ly seqdy dcaerd xe`l la` Ð [18±17] e` [15±14]
mrt ,miinrt gqepd icr lkl eqpked myne ,oekp `ld mewna zerha ewzred milind
.ipynd mewina mrte ixewnd mewina
gipdl epilr didi ,gqepd icr lka z`vnp uexizde ìyewd lr dxfgdy oeeikn j`
cenlzd" dpeknd jexrd xeaigd zxiqn ly ce`n mecw alya dceqi ef ditxbehicy
yeaiy ly ezvetze ezlawy dnec .oewiz jixvnd bixg oiiprk dqtzp `l dxfgde ,"ilaad
.ef zexyt` itl xaqd zeperh od s` df
d-e c ,b miwlg ,xen`k .dligz dpeeka miinrt uexizde ìyewd z` ìad ìbeqd jxer .2
lrad ici lr ozip e` xknpy dcy ly cnrnd zl`ya mipey mipeic dyely md ìbeqa
zxikn z` zlleyd zi`xen` dcnr llk mixikn mpi` c-e b miwlgy ep`vn dpde .ezy`l
dcnrd Ð ezy` iciay zernd z` seygl wx oeekzn lrady yyg jezn dcyd
zbven ef dcnr : [5] `wqita mipexg`d ìbeqd ikxer ici lr dyrnl dkld dlawzdy
wqty ,ìbeqd jxery okzii .ìbeqd ly d wlga [24] àxe [27] dcedi ax ici lr dpey`xl
okl ,(ìbeqa c-e b miwlg) mipey`xd mipeicd ipya mb mled bevii dl zzl ywia ,ef drck
ztiyg oiipr z` zeyxetn dxikfnd `ziixad on ìyewd lr miinrt xefgl oekpl d`x
z` lilk lhany in ep`vn `l (c wlg) df oeicae (b wlg) df oeica mpn` : xen`l ,zernd
df lewiyy mkl erc la` ,"ira `wc èd ifef iielbl" yygd jezn dyi`l dcyd zxikn
èdyk eilr denzl oi` okle ,dèeld oiipra zxg` dklda mi`pzd z` dgpd ède ,miiw
lr denzl oiè ,(d wlg) iyilyd oeicay [27 ,24] àxe dcedi ax ixaca zeyxetn dler
.iaizin d"c ,a"r `p `xza àa m"ayx 24

.41 'rd 478 'nr ,(14 dxrd c ìbeq ,lirl) micenlzl èan ,wal` 'g 25
z` eplqtyk ,ìbeqd ly a wlg z` epazkyk epnvra z`fd dcnrd z` epvni`y jk

.[5] dpzn xhyl weicd z` eplabde "dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend" eitly epzpynn weicd
,14] miinrt `zaeizd z` ìadl oekpl `xnbd lra d`x recn ahid dxiaqn ef zexyt`
.jkn gieexd dn oiadl dyw ,[18 ,15] zvxezn `zaeizdy oeeikn j` .[17
lray dxez did `l Ð ìbeqa c wlg Ð ipyd oeicdy jka dpenh ef dbixg dxfgl daiqd .3
drvdd oeyly yxtl d`xp .laal l`xyi ux`n oia` xa `ped ax glyy azkn `l` ,dt
c wlg epiidc ,ozellka [18±16] ze`wqit lr aqen ,"oia` xa `ped ax gly" : [16] `wqita
,à` iax oial epia zwelgnd wx `l dàed oia` xa `ped ax ly eazkna .elek ìbeqd ly
szeynd lr eywdy ìyewd mb `l` ,[16] `wqitay zextd ¥ oiipra xecd ilecbe eda` iax
ef ìyew z`xyda .evxizy uexizde Ð "dzpw Ð ezy`l dcy xkend" Ð zercd izyl
z` ìad `xnbd lra .[18±17] uexiz eze` evxize ,ongp ax lr ddf ìyew laaa eywd
xa `ped ax glyy azknd okez z` jk xgè ,(ìbeqa b wlg) ezenlya dfd ilaad oeicd
oeicd xewny ze`xdl ick ,midfd uexizde ìyewd llek ,(ìbeqa c wlg) ezenlya oia`
.il`xyiÎux`d azkna ilaad
e`l" ,"`nrh i`n" ,"iaizn" migpendy gipdl epilr didi ,ef dpexg` dyib un`p m`
xak eyniy ,ilaad cenlzd ly dkixrd icaexl jk lk miipiite`d ,"mzd ip`y"e "...meyn
.laal l`xyi ux`n azkn eazka ,ilaad oia` xa `ped ax `xen`d ly izextqd epepbqa
595
(`"r ap Ð a"r `p) "zepecwt" : dpenye mixyrd ìbeqd
; zewepizd on `le micard on `le miypd on `l zepecwt oilawn oi` : x"z .1 `ziixa .`
xifgi card on law ; dlral xifgi Ð dzn mè ,dy`l xifgi dy`d on law
mè ,dlebq el dyri ohwd on law [` cenr ap sc] ; eaxl xifgi Ð zn mè ,carl
dyri Ð od ipelt ly ozzin zrya exn`y oleke ; eiyxeil xifgi Ð zn
.oyexitl yexit dyri <"ixn`c `ki`" : miqxeb yi> e`l mè ,oyexitk
.l"vk> zxa ipa `zxnc itik ipd : dxn` daky `w ik dpg xa xa daxc edziac .2 hwep eae dyrn .a
oeyla ax `xen`d
dyr jl `pnidn i` : l"` ,axc dinwl `z` ; <"`zxa ipae `zxnc" : qetca `ziixad
.dyexitl yexit dyr Ð `l iè ,dyexitk
yexit dyr Ð `l iè ,dyexitk dyr jl `cin` i` : l"` ikd ,ixn`c `kiè .3
.dyexitl
xa dax ; dxez xtq : xn` `cqg ax ? dlebq i`n .dlebq el dyri Ð ohwd on .4 mi`xen` zwelgn .b
`ziixad yexita
.ixnz dipin lk`c `lwic : xn` `ped ax
cenlzd zxeqn
zepecwt oilawn oi` .`"r f ,ì h `nw àa inlyexi ; ` ì `nw àa `ztqez .oyexitl ...oilawn oi` .1
xifgi Ð dzn mè ,dy`l xifgi dy`d on law ; zewepizd on `le micard on `le miypd on `l
f ,ì h `nw àa inlyexi .dyexitk ...axc dinwl ...edziac .2 .b"r f ,i i `nw àa inlyexi .dlral
àa .ixnz dipin lk`c `lwic : xn` `ped ax xa dax ; dxez xtq : xn` `cqg ax ? dlebq i`n .4 .`"r
.a"r ft `nw

el xifgdl leki oi` .ohwd on : oecwt .law : mdipec`le odilral oiapeb xninl `ki`c .'eke miypd on `l
exn`y : zewepize micare miyp oia .oleke : lcbiyk el xifgie dlebq epnn el dyri `l` ohwl ci oi`y itl
in .dyri eyxit `l mè : ipelt eze`l xifgie .oyexitk dyri : oecwtd .od ipelt ly ozzin zrya
: epec`l xifgi car lye lral xifgi dy` lye .yextl oikixv eid ody .oyexitl yexit : ecia oecwtdy
jpin dapb `ly .jl `pnidn i` : ded odizy ly .`zxa ipae : ipelt zy` ly .`zxnc : milibr .itik ipd
dyr 'ipecwt zcwtne dxiyr zxne` ìdy dze`y .jl `cin` i` : mdl oze .dyexitk dyr : melk
: `pxw ìlkin `lc ikid ik .dxez xtq : jly didie .dyexitl yexit dyr `l iè : dyexitk
597 (`"r ap ± a"r `p) "zepecwt" : dpenye mixyrd ìbeqd
xivwz
one ,dly opi` yi` zy` icia ze`vnpd zerny zexyt`d dxkfed zncewd ìbeqa
zepecwit lawl xneyl oi` ditly `ziixaa zgztp ef ìbeq .od dlra ly mzqd
e` mipec` ,milral mikiiy md mzqd on oky ,miphw e` micar ,miypn dligzkl
m` mb ,ciwtnl oecwitd ztewz seqa mxifgdl eilr ,mlaiwy xg`l .dn`zda ,zea`
ony "oec`"l mxifgdl eilr el` ly mzen xg`l wxe ,ohw e` car ,yi` zyà xaecn
yxtznd iehia ,"dlebq"a sqkd z` riwydl yi ohw ly dxwna .epnn egwlp mzqd
`ziixad .mixnz aipnd lwcl e` dxez xtql zeqgiizdk ìbeqa mi`xen` ici lr
eciwtdy ohwd e` card ,dyi`d eywia ieec yxr lr m` ditly dklda zniizqn
yexit" mixne` yie ,"oyexitk" zeyrl yi ,ely èdy ,ipeltl exqnl oecwitd z`
dpg xa xa dax ly ezy` ly dzywa oiipra dkld wqta ax bdp jke ,"oyexitl
izy zxney ìbeqd ax ly dkldd wqt iabl mby `l` ,ieec yxr lr dziidyk
.zexzeq ze`qxib
driavn `"r f ,ì h `nw àa inlyexie ` ì `nw àa `ztqeza zeliawnl dèeyd
,"oyexitk dyri" dziid ax ly oicd wqtae `ziixaa zixewnd `qxibdy jk lr
ax ly oicd zia dyrnae `ziixaa itelgd gqepd .eywia mdy itk weica : xnelk
epaeny ,y"xt yxeyd zernyna miihpnq miiepiy (`) : zenbn izy zeawra gztzd
,zepyxte xaqd oeyl yxtzd minid zeaxa j` ,"weica xn` ,hxit" did ixewnd
oecwita "xcq zeyrl" ick ciwtnd ly ezen z` lvpl oevxd (a) ; eppeyla ernynk
.dligzkln ceygd

oeekzn epi` ,sqk dpnn deel e` ,ezy`l dcy xkend lray yygd xkfed zncewd ìbeqa
dler df yyg .ezy` iciay ely zern envrl xifgdl ywan `l` llk dèeldl e` dxiknl
dizecy zexte¥ dici dyrn : zelaben dlyn sqk jeqgl yi` zy` ly dizeiexyt`y meyn
1.dlral dizepefn xzen s`y ìd zgeexd drcde ,dlra ly md
dligzkl milawn oi` ditly `ziixa o`k zàen zncewd ìbeqa xkfend yygd ab`
in ,carica .mdly opi` zerndy yygn Ð miphwne micarn ,miypn zern ly zepecwt
ohwl oikdle ,mdn laiwy carl e` dyi`l exifgdl `ziixad itl xen` dfk oecwit laiwy
ly wiecnd daih iabl ewlgp mi`xen`d .lcbiy cr el xnyizy 2zepn`p oxw oirn ,"dlebq"
eiykr cenll leki clid epnny dxez xtq el` zerna mipewy xne` `cqg ax : ef "dlebq"
lek`l leki èd epnny lwc mda mipewy xne` `ped ax xa daxe ,lcbiyk el mipzep eze`ye
.[4] lcbiyk el mipzep eteb z`ye eiykr
oec`l e` lral sqkd z` xifgdl yiy zraew `ziixad ,ohwd e` card e` dyi`d zen ixg`
dxwna Ð xg` mc`l oecwitd z` xifgdl mzzin zrya miciwtnd exed ok m` `l` ,a`l e`
itk ,yexit mikixv mnvr el` miiehia .[1] "oyexitl yexit" e` "oyexitk" zeyrl yi dfk
"oyexitl yexit"e ,mdixack yxetn eyexit "oyexitk" mzqd on j` 3,onxail le`y xirdy
sqkd z` xifgdle ,mdn mlrzdl zxyt`nd zizxivi jxca mdixac z` ycgn yxtl eyexit
4dpg xa xa dax zy` oiipra dyrnl dkld ax wqt jk .a`l e` oec`l e` lral mzen xg`l
m`d m` 5: dza ly `l` dly mpi` dzeyxay minieqn milibry ieec yxr lr dxn`yk
Ð miyxetnd dixacl yexit zeyrl yi zpn`p dpi` mè ,dxn`y itk zeyrl yi zpn`p
ly dyekx x`y l`k oecwitl qgiizdl didi ozipy jk ycgn myxtl e` ,dixac z` xewgl
wqt ax 6,gqepd icrn wlga wx zàend ,zxg` `qxib itl .[2] dlra yxei eze`y dyi`d
zeyrl yi Ð e`l mè ,mze` dl zzl yi ,dly milibrdy gipdl xiaqy jk ,dcin` zad m`y
milibrd z` zzl didi ozipy jk ,dixac z` xewgl e` ,m`d ly miyxetnd dixacl yexit
.[3] dzen xg`l dze` yxei èdyk diqkp x`y mr dlral
dpg xa xa dax ly ezyà dyrnl dliawne ,inlyexiae `ztqeza ep`vn `ziixal zeliawn
: ` ì `nw àa ,`ztqezd oeyl df .inlyexia ep`vn
xifgi ,dy`d on law .miphwd on `le micard on `le miypd on `l zepecwt oilawn oi`
,ohwd on law .eaxl xifgi ,zn ; carl xifgi ,card on law .dlral xifgi ,dzn ; dy`l
,ely ody ipltl ozpi dzin zrya exn` m` oleke .eia`l xifgi ,zn ; dlebq oda el dyer
.eyexitk yxetn dyri
."dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"dlra iqkpa" ,fk ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 1
M. Greenberg, “Hebrew segulla : Akkadian sikiltu”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 71 (1951), yxit jk 2
"dlebq" dlind ly zeiexwidd x`yl dfd yeniyd zn`zd my e`x ; eply `ziixaa "dlebq" dlind z` ,pp. 172–173
M. Weinfeld, Deuteronomy and mb e`x "dlebq" dlind ly ihpnqd gezitl .zeinyd zetyae l"fg zextqa ,`xwna
.my mipeive ,the Deuteronomic School, Oxford 1972, p. 226 n. 2
.jenqa oldl dàen e`x .134 'nr ,(25 dxrd c ìbeq ,lirl) `nw àa ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y 3
i"ka j` .`"r f ,ì h `nw àa inlyexiay liawnd dyrna lìxewq` i"k zqxib odl e`xe ; ilaaa cid iazk lka jk 4
z` xkeyd : jexr cenlz ,oncixt i"y x"en) "ax ly eaxewne eaexw" did èdy oeeikne ; "dpg xa dax" : my ociil
ig` oa ax" ,lhpfex y"` zrck ,ef `qxib sicrdl yiy okzii ,(416 'nr ,[13 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl] miyexitd ,oipne`d
134 'nr ,(3 dxrd ,lirl) onxail ; my 69 'rde 315±313 'nr ,b"kyz milyexi ,oeli jepg xtq ,"? ezeg` oa mbe ìig 'x
.my ,oncixt ; 5 'rd
,`"r f ,ì h `nw àa inlyexia dliawnd oeyl eeyd .iza ipazxn = "zxa ipazxn" ; dyi` ly dny èd "ipazxn" 5
xt`l mixexit" ,oiihyt` p"i e`x ezernyne myd `venl ."iza ly df libr" Ð "izxac dycw oid`" : jenqa cin àend
.317±312 'nr ,(4 dxrd ,lirl) lhpfex ; 141 'nr ,(h"yz) fh eppeyl ,"mitexy
.okpine cxetqwe` cid iazka dxqg ,ax ixac ly "ixn`c `ki`"d zqxib ,dlek [3] `wqit 6
: lìxewq` i"k gqep ,`"r f ,ì h `nw àa ,inlyexid oeyl dfe
dy`d on laiw .miphwd on `le micard on `le miypd on `l zepecwt oilawn oi` : ipz
law .eaxl xifgi zn mè ,carl xifgi card on law .dlral xifgi dzn mè ,dy`l xifgi
dzin zrya exn`y olke .eia`l xifgi zn mè ,dlbq oda el dyere ohwl xifgi ohwd on
...eyexitk yxetn dyri ,ely ody ipeltl epzpi
zil : 'e` ède .izxac dycw oid` : dxn` .dkncin dpg xa xa à iaxc dizzi` : dcdk
.dzin zrya xwyl 7ievn mc` oi` : 'n` ,axc inew dcaer `z` .icic `l` ,èd
,"oyexitl yexit dyri Ð e`l mè ,oyexitk dyri" ,ilaaay `ziixaa letkd meiqd mewna
df iehia ."eyexitk yxetn dyri" : zg` zexyt` wx ep`vn inlyexiae `ztqezay `ziixaa
oziie ,xne` rxn aikydy itk weica dyri ,yexita xne` èdy enk yxetna dyri : ernyn
: inlyexia dpg xa xa dax zy` iabl ax wqt jk .("ely ody") ipelt ly mdy oeeik ,ipeltl
."dzin zrya xwyl ievn mc` oi`"
y"xt yxeyd yniy mi`xen`d inil cr 10,mixgè 9onpiid wgvi 8,xka a`f exirdy itk ,okè
hqwh ly x e ` i a oaena `le Ð oic wqte zipwiic zeppeazd ,dpgad ,hexit oaena wx zixara
l` dpnn zelerd zepwqnd zxdade zhxetne "dcenv dìxw"n xarnd ce`n lw 11.mezq
,okè 13."xeìa meyn xak yi mihxt zxdad lka ik" 12,("zepyxt") xeìa oaena "yexit" xar
dxezd on minezq mihqwh ly xeìa oiivl ick "yxt" lreta ynzydl elgd mi`xen`d inia
14.dt lray dxezd one azkay
dyri : eyexit `ziixaa "oyexitk yxetn dyri"y dheytd zexyt`l mircen eid laaa mb
ixdy ,`ziixad ly ef zernyn iabl zewtq elrd laaa j` .yxetna exn` mdy itk weica
elitè ,"yxetnk dyri" e` "oyexitk dyri" ,y"xt yxeya cg` yeniya did ic df jxevl
ody" rxn aikyd ly driawd lr zaqen zepn`pdyk 15,"mipn`p" dlina wtzqdl did xyt`
,ztqep zexyt` laaa erivd okl .dil`n zpaen Ð eilral oecwitd zxfgd Ð d`vezde ,"ely
eixac z` [ycgn] yxti" ,"eyexitl yexit dyri" ernyn "eyexitk yxetn dyri"y
eyekx l`k oecwitl qgiizdle mdn mlrzdl jxcd z` `vnie rxn aikyd ly "miyxetnd
rxn aikyd awpy in ly eyekxk `le ,a`d/oec`d/lrad yxii eze`y ,envr rxn aikyd ly
dyri" : `ziixaa ze`qxib izyk cid iazk aexa zerven elld zeiexyt`d izy .enya
zyà dyrnd zrtyda j` ,qexbl d`xp oke ,"eyexitl yexit dyri : ixn`c `kiè ,eyexitk
,cg` dxwna elld zeiexyt`d izy z` Ð ilaad itl Ð ax rivd eiably dpg xa xa dax
inlyexi e`x .zerha ehnypy xg`l lìxewq` ci azk oeiliba etqep miqetcae ociil i"ka ze`vnpd "ievn mc`" milind 7
.90 'rd 37 'nr ,(7 dxrd f ìbeq ,lirl) (lhpfex 'cdn) oiwifp
.106±105 'nr ,mi`pz Ð oey`x wlg ,b"txz aia` lz ,yxcn ikxr ,xka 'f 8
.115±108 'nr ,(f"yz) eh eppeyl ,"yxt .a .`xwnd yexitl miirevwnd migpend zegztzdl" ,onpiid 'i 9
M. Gertner, “Terms of Scriptural Interpretation : A Study in Hebrew Semantics”, Bulletin of the Society of e`x 10
ip` .(mqxet mxh) " 'dlawa yxtn eilr' iehiad z`xedl" ,lcpn 't ; Oriental and African Studies 25 (1962), pp. 16–17
lkl izrbd ekxcye ,jynda hhvn ip` epnny df exn`n z` eneqxt mxh il xqny lcpn qgpt icicil dcez ag
.8±6 zexrda zpievnd ditxbeiliaiad
xeìa oaena mi`pz oeyla ynyn y"xt lretd mday xtqn mixwn oiivn ,107 'nr ,(8 dxrd ,lirl) mi`pz ,xka mpn` 11
'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) onpiid fnxy itk j` ,zxge`nd ezernynl ddf e` aexwd oaena ,mi`pz ly mixg` mixac
mezq oeyla mixacd lr xefgl e` minec mibyen oia oigadl ìd mdd mixwna dpeekdy d`xi ahid oiirnd ,113±111
Ð ipy wlga dyry itk ,cxtp jxra xka mìad `l jk meyn ileè .hexit mikixvd mixac hxtl : xnelk ,zegt
.4 dxrd ,xn`nd ly ixwird wlgd ,(10 dxrd ,lirl) lcpn mb e`xe .14 dxrd ,oldl e`x ; mi`xen`
iig ; 162 ,a dngln) edizzn oa sqei it lr miyextd zk my `ven oiipra ,112 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) onpiid ixac e`xe 12
.(191 sqei
.113 'nr ,my ,onpiid 13
'b yxte 'a yxt etqep my ,266±263 'nr ,my cbpd ,mi`xen` Ð ipy wlg ,b"txz aia` lz ,yxcn ikxr ,xka 'f e`x 14
.`xwn iweqt xeìae minkg ixac xeìa oaena
.(jenqa oldl dàen ; 3 dxrd ,lirl) onxail ici lr eàedy dnx cid ixac e`x 15
dxwna ax ly wqtl micwz eediy ick "e`l mè"l fpkyà edbed "ixn`c `kiè" milind
16
.èdd
,d`xedd z` xiaqnd cbide zyxetn d`xed millek mpi` rxn aikyd ixac ilaad itl : wece
,("ely ody ,ipeltl epzpi/ozpi") inlyexid lye `ztqezd ly gqepd icr lka ep`vny itk
mpn` èd eyexitk ernyn .mipey miyexitl ozip df cbid ."od ipelt ly" : cala cbid `l`
,eyexitl mixg` miyexit zeyrl mb ozip j` ,"ipelt ly ezelraa x`ype did dfd oecwtd"
elit` e` ,oecwita ipelt z` dkfn epi` oaenky cbid Ð "ipelt il ozpy dpzn did oecwtd" oebk
ipeltl utgd z` wiprn epi` èd s`y hpnihpq ,"ipeltl eiykrn oecwitd z` wiprdl ipevxa"
àa dpyna minkgd zrck ,mixeqne miaezkk miaygp mpn` rxn aiky ixac ; oiipw `ll
dpzn xeza eiykrn el deeivyk `le ,dèev xeza exn`pyk `l` df oi` la` ,f h `xza
mdn mlrzdl xytì rxn aikyd ly miyxetnd eixacl el` zeiepyxt ueni` 17.miign
18.a`d e` oec`d e` lrad yxii eze`y ,envr rxn aikyd yekx l`k oecwitl qgiizdle
dyri" Ð `ziixaay zepexg`d milinl laaa ewiprdy z`fd dletkd zepyxtl m`zda
dyrnd : dpg xa xa daxl ax ly oicd wqt z` mb epiy Ð "eyexitl yexit dyri" e` "eyexitk
zeyrl yie ,"dzin zrya xwyl ievn mc` oi`" ax wqt mye ,inlyexia riten ixewnd
yxetn dyri" : zixewnd `ziixaa iepyy itke ,dpg xa xa dax zy` dxn`y itk yxetna
driawd z` ax ita enye zeivte`d izy z` laaa eqipkd df dyrnl mb j` ."eyexitk
divteà e` ,[2] rxn aikyd zepin`l xywa ohad zyegzl dni`znd divteà mixgeay
19
.[3] dxwnd zeaiqpl dni`znd
zyè ax ly xetiqd leblbe ,`ziixal ilaaa "ixn`c `ki`"d yexity jka oigad lcpn qgpt
zernyna lgy ihpnqd iepiyl zeced laaa exyt`zd ,ilaaa xqnpy itk dpg xa xa dax
eriavd eilry iepiy ,mi`xen`d ini zligz e` mi`pzd ztewz idlya "yxt" ixard lretd
20.onpiide xka
e`xe .ef `qxibl ,e`l mè b"d d"c ,`"r ap `xza àa m"ayxd ly oey`xd yexitd e`x ; ef `qxibl m"ayxd yexitke 16
,zxg` jxca ef `qxib yxtl wgcpy ,(miyxtn yi mya my m"ayxe) yxit `l mè d"c ,my meyxb epaxl qgeind
.df yexitn my m"ayxd zebiizqde
.hi±gi g dpzne dikf zekld ,m"anx ; `"r bpw `xza àa ilaa e`x 17
,(3 dxrd ,lirl) onxail yxity itk `le ,mrnynk miyxetnd mixacd z` zlleyd zycegn zepyxt ,yxtl d`xp jk 18
."oekp ('md ely') oyexit m` mixxan ep`y" ,"xexia" oeyl "yexit"
dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,zexeqne zexewn ,ipald 'c oiipra halzd recn oiadl dywe ,miheyt mi`xp mixacd 19
èd (inlyexia èdy enk èd xwird m`) ax oeyl z` ilaaa dpiyy df" ,my ipald ly ezpwqn s` .fw±ew 'nr ,(1
df" ok it lr sè ,inlyexia èdy enk èd xwirdy xexa : zigxkd dpi` "['e`l mè' =] epiptly enk `ziixaa qxby
`ziixaa ze`qxibd izy z` xikdy xzei d`xp ; `ziixaa "e`l mè" qxb gxkda `l "ax oeyl z` ilaaa dpiyy
m`zda "e`l mè" `ziixaa edibd jk xgè ,"mdipy ici `vi"y ick ax ixac z` dpiye ("ixn`c `ki`"de zixwird)
"ewtzqd" ok` ilaaa .my epiir ; zekxten ,7 'rd fw 'nr ,my onxail lr ipald ly eizeiyew df itl .ax dyrnl
ipye ,elrdy miyexitd ipyl m`zda edibde ,`ziixaay "eyexitk yxetn dyri" il`xyiÎux`d iehiad zernyna
."e`l mè" `le "ixn`c `ki`" oeyla eàed miyexitd
'yxt' lretd ly zihpniqd dcyd zagxd dpde" : o`k mdn ìa` xagnd zeyxa ,xe`l e`vi mxh mixacdy oeeikne 20
dti dxiaqn (mi`xen`d ztewzn ode mi`pzd ztewzn od) zil`xyiÎux`d zextqa dize`xed znerl ilaad cenlza
: mixwegd oia oke mipey`xd oia agx oeic xxery iehia zpada inlyexid zhiy oiae ilaad zhiy oia miiwy lcad
dyri Ð "ely ody ipeltl ozpi" dzin zrya exn` m` ,oleke' : ...ohw e` car ,dy` lv` ievnd oecwta dpcd `ziixaa
.'eyexitk yextn
d y r i ixn`c `kiè ,oyexitk dyri' `zi` `"r ap a"a ilaaa eliè ...miil`xyiÎux`d zexewna dpekpd dqxibd jk
azky enke . ' d y e x i t l y e x i t d y r ,`l iè ,dyexitk dyr' : my okn xg`l àend dyrna oke , ' o y e x i t l y e x i t
oyexit m` mixxan ep`' xnelk ,oyexitl yexit oiicd dyriy ìd ipyd gpena ilaad zpeek ,(mipey`xa oke) my onxail
mircei ep` oi` ,xnelk Ð mezq èdy ,oiprd : 'eyexitk yxetn dyrii'y ìd inlyexid zhiy eliè .(my onxail) 'oekp
,dpde .('ely ody' : yxity) cwtpd (! 'specified') yxity enk : eyexitk ,(! 'specified') yxetn dyri Ð zepecwtd in ly
dpeekd mb jky wtq oiè) mii`pzd zexewnd on dze` epxkdy itk dlnd z`xed z` weica znèz inlyexid zhiy
ilaad zpady gipdl yi ! xexiae xeìa ,dxdadk 'yexit' : zxg` dpad ztwzyn ilaaa mle` ,(`ziixad ly zixewnd
lr `l cnll dà ef `nbecy il d`xpe .i"` oeyl znerl ilaad ly dpeyd zipeyld zeìvnd on zraep ef dklda
.epeyl o`k cr ."...dzenk miax mixwn lr `l` cala dnvr
jkl mircen eid laaa ixd .ilaad ziibeq z` xiaqdl ick cala ihpnqd iepiya oi` j`
itk weica dyri ,"eyexitk dyri" oaena ,ernynk yxtzdl leki "eyexitk yxetn dyri"y
ly ,diipyd zexyt`d z` rivdl mdl xyt`y ¦ i r v n ` d èd ihpnqd iepiyd .xne` èdy
rivdl mze` ripdy r i p n d epi` èd j` ,oad e` dyi`d e` card ixacl zycegn zepyxt
card ixac z` "miyxtn"y zexyt`d z` llk zelrdl laaa e`x dn .z`fd zexyt`d z`
letkd oeyla uerp xacdy d`xp ? zixewnd mzpeek z` zlleyd jxca ohwd e` dyi`d e`
eyexit mpne`d : laaa exn` ,icn jex` df oeyl ."eyexitk yxetn dyri" zixewnd `ziixaay
o`k ynyn "yxetn" `ny ? "yxetn" dlind dtqep dnl ok m` ? "eyexitk dyri" ,ernynk
? zepyxt ly ,xge`nd oaena
itke ,lirl epilrdy itk ,mewna èd `ziixad oeyl gkepl laaa eygy iyewdy d`xp ,okè
: my epeyl dfe .` ì `nw àa `ztqezl eyexita onxail le`y dlrny
exn` `l dnl denze .yexitl wewf envra èd "eyexitk yxetn dyri" xeaicd dpde
dxvw jxc ecinlzl mc` dpyi mlerl l"iwc ,on`p ipzil : ...dnx cia azky enke ,on`p
...'eke (dliawne 'a 'b migqt ilaa)
cary meyn ["mipn`p" exn` `le] df xeaica eynzydy gken i"` ipa zhiyn ,xac seq
aex t"r ixdy ,mezqe denz xacd ,oecwtd mdl oiipn exn` `le ,eciwtdy wepize dyè
sqkd oi` xnelk ,"ely ody" xacd z` eyxit jk xg` m` la` ,mdlyn zern mdl oi`
21
.myexitl mipin`n epè ,eyxity enk yxetn dyri ,eply
dcwtdl cbpen èd : o`k mi`zn "myexitk yxetn" oeyld recn ahid mixiaqn onxail ixac
"mzq"l cinz cbpen i`pzd oaena "yxetn"y ep`vny itke ,reci epi` oxewny zern ly "mzq"
Ð "myexitk" e` "mipn`p" exn` `l z`f lka recn onxail ixacn oiadl dyw j` ."mezq" e`
.d"nx ci lra mya ìade ,envr onxail dywdy itke ,dxvw jxc
exn` ` l e enzq m` mb mipn`p wepizde carde dyi`dy dcaera dverp daeyzdy d`xp
: `ziixad ly `zrivna rawpy itke Ð "ely ody ipeltl edpz"
xifgi ,zn ; carl xifgi ,card on law .dlral xifgi ,dzn ; dy`l xifgi ,dy`d on law
.eia`l xifgi ,zn ; dlebq oda el dyer ,ohwd on law .eaxl
zern mdl oi` aex t"r ixdy ,mezqe denz xacd[e] ,oecwtd mdl oiipn exn` `l" m` mb ixd
,oecwitd z` exqny xg`l ,carica md mipn`p Ð my onxail ly epeylk Ð "mdlyn
epi` `zrivnd znerl `tiqay yecigd .a`l e` oec`l e` lral `le mdl eze` mixifgne
eyxit `le enzq m` : ikd e`la mb mipn`p md .oecwitd oiipn eyxityk mipn`p mdy èt`
èdy eyxit m` .oecwitd z` mdiyxeil e` mdl mixifgne ,mdly oecwitdy migipn epgp`
d`xpe .exn` mdy itk weica : "myexitk yxetn" miyere ,mipn`p md f` mb ,iyily mxebl jiiy
exytì `ly mipiicl e` xneyl dxdf` oirn "eyexitk yxetn dyri" letkd oeyla yiy
z` miiwl mdn repnl miqqebd wepizd e` card e` dyi`d zepn`pl xyà mdizeyygl
oi`" mpn` .a`d e` oec`d e` lrad yxeiy myekx x`y l`k oecwitl qgiizdle ,mdixac
oecwita dkef dlrae ,"dy`l xifgi ,dy`d on law" la` ,dlgzkl "dy`d on zepecwt migwel
itk weica ,"dyexitk yxetn dyri ,ely èdy ,ipeltl edpz" dxn` mè ,dzen xg`l wx
meyn ,dixacn mlrzdl dhep dz` m` ! dxaic xy` lkn xac ltz l` .dxn` ìdy
,dzen mr ,dzre ,dlran apbp èdy yygn oecwitd z` dpnn lawl mewn did `l dligzkly
jke .dyexitk yxetn dyr `l` ,ok dyrz l` ,ea dlra z` zekfl seq seq lkez m` jl lwei
.134 'nr ,(3 dxrd ,lirl) onxail 21

dyi` elit` ,dzin zrya xwyl ievn mc` oi` : `ped ax xa daxl dligzkl ax wqt
.oecwit xeqnl zpn`p dpi` dligzkly
oecwita "xcq zeyrl" ick dyi`d ly dzen z` lvpl oiicd e` xneyd ly z`fd diihpd ,okè
lr `ziixad z` ycgn yxtl ewgcp ilaaay cr ,ce`n dwfg dziid oick `ly ecia dciwtdy
z` ycgn yxti" epiidc ,"dyexitl yexit dyri" : mi`xen`d ztewz ly ipeyld yecigd it
,mixacd ly mheytn mlrznd yexit gxkda èd ycgn yexite ,"zeyxetn dxn`y mixacd
icia od dpzn" oaena "ely ody" eyxtiy ìd dpeekdy d`xpe .yexita jxev oi` ,ok `l m`y
rbet epi`y ilhpnihpq oiipr `l` did `l dpznd ozepl mxifgdl dpevxe ,dfa `veik e` "epnn
.oecwitd z` dpnn yxiy dlra ly oiipwd zeiekfa
605
(`"r ap) "ewlg" : ryze mixyrd ìbeqd
.a`d iqkpa oal `le oad iqkpa a`l `le
; ewlg elit` : sqei ax xn` .1 sqei ax zwelgn .`

daxe
ewlg : xn` <"àx" : miqxeb miqetcde fixt i"k .l"vke ,cid iazk aexa jk> dax .2
.`l
.<"àxk" : sqep qetca> `l ewlg `caer itt ax car : iztcn dinxi ax xn` .3 daxk dkld iwqt .a
dil irzyi`c ciycx` finxedn ìig ax il irzyi` ,wgvi xa ongp ax xn` .4

.`l ewlg : awri xa ongp axc dinyn awri xa `g` ax
.`l ewlg : `zklde .5
.mc` lk x`yk od ixd Ð dyxbzpy ezyè ,wlgy oa : ikd inp ìpz .6 zknezd `ziixa .b
dax zcnra
cenlzd zxeqn
...`l ewlg ...`l ewlg ...`l ewlg .5±2 .a h `xza àa ,a ì `nw àa `ztqez eeyd .ewlg elit` .1
lbiqy dn ,eia` iiga welg d`xpy oa : ini` iax xn`") `"r fi ,b h `xza àa inlyexi eeyd .`l ewlg
.([1] ,"cxi" ,bk ìbeq) `"r fn ,lirl .mc` lk x`yk od ixd dyxbzpy ezyè wlgy oa .6 .("envrl lbiq

qtez oade dpwy dn envrl qtez a`dy .ewlg elitè : oad dpwy miqkpa .oad iqkpa a`l `le `wqit
ilg` ileg` à` iabl `xae `xa iabl à`c meyn ,dwfg ìed `l ,df lya df wifgde aye ,dpwy dn
ixd wlgy oadc meyn dwfg ìed i`cec .dwfg ìed `lc opixn` .`l ewlg xn` àx : dfl df zexitd
: xiycx`c zeiphley jxk on èdy .xiycx` finxedn : mc` lk x`yk èd
xivwz
z` carn èdy migipn epgp` ik ,eia` iqkpa dwfg oal oi` b b `xza àa dpyn itl
dìan ef ìbeq .eia`n rwxwd z` dpwy i`nvr mc`k `le ,dgtyn oak eia` zenc`
zia miwde eia`n cxtp oady dxwna ef dkld ly zetwzd iabl mi`xen` zwelgn
aex exaq jke ,dwfg df oal yi ìbeqd seqa zàend `ziixa itl .("ewlg") elyn
zcxtda ze`xl yyg èdy meyn d`xpk ,mdilr wleg sqei ax .ìbeqa mi`xen`d
`xza àa inlyexin dlerd yyg ,oal e` xegy ly hlgen oiipr eia` ipt lrn oad
.eiiga eia` lr "welg d`xpd" oaa ocd `"r fi ,b h
oiiprl `le ,oicd ziaa dreay oiiprl xewna dàed dpeylk `ziixady dlbn gezip
.sqei ax ly ezrc cbp zhlgen drxkd da oi` okle ,(lirl ,"cxi" ,bk ìbeq e`x) dwfg
.sqei ax ly ezrck xazqny dler mixg` mii`pz zexewnn ,okè

zligza .eia` iqkpa dwfg oal oiè epa iqkpa dwfg a`l oi` ,b b `xza àa ,epzpyn itl
,eia` ogley lr jenq oadyk wx zetwz el` zekld m` 1daxe sqei ax ewlgp eply ìbeqd
miccvn miax mi`xen` .[2±1] micxtp zia iwyn mildpn oade a`dyk Ð "ewlgya" mb e`
reiq ef dcnr zaehl àene ,[5] dkld oky mkqn `xnbd lra ,[4±3] "`l ewlg" ,dax zcnra
.[6] `ziixan
lbiqy dn ,eia` iiga welg '`xpy oa : ini` iax xn`" : xn`p ,`"r fi ,b h `xza àa inlyexia
leki oa ,in` iax itl .ef `xnin lr zqqean ilaaay "`l ewlg" dklddy d`xpe ."envrl lbiq
oay laa i`xen` aex mixeaq eia` iqkpa dwfg oiiprl mb okle ,eia` iiga miqkp "envrl lbql"
.[6] `ziixaa iepy jke .[5±2] mc` lk x`yk èd ixd wlgy
qwh oi` ,"dyxbzpy ezy`"l cebipa ? df oiipra zgeexd drcd lr welgl [1] sqei ax d`x dn
ini` iax ly epeyla fnxpy itk ; eia` ly ziad wynn "wlgy oa"d ly ezcixt z` oiivnd
axy gipdl xiaq ."eia` iiga welg d ` x p y oa" Ð oir zi`xna o`k oiipr epl yi ,inlyexia
cnly oebk ,minieqn mipiiprl wlg oady okzii ixd : oir zi`xn lr dkld qqal dvx `l sqei
,eia`l jiiyd ziaa xxebzdl jiynd oiicr j` ,envrl lbiq zepne`d on lbiqy dne zepne`
zeyxay mda mixxebzn mdy mizaa dwfg eig` x`yl oi`y myk ,xacd ok mè .eig` x`yk
,dwfg ipiipra xingdl Ð sqei ax xaq Ð èt` ahen .ely ziaa dwfg df g`l oi` mb jk ,a`d
.ewlg `ly mipad x`y oick wlgy oa oic eia` iqkpa dwfg iably yxtle
dzpyp ìdy ,"cxi" ,bk ìbeqa oeica ,lirl eprvd ,[6] `wqita zàend `ziixal xy`
dpyn lr dligzkl zaqen dziid ìde ,dwfg oiiprl `le ,dprha `ly dreay oiiprl dxewna
miinrt dwfgl xywa mpn` zàen `ziixad 2.dprha `ly rayp zia oa ditly g f zereay
deyxit mi`xen`d lk `ly d`xp j` 3,[1] ,"cxi" ,bk ìbeq ; `"r fn ,lirle o`k ,ilaaa oiwxta
.[2±1] sqei axe dax oiipra ewlgp okle ,dwfg oiiprl
a ì `nw àa `ztqeza .sqei ax zcnra `weec zeknezd zexg` zeziixa zeiepy `ztqeza
od ixd ,a` ly od ixd ,eax lyn ozepe `yepy card oke ,eia` lyn ozepe `yepy oad" : epy
: epy a h `xza àa `ztqezae ,"ax ly
od ixd ,eny lr oi`vei zepeè zexhydy it lr s` ,eia` lya ozepe `yepd oad
.eyexitk yxetn dyri ,od dn` ia` zia lyn ...izyxiy dn : 'n` mè .eia` ly
zexhydy it lr s` ,ely mdy xnel on`p epi` eia` iqkpa ozepe `yepd oa ,el` zeziixa itl
oreh èd m` wx on`p èd ; el` miqkpa dwfg el oi`y oky lky d`xpe ,eny lr mi`vei
"welg d`xp" ,eny lr zepeè zexhy ìvend ,df oa dpde 4.xg` mewnn yxiy rwxwa xaecny
mb ,ìd eia` lyn oiicr da ozepe `yep èdy rwxwdy migipn epgp` ok it lr sè ,eia` iiga
dxwnd oial df dxwn oia oigadl dinirce dax mileki wgeca wx .ely ìdy oreh èd m`
xirvd ,àxa xaecny ayg oqxbd Ð zipyn `qxiba xaecny d`xpe ,"àx" : miqetcae fixt i"ka .cid iazk aexa jk 1
.mdipia zewelgna sqei ax ixacl dax ixac z` micwdl milibxy meyn ,sqei ax ly `zbeltd xa ,daxa `le ,sqei axn
zàen dax zcnr zàeny xg`l ciny meyn ,dax zcnr iptl zàen sqei ax zrcy ep`vn a"r ai zekxaa mb j`
.eply ìbeqa ep`vny itke ,ezenk drxkd
zexewn ,ipald 'c e`xe ,"`ziixad : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"cxi" ,bk ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl epazky dn e`x 2
.my diptde ,3 'rd ew 'nr ,(1 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa zexeqne
ixewnd dnewinl sqepa d a `xza àa `ztqeza dzllkd ici lr dwfg oiiprl dnyiil yiy fnx `ztqezd jxer sè 3
,bk ìbeqa oeica lirl epiivy itk ,dwfg `le dreay dpiipry zixewnd oeyld z` xi`yd m` mb ,b h zeaezk `ztqeza
."`ziixad : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"cxi"
oteà on`p epi` èdd dxwna mby d`xp "eyexitk yxetn dyri" byenl ilaad ly zepyxtd itly `l` ,cer `le 4
."dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"zepecwt" ,gk ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x ; ihnehe`
`ziixad mzhiyly d`xpe .mzhiyl dwfg zaygp eia` iqkpa ezwfgy ,"wlgy oa" ly
ìbeqa zàend `ziixak erixkd mde ,ìdd `ziixad lr dwelg [6] eply ìbeqa zàend
.mi`pz ixaca dceqi `weec sqei ax zcnry `vnp .eply
leki mda ozepe `yepe eia` iqkpa wifgnd oa m` ewlgp mi`xenè mi`pzy micnl epivnp
iiga welg d`xp"e ze`nvr dliby meyn wx ,eia` iqkpa dwfg jxevl "wlgy oa" aygidl
iiga mda ozpe `yp e` ,eia` iqkpa wifgde xfgy dcaerd mvr `ny e` ,mixg`d eiwqra "eia`
.ynn "ewlg" `l eiaè èdy jk lr cirn ,eia`
613
(a"r±`"r ap) "oig`d on cg`" : miyelyd ìbeqd
oi`vei zexhye zepe` eide ,ziad jeza ozepe `yep didy oig`d on cg` : xnzi` .1 ax zwelgn .`
lènye
ìadl eilr : ax xn` Ð `n` ia` zian il eltpy ,md ily : xnè ,eny lr
.di`x ìadl oig`d lr : xn` lènye ,di`x
.di`x ìadl oig`d lr Ð zn m`y ,à` il dcen : lèny xn` .2 oey`x oeic .a
lènye ax zwelgna
`de ? oedea` edl orh `lc icin inzil edl opiprh melk : `tt ax dl siwzn .3
mieyrd mixaca ,di`x `la inzin `zcb`c `xtqe `laxqc `bef wit` àx
oieyrd mixac : oia` xa `ped ax gly ck [a cenr ap sc] ,xikydle li`ydl
! on`p epi` Ð icia od oigewl xnè ,xikydle li`ydl
.ìyw .4
Ð ozqira miwelg la` ,ozqira oiwelg oi`c `l` epy `l : `cqg ax xn` .5 zwelgna ipy oeic .b
lènye ax
.uniw ezqirn xeni`
? i`na di`x .6 iyily oeic .c

lènye ax zwelgna
; micra di`x : xn` dax .7
.xhyd meiwa di`x : xn` zyy ax .8
o`nk xn ,zyy ax `de dax `d ,lèny `de ax `d : ongp axl àx dil xn` .9 ax ly drxkd .d
? dil `xiaq jnq lr axk ongp
oeice ,`ziixa
`ziixaa
jeza `yepe ozep didy oig`d on cg` : ìpzc ; `prci `zipzn `p` : l"` .10
ia` zian il eltpy ,od ily : xnè ,eny lr oi`vei zexhye zepe` eide ,ziad
eide ,ziad jeza zpzepe z`yep ìdy dy`d oke ; di`x ìadl eilr Ð `n`
e` à` ia` zian il eltpy ,od ily : dxnè ,dny lr oi`vei zexhye zepe`
.di`x ìadl dilr Ð `n` ia` zian
inw `gxh `w ixn`c ,`zlin dl `giayc oeik dy` : `nizc edn ? oke i`n .11
.ol rnyn `w ,inzin dlfb `l Ð inzi
cenlzd zxeqn
,md ily : xnè ,eny lr oi`vei zexhye zepe` eide ,ziad jeza ozepe `yep didy oig`d on cg` .1
; a h `xza àa ; a ì `nw àa `ztqez eeyd .di`x ìadl oig`d lr ...`n` ia` zian il eltpy
mixaca ,di`x `la inzin `zcb`c `xtqe `laxqc `bef wit` àx .3 .`"r fi ,b h `xza àa inlyexi
: xn` dax ? i`na di`x .8±6 .a"r en zereay ,`"r fhw `rivn àa ilaa .xikydle li`ydl mieyrd
eilr ...oig`d on cg` .10 .`"r cpw `xza àa eeyd .xhyd meiwa di`x : xn` zyy ax ; micra di`x
àa `ztqez ecibpd .di`x ìadl dilr ...ziad jeza zpzepe z`yep ìdy dy`d oke .di`x ìadl
dy` : `nizc edn .11 .a ì `nw àa `ztqez ecibpd .di`x ìadl eilr ...oig`d on cg` .a h `xza
ilaa ecibpd .ol rnyn `w ,inzin dlfb `l Ð inzi inw `gxh `w ixn`c ,`zlin dl `giayc oeik
.("`xzid iiexe`l ìz` inzic inw dgxh `wc d`pd ìddac ,ip`y dpnl`") `"r dl oihib

ily xnè : zg` m` ipa opi`y .`n` ia` zian : zexikne zeèldc .zexhye : ze`yxd oebk zegek .zepe`
elek oenna ozepe `yep ède wlg `ly oeik eny lr oiazkpy t"r s`y .di`x ìadl eilr xn` ax .èd
lr oiazkpc oeik .xn` lènye : ezwfgn oenn ìvedl dvex èdy di`x ìadl eilre oig`d gka od ixd
.di`x ìadl oig`d lr : axl ixw .à` : eixack `di `ly .di`x ìadl oig`d lr : qetz ède eny
ivn `lc i`n inzi liaya opiprh ikid ike `tt ax dl siwzn : di`xa `l` minezin oiìven oi`y
inzil opiprhn ikid opè .oig`d lr `le di`x ìadl did eilr miiw oedea` ded eli`c .orhnl oedea`
'eke letk oxehwn .`laxqc ibef wit` àx `de : inzi oepi`c liaya di`x ìadl oig`d lrc exnilc
oedea` ded eli`c meyn icia od zegewl ixn`c b"r`c .xikydle li`ydl mieyrd mixac epiidc : inzin
oxn`c `d .epy `l `cqg ax xn` : ìywe iprh ivn `l inp edpi` icia od zegewl oirh ivn `l miiw
ozyexi ewlg `l oiicry xnelk .ozqira oiwelg oi`y `l` : ely ody di`x ìadl eilrc on`p epi`c
oig`d lr i`ce mwlga ozepe `yep k"trè ewlg xaky .ozqira oiwelg la` : zg` dqirn cgi oilkeè
mvnv eizepefnn xnelk .uaiw ezqirn xeni`c : dfa df wfgen di`x eziin `l i`c ely epi`c di`x ìadl
.xhyc meiwa : ely mdy oirceiy .micra : eny lr oiaezk ikdle zexhye zepe` el` dyre oenn uaiwe
oic ziac od ely i`ce `pncwl wtp ipelt ly `xhy ikd iazkc eny lr zexhy el` oic zia eniiw m`y
edinrh elib edlek .zyy axe dax `d lènye ax `d : ely odc iìwac `l i` eny lr iniiwn ied `l
ly ziad jeza zpzepe z`yepy dpnl` .dy` oke : dfa jzrc dn xnelk .dil `xiaq o`nk xn : df xaca
xg`l dnvr dia`n dl eltpy oicd ède .`n` ia` zian il eltpy : mdn dwlzqp `l oiicrc .oinezi
: di`x iiezi`l minezid lre `pnidn `dze .inzin dlfb `l `ni` : xninl dleki ikdc dlra zzin
: di`x `ziin `l i` `pnidn `l ikd 'it`c .l"nw
615 (a"r±`"r ap) "oig`d on cg`" : miyelyd ìbeqd
xivwz
mdia` iqkpa ewlgzd mxhy mig` oiipra lènye ax zwelgna zwqer ef ìbeq
el oin`n lèny .cala eny lr miqkpa ozepe `yep mig`d on cg`yk ,ezen xg`l
lhpy xaeq ax j` ,a`d ly oeafird on wlg eid `ly elyn miqkp el`y oreh èdyk
g`d iyxeil oin`dl yiy enr mikqn did ax mby oreh lèny .eilr dgkedd
ax j` ,oeafird iqkpa ozpe `yp znd g`y mipreh mdicec m` ,ezen xg`l i`nvrd
lekd ,mzqira miwelg mig`d m`y oreh `cqg ax .zlawzn ezrce ,jk lr wleg `tt
dax .mii`nvrd eiqkpl xewnd dfe ezqirn uniw i`nvrd g`dy gipdl yiy micen
.oeafird on wlg epi` qkpdy gikedl ick zyxcpd zecrd zl`ya miwelg zyy axe
daigxn sè ,ezcnra zknezd zàen `ziixae ,ax zrck drxkda zniizqn ìbeqd
oia oeafird wlEg mxha dny lr miqkpa zpzepe z`yepd dpnl` lelkl ick dze`
.dipa
`xza àa `ztqeza zàend zi`pzd dcnrd ìd lèny zcnry dler gezipd on
ly dkldd wqt ly zetwzd z` liabdl eqip zyy axe `cqg ax ,envr lèny .a h
ezrc z` exiaqd ongp axe dax j` ,`ztqezay `ziixad z` xzeq èdy meyn ax
lr ìbeqd seqa zàend ef ,`ziixaa zxg` `qxib eqxb mdy meyn ,dheytk ax ly
.ax zcnra dknzy ,ongp ax ici

zyexia ewlgzd mxhy mig`l rbepa lènye ax zwelgn ìd ef ìbeq ly `vend zcewp
dyry g`d lr ,ax zrcl .cala eny lr ,mipad cg` ly eci zgzn mi`vei zexhyyk ,mdia`
miwqrdy migipn epgp` zxg` ,ely miiyi` miqkpa xaecny di`x ìadl envr mya miwqr
oerhl on`p oad ,lèny zrcl .migeexa mitzzyn eigè ,mitzeynd miqkpa md dyr èdy
.[1] ok xacd oi`y gikedl eig` lre Ð di`x `ll ely miiyi` miqkpa xaecny
: zei`xen` zexeqn yely exnzyp lènyl ax oia ef zwelgnl rbepa
miqkpa ozpe `ypy g`d m` di`x ìadl mig`d lry ez` mikqd axy oreh envr lèny .1
zigcp lèny ly ef dcnr j` .[2] minezid mdipiig` icin mìvedl miywan eigè ,zn
orh `ly dprh minezil mipreh oic zia oi`y llkd it lr `tt ax ly `ztwz` xe`l
.[4±3] 1mdia` dze` orh eli` zlawzn dziid `ly dprh e` ,mdia`
dyexia ewlgzd mxh m` mb ,mzqira miwelg mig`d m` lekd ixacly raew `cqg ax .2
uniwy ihxtd eyekxa eyrp ihxtd enya mdn cg` dyery miwqry migipn ,dlek
dcaerd sxg ,szeyn yekxa xaecny yygd : xne` deed .[5] szeynd yekxa `le ,ezqirn
on mipefipe szeyna miig mig`dyk wx dler ,zexhyd lr riten cala cg` g` ly enyy
yxiy ely ihxt yekxa xaecny g`d zprha wtwtn ax df dxwna wxe ,szeynd yekxd
.en`n
`yp mday miwqrdy gikedl ick g`d on zyxcpd dgkedd aiha ewlgp zyy axe dax .3
.[8±6] eig`le el mitzeynd miqkpa `le ,miihxtd eiqkpa eyrp ozpe
`yep èdy gikedl g`d lre Ð axk dkldy `ziixan àxl ongp ax giken ìbeqd seqa
`ziixady xiaqn `xnbd lra .[10±9] dpnl`l oicd èd ,`ziixad itl .ihxtd eyekxa ozepe
zpn`p dpnl`dy aeygl mewn didy meyn ,mig`d cg` oick dpnl`d oicy zeyxetn dpiiv
ìdy jka gazydl `weec qxhpi` dl yiy meyn ,dgked `ll ihxtd dyekxa xaecny xnel
.[11] ihxtd dyekxa xaecnd oiè ,minezid ornl zgxeh
ìbeqd mewin
ìbeql zewif dl yi : divìveq` inrhn o`k zàen ìd .zerwxw zwfga zwqer dpi` ef ìbeq
,dixg`ly ìbeqle ,"zepecwt" ,gk ìbeq ,dipt iptly ìbeql ,"ewlg" ,hk ìbeq ,diptly
."uxte xcb lrp" ,`l ìbeq
eia` iqkpa wifgnd oaa zwqer ,"ewlg" ,hk ìbeq ,zncewd ìbeqd ? cvik diptly ìbeql
oad ly zillkd zilklkd eze`nvr oiay gznae ,eia` iiga cer cxtp zia wyn miwdy xg`l
eia` iqkpa oad zwfg m` xexa `l el` zeaiqpa .eia` iqkpn qkpa wifgn èdy dcaerd oial
ly epa ezeida milrak el` miqkpa ldpzn èd `ny e` ,eia`n qkpd z` dpwy jka dceqi
ewlgzd mxhae mdia` zen xg`l mig` oia xxeyd dnec avna zwqer eply ìbeqd 2.milrad
el mikiiy ok` cala eny lr mda ozepe `yep g`dy miqkpd m` xexa `l df dxwna : dyexia
.md dyexid iqkpn `ny e` ,ziyi`
iqkp ly dxiknd zl`y dpecip ,"dlra iqkpa" ,fk ìbeqa ? cvik dipt iptly ìbeql dwif
qkpd z` zykex ìd oday ,dyi`d iciay zerndy cygd dler ìdd ìbeqa .ezy`l lrad

.my oeicd seqa dpwqnde ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"ewlg" ,hk ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 2
zligza `ziixa zàen èdd cyga oeicd xe`l 3.dlral xak zekiiy dyrnl ,dlra ly
mixg`l mikiiy mdy xnel dzepn`p zcinae ,yi` zy` dciwtdy zepecwita dpcd gk ìbeq
yexit dyri" e` "dyexitk dyri" ,ieec yxr lr dzeida ok dxn` m` Ð dlral e` dl `le
`ziixad gqep itl "dyexitk yxetn dyri" e` ,ilaaay `ziixad gqep itl "dyexitl
yxetn dyri" ly eketidk qtzp ilaaa "dyexitl yexit dyri" iehiad 4.`ztqezay
ìdy dn z` ycgn yxti `l` ,zxne` ìdy itk weica dyri `l : `ztqezay "dyexitk
`ztqezay dliawna mb dpde .dyrnl dkld dixacn mlrzdl xyt`ziy jk zxne`
j` ; "eyexitk yxetn dyri" iepy eply ìbeqa [10] `wqita ongp ax ici lr zàend `ziixal
dyri"n xenbd jtdd Ð "di`x ìadl eilr" eply ìbeqa ongp ax ita zàend `ziixad itl
."eyexitk yxetn
dwfga zwqer ,"uxte xcb lrp" ,`l ìbeq ,dàd ìbeqd ? cvik dixg`ly ìbeql dwif
oig`"a xzid oia zbdep ef dwfg dpynd itle ,"uxte xcb ,lrp" dyrn ici lr xzl`l zerwxwa
iwelige ,el` miqkpa mitzey md ixd dwfg ipiipw zervnà miqkpa ewlg `l cer lk ."ewlgy
.ìdd ìbeqd iptly ìbeqd ,eply ìbeqa epecip ef zetzey oiipra zerc
xzeia zewfgd zewifd ,ok it lr sè .zepiga dnkn mi`zn eply ìbeqd ly dnewiny `vnp
ìbeqa : dgtynd iqkpn cg` oa ly zilklk zecxtida ìd s` zwqerd diptly ìbeql od
5.ezen xg`l eply ìbeqae ,a`d iiga dyrp xacd ìdd
ìbeqa miiywd
: ìbeqa miiyw dnk mpyi
`ziixad it lr ,axk ongp ax ly dkldd wqte [1] lèny oial epia zwelgna ax zcnr .1
meiq mr a h `xza àa `ztqeza zàen `ziixad oky ,miywen ,[10] `wqita zàend
`weec df meiq ! "eyexitk yxetn dyri ,od dn` ia` zia lyn izyxiy dn : xn` mè" : xg`
egztzd cvik .di`x ìadl eilry ax zcnra `le ,on`p df g`y ,lèny zcnra jnez
df g` lr mditly [10] ongp ax itay `ziixad ly ilaad gqepde [1] ax zcnr èt`
? di`x ìadl
llkd z` lèny xikd `l m` mb ? [2] zn g`dy dxwna el dcen axy lèny oreh recn .2
dn e` mdia` orh `ly dn minezil mipreh oi`y ,ely `ztwzà `tt ax xikfdy
weica mickpl miyibp di`xde dprhd eply dxwna ixd ,[3] oerhl did leki `l mdia`y
mè ,micra di`x ìadl g`d lr [7] `wqita dax zrcl .a`l miyibp eid mdy enk
micr ìadl mileki md en` a`n mdia` yxiy miqkpa xaecny mixeaq ok` minezid
ic zyy ax zrcle ,dyer did mdia`y enk weica ,mzaq ia`l jiiy did yekxdy cirdl
df jild ; [8] 6mda ozpe `ypy g`d icia miqkpd z` cinrdl ick xhyd meiw ly jilda
minezid z` xhet did axy lèny xaq ok m` recn .g`d zen xg`l zeyrl ozip i`ce
? di`x ìadln
meyn ,di`x jixv epi` ozepde `yepd g`d ,mzqira miwelg mig`d m`y oreh `cqg ax .3
`l` ,ezqirn uniwy oreh epi` envr g`d ixd ? recn .[5] "uniw ezqirn"y migipn epgp`y
! en`n yxiy yekxa xaecny
."dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecnd seq ,"dlra iqkpa" ,fk ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 3
."dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"zepecwt" ,gk ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 4
zen xg`l ,ztzeynd rwxwa mig`d on cg` z w f g ,zncewd ìbeqd ly wiecnd `yepa mpn` epc `l eply ìbeqa 5
zwfga ,xen`k ,ic c b `xza àa dpyn itl ; mipy yely zwfg jk jxevl zyxcp `ly meyn `l` df oi` la` ,a`d
.xzl`l "uxte xcb lrp"
."zyy axe dax zwelgn : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn oldle ,4 oniq ,df xecna oldl e`x 6
"xhyd meiwa di`x" cvik oiadl dyw : mkxev lk mipaen mpi` [8] `wqita zyy ax ixac .4
e` ,ax yxecy itk ,ziyi` el jiiy mig`d cg` ozpe `yp eay yekxdy gikedl dleki
lr minezgd micrdy oicd ziaa xexia èd xhyd meiw .lèny yxecy itk ,mlek mig`l
lr wleg oi` opc dxwna dpde .xhyd ly mipkzl xyw `ll z`fe ,eilr enzg ok` xhyd
dl`yd .cala "mig`d on cg`" ici lr dyrp wqrd eitly epkez lr `l sè xhyd zepiwz
jiiyd yekxa e` ,eig`le el szeynd yekxa ozpe `yp g` eze` m` ìd wxtd lr zcnerd
m"ayxe meyxb epaxl qgeind ! xhyd meiw ick jez xxazi `ly xac dfe ,icrla oteà el
lr lènyly xexa .axc àil` wx miwleg zyy axe daxy eyxite 7,ef dl`yl ewwfp
dyexid on wlg did lirtd g`d ozpe `yp eay yekxdy micra di`x ìadl mig`d
àil` ìadl lirtd g`d lry di`xd aih dn j` .mdipia dwleg mxhe szeyna eyxiy
dyexi did mixf mr ozpe `yp eay yekxdy egikeiy micr ìadl eilr mby xeaq dax ? axc
zeaiqpa m` mby gipn èdy meyn ,xhyd meiwa icy xeaq zyy ax eliè ,en`n el
oecipy dne ,xhyd z` miiwl mèaa dwqrd
¦ ly mipkza llk miwqer mipiicd oi` zelibx
mxha envr mya ozepe `yepd mezia xaecnyk ,df dxwna ,cala micrd zenizg èd
lirtd mezidy `ceel mb zepncfd dzeà mipiicd egxhi ,eig` oial epia dyexid dwleg
9df yexit lr miwleg mipey`xd aex 8.ihxtd eyekxa ozepe `yep e` eig` znkqda lret
"i`na di`x" `xnbd zl`y ,myexitl .axk `le ,lènyk xeaq llka zyy axy mixaeqe
,dax zrcl : df xhya dnelbd dwqrd ¦ z` ynnl ick zyxcpd di`xd aih lr zaqen
g`d lry oeeik ,ef dwqrl¦ zexhy meiwa ic `l ,lèny oial epia zwelgna axk wqetd
wx : eig` itlk mb `l` xhya xkfend gweld itlk wx `l qkpa ozpe `ypy gikedl lirtd
,gwell exkn èdye ,eig`l `le icrla oteà el jiiy qkpdy micirnd micr ìan èd m`
df qkpy gikedl mig`d lr .lènyk xeaq ,z`f znerl ,zyy ax .dwqrd ¦ z` ynnl ozip
meiwa ice ,ze`wqrd
¦ lkk dpic ef dwqr¦ ok eyr `l cer lke ,szeynd yekxd on wlg did
.dynnl ick xhyd
"di`x" dlind lr dxe`kl zaqen [6] "i`na di`x" oeyld .miywen miyexitd ipy
Ð [1] "di`x" dlina miynzyn mdipy mye ,dl dncwy lènye ax zwelgna zynynd
ìadl mig`d lr lènyl .lènyc àil` `le axc àil` `l di`x epi` xhy meiw j`
itk .oiiprl epi` xhyd meiw axl sè ,eniiwl `le xhyd z` lhal mipiipern mde ,di`x
ly mipkzl llk rbep epi` zexhy meiw ,m"ayxd lr ewlgy mipey`xd wcva exirdy
e` icrla oteà el mikiiyd miqkp xkn xkend m` dl`yl rbep epi`y oky lke ,xhyd
.eig`le el szeynd yekx
exikd laa i`xen`y ìde ,elld zeiyewd rax` lk oexzta riiql dleki zg` dpaezy dnec
: lèny zrck da yxetn dxe`kly ,a h `xza àa `ztqezay `ziixad z`
.eia` ly od ixd ,eny lr oi`vei zepeè zexhydy it lr s` ,eia` lya ozepe `yepd oad
.eyexitk yxetn dyri ,od dn` ia` zia lyn izyxiy dn : 'n` mè
yxity itk zeyxetn zeyrl yi lènye ax ewlgp oday zeaiqpa ,`ztqezay `ziixad itl
.xhyd meiwa d"c ,a"r ap `xza àa ,m"ayxe meyxb epaxl qgeind 7
ap `xza àa ,`"ahixd zrcl .zncewd dxrda zeiptd e`x ; mnvr m"ayxde meyxb epaxl qgeind ixacn dler jk 8
xxazpy xg`l : mipiicd lr mikneqy `le ,micrd lr mikneqy df yexitc àil` yxtl sicr ,i`na di`x d"c ,a"r
qkpdy exxiay cr xhyd lr enzg `ly el` micr lr jenql yiy xeaq zyy ax xhyd lr enzg mixyk micry
`yep g`dy zrcl mikixv eid md eay dxwna xaecne ,xhya xkfen enyy g`d ly ihxtd eyekx èd xhya xkfend
.9 dxrd oldl e`x ; itelgd yexitd z` sicrn envr `"ahixd j` .ziad jeza ozepe
d"nx ci ; `prci `zipzn l"è d"c ,my `"ahix ; i`na di`x d"c ,a"r ap `xza àa ,c"ix zetqeze ,o"x ,`"ayx ,o"anx 9
.exn` ixd d"c ,my
z`fd `ziixad xe`l 11.lèny zrck ,"di`x ìadl mig`d lr" xnelk 10,lirtd g`d
xzia hxtpy itk ,zepey mikxca dze` eyxit md .ax zcnr z` oiadl laa i`xen` eywzd
jxca ,`zniwe`d jxc lr ax ixac z` eliabd [5] `cqg axe [2] lèny : miàd mixecna hexit
eilr" ax ixac z` ycgn yxit [8] zyy ax .`ztqezay `ziixaay dkldl mb gzt dxi`ynd
dyri" iehiad yxtzn eay [10] dben gqepa `ziixad z` ìad ongp ax eliè ,"di`x ìadl
`l` ,lirtd g`d "xne`y itk weica dyri" cer `l : ixewnd epaen jetida "eyexitk yxetn
eilr" : envr ax ly epeylae Ð "xn`y mixacd z` yxtl ick xexiae di`x ìadl eilr"
."di`x ìadl
a h `xza àa `ztqez xe`l lènye ax zwelgn

epi` cala enya ozepde `yepd g`dy ,ax zhiyl `ziixan di`x ìan ongp ax [10] `wqita
`ziixal dliawnd on j` .di`x ìadl eilre ,iyi` oteà el mikiiy miqkpdy xnel on`p
zeyrl yiy ,lènyk `weec xen`k dler lirl epàdy a h `xza àa `ztqeza ìdd
mig`d lre ,en`n dyexia xaecny xnel on`p èd ,xnelk ; lirtd g`d ly "eyexitk yxetn"
ehalzd laaay ,"zepecwt" ,gk ìbeqa oeica ,lirl epi`x dpde .ok xacd oi`y di`x ìadl
,o`k epyxity itke ,"eyexitk dyri" ìd dpeekd m` "eyexitk yxetn dyri" iehiad yexita
z`f .mdn mlrzdl zxyt`nd jxca eixac z` ycgn yxti epiidc ,"eyexitl yexit dyri" e`
mpn` o`k 12.mi`xen`d ztewza minkg oeyla "yxetn" dlind ly zihpnq dagxd zeawra
meyn z`fe ,eixac z` gikedl oeiqipae xexiaa `l` oad ixac ly ycegn yexita xaecnd oi`
eitly oexwird j` ."od dn` ia` zia lyn izyxiy dn" milind z` ycgn yxtl dywy
yi `l` "xaic xy` lkn xac ltz l`" dpeekd oi` "eyexitk yxetn dyri" exn` mi`pzdyk
aiigle ezprhl xexia zeyrl èt` yxc ax .xnyp 13,xexia yexcle zeihtwqa jkl qgiizdl
itke ,ax ly ezrc z` mèzd gqepa `ziixad z` xeqnl elgd laaae ,di`x ìadl eze`
.[10] `wqita ongp ax xqeny
ax ixacl lèny ly `zniwe`d

ly ixewnd gqepd ilbx z` ìbeqd on wgc [10] ongp ax itay `ziixad ly ycegnd geqipd
[8] zyy axe [5] `cqg ax ,[3] lèny ly mivn`nd z` oiadl eiykr dyw okl .`ziixad
yi ,lèny zcnrl `le ,ax zcnrl `weec ìbeqd itl ixd Ð [1] ax ixac z` ycgn yxtl
ly ixewnd gqepd mb laaa geex oiicr elld mi`xen`d inia mxa .[10] `ziixaa oikeniz
iehiady ahid erci laa i`xenè ,a h `xza àa `ztqeza zàen ìdy itk ,`ziixad
yxtzdl ozip èd m` mb ,eheyt icin ixnbl `vei epi` `ziixaay "eyexitk yxetn dyri"
èdy itk Ð yxetna exn`py mixacl ,xexia ziiyr e` ,znvnvn zepyxt zwprd oaena
dpeekd m` ehalzd my ìbeqa mb ixd .([2±1] "zepecwt" ,gk ìbeq) `"r ap ,lirl ok yxtzd
ipy z` ecinrde ,yxetna xne`d xn`y itk weica diiyrl e` mixacd ly ycgn yexitl
epi` ok m` `l` ,ynn "eyexitk dyri" : mipey mixwn ipya `ziixal miixyt`d miyexitd
`ziixad on ixnbl mlrzdl èt` mewn oi` ! "eyexitl yexit dyri" f`y 14,cin` e` oin`
.lèny ixack rnzyn dpnny dheytk zixewnd
ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"zepecwt" ,gk ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x ."eyexitk yxetn dyri" iehiad ly heytd yexitd itl jk 10
.20 dxrd ,my miàend lcpn qgpt ixace ,my 14±8 zexrda mipeive ,"dizecleze
ixd ,a` ly od ixd ,eax lyn ozepe `yepy card oke ,eia` lyn ozepe `yepy oad" : a ì `nw àa `ztqez mb eeyde 11
."eyexitk yxetn dyri ,ely ody ipltl epzpi : dzin zrya exn` mè .ax ly od
dxrd ,my miàend lcpn qgpt ixace ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"zepecwt" ,gk ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x e`x 12
.20
m` mixxan ep`y" : yxity ,134 'nr ,(25 dxrd c ìbeq ,lirl) `nw àa ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y mb e`xe 13
.18 dxrd ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,zepecwt ,gk ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl epazky dn e`x j` ."oekp ...oyexit
.16 dxrd ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,lirl ìdd ìbeqa oeica my gqep iteliga oeic e`x 14
zàen ìdy itk mi`pzd zcnr z` zxzeqd ax ly dbixgd ezcnr zl`yl wwfp lèny s`
oia oigan axy xaq lèny zigkepd dzpekzna eply ìbeqd itl .a h `xza àa `ztqeza
`yp mday miqkpa zekfl miywany el` md einezie ,zny lirt g`l miiga epcery lirt g`
la` ,miiga epceryk di`x `ll a`l mipin`n oi` ax zrcl mpn`y xne` lèny .mdia` ozpe
di`x ìadl (minezid ly mdicec) mig`d lry lèny zcnrl mikqn did ax mb ezen xg`l
,[3] jk lr wleg `tt ax .[2] mitzeyn miqkp eid znd lirtd g`d ozpe `yp mday miqkpdy
mipreh cvik ,icrla oteà el mikiiy eid miqkpdy xnel eiiga on`p epi` a`d m` : wcvae
? minezid xeara di`x `lle drici `ll ef dprh
,zn m`y à` il dcen" lèny ixacy d`xp a h `xza àa `ztqezay `ziixad xe`l mxa
ezpeek 15.[4] eply ìbeqd lrae [3] `tt ax ici lr obedk epaed `l [2] "di`x ìadl mig`d lr
miqkpdy i e e c y x r l r x n ` lirtd g`dy dxwna el dcen axy dziid lèny ly
wx okle ,en` ia`n mze` yxiy meyn ,icrla oteà el mikiiy eid el` zexhya mixkfend
àa `ztqezay `ziixaa "xn` mè" iehiad ,lèny zrcl : xne` deed .eze` miyxei eipa
,a h `xza
,eyexitk yxetn dyri ,od dn` ia` zia lyn izyxiy dn : 'n` mè
lèny ly df yexit ,okè .zn jk xgè ,"ieec yxr lr xn` mè" oaena ax ici lr yxtzn
: zeàd zeiecrd on dlery itk ,jk lk wegx epi` ax ixacl
`xza àa `ztqeza h-e g miwxtd ly maex aex ,`xza àa dpyna h-e g miwxtd enk .1
`ztqez ly `yixde ` h `xza àa `ztqez .rxn aiky zpzne dèev ,dyexia miwqer
lgd la` ,miign ìxa zpzn opiipre ,ef dpigan otec ze`vei mpn` a h `xza àa
dliawnd ,da miwqer epgp`y dkldd .rxn aikya oecl mixfeg b h `xza àa `ztqezn
ìd .a h `xza àa `ztqez ly `tiqd ìd ,oiibeqa [10] `wqita ongp ax itay `ziixal
zpzn opiipry zeklde ìxa zpzn opiipry zekld oiay xtzd lr `ztqeza èt` znwenn
xiaqe ,dzernynl xyà `ztqezd jxer ly zeihpleeian` ile` swyny dn ,rxn aiky
.ihxtd eyekxk miqkpd z` ddfny rxn aikya e` ìxaa xaecn m` lènye ax ewlgpy
mya xqn j` ,di`x `ll ok xnel mipn`p rxn aikyd od ìxad ody èt` wqt lèny
.on`p rxn aikyd wxy ax
dyri" ly zernynd oiiprl rxn aikyl ìxa oia axc àil` wlgi lènyy mb xiaq .2
e` iehiad ly zixewnd zil`xyiÎux`d zernyna ìd dpeekd m` ,"eyexitk yxetn
jxc lr ,"eyexitk yxetn dyri" iehial dletk zepyxt ixd .laaa dycgzdy ezernyna
: ([2±1] ,"zepecwt" ,gk ìbeq) `"r ap Ð a"r `p `xza àa ,lirl mb axl dqgei ,`zniwe`d
dy`d on law ; zewepizd on `le micard on `le miypd on `l zepecwt oilawn oi` : x"z
dyri Ð od ipelt ly ozzin zrya exn`y oleke ...dlral xifgi Ð dzn mè ,dy`l xifgi
.oyexitl yexit dyri : ixn`c `ki` ,oyexitk
,axc dinwl `z` ; zxa ipa `zxnc itik ipd : dxn` daky `w ik dpg xa xa daxc edziac
.dyexitl yexit dyr Ð `l iè ,dyexitk dyr jl `pnidn i` : l"`
àil` yxtn lèny a h `xza àa `ztqeza "eyexitk yxetn dyri" oeyld z` mb dpde
,e`l mè ,eyexitk dyri ,èd rxn aiky m`" : `zniwe`d jxc lr dletk zepyxt axc
meyn `l rxn aikyl mipin`ny xexa d`xp z`f xe`l ."eyexitl [xexia=] yexit dyri
meyn `l` ,lèny ixacn `tt ax oiady itk ,mdia` orh `ly dn minezil miprehy
.[3] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x .ziteqd mzpekzna [3] `tt ax ixacn wlgl i`xg` s` df `xnb lra 15
xa dax zyà dyrnl dliawna ax gqpzny itk ,"dzin zrya xwyl ievn mc` oi`"y
: `"r f ,ì h `nw àa inlyexiay dpg xa
`l` ,èd zil : 'e` ède .izxac dycw oid` : dxn` .dkncin dpg xa xa à iaxc dizzi`
16
.dzin zrya xwyl ievn mc` oi` : 'n` ,axc inew dcaer `z` .icic
aiky epiipr "eyexitk yxetn dyri"y iawr oteà yxtn ax ,lèny zrcly micnl epivnp
yexit dyri" mday mixwn yie "eyexitk dyri" mday mixwn yi rxn aiky iable ,rxn
."eyexitl
orehe eia` zia jezn ozepe `yepd oa oiipra dkld ep`vn a ì `nw àa `ztqeza s` .3
mye ,"eyexitk yxetn dyri" xn`p my mbe ,en`n ozepe `yep èd eay qkpd z` yxiy
: ieec yxr lr jk oreh èdy yxetn
ly od ixd ,a` ly od ixd ,eax lyn ozepe `yepy card oke ,eia` lyn ozepe `yepy oad
.eyexitk yxetn dyri ,ely ody ipltl epzpi : dzin zrya exn` mè .ax
ìadl mig`d lr ,zn m`y à` il dcen" xn` lènyyky xexa d`xp elld zeaiqd lkn
"od dn` ia` zia lyn izyxiy dn" eixac z` g`d xn` eay dxwnl oeekzd èd [2] "di`x
dkldd oial [1] ax itay dkldd oiay xrtd z` mvnvl èt` ywia lèny .ezen iptl jenq
z` cinrn axy lèny yxit okl .lèny zrck rnzyn dpnny a h `xza àa `ztqezay
dywd okle ,minezil dlwd ly oiipr o`k yiy ayg `tt ax .[2] `weec rxn aikya `ztqezd
.[4] `xnbd lra ici lr egcp lèny ly eixace ,[3] lèny lr
`cqg ax ly `zniwe`d
: ax ,eax ixac oia xrtd lr xybl ecrep [5] `cqg ax ixac mby d`xp
: xnè ,eny lr oi`vei zexhye zepe` eide ,ziad jeza ozepe `yep didy oig`d on cg`
,[1] di`x ìadl eilr : ax xn` Ð `n` ia` zian il eltpy ,md ily
: a h `xza àa `ztqeza oecpa `ziixad ixac oial
.eyexitk yxetn dyri ,od dn` ia` zia lyn izyxiy dn : 'n` mè
llk miwelg mpi` mig`d eay dxwna wqer axy "ziad jeza" ax ly epeyla wiic `cqg ax
ìadl lirtd oad lry ax xne` ,df dxwna wxe ,df dxwna .ztzeyn mzqir sè ,mdiqkpa
xbean oa mzq ,z`f znerl .en` ia` zian yxiy miihxtd eiqkpa ozpe `ypy ezprhl di`x
miqkpdy ihxtd eny lr mi`veid zepeè zexhy lr xnel on`p eia` lya ozepe `yepd
mda ewlgzd mxhy eig`le el mitzeynd miqkp e` (eia` iiga) eia` iqkp mpi` mda mipievnd
.md en` jxc yxiy miqkp `l` ,(eia` zen xg`l)
axy jkl oeekzd èd ."ozqira oiwelg oi`c `l` epy `l" `l` xn` `l `cqg axy d`xp
eig` mr xb oiicr èdyk ,"ziad jeza" ozepe `yep oady dxwna wx [1] `wqita ewlgp lènye
miqkpdy xnel on`p epi` oady xeaq ax df oebka .mzqira elit` ewlgzd mxhe eia` ziaa
mxha mdy lk miqkpa ozepe `yepd oa mzq j` .ihxt oteà ely md zexhya mipievnd
ely md elld miqkpdy xnel on`p epi` eia`n eigè èd eyxiy dyexid zwelg dniizqd
.di`x `ll ihxt oteà
ezqirn xeni` Ð ozqira oiwelg la`" dxrdd z` `cqg ax ixacl siqed xge`n `xnb lra
ewqr md oky ,lènye ax ixacl yexitk dni`zn dpi` `xnind ly ef `tiq .[5] "uniw
."dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"zepecwt" ,gk ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 16
`xnb lray d`xp .ezqirn uniwy oaa `le en` ia`n miqkpd z` yxiy orehd oaa yxetna
`tt ax ixac z` el exikfd elè ,`cqg ax ixacay "ozqira oiwelg oi`" milind z` d`x df
zepaxwl zenda dnvrl dzpwe zexifp xcp dxcpy yi` zyà miwqerd a"r ck xifp ilaaa
: xifpd
.axwz dlere zenz z`hg Ð dznda dzid dly m`
! dlra dpw dy` dzpwy dn : zxn`d ? dl `pn ìd
17.dzqirn dzvnwy : `tt ax xn`
my `tt ax ixac z` `xnbd lral dxikfd o`k `cqg ax ixacay "ozqira oiwelg" iehiad
zernd z` biyd lirtd g`d o`k mby xiaqd èd okle ,"dzqirn dzvnwy" dyi` oiipra
èd m` ìd dl`yd o`k ixd : wiic `l èd j` ."ezqira uniwy" jk ici lr ozpe `yp oday
yekxd caln dqpkd xewn el yi m` `le ,en`n yxiy miqkpa xaecny xnel di`x `ll on`p
.eig`le el szeynd
zyy axe dax zwelgn

18
.zeywen odizye ,mipey`xd ici lr mikxc izya dyxtzd zyy axe dax zwelgn ,xen`k
g`d ly xhyd meiwa oiipr oi` mixg`d mig`ly xexay eyxit m"ayxe meyxb epaxl qgeind
micra di`x ìd lènyc àil` ìadl mikixv mdy di`xdy èd heyt okle ,lirtd
di`x" dl`yd .da wlg mlekle ,mdia` zyexin wlg eid mdig` ozpe `yp mday miqkpdy
ìadl lirtd g`d lry xeaqd axc àil` `l` dpi` zyy axe dax miaiyn dilry "i`na
eciriy micr ìadl eilr daxl .en`n mze` yxiy meyn ziyi` el mikiiy miqkpdy di`x
èd df yexita iyewd .dwqrd¦ z` crznd xhyd meiwa ic zyy axl ; miqkpd `ven lr
m` xidadl ick ea oiè ,xhyd ly mipkza `l ,micrd zenizga wqer xhyd meiw ly jildy
.szeyna eig`le el e` ziyi` el jiiyd qkpa xgq g`d
lirtd g`d ici lr xhyd meiwa icy xeaq zyy axy ,z`f znerl ,eyxit mipey`xd aex
,xg` jild lkl èt` dnec df jild : di`x ìadl mig`d lry ,lènyk wqet èdy meyn
cala eny lr mze` myxe mitzeynd miqkpa xgq lirtd g`dy mig`d zprh gkez `ly cre
19
.xhyd meiw lr jnzqdl ozipe dwqrd
¦ z` xy`l ick zcgein di`xa jxev oi`
xzei lw oky ,m"ayxe meyxb epaxl qgeind zrck xzei rnzyn "i`na di`x" oeyld on
ezaeyzy gipdl xy`n ,lèny zhiy lr `le ,cala ax zhiy lr zaqen dl`ydy gipdl
aex zrck `weec lènyc àil` ìd "ax jixvn di`x efi`" dl`yl zyy ax ly
meiw `ll s` dtwz dwqrde¦ Ð llk di`xl wewf g`d oi` envr lènyl ixd .mipey`xd
xkc o`n ef zeygkzde .dwqrl
¦ miygkzn lirtd g`d ly dwqrl ¦ eitzey ok m` `l` ,xhyd
? dny
mi`xen` ita Ð ddf zwelgnn mb dler m"ayxde meyxb epaxl qgeind ly myexitk ,okè
,e h `xza àa dpyn lr zaqend Ð mixg`
da azk `l ...zniiw ezpzn ,èdy lk rwxw xiiye ,mixg`l eiqkp lk azky rxn aiky
didy di`x ìadl jixv ,did ìxa mixne` ode did rxn aiky xne` èd ,rxn aiky
.di`xd eilr exiagn ìvend : mixne` minkge .xi`n iax ixac ,rxn aiky
: `"r cpw `xza àa ilaaa mi`xen` zwelgn zàen ìdd dpynd lr
.my 10 dxrde ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecnd seq ,"dlra iqkpa" ,fk ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl mb e`x ef ìbeql 17
.4 oniq ,"ìbeqa miiywd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,lirl e`x 18
.9±7 zexrd ,lirl mipeiv e`x 19
? i`na di`x
...xhyd meiwa di`x : ixn` `ped ax xa daxe `cqg ax ; micra di`x : xn` `ped ax
yiwl oa oerny 'xe ,micra di`x : xn` opgei iaxc ,<l"vke ,cid iazk aexa jk> `zbeltk
.xhyd meiwa di`x : xn`
xyt` i` ixd : dpyna minkgd zhiyc àil` `l` mi`xen`d ewlgp `ly xexa d`xp my
dl`yd : o`k oicd ède 20.daizkd zrya rxn aiky did azekdy xhyd meiwa di`x ìadl
zeibeqd izya .ax ,cg` cv lr wx `l` cg`k miccvd ipy lr zaqen dpi` "i`na di`x"
,o`k ax Ð wfgend icia qkpd z` xi`yny in zrcl zyxcpd di`xd m` ìd dl`yd
zyxcpd di`xd `ny e` ,micra `l` dpi`y ,ezprhl ynn ly di`x ìd Ð my minkgd
dxyk dwqrl¦ zaygp ìd dniiwzd dwqrdy ¦ gikedl ozip cer lke ,xhyd meiwa di`x ìd
.zeaiqpd dpxxazzy ilan s`
minkgd zhiyle o`k ax zhiyl ,xhyd meiwa di`x ìd zyxcpd di`xd ditly zepyxtd
xne` zyy ax ,eply dxwna .zixewnd zwelgnd z` ce`n znvnvn ,`"r cpw sca ìbeqa
yekxa xgq mdig`y mig`d egiked `l cer lk dtwz dwqrdy
¦ lènyl dyrnl dcen axy
heyt jild ,xhyd meiw èd dwqrd
¦ znlyd myl yxcpy dn lke ,mznkqd `ll szeynd
micra miqkpa ozpe `yp mdig`y jk lr miwleg mpi` mig`d ixdy ,melk giken epi`y
,`cqg axe .xgq mday miqkpd ly miicrlad milrad did `l èdy ìd mzprh ; xhyae
`xza àa dpyna xi`n iaxl micen minkgd dyrnly mixeaq yiwl yixe `ped ax xa dax
yenin myl yxcpy dn lke ,rxn aiky èdy gked `l cer lk ìxa aygp dpznd ozepy e h
`l` ,eazky xhya dcen ozepd ixdy ,melk giken epi`y heyt jild ,xhyd meiw èd dpznd
.daizkd zrya rxn aiky didy oreh èdy
z` mvnvl ìbeqa epi`xy mixg`d mivn`nd rwx lr zpaen o`k zyy ax ly ezcnr
itl .ezcnr z` zxzeqd a h `xza àa `ztqezay `ziixad xe`l ,ax zcnr ly zernynd
`ztqeza xn`pd z` xzeq df oi` j` ,di`x ìadl lirtd g`d on yxec ok` ax zyy ax
,en`n yxiy miqkpa xgqy dgked dpi` ìadl yxcp g`dy di`xd .eyexitk yxetn miyery
`venl xyw `ll ,dtwz el` miqkpa rviay dwqrdy ¦ dgikend xhyd meiwa di`x `l`
zexhy eci zgzn mi`veid zepe`de zexhyd z` miiwl lbeqn lirtd g`d cer lk .miqkpd
.mda zeicrlad eizeiekfe miqkpd `ven z` gikedy ilan z`fe ,mitwz el`
`wqitay ax ixac z` ìvedl mlek evn`zd [8] zyy axe [5] `cqg ax ,[2] lènyy `vnp
day a h `xza àa `ztqezay `ziixad oial mixacd oia dxizqd rwx lr mheytn [1]
xaqdd z` `cqg ax ixacl siqedy `xnbd lra ,[3] `tt ax z`f znerl .lènyk yxetn
dceqi ef dcnr .ax ixac ly mheyt lr epbd [10] ongp axe [7] dax ,[5] "uniw ezqirn xeni`"
itl mb ok` m` .ax zcnr z` mèzd [10] `wqita ongp ax itay df ,`ziixad ly xg` gqepa
lirtd g`d dyry ze`wqrde ¦ mig`d lkl jiiy qkpd zxg` ,"di`x ìadl eilr" `ziixad
,[1] axk dkld .mheyt icin ,zeyxetn jk xn`y ,ax ixac z` ìvedl mrh oi` ixd ,zelha
lirtd g`dy micirnd ,micra ,dlibx di`xa xaecny ,daxk dklde ; di`x ìadl g`d lre
.[7] eig`le el ztzeynd dyexid on wlg epiè ,en`n qkpd z` yxi
meiwa di`x d"c ,my m"ayx ; xhyd meiwa di`x d"ce micra di`x d"c ,`"r cpw `xza àa ,meyxb epaxl qgeind e`x 20
eilr eywd xake ,df oiipra bixg ,i`na di`x d"c ,my m"ayx .i`na di`x d"c ,my c"ix iwqte `"ahix ,zetqez ; xhyd
.lekd ixacle ,micra di`x zyxcp xi`n iaxl s`y oiivl `l` ywia `ly d`xpe .my zetqeza
yexit ipeir
àx `de ? oedea` edl orh `lc icin inzil edl opiprh melk : `tt ax dl siwzn .3
li`ydl mieyrd mixaca ,di`x `la inzin `zcb`c `xtqe `laxqc `bef wit`
od oigewl xnè ,xikydle li`ydl oieyrd mixac : oia` xa `ped ax glyck ,xikydle
! on`p epi` Ð icia
`"r fhw `rivn àa ilaaae o`k riten ède ,a"r en zereay ilaaa eceqi àxa dyrnd
zgz milk oinhdy ede`x : dcedi ax xn`" : xn`p `"r en zereay ilaaa .miipyn mixywda
olfba mheyt itl miwqer dcedi ax ixac ."on`p epi` Ð icia od oigewl xnè ,`vie eitpk
z` cinrne df yexit dgec a"r en zereay ilaaa `xnbd lra j` .ziad lra ici lr qtzpy
`l` oxn` `le" : oinhnl mipenhd mivtgd z` xikyd e` li`ydy orehd zia lraa mixacd
`l iapba yipi` iwefg`l ,'ipink lk e`l Ð oiaepba la` ,oigewl xne` dfe oile`y xne` df
: on`p epi` oinhnd mday mixwnd z` liabne jiynn my `xnbd lrae ."opiwfgn
li`ydl oieyr oi`y mixac la` ,xikydle li`ydl oieyrd mixaca `l` oxn` `le
oigewl xnè ,xikydle li`ydl oieyrd mixac : oia` xa `ped ax glyc ,on`p Ð xikydle
mixaca ,inzin `zcb`c `xtqe `laxqc `bef wit` àxc `d ik .on`p epi` Ð icia od
.xikydle li`ydl oieyrd
mipenh zia ilk mr zian `veid mc` ,my ilaaa zyxtzn ìdy itk dcedi ax zrcly `vnp
lrae xikydle li`ydl miieyrd mixaca xaecn ok m` `l` ,oick mykxy xnel on`p ecbaa
mixac Ð 21dcb` xtqe miixtqn àx ìved df mrhn .el mxikyd e` mli`ydy oreh ziad
li`ydl milibx oi`y xaca xaecn did eli`y d`xpe ,minezin Ð xikydle li`ydl miieyrd
eli` miiga ecera mdia` lv` mze` xi`yn didy myk ,minezid lv` mze` xi`yn àx did
.a`d orh jky di`x mey oi` m` mb ,"icia md migewl" orh
zinexd dtewzd on miixtqn
z` ìved àxy daiqdy èt` dler eixacl `zknq`k `tt ax ìany àx ixacn
iiga mb okle ,xikydle li`ydl miieyr mdy ìd di`x `la minezid icin xtqde miixtqnd
li`ydl ieyr epi`y xaca xaecn did eli` .di`x `ll a`d icin mze` miìven eid a`d
.minezil ok oreh àx ly epic zia did ,"icia md migewl" xnel on`p did a`de ,xikydle
eli`k rnyp ,"oedea` edl orh `lc icin ...opiprh melk" ,dnvr `tt ax ly `ztwz`d on j`
l r e t a e f d p r h o r h mdia`y micr mpyi ok m` `l` ,dprh mey minezil mdl mipreh oi`
lè d"c ,my `"ahix ; `xtqe d"c ,my zetqez ; inzin d"c ,a"r en zereay i"yx) my mipey`xd ly zehalzdd e`x 21
mixg` mixtq `ny e` ,oky lkn df oiiprl dcb` xtqk mpic mixg` mixtq m` (ixn`c i`ne d"c ,my c"ix iwqt ; dywi
.xzei mdilr micitwn mdilray meyn ,xikydle li`ydl miieyr mpi` dcb` ixtqan xzei mda ynzydl milibxy
.`xtqe d"c ,a"r ap `xza àa ,`"ahix mb e`xe
oirh ivn `lc i`n" oebk ,dfxtxta `tt ax ixac z` èt` miìan mipey`xd aex .ezen iptl
`tt axy df oeyln rnyne ,dfa `veik e` qetcd enk miqxeb gqepd icr lk mxa 22."oedea`
oic zia oi` oerhl zihxe`z did leki minezid ia`y dprh elit`y xeaqe àxn zkl wigxn
ixa Ð `nye ixay meyn z`f .ezen iptl ok orh ok` mdia`y reci ok m` `l` ,minezil oreh
.sicr
`tt ax ly miixewnd eixace `tt ax ixacn ixewn wlg did `l àxa dyrndy d`xp okl
orh `lc icin inzil edl opiprh melk" : cala oeibidd jnq lr ìyew ,"`ztwz`" xcba eid
opc dxwnay cala ef `l : xen`l ,àx ixac z` siqedy df èd `xnbd lra ."! ? oedea` edl
àil` on`p did `l eiiga ok orh elit` `l` ,en`n miqkpd z` yxiy minezid ia` orh `l
zrxkn dziid `tt ax ly `ztwz`l ef ztqez ? minezil ef dprh oic zia mipreh cvike ,axc
,okè 23.minezia el dcen axy lèny ixacl xgy oi` ,xnelk ; [4] "ìyw" aiyd ède ,eipira
,"ax ixacl lèny ly `zniwe`d : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecna ,lirl epi`xy itk
did axy `l` ,axc àil` mdia` ok orh `l m` minezil jk miprehy oeekzd `l lèny
eci zgzn mi`veid zepeàe zexhya mixkfend miqkpdy ezen iptl xn`y rxn aikya dcen
.on`p èdy ,en` ia`n el dyexi md
oi`vei zexhye zepe` eide ,ziad jeza `yepe ozep didy oig`d on cg` : ìpzc... .11±10
ìdy dy`d oke ; di`x ìadl eilr Ð `n` ia` zian il eltpy ,od ily : xnè ,eny lr
eltpy ,od ily : dxnè ,dny lr oi`vei zexhye zepe` eide ,ziad jeza zpzepe z`yep
dy` : `nizc edn ? oke i`n .di`x ìadl dilr Ð `n` ia` zian e` à` ia` zian il
.ol rnyn `w ,inzin dlfb `l Ð inzi inw `gxh `w ixn`c ,`zlin dl `giayc oeik
mikiiyd miqkp zgwl ick xwyz `l dpnl`y aeygl mewn did eply `xnbd lra itl
jixv did okle ,mdiqkpe minezid lr ahid zxney ìdy jka zgazyn ìd oky ,minezil
dyexia `le ihxtd eyekxa ozpe `ypy orehd g` oiiprl od dkld dze` lr `ziixaa xefgl
ilaan ef dxaq lr `"ayxd mya eywd 24zetqeza .ok zprehd dpnl` oiiprl ode ztzeynd
ìd minezid iqkpa dpnl`d dgxhy dgxhd ¦ llbay ,dketd dxaq elrd my ,`"r dl oihib
mya evxiz zetqezd ilra .xak dlaiwy xg`l mdiqkpn dzaezk zeabl dnvrl xzid dxez
`ziixad di`x `ll dpnl`l oin`dl dxaqd s` lry eply ìbeqd zpwqn it lr `"ayxd
,minezid on lefble dnvrl xzid zexedl dlelr dpnl` : daxc` `l` ,ok xacd oi`y dxen
.oihiba xn`py itke
: zeiexyt` izy yi .eply ìbeqde oihiba ìbeqd oia qgid dn ,dl`yd zl`yp ok it lr s`
eplv` dxaqdy oeeiky xiaqde eply ìbeqa xn`pd lr dpa oihiba ìbeqd lray okzii
okle ,cygl zxg` dxaq wtql epilr ,di`x ìazy cr lfba dceyg oiicr dpnl`de ,dzgcp
oihiba ìbeqd z` xikd eply `xnbd lray mb okzii j` .xzidd z`xed ly dxaqd z` ìad
dxaq dziid mpn` : xen`l ,oihiba ìbeqd jetida ,`weec uxizy dn uxize "oke i`n" dywde
`ziixaa zeyxetn rawpy oeeikn la` ,minezid on zlfeb dziid `le zpn`p dpnl`dy xnel
,mxa .zniewn oihiba dxaqdy `vnp ,di`x ìadl g`d lry itk weica di`x ìadl dilry
`xnbd lra did oekpd did ipyd yigxzd eli`y d`xp ,miixyt` miyigxzd ipyy it lr s`
inw `gxh `wc d`pd ìddac l"nw" oeyla ,[11] `wqita "ol rnyn `w"d z` aigxn eply
oihiba `xnbd lray d`xp ,ok dyr `ly oeeikne .dfa `veik e` "`xizid iiexe`l ìz` inzi
.jtdl `le o`k exn`py mixacd lr qqazd
ap `xza àa m"ayx ; my c"ix zetqeze d"nx ci ,meyxb opaxl qgeind eeyd ; siwzn d"c ,a"r ap `xza àa `"ahix 22
.melk d"c ,`"r
lèny ixacy rawe ,mipe`bd iciay zxeqn it lr "`zaeiz"l "ìyw" oia o`k wlig l`ppg epax j` .yxtl d`xp jk 23
.ìyw d"c ,my `"ahix ; l`ppg epax wqte d"c ,a"r ap `xza àa m"ayx e`x ; "ìyw" `xnbd zpwqn zeawra egcp `l
.`gxhc d"c ,a"r ap `xza àa zetqez 24
627
(a"r ap) "uxte xcb lrp" : zgè miyelyd ìbeqd
.'eke ewlgy oig`de dpzn ozepa la` ,wifgna Ð mixen` mixac dna
? edpip dwfg ipa e`l opixn`c ipd lk eh` .1 dpynd lr ìyew .`
oebk ,dprh dnr yiy dwfga Ð mixen` mixac dna : ipzw ikde `xqgn ixeqg .2 uexiz .a
oebk ,dprh dnr oi`y dwfg la` ,izgwl xne` gwele izxkn `l xne` xken
,xcb ,lrp ,èd `nlra ipwnlc ,xbd iqkpa wifgnde ,ewlgy oig`de ,dpzn ozep
.dwfg ef ixd Ð èdy lk uxt
cenlzd zxeqn
,b b `xza àa dpyn e`x .izgwl xne` gwele izxkn `l xne` xken oebk ,dprh dnr yiy dwfga .2
.`yix

wifgnd dfc lirl oxn`c ipd lk oebk xnelk .wifgna : mipy 'b dwfg jixvc .mixen` mixac dna `wqit
cg` lk jixv dpzn ozep e` xknc `kid la` .el dcen epi`c izxkn `l xne` xrxrnde izgwl oreh
.dwfgl mipy 'b oikixv opi` zny xbd iqkpa wifgnd oke .oda xefgl oileki eidi `ly ick ewlga wifgdl
: dwfg ied xzl`l èdy lk xcb e` hrn ea uxt e` èdy lk gzt mzqy lrp `l`
xivwz
ozepa la`" ,"wifgna" `l` dxen` dpi` mipyd yely zwfg b b `xza àa dpyn itl
"uxte xcb ,lrp" ly ilnq dyrna ic "xbd iqkpa wifgnde ,ewlgy mig`de ,dpzn
zyely oial "wifgn" oia lcadd z` dxiaqn ìbeqd .dwfg oiipwa qkpa zekfl ick
zgpdk dwfg : "dwfg" dlind ly zepey zeiernyn izy oiay lcadk elld mixwnd
zncwn oiipwa rwxwd z` ykxy oreh wifgndyk ,zexzeq zeprh ly dxwna zelra
epnpy mixwnd zyelya oia ,ilnxet oiipw dyrnk dwfg ; mipy yely ly ìd ,`pc
dyrn ici lr icin oiipw ìd ,melyz zxenz dlibx dxikn ly dxwna oiae epzpyna
.dvixt e` xecib ,dlirp ly ilnq
seqa mipyd yely zwfg ly dqitza iepiy zeawra yxcp df xaqdy dler gezipd on
ly efe ,dwfg ly zi`pzd dqitzd .jliè iia` inin ,laaa mi`xen`d ztewz
,lrp" zwfg mbe mipyd yely zwfg mby dziid ,llka cre àx inil cr mi`xen`d
ly libx dxwna zynyn dpey`xd : zerwxwa miynynd oiipw iyrn od "uxte xcb
ly dxwna ,melyzl diitiv oi`yk zynyn diipyde ,gwell xken oia xkn zwqr¦
iia` .miyxei `ll zny xb ly eiqkpa xwtdd on diikf e` dyexi zlaw ,dpzn
ic melyz zxenz libx xkn ly dxwna mb ditly dqitzd z` egzit eicinlze
`l` llk oiipw dyrn dpi` mipy yely zwfge ,"uxte xcb ,lrp" ly oiipw dyrna
yely" ,` ìbeq ,lirl e`x) oiipwl dgked oi`yk zelra zriawl ynynd ocne`
.eply ìbeqa dpynl wprend ycgd yexitd o`kne ,("mipy
o`xnewn dpzn xhy


mipy yely zwfgy eyxit jliè iia` inin lgd ,df xeaiga minrt dnk epxkfdy itk
mipy yely jyna rwxw lr milrak ldpzn mc` m` : oiipw `le ,zelra zgked dpd zerwxwa
zerwxwdy mikxcd zgà ok iptl mipy yely rwxwd z` dpw èdy orehe ,xerxr `ll ,xzeie
1.mincewd milrad ly xerxr gkepl mb el mipin`n epgp` ,oda zepwp
jxern mitvn epiidy itk ,ef dqitz gexa md ef ìbeq zakxen mdny uexizde ìyewd
zewqer oiwxta b±` zeipyn .mi`xen`d ini seqa dgeexy dqitzd on rtyend i`xen`Îxza
`tiqa j` .envr ipta oiipwk `le ,zelra zgkedk ef dqitz itl zqtzpd mipy yely zwfga
zerwxw zwfg eitly llkl biiq ep`vn ,eply ìbeqd zaqen dilry ,oiwxta b dpyn ly
: mipy yely zkxe`
Ð xbd iqkpa wifgnde ,ewlgy oig`de ,dpzn ozepa la` ,wifgna Ð mixen` mixac dna
.dwfg ef ixd èdy lk uxte xcbe lrp
dpyna zeyxetn epipy : epzpyna `pzd ly dfd biiqd z` oiadl dywzn eply `xnbd lra
dcibpn ok m` cvik ! "dwfg ef ixd" : "dwfg" dpekn rwxwd z` mipew md eay oiipwd dyrn s`y
"èdy lk uxte xcb ,lrp" Ð rwxwa mdly oiipwd dyrn s`y ,el` oial "wifgn" oia dpynd
? [1] dwfg dpekn Ð
zgked oial ,"èd `nlra ipwnlc" ,dwfg oiipw dyrn oia dpgada 2`xnbd lra aiyn jk lr
ozep èd jka .[2] "dprh dnr yiy dwfg" dpkn èd dze`y ,dwfg ly jxca carica zelra
xcb ,lrp" èdy ,dwfg dpeknd oiipwd dyrn oia jliè iia` inin zynynd dpgadl iehia
dzpwp rwxwdy ocne`k zqtzpd mipy yely zwfg oial ,xzl`l swzd ,"èdy lk uxte
"dwfg" dpeknd oiipwd dyrn e` xhy ,sqk Ð zipwp rwxw oday mikxcd zgà `pc zncwn
.envr ipta oiipwk `le Ð
xak epigady itk ,epzpyn z` wlg oteà xiaqn epi` eziiyewl `xnbd lra ly uexizd mxa
ly `tiqa `pzd oiiv recn miywn mipey`xd eply `xnbd lra ly uexizd lr .mipey`xd
dyrna dpew èd s`y ,gwel ly dheytd dnbeca hwp `le ,xbd iqkpe dyexi ,dpzn dpynd
cr dpw `l xknay aiyn `"ayxd .eply `xnbd lra zqitz itl uxte xcb ,lrp ly oiipw
ok` m` j` 4.ipald cec jld eizeawrae 3,xhyl xywa lirl lèny xn`y itk ,einc oziiy
zi`pzd zextqa oecpa zyxetn dxin`l mitvn epiid xwire llk xkna ynyn dwfg oiipw oi`
5
.xhy oiipra lèny zxnin z` ep`vny itke ,zi`xen`de
giyÎecd : zerwxwd zwfg zqitza ziptzd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"mipy yely" ,` ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 1
.xeaigd jxe`le ,"eply ìbeqd seqa àxl iia` oia
,okpin ,dvpxit ,cxetqwe` cid iazk) "ipzw ikde `xqgn ixeqg" [2] `wqit zligza miqxebd gqepd icr aex itl jk 2
: àx xn`" qxeb fixt i"ke "xn`w ikd : dax xn`" qxeb bxeand ci azk j` .(lìxewq` ci azk) "xn`w ikd" e` (qetcde
,"ipwe wfg jl" ,dàd ìbeqa [3] `wqitl oir zvitwa dceqi ef `qxiby d`xp .mipey`xd zvwn miqxeb oke ,"xn`w ikd
,` ìbeq) `"r l ,lirl mb àxl zqgein ef zinzq `wqita zàend dhiydy oiivl ie`x j` .el` milina zgzetd
epiir ; iia` icinlz ici lr àxl dqgeiy dcnra `l` àx zcnra xaecnd oi`y epxriy mye ,([23] ,"mipy yely"
àxl iia` oia giyÎecd : zerwxwd zwfg zqitza ziptzd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,ìdd ìbeqa oeica ,lirl
."dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"zetevx" ,a ìbeqa oeicd ,lirle ; "ìbeqd seqa
.wifgna `"ca 'ipzn d"c ,a"r ap `xza àal `"ayxd iyecig 3
.gw±fw 'nr ,(1 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,zexeqne zexewn ,ipald 'c 4
`ziixad yexita ,5 dxrd cil ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"ipwe wfg jl" ,al ìbeqa oeica ,oldl epazky dn e`xe 5
dpzna dwfgd oiipw xwir z` dyxit `ziixad my epixacl .([1] ,"ipwe wfg jl" ,al ìbeq) a"r ap ,oldl àend iel iac
epzhiyl ,daxc` ; llk rwxwa miiw epi` dwfg oiipwy xne` df oi` la` ,dwfga rwxw xeknl milibx eid `ly meyn
.rwxw zxikna ynynd jyenn oiipw dyrn èd mipy yely zwfg oiipr lk df xeaiga
mibdepe ,dwfgn xzei oken èdy meyn ,sqka md mipiipwd aex xknay wgeca aiyn `"ahixd
"xzei oken" sqk recn oiadl dyw j` 6.minc ozn mda oi`y mixwna wx dwfg oiipwa ynzydl
,daxc` ."ipwe wfg jl" xkend zxin` e` xkend ipta ziyrpd dheyt dlert ìdy ,dwfgn
7
.envr melyzd zè melyzl sqkd zbyd z` zxziin ìdy meyn "xzei dpken" dwfg
ixac ly mheytn .dpynd z` xiaqdl ick `xnbd lra ly evexiza jxev oi` dyrnl j`
dilry rwxwa dwfgd zepy yely ly zxg` dqitz dler iia` inil cr mi`xen`de mi`pzd
iia` inil cr mi`xen`d iniae mi`pzd inia dgeexy ,ef dqitz itl 8.df xeaig jxe`l epcnr
da wifgdy dwfgd gekn rwxwd z` y k e x wifgnd d`gn `ll mipy yely xeark ,àxe
cg` èt` dpd ,oiwxta zepey`xd zeipynd yelya dpecipd ,mipy yely zwfg .mipy yely
zeixg` odl yiy miqkp" : d ` oiyeciw dpyna epipyy itke ,zerwxwa miynynd mipiipwd on
rwxwd lr zelrad z` mixiarn xhye sqk ipiipw ."dwfgae xhya ,sqka oipwp [zerwxw=]
`nw ixnd leki okldnay mipy yely llk jxca jxe` ,z`f znerl ,dwfg oiipw ; icin oteà
.oiipw dyrnk dwfgl ocne`k dwfg oia dpgada jxev oi` ef dqitz itl .ea xefgl
epzpyn ly `tiqa xen`k epipy mipy yely jxe` dwfg oiipw dyrn ditly dkldd lr
: oldlck
Ð xbd iqkpa wifgnde ,ewlgy oig`de ,dpzn ozepa la` ,wifgna Ð mixen` mixac dna
.dwfg ef ixd èdy lk uxte xcbe lrp
zxenz dwfg oiipwa z x k n p rwxw day ,dlibx xkn zwqr¦ oia dpigan dheytk ef `tiq
xcba mdy ,ezen xg`l xbd iqkpa e` dyexia ,dpzna dwfg oiipw jxc diikf oial ,melyz
,libx xkn ly dxwna mipy yely zkxe` ef dwfg .dwfgae xhya ,sqka zipwp rwxw 9.xwtd
mipy yely xg`l dze` dpwie ,ely jezak rwxwa dyri wifgndy `nw ixnd mikqd m` sè
ixnd m` mb ,mipy yely xg`l .mipy yely jez ea xefgl leki èd ,milrak zeldpzd ly
aygp wifgnd ,dwfg oiipwa rwxwd z` epnn dpwy oreh wifgnd cer lk ,dwqrl¦ ygkzn `nw
s` leki exagl dpzn erwxwn ozepd .xbd iqkpae ewlgy migà ,dpzna ok `l .rwxwd lral
ozep cvn dxfgl zexyt` `ll ,cin el zpzip rwxwd f` la` ,dwfga rwxwd z` zepwdl èd
: dwfg oiipwa dpzna rwxw zpizpl dwfg oiipwa rwxw zxikn oia epyi lcad cere .dpznd
`l` ,milrad jxck zext¥ zlik` dpi` rwxwa wifgnd dpznd lawn cvn zyxcpd dlertd
."dwfg ef ixd Ð èdy lk uxte xcb ,lrp" : qkpa dyrpd èdy lk iepiy
10
.epzpyna oiihyt` p"i dibdy ddbdd z` un`p m` swez dpyn lawn dpynl df xaqd
mixac dna" mewna "...dpzn ozepa la` ,xkena ? mixen` mixac dna" : qexbl rivd oiihyt`
: h c `xza àa dpyn it lr z`fe 11,"...dpzn ozepa la` ,wifgna ? mixen`
mxkay mipwd z` `le ,dkxvl opi`y mipa`d z` `l xkn `l [h] ...dcyd z` xkend [g]
mipwd zvig z` `l xkn `l ...rwxwd on dyelz ìdy dèazd z` `le ,ekxvl opi`y
z` `le ,akxend aexgd z` `le ,hiha dieyr ìdy dxineyd z` `le ,raex zia ìdy
Ð `"ca ...oiaeyi oia oiaxg oia ,jaeyd z` `le zbd z` `le xead z` `l ,dnwyd ocq
.dpzn ozepd oebk d"c ,a"r ap `xza àal `"ahixd iyecig 6

my ,"zerwxwa dwfg oiipwe zerwxw zwfg : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"mipy yely" ,` ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 7
.mipnefn gwell oi`y dxwna xkna mb zynyn dwfgy epxriy
,lirle ,"zerwxwa dwfg oiipwe zerwxw zwfg : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"mipy yely" ,` ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 8
.xeaigd jxe`le ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"zetevx" ,a ìbeqa oeicd
.917 'nr ,(15 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) oiyeciw ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y e`x 9
.640 'nr ,(15 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) dpynd gqepl èan ,oiihyt` p"i 10
el` lk ."xac lkl milrak ldpzna" oaena o`k zynyn "wifgna" dlindy yxtl d`xp ,oiihyt` ly ddbdd `ll 11
ic xbd iqkpae dyexia diikfae dpzna la` .xac lkl milrak da ldpzn epiidc ,da wifgne exagn rwxw gwela exn`p
.xac lkl milrak da ldpzdl epiidc ,ynn rwxwa wifgdl jxev oiè ,"uxte xcb ,lrp" ly zxvewn zilnq dwfga
.dleka ekf dcya ekf Ð ewlgy oig`d .dlek z` ozep Ð dpzn ozepa la` ,xkena
.dleka wifgd dcya wifgd Ð xbd iqkpa wifgnd
,dcyd jxevl miyxcp mpi`y dcya minvr envrl xi`yn dcy xkend ,ìdd dpynd itl
wlgk dcy laiwy g`d e` ,dpzn ozepd z`f znerl .dcyd mr cgi mixknp mpi` elè
jeza mi`vnpd minvrd lka mb dkf ,xwtdd on xbd zen xg`l xbd iqkpa dkefd e` ,ezyexin
? mixen` mixac dna" epzpyna mb dibdl rivn oiihyt` ìdd dpynd jnq lr .dcyd
."wifgna ? mixen` mixac dna" mewna "xkena
epipy b dpyn ly `yixa oky ,zvwna ziywen "dpzn ozep"l "xken" oia ef dpgad dxe`kl
zzp" ,"il zxkn" wifgnd orh mday mixwnd z` zllek dprh dnr yiy mipy yely zwfgy
oiipwa dpizpe dxiknl ìd dpeekdy epyxit ,"mipy yely" ,` ìbeqa oeica lirle ,"dpzna il
xearky ce`n okzii ixd : eply xaqdd cbp rixkn epi` df iyew j` 12.mipy yely jxe`d dwfg
icr xcrdae ,ozpy dpznl ygkzi uxte xcb ,lrp ly dwfg oiipwa dpzn ozepd mb mipy yely
mb "ieaib" zynynd ,mipy yely ly dlibx zerwxw zwfgl dpznd lawn wwcfi miyibp dwfg
.xg` beqn dwfg oiipwl oky lke ,epzhiyl ,xhy oiipwle sqk oiipwl
: zerwxwd zwfg zqitza ziptzd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecnd zligz ,"mipy yely" ,` ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 12
."ìbeqd seqa àxl iia` oia giyÎecd
637
(`"r bp Ð a"r ap) "ipwe wfg jl" : miizye miyelyd ìbeqd
,xcb ,lrp : iel iac oiyecwa <l"vke ,"diaxy" : gqepd icr aexa> ìryed ax ipz .1 da oeice ,`ziixa .`
.dwfg ef ixd Ð eipta èdy lk uxt
? `l eipta `ly ,oi` eipta .2
eipta `ly ,ipwe wfg jl dil xninl jixv `l Ð eipta : xn`w ikd ,àx xn` .3
.ipwe wfg jl dil xninl jixv [` cenr bp sc] Ð
? jìd dpzn : ax ira .4 ly zizkld dl`y .a

lèny ly diidz ,ax
i` ,ifef dil aidi `wc xkn dne `zyd ? à`l dil iraz i`n : lèny xn` .5 jxevd mvr lr
xaqde ,dl`ya
! oky lk `l dpzn ,`l Ð `l i` ,oi` Ð ipwe wfg jl l"` dl`yl
.aidi dti oira ,dpzn aidic o`n : xaq axe .6

cenlzd zxeqn
edeilz" ,ck ìbeq) `"r gn Ð a"r fn lirl ,`"r ap Ð a"r `p `nw àa ,a"r gp oihib .ipwe wfg jl .3
`r ,`"r dq ,oldl .aidi dti oira ,dpzn aidic o`n .6 .a"r er `xza àa ,[7] ,oldl ,([19 ,3] "oiafe
? dpzn ozep oia dne xken oia dn") c"r ci ,g c `xza àa inlyexi ; h c `xza àa dpyn e`x ; `"r
.("dti oira ozep zeidl 'pzn ozepd jxc oky : ax mya iilah xa à iax

ozepd dil xninl jixv `l ozepd ipta my èd lawnd m` xnelk .ipwe wfg jl dil xninl jixv `l eipta
oebk .eipta `ly la` .ipw ,èdy lk xcbe lrpa lawn wifgn i` ,dil xn`w `lc ab lr s` .ipwe wfg jl
.jìd dpzna : dpwe wfg jl xkend dil xn`c cr ipw `l lawnd wifgnc ab lr s` zxg` xira rwxwdy
jl dil xn` `lc ab lr s` lawnd dpwe ozep dti oira opixn` in .`l e` dpwe wfg jl dil xninl jixv
: dpwe wfg
639 (`"r bp ± a"r ap) "ipwe wfg jl" : miizye miyelyd ìbeqd
xivwz
,jetd ibelepexk xcqa micax dyely zllek ef ìbeq zigkepd dzpekzna
.mdixg` elrty mi`xen` ly zeàenl miaibn dnecw dtewza elrty mi`xen`yk
ly cinlz ,ìryed ax ici lr zàend "iel iac oiyeciw"n `ziixaa zgztp ìd
lr zizkld dl`y lèy ax .àx ici lr zxztp ef `ziixa lr zinipep` ìyew .àx
.lèny ici lr dprnl dkef efe ,[! ] àx ly `xnind
`ziixad .igkepd xywda miywen mnvr ìxhe `lwyd ,ibelepexkd iyewl xarn
xecib ,dlirp Ð b b `xza àa dpyna miiepnd dwfgd oiipw iyrn zyelyy dkixvn
oiipwy mixwnd zyely jezn miipyay it lr s` ,dpwnd ly eipta eyrii Ð dvixte
dpwn llk oi` Ð ezen xg`l xbd iqkpa diikfe dyexi Ð dpynd it lr mda ynyn df
,iyilyd dxwnl xwira zqgiizn `ziixaay dklddy o`kn ! zyxcp ezegkepy
lawnl zeyxetn xn` `l èd m` wx zyxcp dpznd ozep zegkepy rivn àx .dpzn
,"jìd dpzna" : àx ly `xnind lr lèy ax ok it lr s` ."ipwe wfg ,jl" dpznd
! dpzna wqr `l àxy fnex jkae
zwfgy yxcy ax ly dxqg `xnin llk ìbeqd ly xzei mecw gqepy dlbn gezip
("uxte xcb ,lrp" ,zncewd ìbeqa oeicd e`x) rwxw zxikn ly dxwna ,mipy yely
eid lènye ax ."ipwe wfg ,jl" gwell xkend ly zyxetn dxin` xg`l wx lgz
rwxwa dwfg oiipw dyrn iptl mb zyxcp ef zyxetn dxin` m` dl`ya miwelg
zrya zyxcp ozepd zegkep ditly iel ly `ziixa lr xird àxe ,dpzna zpzipd
"ipwe wfg ,jl" lawnl zeyxetn dxed `l ozepdy dxwna `l` df oi`y ,dwfgd oiipw
.oiipwd dyrn z` rvia dldy iptl
iia` ellegy mipyd yely zwfg zpada dktdnd lbxl yazyd dfd xnegd xeciq
xcb ,lrp" ,zncewd ìbeqae ,"mipy yely" ,` ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x) eicinlze
ax yxc day `xnind okle ,llk oiipw dyrn dpi` mipy yely zwfg mzrcl .("uxte
dziid `l mipy yely zwfg iptl xkend mrhn "ipwe wfg ,jl" ly zyxetn d`xed
oteà zaqen lènye ax zwelgn z`vnpe ,èt` dhnyed `xnind .mzhiyl ,mewna
.`ziixal àx zxrd lr xaqen izla

iel iac `ziixade ,d ` oiyeciw dpyn ,epzpyn
."dwfgae xhya ,sqka oipwp [zerwxw=] zeixg` odl yiy miqkp" ,d ` oiyeciw dpyn itl
ipy mpyi iia` inil cr elrty mi`xen`de mi`pzd zqitzl 1,dfd xeaigd jxe`l epzhiyl
: oiwxta epzpyna epipy jke ,zerwxwa dwfg oiipw ly mibeq
ziae ,oicad ziae ,ze`vgxnde ,zekaeyde ,zexrnde ,oigiyde ,zexeade ,mizad zwfg [`]
...[b] ...meil mein mipy yly ozwfg Ð xicz zexit dyer èdy lke ,micarde ,oiglyd
wifgnde ,ewlgy oig`de ,dpzn ozepa la` ,<2"xkena" e`> wifgna Ð mixen` mixac dna
.dwfg ef ixd èdy lk uxte xcbe lrp Ð xbd iqkpa
lr milrak ldpzdl jixv dwfg oiipwa xkna exagn rwxw gweld ,epzpyn ly dheyt itl
oiipw ,z`f znerl .ezeyxl hlgen oteà zxaer rwxwd f` wxe Ð mipy yely jyna rwxwd
l`xyia e` ,eia` zyexia ewlga dkefd gà oke ,dpzna exagn rwxw lawna ynynd dwfgd
uxte xcbe lrp" ly zilnq dlerta ice ,xzl`l swz ,ezen xg`l xwtdd on xbd iqkpa dkefd
."èdy lk
`ziixa epiidc ,"iel iac oiyeciw"n `ziixa àx icinlzn cg` dpey eply ìbeqd y`xa
3.dwfge
xhy ,sqk Ð zerwxwa miynynd mipiipwd z` dpend d ` oiyeciw dpyn lr zaqend
dywd eply `xnbd lra .[1] "dwfg ef ixd Ð eipta èdy lk uxt ,xcb ,lrp" : ef `ziixa itl
oiipw mditly àx ixac z` daeyzk ìade ,[2] "? `l eipta `ly ,oi` eipta" : `ziixad lr
4.[3] "ipwe wfg jl" : dpewl dpwnd xn` ok m` `l` dpwnd ipta zeyridl jixv dwfgd
"'iyxyn ax ipz" okpin ci azk gqep
ìde ,mi`pzd ztewza oiipw dyrnk dqtzp zerwxwa mipy yely zwfg mb ,xen`k ,epzhiyl
wx yniy "uxte xcb ,lrp"y cera ,xkna dyniyy ef ìd oky ,libxd dwfgd oiipw dziid
: epzhiy ipta miiyw ipy daivn iel iac `ziixad dxe`kl .xbd iqkpa diikfe dyexi ,dpzna
"eipta èdy lk uxte xcb ,lrp"k zerwxwa dwfgd oiipw z` dxicbn iel iac `ziixad recn .1
mixwn dyelya wx ynyn "uxte xcb ,lrp"e ,mipy yely zwfg èd libxd dwfgd oiipw m`
? mibixg
,lirle ,"zerwxwa dwfg oiipwe zerwxw zwfg : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"mipy yly" ,` ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 1
."dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"uxte xcb ,lrp" ,`l ìbeqa oeicd
7 dxrda oeive ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"uxte xcb ,lrp" ,`l ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x .oiihyt` p"i zdbdk 2
.my
mewna "ìyxyn ax" qxeb okpin i"k .[1] "iel iac oiyeciwa diaxy ax ipz" drvdd oeyla micrd aexa zàen `ziixad 3
.àx ly exec oa did ìryed axe ,àx icinlzn eid ìyxyn axe diaxy ax ."ìryed ax" qxeb qetcde ,"diaxy ax"
dcedi iax ly ecinlz ,iel ly eyxcn zian `ziixak ,xnelk ; "iel iac oiyeciw"a `ziixad dzpyp gqepd icr lk itl
dxirn `ziixad ."dwfgae xhya ,sqka oipwp zeixg` odl yiy miqkp" ditly ,d ` oiyeciw dpyn lr zaqend ,ìypd
."èdy lk eipta uxte xcb ,lrp" èd dwfg ìdd dpyna dpeknd oiipwd dyrny
[3] àx ixac ,"àx zxnine 'ipwe wfg jl' oiipra mecwd xewnd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecna ,oldl d`xpy itk 4
xnel jixv dpey`xa : dpzna zynynd "uxte xcb ,lrp" zwfgl xkna mipy yely zwfg oiay lcadl mxewna eqgiizd
zetelg izy mirivn eixacy oiady df èd `xnbd lra .dpwnd ly eipta dyrii dyrndy jixv diipyae ,"ipwe wfg jl"
.[2] "? `l eipta `ly ,oi` eipta" dl`yd z` mdl micwd okle ,"uxte xcb ,lrp" oiipwa
,"eipta" dyrii "uxte xcb ,lrp" ly dwfgd oiipwy zyxec iel iac `ziixady okzii cvik .2
mixwn dyelya ynyn "uxte xcb lrp" oiipwy epipy epzpyna ? dpwnd zegkepa epiidc
ìd diikfd oexg`d dxwna .ezen xg`l xbd iqkpa diikfae ewlgy migà ,dpzna : cala
dpewl cibdl ,àx itl ,e`) oiipwd zrya gkep zeidl lekiy dpwn llk oi`y jk ,xwtdd on
yigxzl jk lk mi`zn epi` ,"ewlgy mig`d" ,epzpyna ipyd dxwnd s` .("ipwe wfg jl"
z` myiip m` epgxek lre ,zn envr yixend my mb : àx zxninae `ziixaa xèznd
.mlek mig`d x`y ipta : zeidl dkixv dyexit ,"eipta" zeidl jixv oiipwdy dkldd
ly "eipta" dyrp oiipwd dyrny wdaen oteà xnel okzii eilry epzpyna cigid dxwnd
.wdaen ig dpwn yi my wx ."exagl dpzn ozepd" ,oey`xd dxwnd èd dpwn
oiyeciw dpyna xkfend xg` oiipwl zewwcfd jez elld zel`yd izy lr aiydl ozipy d`xp
xhy oiipwy dler d ` oiyeciw dpyn ly dheytny s` .xhy oiipw : zerwxwl xywa d `
iax ly ecinlz ,iel ly exec oa Ð lèny `xen`d ,rwxw lr zelrad zexard lka ynyn
xhyd oiipwa yeniyd z` liabn Ð eply `ziixad dzpyp eyxcn ziaay ,ìypd dcedi
zrya wx zelrad zxard ygxzz xkn ze`wqray yxece ,cala dpznl ìdd dpynay
dpw `l Ð xkn xhya la` ,dpzn xhya `l` epy `l : lèny xn`" : sqk oiipwa ,melyzd
,"dlra iqkpa" ,fk ìbeq ,`"r `p `xza àa ,lirl ; `"r ek oiyeciw ilaa) "dinc el oziy cr
"dzrx iptn edcy xkena" mbe ,`weeca mpi` lèny ixacy my xiaqn `pepnd ax .([10]
e` dpznl xhya yeniyd z` eliabd eicinlze lènyy myky d`xpe .xhya zipwp rwxwd
dpwiz rwxwdy ìd xknd ze`wqr aexa miccvd ipy ly diitivdy meyn ,mibixg mixwnl
ynyn èd s` : dwfg oiipw iabl iel iac `ziixad ly `pzd raw jk ,mincd ozn mr sqka
zwqra
¦ yxetna epzd m` wxe ,sqka llk jxca ziyrp rwxw zxikny oeeik ,dpzna libxa
5.dwfga zipwp rwxwd ,mincd ozn `le ,zelrad z` rawz mipy yely zwfgy xknd
sè
èd libxd dwfgd oiipwy ixd ,xacd ok mè ,dpznl ziqgi zexicp od xbd iqkpa diikfe dyexi
oiipw `l sè ,xkna zynynd mipy yely zwfg `le ,dpzna ynynd "uxte xcb ,lrp" oiipw
mzqy iel iac `ziixaa `pzd xird okl .xbd iqkpa diikfae dyexia ynynd "uxte xcb ,lrp"
èd ,lènyc àil` ìdd dpynay xhyd oiipw mzq enk ,d ` oiyeciw dpyna dwfgd oiipw
efe ,epzpyna epipyy itk ,"xzl`l uxte xcb ,lrp" zwfg èd dwfgd oiipw dpznae .dpzna
[3] àx rivny dtelgd itl ,e` 6,[1] "eipta" ,ozepd zegkepa `ziixad itl zeyridl dkixv
."ipwe wfg jl" zeyxetn lawnl xnel jixv dpznd ozep 7: [2] eply `xnbd lrac àil`
lènyl ax oia giyÎecd

dpzn ozep"a zewqer àx zxnine iel iac `ziixady ,ok m` ,eil`n oaen zeidl jixv did
zeidl lekiy wdaen dpwn mda oi`y mixwn ,xbd iqkpa diikfae ewlgy migà `le ,"exagl
xn`pd itl ,ok it lr sè .mipy yely "ezwfg"y ,xkna `l sè ,oiipwd dyrn zrya gkep
,lirl) `xza àa ,zexeqne zexewn ,ipald 'ce ,wifgna `"ca 'ipzn d"c ,a"r ap `xza àal `"ayxd iyecig mb e`xe 5
ly dwfg oiipwa mipewd el` ly epzpyna dniyxd on gweld zhnyd mvr z` exiaqdy ,gw±fw 'nr ,(1 dxrd ` ìbeq
xcb ,lrp" ,`l ìbeqa oeica ,lirl df oiipra epazky dn e`x j` .minc oziiy cr dpew epi` xknay jka uxte xcb ,lrp
.5±3 zexrd cil ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"uxte
`xza àa zetqez ; opiqxb `l 'ipzna d"c ,a"r ap `xza àa m"ayx e`x ; "eipta" epzpyna mb eqxby eid miipiad inia 6
,ef `qxib zetqezde m"ayx egc wcva .ìbeqa [1] `wqita zàend `ziixal ddf epzpyn ef `qxibl .lrp d"c ,`"r bp
,(ilaad ly okpine lìxewq` cid iazkay zeipyna wx dxnzyp ìd) dpynd ly miaehd gqepd icra oikeniz dl oi`y
xbd iqkpa diikfe dyexi Ð epzpyna "uxte xcb ,lrp" oiipw ynyn mday mixwnd zyely jezn miipy znèz dpi`ye
"eipta" mi`xen`d ztewza eqxb eli` : cere z`f .(jenqa oldle ,xbd iqkp oiipra my m"ayx e`x) "dpwn" mda oi`y Ð
miywn eid df mewnae ,epzpynl ddfd ,eply ìbeqa [1] `wqita iel iac `ziixad z` llk miìan eid `l ,epzpyna
oldle ,my zetqez e`x) "jìd dpzna" ax ziiyewl mewn did `le ,epzpyn lr zexiyi [2] "`l eipta `ly ,oi` eipta"
.("lènyl ax oia giyÎecd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn
.4 dxrd ,lirl e`x 7
axl z`fd dl`yd qegii .[4] "? jìd dpzn" : àx ly dkldd iabl lèy ax `xen`d ,ìbeqa
aqdl dvxz m` sè .àx iptl zexec dnk lrt ax ixdy ,zihqipexkp` ìd igkepd xywda
`ziixad ixd 8,"eipta" `l` epi` dwfg oiipw dyrny ,`ziixaay dkldd xwir lr ax ixac z`
cala ef `le ! ax ixg` zexec dnk elrt mde ,ìryed ax e` diaxy ax ici lr ìbeqa zàen
jezn ,epxaqdy itk ,oky ,igkepd dxywda zpaen izla mb ìd ; zihqipexkp` dl`ydy
dwfg oiipw dyrn "èdy lk uxte xcb ,lrp" ynyn mday epzpyna mipecipd mixwnd zyely
ozip eiabl wx oky ,àx zxninae `ziixaay zekldl mi`zn dpzn ly dxwnd wx ,xzl`l
wfg jl" zeyxetn zexedl e` oiipwd dyrn zrya gkep zeidl jixvy wdaen dpwn yiy xnel
? "jìd dpzna" ax lèy recn ,ok m` 9."ipwe
aiig i`ce dpznd ozep : dl`y o`k oi`y xne` lèny .exywda oaen epi` oeicd jynd s`
m` : xnege lwn ,xkna enk dwfgd zrya gkep zeidl e` "ipwe wfg jl" dpznd lawnl xnel
lr .[5] dxenz lawn epi`yk oky lk ,eitn dxexa d`xed miyxec epgp` dxenz lawn èdyk
xnege lwd .[6] "aidi dti oira ,dpzn aidic o`n : xaq axe" ,axc àil` `xnbd lra aiyn jk
,"ipwe wfg jl" zeyxetn xnel yxcp dpwnd ,melyz lawn èdyk ,xkna m` Ð lèny ly
xywda rnyn el oi` Ð melyz lawn epi`yk ,dpzna ok zeyrl yxcp èdy xnege lw if`
: xkna dwfg oiipw iptl "ipwe wfg jl" zxin`l dyixcd lr llk eprny `l o`k cr oky ,igkepd
wxe ,xbd iqkpae dyexia diikfe dpznl "uxte xcb ,lrp" ly oiipwd z` xen`k dliabn epzpyn
xg`l ,igkepd mxywda àx ixac itl ,e` [1] "eipta" zeidl jixv èdy epipy df oiipw iabl
epzpyn itl mipy yely zwfg zyxcp "ifef dil aidi `wc xkn"a .[3] "ipwe wfg jl" zxin`
,epzpyn z` jk eyxit iia`l encwy mi`xen`d lke lènye ax mb epzqitz itle ,dheytk
cenrl xkenn zetvl oi` oky ,xknl xywa dzlr `l "eipta" dwfg oiipwl dyixcd `linne
10
.zenly mipy yely jyna xkny dcyd jeza
aqen did `l [6±4] eply ìbeqd ly a wlga lènyl ax oia giyÎecdy rivd 11ipald cec
"ipwe wfg jl" zxin`l dyixc eae ,ca`y xewn lr `l` [3] ` wlgay àx ixac lr exewna
wx `le Ð lènye ax inia xak ef dyixc ly dneiw z` .zerwxwa dwfg oiipwa dpwnd cvn
gp oihib ilaaa oewixwiq oiipra lènye ax zwelgn jnq lr ipald giken Ð jliè àx inin
gne ( [3] ,"oiafe edeilz" ,ck ìbeq) a"r fn `xza àaa : oiwxta lirl miinrt mb zàend `"r
egwn Ð ziad lran gwle xfge oewixwiqn gwl" : epipy e d oihib dpyna .( [20±19] ,my) `"r
mrhn ea wifgnd e` olfbd icin epnn lfbpy l`xyi ly dcy dpw l`xyi m` : xnelk ,"lha
.lfbp epnny l`xyid on dcyd z` gweld dpwe xfg m` elit` z`fe ,lha egwin Ð 12mi`nexd
: `"r gp oihib ilaaa lènye ax ewlgp ef dkld iabl
xhya s` : xn` lènye ; dpw Ð xhya la` ,ipwe wfg jl el xn`c `l` epy `l : ax xn`
.zeixg` el aezkiy cr ,dpw `l inp
gwind Ð èdy lk xhya l`xyid on dcyd z` dpwe xfg gweld m` ax zrcl : xne` deed
mrhd on ,my z`fd drvdd z` dgec envr ipald .gw 'nr ,(5 dxrd ,lirl) ipald zipey`x drvdk rivdy itk 8
.epxkfdy
.6 dxrd lirle ; lrp d"c ,`"r bp `xza àa zetqez ; opiqxb `l 'ipzna d"c ,a"r ap `xza àa m"ayx e`xe 9
.dkxev lk zpaen dpi` ,[6] "aidi dti oira ,dpzn aidic o`n : xaq axe" ,axc àil` `xnbd lra dlrny dxaqd s` 10
xiaqn ède ,c"r ci ,g c `xza àa inlyexia axl qgein sè ,(`"r `r ,`"r dq `xza àa e`x) reci mpn` df llk
zeaicp zcina xaecnd oi` df dxwna j` .xyt`y xzeia daicpd dxeva dpznd ozep ixac z` miyxtn epgp` recn ahid
dpznd ozep zegkep `lae "ipwe wfg jl" zyxetn dxin` xcrdae ,oiipwd revia ly wiecnd crena `l` ,ozepd ly ald
.`diy lkk aicp dpznd ozep `di ,qkpa wifgdl i`kf èdy dpznd lawnl rcep cvik oiadl dyw oiipwd zrya
.hw±gw 'nr ,(5 dxrd ,lirl) ipald 11
oey`xd dyrnd : 'epy mexig zrya' " ,uiaepa 'n e`x mi`pzd ztewza oewixwiqd ly dkldd zecleze oewixwiqd iedifl 12
zeiptde mipeive ,20±18 'nr ,(35 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) "zi`pzd dklda eizeawre (dxitql 193) qwpihxt xqiwd ly
."dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"oiafe edeilz" ,ck ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`xe ,40 'rd 19 'nr ,my
Ð miqkp zeixg` ea yiy xhya l`xyid on dcyd z` dpwe xfg m` lèny zrcle ,miiw
dcyd z` dpwe gweld xfg m` s` lha gwind ditly e d oihib dpynay dkldd .miiw gwind
oiipwa ziad lran dcyd z` dpw èd eay dxwna wx lekd ixacl èt` zwqer ziad lran
.sqk ozn `lle xhy `ll ,"ipwe wfg jl" el xn` ziad lra : xnelk ,dwfg
jl" xnì dpwndy ynn ly dyixc `"r gp oihiba ax zxnina oi` 13,xirn envr ipaldy itk
."ipwe wfg jl el xn`c" zerwxwa dwfg oiipw dpkn heyt ax ; dwfg oiipw revia iptl "ipwe wfg
zxinà zilnxet mlbzn dwfgd oiipwy ebdp einia xaky enez itl dlbn ax el` milina j`
i`pz xewn ,ipald zrcl ,mzqd on .gweld cvn dwfg oiipw dyrnae xkend cvn "ipwe wfg jl"
.dpwnd cvn z`fk dxin` yxc mecw i`xen` e`
zyxecd `ziixaa eply ìbeqa slgede ca` df mecw xewny jkl xaqd ipald icia oi`
`l` dpi` ef dyixc ditly àx zxnine ,"eipta" didi "uxte xcb ,lrp" ly oiipwd dyrny
mipy yely zwfgy df xeaig jxe`l epyexitk xeaq epi` ipald 14."ipwe wfg jl" el xn` `lyk
llk zerwxwa bdpy dwfgd oiipw ax inia s` ezrcle ,xkna dwfgd oiipw dyrn ìd ìd
,ipald itl .gweld mrhn ,eipta `ly e` eipta ,"uxte xcb ,lrp"e xkend cvn ef dxin`
xwir dn meyn .dfl df miitelg md "ipwe wfg jl" zxinè "eipta"y did àx ly yecigd
ef dkldl xkf wx x`ype ,ca` ,"ipwe wfg jl" zxin` jixvn zerwxwa dwfg oiipwy ,dkldd
`lyk wx yxcp "eipta" ditly àx zxninae ,`"r gp oihib ilaaa ax ly ze`hazdd jxca
15."ipwe wfg jl" dpwnd xn`
àx zxnine "ipwe wfg jl" oiipra mecwd xewnd

yiy d`xp ,mi`xen`d inia zerwxwa dwfgd zekld zeclez z` eply xeìzd xe`l mxa
lekiak dil`y àx zxnina eply ìbeqa ezxnde mecwd xewnd oca`l xaqd rivdl epicia
dziid "ipwe wfg jl" oiipra zixewnd dklddy d`xp .mdly oeica lènye ax miqgiizn
.dheytk epzpyn itl x k n a ynynd dwfgd oiipw ìdy ,`weec mipy yely zwfg lr zaqen
z` qgiip m` ."ipwe wfg jl el xn`y ède" : exec oa xg` `xen` e` ,ax raw zixewnd ìbeqa
"...ipelt ax ira ...ipelt ax xn`" mivawd oepbqa diepa ìbeqdy ixd ,envr axl mixacd
,oiwxta b dpyn ly `yixd lr 16.ilaaa migeexd
ède ? ily jeza dyer dz` dn : el xn` ? cvik .dwfg dpi` Ð dprh dnr oi`y dwfg lk
Ð dpzna il zzpy ,il zxkny ; dwfg dpi` Ð mlern xac mc` il xn` `ly : el xn`
iqkpa a`l `le ; dlra iqkpa dwfg dy`l `le ,ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `l ...dwfg ef ixd
,[17"xkena" : e`] wifgna Ð mixen` mixac dna .a`d iqkpa oal `le ,oad
it lr zexteqnn [6±4] ze`wqitd ; zxfgeyn dpey`xd `wqitd) oldlck ìbeq xewna dàed
: (zigkepd ìbeqa onewin
<.ipwe wfg jl el xn`y ède : ax xn`>

? jìd dpzn : ax ira .4
.eixac seqa ,hw 'nr ,(5 dxrd ,lirl) ipald 13

d"c ,`"r bp `xza àa zetqezd ici lr iteya dzgcp xaky `qxib ,epzpyna mb "eipta" eqxb àxe ax ,ipald zrcl 14
cid iazkay dpyna wx driten ìd ; dpynd ly miaehd gqepd icra llk oikeniz dl oiè (6 dxrd ,lirl e`x) lrp
cixen epiè dlrn epi` df oiipr ,mipt lk lr .df oiipra ipald ly ezrc seql izcxi `le ,ilaad ly okpine lìxewq`
.zixwird ezprh iabl
ìbeqa xn`pd on mirtyend `"r ap ± a"r `p `nw àaa `xnbd lra ixacae a"r er `xza àaa iy` ax ixaca oke 15
.eply
,a"r iw ,a"r gw ,`"r ev `nw àa ,`"r fh oihib ,`"r bl mixcp ,`"r eq zeaezk ,`"r al dkeq ,`"r t oiaexir e`x 16
.cere ,a"r `k zexeka ,`"r al oileg ,`"r giw migaf ,a"r ak ,`"r fi zereay
dxrda oeive ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"uxte xcb lrp" ,`l ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x .oiihyt` p"i dibdy itk 17
.my 10
wfg jl l"` i` ,ifef dil aidi `wc xkn dne `zyd ? à`l dil iraz i`n : lèny xn` .5
! oky lk `l dpzn ,`l Ð `l i` ,oi` Ð ipwe
.aidi dti oira ,dpzn aidic o`n : xaq axe .6
jl" zeyxetn el xn` xkendy oreh gweld m` wx dtwz "il zxkn dz`" dprhdy raw ax
zligzl dxexae zinihibl dprh ynyl leki df geqip wx .mipy yely wifgdy iptl "ipwe wfg
qkpd lr milrak ldpziy i`pza ,wifgnd zeyxl qkpd zxarda eniizqiy dwfg zepy yely
.ef dtewz jyna xerxr `ll
dwfg oiipwa dpzn ozepd .mipy yely oizndl jxev oi` dpzna ,epzpyn ly `tiqd itl j`
: xzl`l dpzna lawnd z` dkfn
ef ixd èdy lk uxte xcbe lrp Ð xbd iqkpa wifgnde ,ewlgy oig`de ,dpzn ozepa la`
.dwfg
oiipw iptl mb zyxcp "ipwe wfg jl" dxin`d m`d : xnelk ,"? jìd dpzn" ax lèy jk lr
jixvdl yiy xaq lèny .[4] ? "uxte xcb ,lrp" dyrna xzl`l zipwpd ,dpzn ly df dwfg
ozepdy meyn ,dpzna lwdl mewn yiy okziiy xaq ax j` ,[5] xnege lwn dpzna ef dxin`
,"xzl`l"l mipy yelyn zxvwzn dwfgd ztewzy myke ,[6] dti oira dpzep exagl dpzn
dpizp ly oeyl lke ,dpzna "ipwe wfg jl" ly zyxetn dxin`l dyixcd zlhazn mb jk
18
.zwtqn
`xnind dhnyed ok m` cvik .zpaene dheyt dziid zixewnd dzpekzna ìbeqd epixacl
d`xp ? axl epqgii dze`y ,xkna "ipwe wfg jl" zxin` zyxecd ,ìbeqd y`xay zixewnd
: zpaen izlal ef dheyt ìbeq ektd àxe iia` inia zeiegztzd izyy
xcb lrp" ly oiipwd dyrn ditly iel iac `ziixa eicinlzn cg` ici lr dzpyp àx inia .1
èt` dyw .[1] dpwnd ly "eipta" zeyridl jixv ,dpzna epzpyn itl ynynd ,"uxte
wfg jl" zewiecnd milind zxin` iabl ,[6 ,4] ax halzde ,[5] lèny ywrzd recn oiadl
oeyld ,dxwn lkae ,dwfgd oiipw zrya gkep dpznd ozep `linn ixd : el` zeaiqpa "ipwe
,dpewde dpwnd zegkepa ,envr qkpa ygxzn dwfgd dyrn eay dxwnl mi`zn epi` "jl"
.cala zexetq zewc jxeè
exagl dcy xkend sè ,mipy yely jxe`d dwfg oiipw llk oi`y eraw eicinlze iia` .2
uxte xcb lrp" ly dwfga dcyd z` dpewe jled ède ,"ipwe wfg jl" el xne` dwfg oiipwa
ici lr xn`py ,xkna "ipwe wfg jl" zaiignd zixewnd dkldd s` myexitl 19."xzl`l
wxy oeeik ,"xzl`l uxte xcb ,lrp" ly dwfgl wxe j` qgiizdl dziid dkixv ,einia e` ax
recn oiadl dyw `linn .zelra zrxkdl ocne` `l` dpi` mipy yely zwfge ,"oiipw" ìd
dpwnd xkna m` : lèny mr wcvd dxe`kl .dpzna ef dkld meyiil xywa halzn ax
oeica epi`xdy itk : dnvr dpyna dpzn itlk ikxrÎecd qgid on zraep dpznl xywa ax ly zehalzddy xytè 18
xcb ,lrp" zwfga weica ,`tiqa mbe ,mipy yely zwfga oeica ,epzpyn ly `yixa mb driten "dpzn" ,zncewd ìbeqa
: el xn` ède ? ily jeza dyer dz` dn : el xn` ? cvik .dwfg dpi` Ð dprh dnr oi`y dwfg lk" : "xzl`l uxte
Ð mixen` mixac dna ...dwfg ef ixd Ð dpzna il zzpy ,il zxkny ; dwfg dpi` Ð mlern xac mc` il xn` `ly
ìbeqa oeica ."dwfg ef ixd èdy lk uxte xcbe lrp Ð xbd iqkpa wifgnde ,ewlgy oig`de ,dpzn ozepa la` ,wifgna
xearky ce`n okzii ixd : ynn dxizq o`k oi`y epi`xd ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"uxte xcb ,lrp" ,zncewd
wwcfi miyibp dwfg icr xcrdae ,ozpy dpznl ygkzi "uxte xcb ,lrp" ly dwfg oiipwa dpzn ozepd mb mipy yely
oky lke ,epzhiyl ,xhy oiipwle sqk oiipwl mb "ieaib" zynynd ,mipy yely ly dlibx zerwxw zwfgl dpznd lawn
,okzii ,"ipwe wfg jl" milind z` ozepdn rnyi lawndy ìd s` dkixvn ef "ieaib" zprh m` j` .xg` beqn dwfg oiipwl
ax itly okzii ,ipy cvn .xnege lwn ,xacd oky èd heyty xeaq lènye ,ef dxin` zyxcp dpzna mby ,ax itl
.ozep èd dti oira ozepd oky ,xkn znerl dpzna dligzkl milwn
.xeaigd jxe`le ,"eply ìbeqd seqa àxl iia` oia
qkpa zekfle uextl e` xecbl e` lerpl leki èdy iptl "ipwe wfg jl" dpewl xnel aiig
! dpzna oky lk ,xzl`l
axl epqgii dze`y zxfgeynd `xnind ,ìbeqd ly zixewnd dgiztd dxned el` zeaiqn
dwfgd oiipw z` dliabnd ,iel iac `ziixaa ,"ipwe wfg jl el xn`y ède" ,exec oal e` envr
`pzd ,epixacl .[3±2] dilr zaqend àx zxnine ,[1] `weec "eipta"l "uxte xcb ,lrp" ly
oiipwa zpzip dpi` dpzny raw ède ,dpznl wx zqgiizn ìdy rci ìdd `ziixad z` dpyy
z`fe Ð "? `l eipta `ly ,oi` eipta" laaa eywd jk lr .dpewde dpwnd cnrna `l` dwfg
,df beqn dwfg oiipw iptl "ipwe wfg ,jl" zxin` eaiigy exec oa e` ax ixac z` exikdy meyn
zxinè "eipta"y df itl uxiz àx .dwfgd zrya gkep dpwnd oi`y rnzyn dpnny dxin`
.dwfga rwxw ziipwdl zeitelg mikxc izy od "ipwe wfg jl"
mi`pzd enk xaqe mipy yely zwfg oiipra iia` lr wlg àxy epi`x df xeaig jxe`l dpde
zexyt` oiè 20,mipy yely jynp envr dwfgd oiipw rwxw z x i k n a y el encwy mi`xen`de
zetelgd izyy yxtl oi` okl ."uxte xcb ,lrp" ly dwfg oiipwa xzl`l rwxwd z` xeknl
ikd" exnày d`xp 21.xknl zixewnd àx zxnina odizy eqgiizd "ipwe wfg jl"e "eipta"
"ipwe wfg jl dil xninl jixv Ð eipta `ly ; ipwe wfg jl dil xninl jixv `l Ð eipta : xn`w
,lrp" ly xzl`l dwfg oiipw ynyn diably ,dpzna zpzipd rwxw oia wlgl àx oeekzd [3]
dwfg oiipway xne` àx .mipy yely ly dwfg oiipw ynyn eay ,xkn oial ,"eipta uxte xcb
jl" xnel jxev oi` ,cala dpwn ly "eipta" ef `ziixac àil` ygxznd ,dpzn ly xzl`l
ozip jk wx ik ,"ipwe wfg jl" xnel jixv xkna mipy yely ly dwfg oiipwa eliè ,"ipwe wfg
.dwfgd zepy yelya ligzdl dpwnd cvn xeyi` yiy xexiaa zrcl
ìbeqd z` eply ìbeql micwd xak zigkepd dzpekzna ìbeqd z` xciqy `xnbd lra mxa
èd dwfg oiipw xkna s`y ,eicinlze iia` zeawra ,raw dae ,"uxte xcb ,lrp" ,zncewd
: zncewd ìbeqd oeyl dfe ."xzl`l uxte xcb ,lrp"a
.'eke ewlgy oig`de dpzn ozepa la` ,wifgna Ð mixen` mixac dna
? edpip dwfg ipa e`l opixn`c ipd lk eh`
xne` xken oebk ,dprh dnr yiy dwfga Ð mixen` mixac dna : ipzw ikde `xqgn ixeqg
oig`de ,dpzn ozep oebk ,dprh dnr oi`y dwfg la` ,izgwl xne` gwele izxkn `l
.dwfg ef ixd Ð èdy lk uxt ,xcb ,lrp ,èd `nlra ipwnlc ,xbd iqkpa wifgnde ,ewlgy
ax dpyyk ,z`f xe`l 22.xzl`le ,"uxte xcb ,lrp"a mipew "`nlra ipwnl" xkna s` df itl
zeidl jixv "xzl`l uxte xcb ,lrp" oiipw ditly iel iac `ziixa ,àx ly ecinlz ,diaxy
mb `xnbd lrac àil` eqgiizd mixacdy ixd ,eply ìbeqa [1] `wqita zàend ef ,"eipta"
,c ìbeqa oeicd ; [3±1] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,"raex zian ueg" ,b ìbeqa oeicd ; "eply ìbeqd seqa àxl iia` oia
.cere ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn
iaxe dcedi iaxl ongp ax ici lr zqgeind dcnrd mr o`k àx zcnr z` ddfp m` ok yxtl zexyt` yi dxe`kl 21
dwfg oiipw xkna mby yxtpe ,"dwfg ied xzl`l eipta lk" : ([2] ,"dprh" ,ai ìbeq) `"r `n ,lirl iqei iaxa l`rnyi
a dpyna dcedi iax zrck ,ìntqà `vnp rwxwd lrayk wx mipy yely zkynp ìde eipta ìd m` xzl`l èd
,dnly dpyl zkx`zn dwfgd zg` dpicna enr did m` ; xzl`l èd oiipwd xkna s` eiptay xeaq àx df itl .oiwxta
ipeir ,"dprh" ,ai ìbeqa oeica e`x) mipeeikd ipya zeriqp jxevl mipy yely cr siqedl yi dpicnl uegn did mè
z` znèz dpi` mixg` zenewna envr àx zcnr sè ,my zeyxetn ef dcnr lley ongp ax j` .([2] `wqitl yexitd
,[31±12] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,"d`gn" ,i ìbeqa oeica ,lirl epi`xdy itk .dcedi iaxl ongp ax qgiiny dcnrd
ixndyk `l` dpi` dnvr mipy yely zwfg mexig zrya `ly s`y ,a dpyna `nw `pzd ly efl daexw àx zcnr
lrp" ly dwfg oiipwa dpzn ziipwday ,mipta epyxity itk ,yxtl `l` xzep `l .zg` dpicna mi`vnp wifgnde `nw
jixv dpwnd ,mipy yely zkynp dwfgdyk ,xkna eliè ,"ipwe wfg jl" dpewl xnel jixv dpwnd oi` "eipta uxte xcb
."ipwe wfg jl" dpewl xnel
."dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"uxte xcb ,lrp" ,`l ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 22
"ipwe wfg ,jl"y ,eply ìbeqa [3] `wqita àx ly uexizd mb yxtzd jke ,dpznl mbe xknl
,xzl`l lg èd ."uxte xcb ,lrp" èd dwfg oiipw dpzna oia xkna oia : "eipta"l silgz èd
,df itl ."ipwe wfg jl" ok iptl zeyxetn dpewl xn` ok m` `l` ,gkep didi dpwndy jixve
gekie zeawra zelral xywa ocne` : ixnbl xg` oiipr ìd zerwxwa mipy yely zwfg
.qkpd z` ezprhl wifgnd ykxy xg`l xzei e` mipy yely xxerznd
wfg jl xn`y ède" ,exec oa e` ax rawy dheytd driawl mewn exi`yd `l el` zepaez
oiay zncewd ìbeqa rawp xak ixd .oiwxta b dpyn y`xay dwfgd zeprhl xaqd xeza ,"ipwe
milrak zeldpzdd zepy yelye ,"xzl`l uxte xcb ,lrp"a èd dwfg oiipw dpzna oiae xkna
uxte xcb ,lrp"l xy` .`pc zncwn ygxzdy oiipw dyrnl dgked `l` zeynyn opi`
: milelqn ipy mpyiy Ð eixacl dpzipy dycgd zepyxtd itl Ð àx raw xak ,"xzl`l
zxin` daiigy ,zixewnd `xnina zlrez e` jxev oi` okl ."ipwe wfg jl" zxinà e` "eipta"
.xetiqd lk z` zxtqn àx zxnine ,xetiqd on wlg wx dpd ìdd `xnind : "ipwe wfg jl"
iabl wx xn`p "ipwe wfg jl" zxinà jxevd m` zehalzd eae lènyl ax oia oeic xqnp mè
`xnind lr zexiyi eze` aqdl èd xzeia gepd xacdy ixd ,dpzn iabl mb e` xkn
yi : zncewd ìbeqa `xnbd lrae iia` zcnr xe`l eiykr zyxtznd ,àx ly "zpkcernd"
eipta `ly xkna .dpzna od xkna od swz ède ,"uxte xcb ,lrp" ,dwfga cg` oiipw dyrn wx
`l ibelepexkd oiiprd .dpzna oicd èd m` mihalzn lènye axe ,"ipwe wfg jl" xnel jixv
xqeg z` qtz df `xnb lra .zigkepd dzpekzna ìbeql i`xg`d `xnbd lra z` cixhd
zekldl àx ly mekiqdy oiai `xewdy dtive ,svxd znerl ipyn oiiprk zeibelepexkd
.[6±4] mdly oeicd aqen odilry ,lènye ax inin zekld swyn [3] efl ef oqgie el encwy
651
(a"r cp Ð `"r bp) "èdy lk" : yelye miyelyd ìbeqd
? èdy lk dnke .1 xeriya oeic .`

xecib ly wiecnd
,mdy lk dvixte
qpkiy ick dvxt uxte ,dxyrl enilyde xcb xcb : lèny xn` c ,lènyck .2
,epzpyna mixkfend
.dwfg ef ixd Ð da `vie b b `xza àa
iwlq `l inp `zyde dl iwlq eed `l `xwirnc `nili` ? inc ikid xcb i`d .3
! car àeh ,dl iwlq `l `zyde dl iwlq eed `xwirnc `lè ? car i`n ,dl
.`wgeca dl iwlq `w `zyde ,`geexa dl iwlq eed `xwirnc ,`kixv `l .4
i`n ,da iliir inp `zyde da iliir eed `xwirnc `nili` ? c"d dvxt i`d .5
! car àeh ,da iliir `w `zyde da iliir eed `l `xwirnc `lè ? car
.`geexa da iliir `zyde ,`wgeca da iliir eed `xwirnc ,`kixv `l .6
.dwfg f"d Ð lirede xexv lhp ,lirede xexv ozp : opgei x"` iq` x"` .7
ìn witè xexv lhp ,dpin ìn xkqe xexv ozp `nili` ? lhp i`ne ozp i`n .8
! èd exag iqkpn ix` gixan i`d ,dpin
Ð xexv lhp ,ìn dl <l"vke ,cid iazk aexa jk> xnvc Ð xexv ozp ,`l` .9
.ìn dl gexè
odn zgà wifgd ,odipia cg` xvne zecy izy : opgei x"` iq` ax xnè .10 xeriya oeic .a
zipwpd rwxwd
dzxag ,dpw dze` Ð dzxag zè dze` zepwl [a cenr bp sc] ; d`pw Ð dzepwl ly cg` dyrna
.dpw `l dze` s` Ð dzxag z` zepwl ; dpw `l dvixte xecib ,dlirp
in ? edn ,dzxag zè xvnd zè dze` zepwl odn zgà wifgd : `xif iax ira .11
: qetca .l"vke ,cid iazk aexa jk> èd `rx` i`dce `rx` i`dc xvn opixn`
? i`w dicegl i`de i`w dicegl i`d `nlc e` ,ipwe <"èd cg `rx`c"
.ewiz .12
`xqt` xvn i`d opixn` in ? edn ,odizy zepwl xvna wifgd : xfrl` iax ira .13
? i`w dicegl i`de i`w dicegl i`d `nlc e` ,ipwe èd `rx`c
.ewiz .14
ezepwl oeviga wifgd ,dfn miptl df miza ipy : dea` xa dax xn` ongp x"` .15
iniptd z` zepwl ,dpw `l inipt ,dpw oevig Ð iniptd zè eze` zepwl ,e`pw Ð
oevigd zè eze` zepwl ,e`pw Ð ezepwl inipta wifgd ; dpw `l inp oevig s` Ð
.dpw `l inipt s` Ð oevigd z` zepwl ,odipy dpw Ð
xg` àe ,xbd iqkpa milecb oixhlt dpead : dea` xa dax xn` ongp x"` .16 dwfg iyrna oeic .b
xcb lrp"l miitelg
; dpw Ð zezlc odl cinrde mixkfend "uxte
epzpyna zeyxetn
? `nrh i`n .17
.jit`c èd `nlra ipal ,`nw .18
ceiq oda cqe ,xbd iqkpa oixhlt `vend : xfrl` x"` sqei xa inic ax xn` .19
.o`pw Ð cg` xeik e` cg`
.dn` : sqei ax xn` ? dnke .20
.gztd cbpke : `cqg ax xn` .21
: `zipznn oipir edpixdpè ,zyy ax ol xn` `zlin i`d : mxnr ax xn` .22
.dpw Ð xbd iqkpa zervn rivnd
? ìd i`n ,`zipznn oipir edpixdpè .23
eixg` eilk jiledy e` ,elrpn el xizd e` ,elrpn el lrp ? dwfga cvik : ìpzc .24
Ð ediabde ,elirpde ,eyialde ,ecxb ,ekq ,evigxde ,ehiytde ,ugxnd zial
.mewn lka dpew ddabdy ,ddabdn dlecb dwfg `dz `l : y"x xn` ; e`pw
? xn`w i`n .25
`l : y"x xn` ; e`pw `l Ð el eax diabd ,e`pw Ð eaxl ediabd : xn`w ikd .26
.mewn lka dpew ddabdy ,ddabdn dlecb dwfg `dz
ilit ia `ztil `cyc [` cenr cp sc] o`n i`d : dcedi ax xn` d`xia dinxi x"` .27
; dwfg ied `l Ð xbc `rx`c
? `nrh i`n .28
.gay `w `linn Ð gay `wc `zyd ,`gay ied `l `cyc `pcira .29
`zeigc `zrc` ,ipw Ð `lwicc `zrc` `lwic gytc o`n i`d : lèny xn` .30
.ipw `l Ð
Ð `qib cgn `lek ,`lwicc `zrc` Ð `qib i`dne `qib i`dn lwy ? c"d .31
.`zeigc `zrc`
Ð iaivc `zrc` ,ipw Ð `rx`c `zrc` ,ìkif ikfc o`n i`d : lèny xnè .32
.ipw `l
Ð ixhef waye iaxax lwy ,`rx`c `zrc` Ð ixhefe iaxax lwy ? inc ikid .33
.iaivc `zrc`
iac `zrc` ,ipw Ð `rx`c `zrc` ,`lwiz liwz`c o`n i`d : lèny xnè .34
.ipw `l Ð ixc
`vpe ìlena ìlen ,`rx`c `zrc` Ð `vpa `cye ìlen lwy ? inc ikid .35
.ixc iac `zrc` Ð `vpa
`zrc` ,ipw Ð `rx`c `zrc` ,`rxà ìn gztc o`n i`d : lèny xnè .36
.ipw `l Ð ixeekc
653 (a"r cp ± `"r bp) "èdy lk" : yelye miyelyd ìbeqd
Ð àa cg ,ixeekc `zrc` Ð witn cge liirn cg ,iaa ixz gzt ? inc ikid .37
.`rx`c `zrc`
dizez witx èdd `z` ,oipy xqilz `giytza `lwic dlk`c `zzi` ìdd .38
i`z` .dicia dinwe` ,àwer xnc dinw dl ixnè ,ielc dinwl `z` ; `zxet
.iypi` iwfgnck zwifg` `lc ,jl ciar` i`n : dl xn` ,dinw `geev `w
`l` ax iac `zpbl ipw `l axc ,dpw Ð xbd iqkpa dxev xvd : ax xn` .39
.`zxeva
da yikdy oeik : ax xn` `ped ax xn` Ð dixvna zniieqnd dcy : xnzi` .40 xeriya oeic .c
zipwpd rwxwd
.cala eyekn mewn `l` dpw `l : xn` lènye ; dlek dpw Ð cg` yekn ly zg` dykda
yekn
`xiiz lif`ck : `tt ax xn` ? dnk cr ,dixvna zniieqn dpi`ye [a cenr cp sc] .41
.xcde <"ixeyc" dplie qetca ; l"vke ,miqetcd aexae cid iazka jk> ixezc
cenlzd zxeqn
ax") `"r ci ,d b `xza àa inlyexi eeyd .dwfg ef ixd ...dxyrl enilyde xcb xcb : lèny xn`c .2
`l inp `zyde dl iwlq eed `l `xwirnc `nili` .5±3 .("dxyr lr siqen e` dxyrn zgeta : xn`
inlyexi ecibpd .car i`n ,da iliir inp `zyde da iliir eed `xwirnc `nili` ...car i`n ,dl iwlq
ilaa .exag iqkpn ix` gixan .8 .("dwfg ef ixd xecbl ie`x oi`y mewn xcbe ...elit` : xn` lèny") my
wifgd ,odipia cg` xvne zecy izy : opgei x"` iq` ax xnè .10 .`"r bl mixcp eeyd ; `"r gp `nw àa
inlyexi eeyd .dpw `l dzxag ,dpw dze` Ð dzxag zè dze` zepwl ; d`pw Ð dzepwl odn zgà
dpi` dzxiage zipwp ìd ...xbd iqkipa zecy izy : opgei iax mya `qi iax") c"r bi ,` b `xza àa
; ("miizpia xvn elit` ...zecy izy el eid : opgei iax mya `qi ax") c"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexi ; ("zipwp
oiyeciw inlyexi .ewiz ? edn ...`xif iax ira .12±11 .([1] ,"oiwiqtn" ,dl ìbeq) `"r dp `xza àa ,oldl
ilaa e`x .`rx`c `xqt` .13 .("dipin rxye ...`qi iax inew `ra `xirf iax") c"r fh ,` a d`t ; my
.gztd cbpke ...dnke .21±20 .[39] ,oldl eeyd .o`pw cg` xeik e` cg` ceiq oda cqe .19 .a"r fk oiyeciw
.mewn lkn ...lrp ? dwfga cvik : ìpzc .24 .([7±6] ,"ycwnd zia axgy mein" ,ap ìbeq) a"r q ,oldl
.("efn dlecb ...micar zwfg ìd ef i` ipzc") c"r hp ,b ` oiyeciw inlyexi ; d ` oiyeciw `ztqez eeyd
`w `linn ...d`xia dinxi x"` .29±27 .my inlyexi .e`pw `l ,el eax diabd ; e`pw ,eaxl ediabd .26
ohw cren ilaa .`rx`c `zrc` àa cg ...`lwic gytc o`n i`d .37±30 .`"r dk oiaexir ilaa .`gay
,lirl eeyd .`zxeva ...dxev xvd .39 .`"r dk oiaexir ilaa .iypi` iwfgnck ...`zzi` ìdd .38 .a"r i
lèny") c"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexi eeyd .cala eyekn mewn `l` dpw `l : xn` lènye .40 .[19]
.("ylzy dn `l` dpw `l 'n` lèny") c"r bi ,` b `xza àa ; ("cala glw eze` `l` dpw `l xn`
.([12±10] ,"oiwiqtn" ,dl ìbeq) `"r ep ,oldl eeyd .dnk cr dixvna zniieqn dpi`ye .41

: dwfg ìed dvxit dze` jxc .da `vie qpkiy : dxyrl lawnd enilyde dxyrl aexw didy .xcb xcb
iypi` ilki `lc lawn df ediabd eiykre xcb eze` lr iypi` .dil iwlq eed ozepd dxcbyk `xwirnc
min d`xy xnelk .ìn dipin xkqc ozp `nip i` : èdy lk dil ixw i`nè .car àeh : dl wlqinl
: dcyd z` ethyi `ly mind akriy ick xeg ezeà xexv ozpe dcyd z` sehyl cg` xeg jxc oià eidy
z`tn cg` xexv df lhpe dpnn z`vl oileki eid `le d`ln dcyd lk didy .dipin ìn wit`c lhp
dil xninl ivn `d .ef ìed dwfg dn xnelk .ix` gixan i`d : xexvd zlihp jxc mind e`vie dcyd
ìed `le exiag oenn livdl l`xyi xal daeg ok ik iqkp zlvdy zcar devn oig`d on cg` e` ozepd
jkqy .dl cnve daxd min dl jixvc oiglyd zia dcy dzidy .ìn dl cnvc xexv ozp `l` : dwfg
'` xexv lhpy .ìn dl gztc lhp : min ila dl ibq `le dcyd on e`vi `ly mind z`v jxc xexva
zepwl : xbd iqkp ly .zecy 'a : dwfg [ied] i`ce df oiprac xexv eze` zlihp jxc qpkil minl jxc dyre
xvnde lièd xaqc ,zecyd izy zg`d zwfgdn ipwinl irae zgà `l` wifgd `lc .dzxag zè dze`
`lc xnelk .dzxag z` zepwl : da wifgdy dze` `l` ipw `l k"tr` .inc zg` dcyk odizyl dler
oky lk dl oiekzp `lc meyn .dpw `l : da wifgdy .dze` s` : dzxag `l` wifgdy dze` zepwl oiekzp
jixv `l oevigd jxc dil ziè lièd xaqc oevigd zwfga .iniptd zè eze` zepwl : dpw `lc dzxag
z` zepwl ea wifgd : oevig `l` ipw `l ikd elit` .odizy dpw` dwfg èddae oeviga `l` wifgdl
iniptc `niz `l .inipt zepwl xaq oevig zwfga `l` ,oevigd zepwl oiekzp `le oeviga wifgdc .iniptd
.iniptl `l` ezepwl oiekzp `lc lièd edpw `l wifg`c oevig s` `l` .ea wifgd `lc lièd dpw `l
.oevigd lr iniptl jxc yie lièd odizy dpw .oevigd zè eze` zepwl oiane oieknw 'ide .inipta wifgd
lke .dpw `l inipt s` .oevigd z` dwfg dzeà zepwl `l` iniptd z` zepwl zrcl `le .inipta wifgd
mewnn mipal jtdny mc`k .jit`c èd `nlra ipal : oevig dpw `l inipt dpw `lc xg`nc ,oevig oky
xiiv .xeike : ciqa .ceiq : xwir epiidc lrp xn`ck zezlcd cinrd `ly f"k oipa xwir aeyg `lc mewnl
rivnd : xkipc aeyg ied gztd cbpke oihlta oiyery enk dxew iny lr ciqd on lzeka cg` xeiv ea
epl d`xdy .oipiirl xdpè : dwfg ied xcb `le lrp `l ied `lc ab lr s` .xbd iqkpa ixkp ly eizervn
w"d : yeniy zvw epiidc .e`pw : axl card .ediabd : dwfg ìed èdy lk dwfgc dpynd on eixacl di`x
: dwfgn xwir ith epiid .ecarl .eax ediabd : yeniy zvwc dwfg epiidc .diipw diaxl edi` didab`
my egipde ediabde enewn xky mè .mewnd xky `l 'itè exiag ly zeyxa 'it` .n"ka dpew ddabdc
: dwfg iedilc gay `l dry dzeàc dirwpa xbc dirxà ztl lzyy .xbc `rx` ilita ztl .dpew
licbiy oiekzn lwcd jxevl m` .`lwicc `zrc` : xb ly lwc ly mitprd zvw xwery .`lwic gytc
ikfc : lwcd ipw `l ezndal oialelde oitprd lik`dl .`zeig jxevl m` : ipwe dwfg ied giayie xzei
`zrc` m` la` : ipw rexfle yexgl dgep `dzy ick `rx`c `zrc` dcyd z` ikfne cakny .ìkf
dgep `dzy .`rx`c `zrc` : dcyd rwxw ieynl .`lwiz liwzc : ipw `l dwqdl mivrd hwll .iaivc
.ìlena ìlen lwy : uixg .`vp : lz .ìlen : mihg my heagl .ixc iac `zrc` : ipw rexfle yexgl
dhnl jilyne `nebd icivn lhepy .`vpa `vp : eaigxdl ick lzd aiaq ozepe ìlend y`x lhepy
gzt : dcyd lka dwyny mind zn` enk .`rx`c `zrc` epiid : daigxdle dzeeydl ick 'zirwxwa
dzid `le xbd iqkpa .`giytza : ixeekc `zrc` epiid xgà mind ìvene cg`d xkeq minrty .iaa ixz
zgz oixtegy enk exciry eizgz xtg .dia wtx `xab cg `z` : lirl xn`ck `l` cgia oli`d lk zewpl
mixvndy zecyd oia zxkipy zpneqnd .znieqnd : dilzeka xiivy xeiva .`zxeva `l` : zepli`d
: da dpw .dnk cr : ìd dlecb drwa `l` .znieqn dpi`ye : ci zxitg .yekip : xb ly ìde daiaq oideab
oze` xeriyk xg` mlz dyere xfege mlza dyixgn ly xwa cnv jledy enk xnelk .xcde ixezc `xiiz
: xzei `le ipw minlz ipy
xivwz
mixwna dpynd itl ynynd Ð dwfg ly ilnqd oiipwd dyrn `xza àa dpyn itl
èd Ð dwfga rwxw oiipw ly dxwn lka zxge`nd zilaad dkldd itle ,minieqn
lk" xicbdl zywan ef ìbeq .qkpa èdy lk dvixt e` xecib ,dlirp ly dyrn
mixwn lelkzy ick miilnqd miyrnd oeebn z` daigxne ,dl` mixwna "èdy
zerc bivn oey`xd wlgd : miwlg drax` ìbeql .zilnq zelra zpbtd ly mixg`
zerc bivn ipyd wlgd ; "èdy lk" zaygpd dvixtde xecibd zcinl xyà zepey
; dvixte xecib ,dlirp ly cg` dyrna zepwl ozipy rwxwd swidl xyà zepey
xecib ,dlirp mewna ynyl milekiy mixg` miilnq miyrna wqer iyilyd wlgd
zg` dykda dpwpd rwxwd swida wqer iriaxd wlgde ,rwxwa dwfg jxevl dvixte
.rwxwa yekn ly
: zeàd zepwqnd ,xzid oia ,zeler gezipd on
dxnzypy ,dvixte xeciba èdy lkl lèny `xen`d ly zixewnd dxcbdd (`)
dyrn ynyiy ick liren didi dyrndy daiig `l ,`"r ci ,d b `xza àa inlyexia
èd "èdy lk" eitly ipyn gqepa lèny zxnin dxnzyp ilaaa eply ìbeqa .oiipw
xge`n `xnb lra .liren dyrn zeyrl ick miyxcpd xnege un`n ly menipind
xiaqd èd okl ,"ilnipin" epi` eaihn liren dyrn ezrcl oky ,ef dxcbda dywzd
.meyiil miywe miiaihwiiaeq mze` dktdy jxca lèny ly zexcbdd z`
ztqed mpd miilnipin dvixte xecib ditly opgei iax mya iq` ax ly `xnin (a)
ezlihpe xcbl xexv ztqedl dxewna dqgiizd ,liren oteà xexv zlihpe xexv
min mxfl xexv ztqed dpiipr eitly ìbeqd jxer ly ycg yexitl dzkf ìd .dpnid
xexv ztqedy xaq èdy meyn ,enixfdl ick epnn xexv zlihpe eze` xekql ick
.dxcbda ,zeilnipin opi` dpnn dzlihpe xcbl
oiipw dyrna dpwpd qkpd swid z` dxicbnd opgei iax mya iq` ax ly `xnin (b)
dxeva exnzyp ,ìdd dkldd lr `xif iax ly dxezt izla ìyewe ,dwfg ly cg`
ìbeqa zeliawnd .c"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexiay dliawna dxewnl xzeia daexwd
liabdl ywia `xza àa inlyexi : zeipyn od c"r bi ,` b `xza àa inlyexiae eply
.eaigxdl ywia ilaade ,cg` dwfg dyrn ly swezd z`
ax ly l"pd dkldd ly meyiik zbven dea` xa dax mya ongp ax ly `xnin (c)
ilaad jxer dpiy dyrnl .zibelepexk dpigan okzii `l df la` ,opgei iax mya iq`
`xnind oeyll dpeyl z` mi`zd xzid oiae ,opgei iax mya iq` ax ly dkldd z`
.dea` xa dax mya ongp ax ly
dpead ezrcl : ddinz zxxern dea` xa dax mya ongp ax ly diipy `xnin (d)
zezlc aivny in ly ìd qkpa dkfnd dwfgde ,ea dkef epi` xbd iqkpa "oixhlt"
`l` ,yxtl bedpy itk ,oenx` epi` "oixhlt" df dxwnay o`k orhp .oixhltl
zrya cwtnl dhn ynynd lecb lde` : ixewnd ipihld ernyna praetorium
lrpidl zeieyrd zezlc ly ea davdd wxe ,irx` dpan èt` did oixhltd .dngln
,ìbeqa mixg` mi`xen` enk `ly ,dea` xa daxy mb okzii .raw dpanl eze` dktd
,dlirpl xarn dwfg oiipw miynynd miilnqd miyrnd oeebn z` aigxdln rpnp
oiipw meyn da yi ,eziipa mvr `le ,oixhlta zezlc zlirp wx okle ,dvixte xecib
.xbd iqkpa dkfnd dwfg
xcba èd xbd ziaa cg` xeike cg` ceiqy xfrl` iax mya raew sqei xa inic ax (e)
xbd ly dpibd xiwa dxev xeiv ditly dkld axl zqgein ìbeqd jynda ; dwfg
qgiizd xfrl` iaxy mirivne ,zelitk elld zexnina mièx mipyxt .qkpa dkfn
xeike cg` ceiq miiehiad j` .zepn`l qgiizd axy cera ,ewehqa e` ciqa ziad ceiql
axl zqgeind `xnindy d`xp dyrnl .zepn`l zeqgiizdk md s` mixiihvn cg`

jkae xb ly dpibd xiwa dxev xv envr ax : didy dyrn llkn jxer ly ceair ìd
jxerd cair okn xg`l wxe ,ax dyrn lr ely dkldd z` qqia xfrl` iax .qkpa dkf
.dnvr ipta `xninl ax dyrn z`
mpi` xfrl` iax xikfdy xeikde ceiqd swid oiipra `cqg axe sqei ax zexnin (f)
."ycwnd zia axgy mein" ,oldl ap ìbeqn exared md ; eply ìbeqa miixewn
dxewna dqgiizd dwfga dpwp car day jxcd oiipra ìbeqa zàend `ziixa (g)
`ziixad z` ycgn yxit zyy ax .gweld ly lbxa rvan cardy dvilge dlirpl
iepiy llegn epi`y dyrn ,card ly elbxa rvan gweldy dvilge dlirp oaena
dxed dcin dzeàe ,dtvxd lr mirvn zrvd enk ,cala mewina iepiy `l` izedn
zyy ax ly weicdy dcaerd .qkpa dkfn xbd ly ziad ztvx lr mirvn zrvdy
mde ,miyxtnd lr dzywd dnvr `ziixad ly ycgn yexita jexk `ziixad on
.zepey mikxca oeicd z` eyxit
dwfg dyrn aygidl leki cg` dyrn ,lèny ly zexnin rax` ly dxcq itl (h)
zxivw la` ,dwfg ìd lwcd zxinf ,lynl .ezxhne rvand zpeekl m`zda `l e`
z` aiygd `l eply `xnbd lra j` .dwfg dpi` dndal mlik`dl ick eialel
miipevig mipeixhixw siqen ède ,df oiiprl wtqn oeixhixwk dnvr dxhnd
dxinfy raew èd ,lynl ,l"pd dxwna .zepey zepeek oia oigadl ick miiaihwiiae`
ly cg` cvn ìd lk`nl dxivwy cera ,lwcd icv lkn mialeld zxivw dyexit
zepgada dyer àxy yeniyd lr qqean lèny ixacl ely yexitd .cala lwcd
.a"r i ohw cren ilaaa ìbeqa lèny ly
dwfg oiipw ly zetwzd zl`yl `tt axe lèny ,ax miqgiizn ìbeqd seqa (i)
lèny : oldlck mdly zecnrd z` oiadl yi .yekn ly zg` dykd ici lr dyrpd
miilnq mipiipw ynyl mileki dpyna mixkfend dvixte xecib ,dlirp wxy xaq
zexiyi rtyend xef`d z` wx mipwn mixg` miilnq miyrn ; minly zecy mipwnd
miyrnl zeeyl ozipy xaq ax .(eialel zxinfa dpwpd l"pd lwcd oebk) dyrnd on
myl miynyn mde ,dvixte xecib ,dlirpl dpyna dpwend swezd eze` z` miilnq
swid z` dliabnd miipia zcnr uni` `tt ax .zg` zaa xbd iqkp lk ziipw
lra ìad `tt ax ly dpgadd zeawra .mixg` miilnq miyrna mipwpd zerwxwd
.cala eixvina mieqnd dcyl xywa lènye ax oia zwelgnd z` `xnbd

ozepd..." : c b `xza àa dpyn ly `tiqd lr olek zeaqen dixg`ly zeibeqd izye ef ìbeq
eply ìbeqd ."dwfg ef ixd èdy lk uxte xcb ,lrp ,xbd iqkpa wifgnde ewlgy oig`de ,dpzn
miaikxnd mipeicde zexnind lk dyrnle ,[1] "èdy lk dnke" dxdadd zl`ya zgzet
: ef dl`y ly mipey mihaid lr zeprl ecrep dze`
"uxte xcb" zelertd xeriyl xyà mi`xen` ly zepey zerc zeàen ìbeqd ly ` wlga .1
zilnipind zenkd iabl zervd mirivn 1opgei iaxe lèny : dpyna zeyxetn zexkfend
zgpd .[7 ,2] dwfg oiipw dyrn el aygiz efy ick ,uextl e` xecbl wifgnd lry xcb ly
mda yiy dvixte xecib zeidl mikixv `l` zilnq dlerta ic `ly ìd ilaad ly ceqid
.[9±8 ,6±3] el` miilnipin miyrnay zlrezd z` xxal dqpn `xnbd lrae ,zlrez
ozipy mizade zecyd xtqnl xyà mi`xen` ly zepey zerc zeàen ìbeqd ly a wlga .2
zl`yl dprn oirn yi elld zexnina mb .[15±10] "uxte xcb ,lrp" ly cg` dyrna zepwl
epilr ,xecbl e` uextl jixv xcb dnk rawpy xg`l oky ,[1] "èdy lk dnke" `xnbd
oi`yk ,xbd iqkpa hxta Ð dvixt e` xecib ly dyrn lka zipwp rwxw dnk mb reawl
2.dwqrd
¦ swid z` y`xn mkql ozip dnry dpwn zxg` zrc
dpyna zeyxetn mixkfend "uxte xcb ,lrp" oiipwd iyrny dgpd jezn mi`vei mi`xen`d .3
zezlc zcnrd : el` miyrnl zetelgl ycwen ,b wlg ,ìbeqd jynde ,ze`nbec `l` mpi`
zervn zrvde [39 ,21±19] oixhltd zexiwa xeike xeiv ,[18±16] xbd iqkpa dpapy oixhltl
mivixg jezl ztl zklyd la` ,mitwz dwfg oiipw iyrn miaygp [26±22] ziad jeza
zxinf : dwfgd oiipw iyrn oia mipnp dfa `veik .[29±27] oiipw dyrn zaygp dpi` rwxwa
(miig ilra zlk`d jxevl mitpr jezig `l la`) lwc ziipw ly dxwna ,urd jxevl lwcd
yixgd z`xwl ezewpl ick qkpd on mipa` e` ur zekizge mihey miayr zhiwl ,[31±30]
; [35±32] (oxeb znwd myl rwxwd z` wilgdl e` dxecnl mivr seq`l ick `l la`)
rivn `xnbd lra .[37±36] (mibc becl ick `l la`) ezewydl ick dcyl xdp in znxfd
zixrfn dyixg .elld mixwnd on cg` lka wifgnd zpeek zwica myl miipevig mipniq
.[38] lwc ziipw jxevl ,xzl`l dwfg oiipw dyrn ìd s` zaygp lwcl aiaqn
ìbeqd ly c wlga ,"dpynay uxte xcb ,lrp" miyrnl mitilgz mpyiy rawpyn .4
xbd iqkpa yekn ly zg` dykda zipwpd rwxwd zenk zl`yl miwwfp mi`xen`d
.[41±40]
miyrnd xeriy oecip dligz : oda oeicde ìbeqa zexnind zàd xcqa mieqn oeibid èt` yi
xg` ,dfk cg` dyrna zipwpd rwxwd xeriy jk xg` ,dpyna zeyxetn mixkfend "uxte xcb"
zykd ,dfk cg` silgza zipwpd rwxwd xeriy seqale ,mxeriye el` miyrnl mitilgz jk
.[9±7] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x ; epzpynay "èdy lk uxte xcb" iehial qgiizn [7] opgei iax s`y d`xp 1
zexnina yxetn xacd oi`y it lr s` ,xbd iqkp oiiprl `l` exn`p `l [41±40] c wlgae [15±10] df wlga zexnind 2
zeliawnd on gken jk .[14 ,1] ,"oiwiqtn" ,dl ìbeq ,oldl zeàend zenecd zexnina yxetn èdy itk oiibeqay
inlyexiae my miàend `zegp inica` ixacne ,c"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexiay [40] `wqitae [10] `wqitay zexninl
[40] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldle ; my 21 dxrda mipeive ,[10] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x .c"r bi ,` b `xza àa
oerhl ywia xec iav mpn` .(eixac seqa ,a"r bp `xza àa zvaewn dhiya miàend inl rcep `l dhiy ixack `ly)
oiiprl la` ,xbd iqkpa oiwiqtn avgde xvnd : opgei x"` iq` x"`" Ð [1] ,"oiwiqtn" ,dl ìbeq ,oldl weicd jnq lr
milaben mixacdy exaq `l ,[10] ,eply ìbeqae my ilaaa opgei iax mya iq` ax zxnin ixqeny "`l d`nehe d`t
ux` zxez ,xec 'v e`x .d`nehe d`t oiiprl ok xacd oi`y "xbd iqkpa" oeyln ewiic okle ,exag iqkp znerl xbd iqkpl
,"oiwiqtn" ,dl ìbeqa xikfdl mdl did `l ezhiyl oky ,mi`xp eixac oiè .50±49 'nr ,a"lyz aia` lz ,laaa l`xyi
,oldl e`xe .dfa `veik e` "dwfg oiipwa oiwiqtn avgde xvnd" mixacd z` gqpl mdl did `l` ,llk xbd iqkp z` ,[1]
."dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"oiwiqtn" ,dl ìbeqa oeicd
[7] ` wlga dpexg`d `xnind : zexg` mikxca efl ef zexyxeyn zexnind ,jkl xarn .yekn
`xnind ; opgei iax mya iq` ax ici lr odizy zexn`p [10] a wlga dpey`xd `xninde
dax mya ongp ax ici lr odizy zexn`p b wlga dpey`xd `xninde [15] a wlga dpexg`d
zwelgna ax zcnra gzet c wlge ,[39] axl zqgein b wlga dpexg`d `xnind ; [16] dea` xa
.[40] lènye ax
zeàd zeibeqd izye eply ìbeqd

ìbeqd jynd oda ze`xl ozip minieqn mipaenay zeàd zeibeqd izya jynp df xeyxy
zwqere lèny ly `xnina zgzet ,"`pic `zeklnc `pic" ,cl ìbeq ,dàd ìbeqd .eply
,eply ìbeqd seq z`xwl zexnind aex zeqgein lènyle ,lèny ly zetqep zexnin dnka
,`"r cp ,oldl) ìdd ìbeqa `ped axy `l` cala ef `le .[40 ,36 ,34 ,32 ,30] c-e b miwlga
ìdd ìbeqd y`xa lèny ixac oia zeyxetn znrn ([6] ,"`pic `zeklnc `pic" ,cl ìbeq
dplie qetca zeibeqd zwelgl i`xg`l mxby dn ,[40] eply ìbeqd seqa eixac oial ([1] ,my)
ìbeqd ly c wlg z` cinvdl jkae ,eply ìbeqa [40]-e [39] ze`wqit oia miizcewp qitcdl
,zerwxw zwfg ipiipra ìd s` zwqer dàd ìbeqdy mbd ,dyrnl j` .dàd ìbeql eply
ìd `l` ,cg` dwfg dyrna zipwpd rwxwd xeriye dwfgd "xeriy" zl`ya zwqer ìd oi`
zxard iabl iqxtd wegd xe`l Ð iebn rwxw dpwy icedie Ð ieb ly ezwfg zl`yl zycwen
meyn dnewna dàed ìd .`zeklnc ipicl zexeywd zexg` zel`ye zerwxw lr zelrad
3
.mdn ztrzqn e` ,[40] eply ìbeqd seqa eàedy lèny ixacl zqgiizn ìdy
dyrna zipwpd rwxwd xeriy zl`ya weqrl zxfeg ,"oiwiqtn" ,dl ìbeq ,dixg`ly ìbeqd
ze`wqit ,xekfk .eply ìbeqa c-e a miwlga oecipd `yepd ,"uxte xcb ,lrp" ly cg` dwfg
ztqep `xnina zgzet ìdd ìbeqde ,opgei iax mya iq` axl zeqgein eply ìbeqa [10]-e [7]
.eply ìbeqay [10] `wqitl dnecd ,([1] ,"oiwiqtn" ,dl ìbeq) opgei iax mya iq` ax ly
cg` dcya dyrpd dwfg dyrnn zerpend zevivga zewqer ìdd ìbeqde ìdd `xnind
oeeikl dfd oiiprd z` zgzet ìd j` ,xb eze`l mikiiyd micenvd zecyl mb oiipw ynyl
rwxw oiipw zekld jxevl zexcben ody itk zecyd oia zevivgd m` dl`ya dpce ycg
dpan zeàd zeibeqd izyn zg` lkly `vnp 4.zaye d`neh ,d`t zeklda mb zeynyn
mipeice zexnin ly "xeyxy"d jyndk `le ,zi`nvr ìbeqk dze` mixicbnd dlyn okeze
ìbeqd iwlg zrax` : mixcben okezae dpana epgad eply ìbeqa s` .eply ìbeqa ep`vny
mitilgza ,dfk cg` dyrna zipwpd rwxwd xeriya ,"uxte xcb" dyrnd xeriya mipc
ihxta .dfk cg` silgza zipwpd rwxwd xeriyae mdixeriye dpyna mixkfend miyrnl
.yexitd ipeira ,epixac jynda oecp ìbeqd
yexit ipeir
dvxt uxte ,dxyrl enilyde xcb xcb : lèny xn`c ,lènyck ? èdy lk dnke .6±1
iwlq eed `l `xwirnc `nili` ? inc ikid xcb i`d .dwfg ef ixd Ð da `vie qpkiy ick
iwlq `l `zyde dl iwlq eed `xwirnc `lè ? car i`n ,dl iwlq `l inp `zyde dl
.`wgeca dl iwlq `w `zyde ,`geexa dl iwlq eed `xwirnc ,`kixv `l ! car àeh ,dl
`lè ? car i`n ,da iliir inp `zyde da iliir eed `xwirnc `nili` ? c"d dvxt i`d
eed `xwirnc ,`kixv `l ! car àeh ,da iliir `w `zyde da iliir eed `l `xwirnc
.`geexa da iliir `zyde ,`wgeca da iliir
."dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"`pic `zeklnc `pic" ,cl ìbeqa oeicd ,oldl e`x 3
."dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"oiwiqtn" ,dl ìbeqa oeicd ,oldl e`x 4
,lènyck" : `xnbd oeyln gkeny itk ,"èdy lk dnke" dl`yl zexiyi yxcp `l lèny
z` x`zn `l` menipind zeyixcl qgiizn èd oi` ely `xnina .[2] "...lèny xn`c
zvixte d l i g z k l n migth dxyr za xcb ziipa epiidc ,"uxte xcb" ly milibxd mixwnd
dnke" dl`yl daeyzk mb eixac z` aqdyk `xnbd lra wcvy d`xp j` . d ` e l n a dvxt¦
èd heyte ,èdy lka icy zraewd dpynay dkldl aiegn lèny mb ixdy ,"èdy lk
: lèny ixaca yxtl yi okl ."èdy lk" dpi` migth dxyr daeba dligzkln xcb ziipay
dxyr xcb xeriy" : zraew g b ziriay dpyn ."dwfg ef ixd ...dxyrl dnilyd 5e ` xcb xcb"
dfa `veik ."èdy lk xcb"y ink aygp migth dxyr daebl xcb milydy in okle 6,"migth
ci ,d b `xza àa inlyexia eply ìbeql dliawna epzpyna "èdy lk uxt" iehiad yxtzn
eyexit "èdy lk uxt" lènyl s`y d`xpe ."dxyrn zgeta" : ax `xen`d ici lr `"r
ède ,"xcb" zxez dpnn riwtd uxetdy jk ,"èdy lk" xeriya migth dxyr za xcb jinpdy
lral cebipa ."da iliir `w `zyde da iliir eed `l `xwirn"y jk dvxt¦ aigxdy inl oicd
lènyy d`xp ,"èdy lk"n xzei daxd epiidc ,[3] "àeh" jka yiy xne`d ,eply `xnbd
zixyt` izla dziidy dqipk xyt`l ick "èdy lk"a dvxt¦ aigxnd s`y did xeaq envr
yiy dlecbd zipehwhikx`d zernynd s` lr ,okè ."èdy lk uxt" xcba èd ok iptl
e` etqepy mixnegde rwyend un`nd zpigan ,"èdy lk" ,ce`n hrna xaecn ,el` miyrnl
7
.ezgtp
èd oky ,df yexit mr milydl dywzd `xnbd lra mxa .mheytk lèny ixacn dler jk
zegt df xeriy m` s` ,hlgen oteà xzeia ohwd xeriyd oaena "èdy lk" iehiad z` yxit
epiidc ,"xeriyk" oia dcbpd mixg` mixeriya ep`vny itke ,zlrez ea yiy menipind on
,e b d`t dpyn .izernynd xeriyd on zegtd xeriy èdy ,"èdy lk"l ,izernyn xeriy
b zekne ` b zereay dpyne ,"èdy lk rwxw"l dcy ly ilnipind ghyd oia dcibpn ,lynl
mxa 8."èdy lk"l ,ilnipind dlik`d xeriy llk jxca aygpy ,zifk xeriy oia zecibpn a
wgyn oky ,igkepd xywda eply `xnbd lral mi`zd `l "èdy lk" iehiad ly df oaen
zpbtd mey ea oi` ynn ly dvxt¦ uextl e` ynn ly xcb xecbl ick ea oi`y oiipa ixnega
ixac z` cinrdl ul`pe ,[5]-e [3] ze`wqita dywdy itk `xnbd lra dywd okl .zelra
ly laewnd oaena zlrez `l la` ,znieqn zlrez mda yiy dvixte xecib iyrna lèny
jxca dvxtd¦ zagxd e` ,[4] eze` zrpen dpi` j` ,qetihd lr dywnd xcbl dtqed : dlind
el` zeiaihwiiaeq zexcbdy xexa .[6] mcew mb wgeca zixyt` dziidy ,dqipkd lr dlwnd
hytde ,oicd zelg z` zeiaihwiiaeàe xexiaa megzl ecrepy mixeriy zriawl zeni`zn opi`
xcba dvxt¦ znlyda e` dxyrn èdy lk zgetay lirl epxaqdy itk èd lèny ixaca
èd ìdy lk ztqez ici lr dxyr ickl milynae ,xcbd z` "uxet" wifgnd dqipk ickl
.zipehwhikx` zernyn lra dyrna xaecny meyn ,"xceb"
miizkld mixwn ep`vn ,"xeriyk"l "èdy lk" cbpen mday epxkfdy mixwnd cvl ,okè
,èdy lkl elit` zeaiyg yi xaecnd oiipray meyn ,xeriyd èd envr "èdy lk" mday
dpey jxca .1064±1062 'nr ,(15 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) dpynd gqepl èan ,oiihyt` p"i e`x "e`" oaena e"ie ze`l 5
lèny xn`c d"c ,`"r bp `xza àa m"ayxe ,xcb xcb d"c ,`"r bp `xza àa meyxb epaxl qgeind ekld zvwna
.dxyr ickl dznlyd i c i l r xcb xecib ly ,cg` dyrna xaecny eyxity ,xcb xcb
mii`lk jxevl mb xcb ly izkldd xeriyd df .[9±7] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl ef dpynn zagxen dàen e`x 6
.g ` oiaexir ,b c mi`lk dpyn e`x ; oiaexire
,`geexa ghyl qpkidl mixfn zrpen z`f lkay migth dxyrn zegt ly daebl xcb znlyd iabl ewlgp mipey`xd 7
htyn oyeg xeh ; ì ` dxikn zekld ,m"anx ; iwlqc d"c ,`"r bp `xza àa m"ayx e`x ; e`l m` dwfg zaygp ìd m`
lèny .jenqa oldl xiaqpy itk ,ziziira ìdy ,[4] `wqita `xnbd lra zpwqnl z`fe .my milk i`yepe avw oniq
dnlydd ìd `weec dxyr ickl xcb znlyd ,mixg` miizkld mikxvl ynynd xcbd xeriy xe`ly o`k wqet envr
.zizernynd
ly gqepd itpr ipy" ,l"pd ; 168±161 ; 127±114 'nr ,(5 dxrd f ìbeq ,lirl) `xza mizy zereay wxt ,uiaepa 'n e`x 8
.16±14 'nr ,(c"pyz) i `xciq ,"ilaaa `xza mizy zereay wxt
dnecd ,dpea zk`lnl xeriyd s` .f±e h zay dpyna miiepnd zaya d`vedd ixeriya oebk
`veik zek`lnl oicd ède ,` ai zay dpyn itl "èdy lk" epd ,epzpynay dvixtle xecibl
.da
dvxt uxte ,dxyrl enilyde xcb xcb : lèny xn`c ,lènyck ? èdy lk dnke .2±1
.dwfg ef ixd Ð da `vie qpkiy ick
: lèny zxninl ziwlg dliawn ep`vn ,`"r ci ,d b `xza àa inlyexia

ie`x epi`y mewn uxt elit` : xn` lèny .dxyr lr siqen e` dxyrn zgeta : xn` ax
.dwfg df ixd ,xecbl ie`x epi`y mewn xcbe uextl
: inlyexil ilaad oia milcad dnk mpyi
ozipy epxriy ik m` ,"èdy lk dnke" dl`yl zexiyi qgiizd `l ilaaa lèny ,xen`k .1
lk" zxcbdl zexiyi qgiizn ax ,z`f znerl ,inlyexia .ef dl`yl daeyz eixacn wiicl
."èdy
ddeab xak dziidy xcbl "èdy lk" siqed eyexit "èdy lk xcb" ,inlyexia ax itl .2
dppi` ìdy meyn ,dwfg da oi` ef dtqed ilaaa lèny itl eliè ,migth dxyr
wxe 9dtqedd iptl "xcb" zxcben xak ìd ixdy ,"xcb"k xcbd zxcbd iabl zizernyn
oiipw dyrn "èdy lk xcb"a ze`xl ozip ,"xcb" ickl epiidc ,dxyr ickl dnilyd m`
10.dwfg
gxkda `l ik m` ,ilaaay lèny ixacl miliawn mpi` inlyexia lèny ixac s` .3

,dìvie dqipk zxyt`nd dvxt¦ uextl e` dxyrl xcb milydl xyt` .mze` mixzeq
.inlyexia eixack ,dvixtle xecibl miie`x mpi`y zenewna mb ,ilaaa lèny zyixck
zernyn lra zeidl jixv dvixtd e` xecibd dyrn : mixacd ipy z` xn` lènyy okzii
jixv epi` èd j` ,ok iptl eid `ly mewna "dvxt"
¦ e` "xcb" ziiyr epiidc ,zipehwhikx`
ziiyr e` ,zlrez da oi` myy ,dcyd rvnà xcb ziipa s` : ziyrn zlrez lra zeidl
.dwfg oiipw dyrn meyn oda yi ,zlrez oi` da s`y ,dcyd rvnà znwennd xcba dvxt¦
,xcbd z` qxed dyrnl wifgnd "dxyrn zgeta" : zpaen xcb zvixtl xywa ax zcnr
"èdy lk ...xcb" iehiad ax zrcl recn j` .migth dxyrn dlrnl zqqepzn dxcbday
oiè zlrez jka oi` ? migth dxyr za xak ìdy xcbl ìdy lk dtqedl qgiizn dpynay
! zniiw xak xcbd ixdy ,"xecib" jka
,axl qgei mye ,l`xyi ux`l àed ilaaay "èdy lk" oiiprl lèny ixacn weicdy d`xp
`xnina ,xen`k .divfihnkqe divfihxcphq xar èd dt lra zexeqn ly okxck la`
xexv lhp ,lirede xexv ozp" : ilaaa eply ìbeqa [7] `wqita miàend opgei iax mya iq` ax ixacl minec ax ixac 9
opgei iax ixaca yxtl d`xp jk) xcbd y`xn mzqd on ,xexv zlihpk zxcben dvixty jka ,"dwfg ef ixd ,lirede
ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir oldl e`x ; diwyd xepiv jeza gpend xexva xaecny `xnbd lra ly zepyxtl cebipa ,ilaaa
xcbn zgetd mpn` .inlyexia ax zcnr z` oihelgl mèz epi` opgei iax ixaca zlrezd lr ybcdy d`xp j` .([9±7]
oi`y oky lke ,ynn ly "zlrez" jka oi` la` ,dkldd zpigan "xcb" llkn dze` ìven èdy lk migth dxyr za
oky ,xcbl xcbd z` aiygdl "liren" epi`y it lr s` xceb aygp èd ; dxyr lr èdy lk siqena ax itl zlrez
wleg opgei iax ,[9±7] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeira ,oldl yxtpy itk .dilr siqedy iptl cer migth dxyr za dziid xcbd
dzvixta e` xcbd xeciba liren ède lièd ,dxyrn zget e` dxyr ickl milyn epi`yk s`y xeaqe lènye ax lr
.dwfg ef ixd Ð
`weec e`l ik m` ,epzpyna "èdy lk uxt" iehiad z` ilaaa lènyn dpey jxca yxtn mb inlyexia ax dxe`kl 10
zvixt lèny itl eliè ,migth dxyrn dzegt ìdy jk xcb zknpd ìd xcb zvixt inlyexia ax itl .xzeq oteà
yexitd ipeira ,lirl epi`xdy itk mxa .dìvie dqipk mixyt`nd ,xcbd jxe`l ,gzt e` ,dvxt¦ ziiyr ìd xcb
aqdy èd `xnbd lra `l` ,"èdy lk dnke" dl`yd lr xewna daqed `l ilaaa lèny zxnin ,[6±1] ze`wqitl
uxt" zaygp "èdy lk" xeriya migth dxyr za xcb zknpd my lèny zrcl mby d`xpe ,ef dl`yl daeyzk dze`
."èdy lk
wcva wiic `xnbd lra j` ,llk "èdy lk"l lèny qgiizd `l ilaaa dxnzypy zixewnd
xn`c ,lènyck") zelertd izya "èdy lk"l zeqgiizd lèny ixaca ze`xl ozipy
,"uxt"a èdy lk xeriyl "xcb"a èdy lk xeriy oia oigad lèny df itl .([2] "...lèny
zqixd oeyl `l` xcb zknpd oeyl dpi` "uxt" j` ,xcb ziipa oeyl ìd "xcb" ezrcl oky
weicd it lr ,lèny xicbd "èdy lk xcb" xeriyd z` .irx` gzt zeyrl ick dagexl xcbd
miiw mipa` lbl ìdy lk dtqed Ð gipf dyrn : "dxyrl enilyde" oeyla ,`xnbd lra ly
xaecn : "èdy lk uxt" xeriya oicd ède ."xcb"l lbd zkitd Ð lecb xac llegnd Ð
oky ,lecb xac llegnd Ð xcba xak miiwd xv xeg ly ìdy lk dagxd Ð gipf dyrna
.dìvie dqipk zxyt`nd "dvxt"
¦ o`k yi dzrn
xeriyl dligzkln zeqgiizdl `xnind z` jetdl eywia l`xyi uxà dxiqn ick jez j`
,g b ziriay dpyna eceqiy migth dxyr xeriya hewpl gep did jk jxevle ,"èdy lk"
lbk zxcben xcb m` .("dxyrl dnilyde xcb xcb") zixewnd `xnina lèny xikfd eze`ye
dyrn ly izkldd eketid ."dxyrn zget"y in èd xcb uxet if` ,migth dxyr daeba mipa`
.ilaaa lèny zxnina ep`vny itke ,"dxyrl milyn" oaenk èd ,eply xywda yxcpd ,df
milyn" mewnae ,`xnind z` l`xyi uxà lèny ixac ixqen ehyit dxiqn ick jez j`
ilelin jtd ,"dxyrn zget" ly eketidk "dxyr lr siqen" iehiaa zihnehe` exga "dxyrl
11
.oiiprd zpadl dnxb ef dxigay iyewd s` lr ,izkld jtd mewna
lra wiprdy efl zitelg zepyxt da yiy d`xp ,inlyexia lènyl dqgeiy `xninl xy`
àil` dvixtde xecibdy yxit ilaaa `xnbd lra ,xekfk .lèny ixacl ilaaa `xnbd
."àeh" `l` "èdy lk" mpi` miizernyn miyrn : miizernyn zeidl mileki mpi` lènyc
èd .melk llegn epi` wifgnd ,ok m` ixdy ,zernyn ixqg zeidl mileki mpi` mb md j`
ilan èdy lk xecib ici lr dcyl dqipk lr dywny ina xaecny wgeca yxtl èt` ul`p
ici lr mcew mb zixyt` dziidy dcyl dqipk lr ìdy lk dvixta lwn e` ,oihelgl drpnl
.dligzkln dxyt`l ilan ,dvixt
lènyl zqgeind `xnin inlyexia zàen ,ilaaa lèny ixacl dpzipy ef zepyxtl cebipa
eyexit xecib : llk o`k zraew dpi` zlrezd ditle Ð eci lr dxn`p elit`y xytè Ð envr
mewna miyrp md m` mb dwfg xcba md el` miyrne ,xcb zqixd dyexit dvixte xcb ziipa
z` wx `l` ,miyrnay zlrezd z` cecnl oi` `linn .llk dìviae dqipka jxev oi`y
e` migth dxyr daeba mipa` lb Ð "xcb" zxcbdl xeywd lka zipehwhikx`d mzernyn
dzknpd ici lr m` oia ,dpnn ef dxcbd zripn ick cr "xcb"d ipa` lelic Ð "dvixt"e Ð xzei
.mc` zqipk ickl zniiw dvxt¦ zagxd ici lr m` oiae migth dxyrn zegtl
i`ne ozp i`n .dwfg f"d Ð lirede xexv lhp ,lirede xexv ozp : opgei x"` iq` x"` .9±7
iqkpn ix` gixan i`d ,dpin ìn witè xexv lhp ,dpin ìn xkqe xexv ozp `nili` ? lhp
.ìn dl gexè Ð xexv lhp ,ìn dl xnvc Ð xexv ozp ,`l` ! èd exag
,dphw oa` ,xexvl opgei iax oeekzd "xexv lhp"e "xexv ozp" miiehiaay yxtn `xnbd lra
wifgnd mqg ok` m` : df eyexitl opgei iax ixac lr dywn èd .dlrz e` min xepiv mqegd
ixd ,oethiyn dcyd z` livde fewip xepivn meqgn xiqd e` ,oethiyl mexbl cnry min xepiv
exag oenn zlvd ly deevn `l` ,zelra zpbtd mey o`k oiè ,"èd exag iqkpn ix` gixan"
ick jez mind z` zqieey ina xaecny èt` yxit `xnbd lra .l`xyi lk miaiegn day
.oethiyn dcyd z` livdy ina `le ,ekxck dcyd ziiwyd
èd heyty `xnbd lra xaq Ð dvixte xcb znlyd Ð lènyc àil` oiipwd iyrn iabl
yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x inlyexia miipyne ilaaa miixewnd inlyexiae ilaaa miliawn zexewn ly zetqep ze`nbecl 11
.my 59 dxrda mipeive ,[44±38] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,"d`gn" ,i ìbeqa oeicd ,lirle ,[40] `wqitl
yiy xcb znlyd `xnbd lra xicbd [3] `wqita : dwfg oiipw llegn dfk izernyn dyrny
lqt `le ,"àeh" zlrez da yiy dvxtd ¦ zagxd z` xicbd [5] `wqitae ,"àeh" zlrez da
`l` ,oiipw iyrn miynyn mdy èd heyty xaq ,daxc` `l` ,oiipw iyrn ynyln mze`
dywn ,z`f znerl ,o`k .epzpynay "èdy lk" ilnipind xeriyd xeìzk mini`zn mpi`y
okle ,deevn meiw xcba èd izernyn dyrny opgei iaxc àil` oiipwd iyrn lr `xnbd lra
xcba dpi` xcb ici lr mixf ly dìvie dqipk zripny jka oenh lcadd .dwfg dyrn ea oi`
dcy zlvd ,z`f znerl .exagl dliren ìdy it lr s` ,deevn ìdy ,"eiqkpn ix` zgxad"
dlery itk ,dca` zayd zeevn ly meiw epiidc ,eiqkpn ix` zgxadk zxcben oethiyn exag
,elwy z` el lwey Ð exiagn d`pd xcend" : epipy a c mixcp dpyna .`"r bl mixcp ilaan
igexa` `nl`" : `"r bl ,my ilaaa mixirn jk lre ,"ezcia` z` el xifgne ,eaeg z` rxete
lra ,mixcpa exag iqkpn ix` zgxadk dca` zayd zxcbd zeawra ."ixye èd `nlra ix`
zeevn meiwk exag dcyn oethiyd zgxad z` xicbdl ick df iehiaa ynzyn eply `xnbd
: lèny lr eziiyewn dketd opgei iax lr `xnbd lra ly eziiyew jk meyn ."dca` zayd"
envr èd j` ,èdy lkn xnege lwn ,oiipw llegl jixv izernyn dyrny dywd lèny lr
ly izernyn dyrny dywd opgei iax lr .lènyc àil` orhpy itk "èdy lk" xcba epi`
leki epi` okle ,dcyd z` yekxl ywan epi`y inl mb `ziixe`cn deevn èd dcyd zlvd
.oiipw dyrn ynyl
jeza xexv zgpda xaecny opgei iax mya iq` ax ixacl `xnbd lra ly zepyxtd mvr j`
xg` mewn meya ep`vn `le ,dphw oa` eyexit xexv .gxken epi` ,myn ezlihp e` min xepiv
ax ixac mzqd on `l` ,cala ef `le .min ly xepiva e` dlrza zqe e` mqg ynyn èdy
: oldlck ,lèny ixac lr md miaqene ,epzpyna oeicd ly xywda exn`p opgei iax mya iq`
<dpyn>
.dwfg ef ixd ,èdy lk uxte xcb lrp
<`xnb>
? èdy lk dnke .1
da `vie qpkiy ick dvxt uxte ,dxyrl enilyde xcb xcb : lèny xn`c ,lènyck .2
.dwfg ef ixd Ð
.dwfg f"d Ð lirede xexv lhp ,lirede xexv ozp : opgei x"` iq` x"` .7
,dpynay "èdy lk uxte xcb" zxcbdl qgiizn ,lèny enk ,opgei iaxy d`xp df xywda
: f±e b ziriay dpyna epipy jke .xcbd on wlg deedn wifgnd "lhp" e` "ozp" eze`y xexvde
dxyr xcb xeriy .elhpi el` ixd mipy mipy ie`yn ly mipa` dxyr ea yiy xcb [e]
e` dyixgnd ozrfrfy mipa` [f] ...gth ux`dn zegt cr ennebe avgn okin zegt ,migth
.elhpi el` ixd mipy mipy ie`yn ly mizy mda yi m` ,elbzpe zeqekn eidy
lhep zexexv ly xbxb oke ,uxà zerbepd z` gipne zepeilrd z` lhep edcy z` lwqnd
.elhpi el` ixd ,yw e` rlq odizgz yi m` .uxà zerbepd z` gipne zepeilrd z`
okle ,migth dxyrn zegt edaeby zephw mipa` ly 12ohw lb èd zexexv ly xbxby d`xp
z` gipn ok m` `l` ,ziriaya xeqè dcyd on mipa` lewiq aygp ewexite ,"xcb" xcben epi`
dwxtl ozip migth dxyr za zexexv ly xcb dziid m` j` .uxà mirbepd zexexvd
.ziriaya
jxk ,(27 dxrd a ìbeq ,lirl) ziriay inlyexi ,qwilt 'i lv` miàend upel n"` ixac e`x .ohw lb ,lblb epiid xbxb 12
.96 'rd 202 'nr ,`
: eixacl miixyt` miyexit dnk mpyi ,xcbay xexvl opgei iax oeekzd ok` m`
xexvd : dlertd ly zipehwhikx`d zernynl qgiizn opgei iax ixaca "lired"y xyt` .1
lèny ixacl midf eixac ,xacd ok m` ."dvxt" ¦ e` "xcb" xevil lired lhipd e` sqepd
ilan "lirede" oeyla opgei iax hwp recn oiadl dyw df yexitl j` .mheytk [2] `wqita
.dvxtd
¦ znlyd e` xcba dxyr ickl dnlyd Ð zlrezd zernyn z` oiivl
,"dwfg ef ixd xexv lhpe xexv ozp" xn` eli`k lèny ixac z` yxit opgei iaxy xyt` .2
`l` siqedl ywia `l envr opgei iaxe ,epixack ,dxyrn cixed e` dxyr ickl milyd m`
wx `le ,ynn ly zlrez yxec opgei iaxy èd eixaca yecigdyk ,"lirede" dlind z`
,d b `xza àa inlyexiay lèny ixac cbp èt` mipeekn eixac .zipehwhikx` zernyn
."dwfg df ixd ,xecbl ie`x epi`y mewn xcbe uextl ie`x epi`y mewn uxt elit`" : `"r ci
"xcb" xevize dpand cnrna iepiy llegz ezpizp e` xexvd zlihpy jka ic `l opgei iaxl
e` xcba zlrez yi eay mewna zeyridl dkixv ìd `l` ,lèny zrck ,"dvxt" ¦ e`
ilan ilaaa opgei iax zxnin dxnzyp cvik oiadl dyw zvw ,xacd ok m` j` .dvxta ¦
.inlyexid on wx epl zxkene zwleg ìd dilry lèny zxnin dxnzypy
lèny znerl dwfgd zxcbda lwdl à opgei iaxy èt` dpd xzeia dxiaqd zexyt`d .3
ziiyr e` xcb ziipaa ìdy lk dxeva riiq eyexit opgei iax ixaca "lired" ,df itl .ilaaa
cala ef `l : xne` opgei iax .dvxtd¦ z` e` xcbd z` lleg e` milyd `weec e`le ,dvxt¦
zrck ,dwfg zaygp èdy lk xexv ztqed ici lr migth dxyr ickl xcb znlydy
,dvxtd¦ ziiyrl e` xcbd ziipal ("lired") ìdy lk jxca mxz m` elit` `l` ,lèny
: ` ai zay dpyna zaya dk`lnl ep`vny xeriyd oirk ède ,dwfg ef ixd ,onilyd `le
.aiig ,oiipa zcigi milyd `ly it lr s` ,"èdy lk dpead"
raw xaky `xnbd lra zrcl mi`zd `l ef dpexg` zexyt` itl opgei iax ixac ly mheyt
reiq wx `le ,zizernyn d`vez dl yiy diiyr ìd dwfg dyrna zyxcpd zlrezdy
i`n ,dl iwlq `l inp `zyde dl iwlq eed `l `xwirnc `nili`" : zizernyn diiyr z`xwl
,dxyr ickl dnlyd ,xcbd ziipaay zlrezl qgiizd opgei iax ditly zepyxt s` .[3] "car
lr dywd xake ,[2] lèny zxnin ly dheyt edf ixd .`xnbd lra zrcl oeayga dà dpi`
m` s` z`fe ,"car àeh" `l` dpynd oeylk "èdy lk" o`k oi`y `xnbd lra ef `xnin
dpizp `xnbd lra ytig okl .ezlihp e` ohw cg` xexv zpizpa xaecn envr dyrnd zpigan
e` min mxf zniqg lr ayge ,onvr ipta "ghya" zlrez meyn oda yiy ezlihpe xexv ly
o`n i`d" : oldl [36] `wqita lèny ixacn `xnbd lra rtyed ef zepyxtay d`xp .exexgy
dca` zayd zeevn meyn mda yi el` miyrn j` ."ipw Ð `rx`c `zrc` ,`rxà ìn gztc
mxf zeqieea xaecny rawe ely zepyxtd z` `xnbd lra ocir okl ,oethiy ly dpkq yiyk
13
mind mxf z` mvnv Ð "ìn dl xnv" : myn ezlihp e` mxfd jezl xexv zpizp ici lr mind
.mind mxf z` xiabd Ð "ìn dl geex`" e` Ð
dzepwl odn zgà wifgd ,odipia cg` xvne zecy izy : opgei x"` iq` ax xnè .12±10
Ð dzxag z` zepwl ; dpw `l dzxag ,dpw dze` Ð dzxag zè dze` zepwl ; d`pw Ð
,dzxag zè xvnd zè dze` zepwl odn zgà wifgd : `xif iax ira .dpw `l dze` s`
i`de i`w dicegl i`d `nlc e` ,ipwe èd `rx` i`dce `rx` i`dc xvn opixn` in ? edn
.ewiz ? i`w dicegl
my xfbp epnne ,mxf mevnvl qgiizn x"nv yxeyd ; owihee okpin ,dvpxit ,cxetqwe` ,bxeand cid iazka `qxibd jk 13
M. Sokoloff, A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, e`x ; "ozy zthd" ,(a"r hq oihib ilaa) "`zxniv" dlgnd
iazka ."`zxinv ,`zxn(i)v" jxre "1 `xniv" jxr ,961±960 'nr ,my ; "2 xnv" jxr ,(32 dxrd a ìbeq ,lirl) p. 967
.dplie qetca mb ep`vn jke ,eply xywda rnyn dl oi`y `qxib ,"cnv"l ef dxicp dlin dyaey fixte lìxewq` cid
."1 znv" jxr ,967 'nr ,my ,seleweq e`x ; "xnv"l daexw zernyn zlra dlin ,"znv" : mipey`xd miqetca
zàen [10] xbd iqkpa wiqtn Ð dcy zngezd zltyen e` zdaben rwxw Ð xvndy dkldd
x"` iq` ax xn`" : ([1] ,"oiwiqtn" ,dl ìbeq) `"r dp ,oldl mb opgei iax mya iq` ax ici lr
èd s`y ,avgd gnvl zeqgiizd ztqeza mye ,"xbd iqkpa oiwiqtn avgde xvnd : opgei
[iq` ax=] `qi iax ly zetqep zexnin izy zeàen inlyexia ,ok enk 14.zecy megiza yniy
b `xza àa inlyexiae c"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexia ,ef dkld zxkfen oday opgei iax mya
iax mya [iq`=] `qi iax ly `xnind xg`l jenq ep`vn inlyexia zeibeqd izya .c"r bi ,`
ilaaay "ewiz" dprnl liawnd dprne ,[11] eply ìbeqay `xif iax ly ìrai`d z` opgei
zeliawnd izy zè ilaaa eply ìbeqd on [12±10] ze`wqit z` ef cvl ef bivp .[12]
: inlyexiay
c"r bi ,` b `xza àa inlyexi c"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexi ilaaa eply ìbeqd
izy : opgei iax mya `qi iax el eid : opgei iax mya `qi iax : opgei x"` iq` ax xnè .10
'iizpa xvind ,xbd iqkipa zecy zgè dcedia zg` ,zecy izy ,odipia cg` xvne zecy izy
'zxiag zepwl odn zg`n ylz Ð dcediay efa wifgd ,lilba Ð dzepwl odn zgà wifgd
zipwp ìd ,xvind zepwl `le efa e` ,lilbay efa zekfl zè dze` zepwl ; d`pw
.zipwp dpi` dzxiage ,dcediay efa zekfl lilbay dzxag ,dpw dze` Ð dzxag
elit` ,dpw `l xbd iqkipae .dpw Ð dzxag z` zepwl ; dpw `l
.miizpa xvin .dpw `l dze` s`
: `qi iax inew `ra `xif iax : `qi iax inew `ra `xirf iax zgà wifgd : `xif iax ira .11
lìxewq` i"ka> zepwl oeekzp ? xvind on zepwl oeekzp xvnd zè dze` zepwl odn
? xvind <"on" : sqep opixn` in ? edn ,dzxag zè
`rx` i`dce `rx` i`dc xvn
dicegl i`d `nlc e` ,ipwe èd
? i`w dicegl i`de i`w
.dpin rxye .dipin rxye .ewiz .12
ìbeqa `xif iax lèy xbd iqkpa wiqtn xvnd ditly opgei iax mya iq` ax ly dkldd lr
iax lèy dfa `veike ."edn ,dzxag zè xvnd zè dze` zepwl oeekzp" : ilaaa eply
oeekzp"y in iabl ,opgei iax itn zenec zekld ìady xg`l ,envr iq` ax z` `xirf/`xif
dxnzyp dl`ydy d`xp .(15"dipin rxy") daeyz oznn hnzyn iq` axe ,"xvind on zepwl
dl`yd z` l`y `xif iaxy xtql rcei inlyexid ixdy ,inlyexia xzei zipey`x dxeva
jtd ilaaa ."dipin rxy"y df èd envr iq` axe ,xeriya eiptl ayiyk `qi iaxn zexiyi
."ewiz" : dprnd mr ,ilaad oepbqa `hiyti` `lc ìrai`l df dyrn
: elld zeliawna xn`pd jezn zeler zeidz dnk
oeekzp" wifgndy dxwn iabl iq` ax z` l`y `xif iax ,inlyexid gqepl zeiecrd aex itl .1
,"oiwiqtn" ,dl ìbeq) `"r ep ,oldl `pipg xa iqei iax mya ìer xa `g` ax ici lr envr iq` ax ipta xn`py itk 14
."xbd iqkpa wiqtn àevg : `pipg xa iq` 'xc dinyn xn`we aizie ,iq` 'xc dinw ìer xa `g` ax aizi" : ( [14]
'rd 49 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) xec lvè ,"avgd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,ìdd ìbeqa oeicd ,oldl e`xe
.45
M. Sokoloff, A Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic of the Byzantine Period, second edition, Ramat Gan e`x 15
mipeive ,1364 'nr ,r"yz milyexie wxei ip ,b jxk ,miinlyexi zepeyl xve` ,qiqr 'n ; "rxy" jxr ,2002, p. 567–568
.my
zè dze` zepwl oeekzp" oaena ef dl`y yxityk wcv ilaad m`d 16."xvind on zepwl
ely `xnina ef dl`y lr dpr xak envr `qi iax ixd ,xacd ok m` ? "dzxag zè xvnd
`xnina xak oiivl gxh èd : `xif iax aibn dil`y `xza àa inlyexia opgei iax mya
zekfl wifgnd oeekzd eli`y o`kne ,"xvind zepwl `le" dzxaga zekfl oeekzp wifgndy
iq` ax wngzd recne ,ezl`yl `xif iax wwfp ok m` recn .lekd z` dpw èd xvna mb
? daeyz oznn
ly zernynd dn ,ilaaa zyxtzn ìdy itk drnyn inlyexia `xif iax zl`y m` .2
on" e` ,"on wlg" oaena yxtzdl dleki "on" ? inlyexiay "xvind on" iehiaa "on" dlind
mr xczqn epi` elld miyexitd on cg` s` j` ."dpde xvnd on" e` ,"d`lde xvnd
xvnd ixd ,elek `le ,ekxe`l "xvnd on wlg" eyexit "xvind on" m` : ilaaay yexitd
`rx` i`dc xvn" èdy xvnd lk z` zepwl oeekzd `l wifgnde ,zecyd oia wiqtn elek
: dyw ,ilaaa `xnbd lra ly df geqip `ll sè ! ilaaa `xnbd lra ixack "`rx` i`dce
xagnd xvnd zivgn z` wx la` ,zecyd ipy z` zepwl oeekzdy jka wifgnd lired dn
on" e` "d`lde xvind on" eyexit inlyexiay ìraiày "xvind on" mè ? ekxe`l mdipia
cebipa ,envr xvnd z` millek mpi` mheyt itl elld miiehiad ixd ,"dpde xvind
migeqipa dnvr opgei iax mya iq` ax zxnina epecp xak el` mixwne ,ilaaay zepyxtl
,ea wifgdy dcyd z` `l` dpew epi`y rawpe ,`xza àa ilaae `xza àa inlyexiay
? epecip xaky mixwn iabl `xif iax lèy ok m` recn .jkl oeekzd m` wx z`fe
iny eil`n oaen df oi` m`d : dkxev lk zpaen dpi` ilaaa `xif iax ly ìrai`d mvr .3
xvna mb zekfl zihnehe` oeekzn ,jenqd dcya mb zekfl oeekzne ,cg` dcya wifgny
oeniq z` xi`yi j` ,zecyd ipya zekfl wifgnd dvxiy zrcd lr dlri ike ? mdipiay
? l`xyi lkl xwten mdipiay leabd
ly zellkeynd ze`qxibl dqgiizd `l `xif iax ly ìrai`dy d`xp elld zeaiqd lkn
,`xza àa ilaaay eply ìbeqae `xza àa inlyexia zeritend opgei iax mya iq` ax ixac
: oiyeciw inlyexia dritend `xnind ly ziqgi dheytd `qxibl `l`
dcediay efa wifgd ,lilba zgè dcedia zg` ,zecy izy el eid : opgei iax mya `qi iax
elit` ,dpw `l xbd iqkipae .dpw ,dcediay efa zekfl lilbay efa e` ,lilbay efa zekfl
.miizpa xvin
? xvind on zepwl oeekzp : `qi iax inew `ra `xirf iax
.dipin rxye
dp ,ilaaa oldl dritend opgei iax mya iq` ax zxnin ly dheytd `qxibl dnec ef `qxib
iqkpa oiwiqtn avgde xvnd : opgei iax xn` iq` ax xn`" : ([1] ,"oiwiqtn" ,dl ìbeq) `"r
iq` ax ici lr dligzkl dxqnp ìdy itk ,opgei iax ly zixewnd `xnindy d`xp ."xbd
wifgnd z` zekfl leki "uxte xcb ,lrp" ly oiipwd dyrny zehyta draw ,`xif iax zegkepa
mkiq jk m` Ð zxg` dpicnay dcy lr s` legl leki ède Ð xzeia agx swid zlra dpzna
dkf ezen xg`l xbd iqkpa wifgnd z`f znerl .miiga oiicr èdy ,dpznd ozep mr wifgnd
èd m` elit` ,xvnl xarn el jenqd dcya elit` dkf `le ,xvnd cr ,ea wifgdy dcya wx
ipya ,c"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexiae ,`"r dp ,oldl ilaaa dxnzyp ef `xnin .xb eze`l jiiy
Ð xbd iqkpa diikf oice ,miign dpzn lr èd ybcd oiyeciw inlyexiayk Ð mipey migeqip
diikf lr èd ybcd oldl ilaaa eliè ,ab` jxca wx xkfen Ð `l eze xvnd cr wx dpewy
`veike ,oiyeciwa micrd lkae my lìxewq` i"ka driten ìd j` ,"on" dlind dxqg `xza àaa miqetcae ociil i"ka 16
,onxail 'y e`x ."xvind o n zekfl oeekzp" ,c"r fh ,` a d`t inlyexia ,d`t iabl ,`xirf iax ly dnec ìraià dfa
.'eke xvind on d"c ,185 'nr ,(23 dxrd b ìbeq ,lirl) oiwifp inlyexi
iq` ax m` rixkdl mrh oi` .xvnk dpic avg ly dvign mby ab` jxca xkfene ,xbd iqkpa
zeritend dl` z` e` oiyeciw inlyexia zeritend zewiecnd milind z` opgei iax mya xn`
dwfg ipica opgei iax wqryk cg` ,exn`p mixacd ipyy ce`n okzii Ð `"r dp ,oldl ilaaa
.xbd iqkpa dwfga wqryk cgè llka
iax ly dkldd m`d : "xvind on zepwl oeekzp" eay dxwn iabl `xif iax l`y ef dkld lr
on mb zepwl oeekzd wifgnd m` elit` e` ,mzqa wx jiiy xbd iqkpa wiqtn xvndy opgei
ly `xnina zeyxetn dzprp xak ef dl`yy oievi ? jenqd dcyd z` epiidc ,d`lde xvnd
Ð dzxag zè dze` zepwl [oeekzp]" : ilaaay eply ìbeqa zàen ìdy itk envr opgei iax
zillkd dkldd lr `l` ,`xif iax l`y df geqip lr `l j` ,"dpw `l dzxag ; dpw dze`
,mzqa wx e` ,dxwn lka oekp df m`d : `xif iax l`y jk lr .xbd iqkpa wiqtn xvnd ditly
? xvnl xarny dcya zekfl zeyxetn wifgnd oeekzd `lyk
j` .oiyeciw inlyexia xteqny itk ,ef dl`yl daeyz oznn iq` ax hnzyd dligz
dgwl xaky opgei iax mya iq` ax zxnin ly zagxen `qxib dxqnp `xza àa inlyexia
: daeyz dl dwtiqe `xif iax ly ìrai`d z` oeayga
zepwl odn zg`n ylz Ð 'iizpa xvind ,xbd iqkipa zecy izy : opgei iax mya `qi iax
.zipwp dpi` dzxiage zipwp ìd ,xvind zepwl `le 'zxiag
."odn zg`n ylz" iehiaa yeniyd on dlery itk ,opgei iax ixac zxdh lr dpi` ef `xnin
ycigy dklda xaecne ,rwxwa mitwzd dwfgd iyrnn cg`k dpyna zxkfen dpi` dyilz
dlery itk ,lèny wleg dilry ,f d `xza àa dpynl dpzipy zepyxt it lr `cqg ax
: my inlyexid ziibeq jyndn
dpetv ,dzirvn` `le dnexc zepwl dcy ly dpetv ylz ,xbd iqkipa : `cqg ax xn`
.zipwp `l dnexc zipwp
.dpw ,'edy lk ylze rwxwl xaegn did m` : opipz onz

17.ylzy dn `l` dpw `l : 'n` lèny
milecibd on ìdy lk dyilz s`y inlyexiay ìbeqd jynday yecigd xe`ly d`xp
àa inlyexia opgei iax ly `xnind ycgn dgqep ,xbd iqkpa wifgnd z` dkfn rwxway
wx `l xbd iqkpa wiqtn xvnd : df yecigl zeqgiizd mb lelkzy ick ,"`zeaxl" `xza
on èdy lk ylz m` mb oicd èd `l` ,el jenqd ipya `le cg` dcya "uxte xcb ,lrp"yk
.mdipia wiqtn xvnd cer lk ,ipyd on `le cg` dcyay milecibd
da lelkl `xza àa inlyexia `xnind z` ycgn gqipy in xga zepncfd dzeày d`xpe
dyilza s` dpw ,xvnd z` mb zepwl oeekzd m` : `xif iax ly ìrai`l zrxkn zeqgiizd mb
.(dvixt e` xecib e` dlirpa ,mzqd on ,oicd ède) jenqd dcyd zè xvnd z` mb cg` dcya
,cg` dcy zepwl oeekzd m` wx zkiiy xbd iqkpa wiqtn xvnd ditly opgei iax ly dkldd
.xvnl xarny dn z` zepwl oeekzd `ly oky lke Ð "xvnd z` `le"
ila ipyd dcyd z` zepwl dpeek oia dpgadl dqgiizd `l `xif iax ly ìrai`d ,epixacl
cebipae ,elld mixwnd ipy oia lcad oi` .xvnd zè ipyd dcyd z` zepwl dpeekl xvnd
jenqd dcyd z` zepwl dpeeky `xif iaxl did xexa [11] eply ìbeqa `xnbd lra ixacl
wiqtn xvnd `ny e` ,zwtqn ef dpeek m` ìd dl`yd 18.xvnd z` zepwl dpeek zllek
.[40] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x ; [40] `wqita ,oldl eixacl miliawn inlyexia lèny ixac 17
inlyexia `xif iax ly ìrai`d z` liawn èd .`xif iax ira d"c ,a"r bp `xza àal miipir dti e`x xg` yexitl 18
.inlyexiay "xvind on" oeyld z` ahid mled epi` eyexit j` ,eply ìbeqa [12] `wqita xfrl` iax ly ìrai`l
dcye dcy lka cxtp oiipw dyrn zeyrl el` miqkpa dkefd lre hlgen oteà xbd iqkpa
.zepwl oeekzn èdy
dnvr `xnina llk xak `xza àa inlyexia opgei iax mya `qi iax zxnin gqpn ,xen`k
zeyxetn oeekzd `l m` ,mzqa wx xbd iqkpa wiqtn xvndy rawe ef dl`yl zeqgiizd
oi` .dpwe ,dliren jenqd dcyd z` zepwl dpeek .d`lde xvnd on epiidc ,"xvind on" zepwl
eàed elè ,iq` ax ly zehnzydle ,`xza àa inlyexia `xif iax ly ìrai`l èt` mewn
ly ìyewd dzpted ,xen`k ,my ; oiyeciw inlyexia dliawnd ìbeqd jezn ipyn oteà my
iqkpa wiqtn cala xvn elit` ditly opgei iax mya `qi iax ly zixewnd `xninl `xif iax
on" mb zekfl wifgnd oeekzdyk mb e` ,mzqa wx ìd ef dkld m` `xif iax l`y jk lr .xbd
."xvind
zxniny : jetd oeeika rixkdl eywia ilaaay `l` ,ilaaa eply ìbeqa ep`vn dnec drtez
iq` ax ly `xnind gqpn raw okl .jenqd dcyd z` zepwl oeekzd m` s` zkiiy opgei iax
odn zgà wifgd" m` s` `l` ,xbd iqkpa wiqtn xvndy cala ef `ly ilaaa opgei iax mya
o`k mixacd geqipy d`xp ."dpw `l dzxag z` ; dpw dze` Ð dzxag zè dze` zepwl
: [15] `wqit ,oldl dea` xa dax mya ongp ax ly dkldd on rtyen
,e`pw Ð ezepwl oeviga wifgd ,dfn miptl df miza ipy : dea` xa dax xn` ongp x"`
inp oevig s` Ð iniptd z` zepwl ,dpw `l inipt ,dpw oevig Ð iniptd zè eze` zepwl
z` zepwl ,odipy dpw Ð oevigd zè eze` zepwl ,e`pw Ð ezepwl inipta wifgd ; dpw `l
.dpw `l inipt s` Ð oevigd
wx dxewna dllky opgei iax mya iq` ax ly zixewnd `xnind z` ycgn cair `xnbd lra
zpeekl xywa zeiexyt`d lk z` dpne ,xbd iqkpa wiqtn xvndy dkldd mvrl zeqgiizd
wifgdy dcya `l` zekfl leki èd oi` : melk dpyn dpi` ef dpeeky reawl ick z`fe ,wifgnd
dzxevay ,`xif iax ly ìrai`d z` mb exikd laaa mxa .jkl oeekzd m` wx z`fe ,ea
`xnind iabl zl`ypd ìrai`k dni`zd `l Ð "xvind on zepwl oeekzp" Ð zixewnd
xa dax mya ongp ax zxnin zeawra Ð ilaaay ycegnd geqipd itl ixd : ilaaay dpeylk
on zepwl oeekzp m` s`y envr opgei iax raw xak Ð inipt ziade oevigd ziad oiipra dea`
.ea wifgdy dcyd z` `l` dpw `l Ð d`lde xvnd on ,epiidc Ð xvnd
dgqep ìdy itk opgei iax zxninl `xif iax ly `hiyti` `lc ìrai`d z` mi`zdl ick
on zepwl oeekzp"n `xif iax ly dl`yd z` eply `xnbd lra dpiy ,ilaaa eply ìbeqa
wifgd" : ilaad oeyla e` ,"edn xvind z` zepwl oeekzp"l zixewnd ìraiày "edn xvind
ax wgeca Ð `xnbd lra xiaqd jk ."edn Ð dzxag zè xvind zè dze` zepwl odn zgà
`xif iaxe ,jkl oeekzd m` s` jenqd dcyd z` dpew epi`y envra raw xak opgei iaxy Ð
ef ,xen`k ,epixacl .envr xvnd z` mb zepwl zyxetn dpeek df dxwna lirez m` wx l`y
xvnl mb oeekzn "dzxag zè dze`" zepwl oeekzndy eil`n oaeny oeeik ,zxzein dl`y
.odipiay
oiyeciw inlyexia xqnpy itk ,xbd iqkpa wiqtn xvndy opgei iax mya raw iq` ax : mekiql
m` my oiyeciw inlyexia àeny itk `xif iax l`y jk lr .`"r dp ,oldl ilaaae c"r q ,d `
àa inlyexia .d`lde xvnd on zepwl wifgnd oeekzpyk mb e` ,mzqa wx zkiiy ef dkld
j` eqgiiziy ick opgei iax ixac z` ycgn egqipe ,mzqa wx zkiiy ef dkldy erixkd `xza
,dze`" zepwl oeekzd m` la` ,xvnd z` `le "dzxag" z` zepwl oeekzd eay dxwnl wxe
`xif iax ly ìrai`d z` jtd df ycg geqip .lekd z` dpw Ð xvnd zè "dzxag z`
` oiyeciw inlyexin dpeylk dwzred ìdy meyn wx my inlyexia dxqnp ìde ,zxzeinl
,`xif iax ly ìrai`d iabl zxg` erixkd ilaaa eply ìbeqa .zixewn ìd my ,c"r q ,d
dze`" zepwl oeekzd m` s` : zixewnd ìrai`l daeyz envr opgei iax zxnina xak ellke
,mewna dpi` `xif iax ly ìrai`d df xywda mb .cala dze` `l` dpw `l ,"dzxag zè
iabl l`y `l `xif iax ,ilaad itl : ycgn dze` mb egqip md okle ,drxked xak ìd ixdy
xvind zè dze`" : xvnd z` zepwl oeekzdy in iabl `l` "xvnd on zepwl oeekzd"y in
dpeek oky ,"dzxag zè dze`" zepwl ywiay in oial df dxwn oia oi` epixacl ."dzxag zè
izek`ln oteà mixwnd ipy oia epigad ilaaa j` ,xvna diikfd z` mb mzqd on zllek ef
xvn opixn` in" : m`zda deyxite ,`xif iax ly `hiyti` `lc ìrai`l mewn xi`ydl ick
."i`w dicegl i`de i`w dicegl i`d `nlc e` ,ipwe èd `rx` i`dce `rx` i`dc
Ð dzepwl odn zgà wifgd ,odipia cg` xvne zecy izy : opgei x"` iq` ax xnè .10
Ð dzxag z` zepwl ; dpw `l dzxag ,dpw dze` Ð dzxag zè dze` zepwl ; d`pw
.dpw `l dze` s`
d`xp .xbd iqkpae dyexia ,dpzna jiiy "uxte xcb ,lrp"a xzl`l dwfg oiipw ,epzpyn itl
dyrna ice ,dlawnl dpznd ozep oia mekiqa rawp dpznd swid dwfga zipwpd dpznay heyt
ewlgy mig`l oicd èd .dlek dpznd z` lawnl zepwdl ick "uxte xcb ,lrp" ly cg` oiipw
,dlgpd lk z` el dpwn ely oiipwd dyrne ,wifgnd g`d zlgp z` y`xn miraew el` : dyexi
exn`p `l opgei iax ixacy `vnp .cg` dcyn xzeia xaecn m` oia cg` dcya xaecn m` oia
,dpwn zxg` zrc oi`y oeeikn ; xwtdd on dkef wifgnd mday zny xbd iqkp oiiprl `l`
migeqipd ipyn gken ok ."uxte xcb ,lrp" ly cg` dyrna dpwy qkpd swid z` reawl epilr
ìbeq) `"r dp ,oldl zàend ef 19,miipey`xk epraw mze`y opgei iax mya iq` ax ixac ly
zàend efe ,"xbd iqkpa oiwiqtn avgde xvnd : opgei x"` iq` ax xn`" : ([1] ,"oiwiqtn" ,dl
: c"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexia
dcediay efa wifgd ,lilba zgè dcedia zg` ,zecy izy el eid : opgei iax mya `qi iax
elit` ,dpw `l xbd iqkipae .dpw ,dcediay efa zekfl lilbay efa e` ,lilbay efa zekfl
.miizpa xvin
ozip dpwn zxg` zrc yiyk ,oiyeciw inlyexia opgei iax mya [iq` ax=] `qi iax ixac itl
,zxg` dpicna xg` dcy mbe ea wifgdy dcyd z` "uxte xcb lrp" ly cg` dyrna zepwl
dcyd oia wiqtn xvn cer lk jenqd dcyd z` elit` zepwl xyt` i` xbd iqkpa la`
wx èt` dler cg` dwfg dyrna mipwpd miqkpd swid zl`y 20.èdd dcyl ea wifgdy
,zepey zepicna zerwxw elit` cg` dwfg dyrna zepwl ozip zexg` ze`wqra ¦ ; xbd iqkpa
.dpewl dpwnd oia mkeq jk m`
[10] eply ìbeqa opgei iax mya iq` ax ly `xnind z` mb ecinrd mipey`xd aex ,okè
.xbd iqkp z` zeyxetn xikfn epi` opgei iax eply ìbeqay geqipay mbd ,`weec xbd iqkpa
zeàend lèny ly `xnine `ziixa oial o`k opgei iax mya iq` ax zxnin oia eznir md
: a"r±`"r fk oiyeciw ilaaa
oeik ,zepicn xyra zecy xyr el xkn ,dwfgy ,dwfg gk dti... : àxc dizeek ìpz
ozp `l la` ,olek inc el ozpy Ð mixen` mixac dna ; mlek m`pw Ð mdn zgà wifgdy

rnzyn jk .exag z` mb dpw ,ynn mitevx zecy ipya xaecne ,mdipia wiqtn xvnd oi` m`y rnzyn inlyexid ixacn 20
jke ,"xbd iqkpa oiwiqtn avgde xvnd" ,([1] ,"oiwiqtn" ,dl ìbeq) `"r dp ,oldl opgei iax mya iq` ax zxninn mb
...oleka wifgd zgà wifgdy oeik ,zecy xyr el eid ...xbd iqkpa wifgnd [ì]" : ai±ì a `xza àa `ztqeza yxetn
bp `xza àal eiyeciga o"anxd yxite ,"oleka wifgd odn zgà wifgdy oeik ,zecy xyr [ig xkenn=] epnn gwl [ai]
zexewnd x`y eliè ,wqtd mey `ll dfl df mikenqd zecy dxyra xaecn ì dkld `ztqezay ,zecy izy d"c ,`"r
`ztqez ,onxail 'y mb ok yxit o"anxd zeawra .zepey zevxà mi`vnpd dl`k s` e` ,xvn mdipia yiy zecya mipc
50 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) xec 'v ly eyexitl cebipa z`f .353±351 'nr ,(53 dxrd i ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,dheytk
ly xg` geqip itl .exag oick xbd iqkp oicy zqxeb `ztqezd zecyd oia wiqtnd xvna s`y yxity ,my 48 dxrde
xak j` Ð xvnl xarny dcyd z` zepwl oeekzd `l m` wx zkiiy z`fd dkldd `xza àa inlyexiay ef dkld
.ipyn geqip èd df geqipy ,[12±10] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeira ,lirl epi`xd
xyr el xkn : lèny xn`c ,lènyl dil riiqn .eizern cbpk `l` dpw `l ,olek inc el
21
,olek z` dpw Ð odn zgà wifgdy oeik ,zepicn xyra zecy
zxg` zrc my oi`y ,xbd iqkpa `weec zwqer eply ìbeqa opgei iax ly `xnindy erawe
dyrna lekd z` dpwiy dpwnd mr mkql leki dpewd dpwn zxg` zrc yiyk la` ,dpwn
22
.cg`
mb zwqer o`k opgei iax mya iq` ax zxniny zetqezd ilra ewqt mipey`xd aexl cebipa
zrck gken oiyeciw inlyexia dliawnd on mxa 23.minc ozn oi` dpzna mby oeeik ,dpzna
ozip `le ,llk dpwn zxg` zrc oi`yk ,xbd iqkpa `weec dxn`p ef `xniny mipey`xd aex
.oiipwd swid z` mkql
`xqt` xvn i`d opixn` in ? edn ,odizy zepwl xvna wifgd : xfrl` iax ira .14±13
.ewiz ? i`w dicegl i`de i`w dicegl i`d `nlc e` ,ipwe èd `rx`c
dliawn oi` xfrl` iax ly ef ìrai`l ,`xif iax ly ef ,zncewd ìrai`d enk `ly
zizkld dl`ya xaecny d`xp : daxc` .dly zeihpzeà wtwtl oi` ok it lr sè ,inlyexia
lk ixd .xbd iqkpa wiqtn xvndy opgei iax mya iq` ax ly ezriaw zeawra zywaznd
xcba epzpyn itl mixeyw xbd iqkpae dyexia ,dpzna xzl`l mipewd dwfgd oiipw iyrn
lr z`vnp dpi` ef xcb miax mixwna mzqd on .dzvixte dziipa ,dzlirp : dcyl aiaqny
zaygp xvnd lry ef xcb m`d .rwxwd megz z` onqnd xvnd lr `l` ,ynn zipwpd rwxwd
dkiynk dpic ea dkiyny Ð dndad xèevl aiaqny oqxd Ð xqt`d oick ,xvnd on wlgk
mb zxne` xbd iqkpa wiqtn xvndy opgei iax ly ezriaw `ny e` ,dpewe 24,dndad seba
xvnd lr zeygxznd dvixte dxicb ,dlirp ok mè ,qkpd on wlg aygp epi` envr xvndy
? envr qkpd z` zepew opi`
dxitql ziyiyd d`nd ,`tl` ziaa zqpkd zia qtiqt jezn ,dnda xqtà dkiyn
bp `xza àa m"ayxd xirny itk ,`"r fq `xza àa ilaae `"r ai `nw àa ilaaa mb zàen lèny ly `xnind 21
.dpw dze` d"c ,a"r
d"c ,a"r bp `xza àa m"ayx ; zecy izy d"c ,`"r bp `xza àa ,`"ahixe `"ayx ,o"anx ,ybin i"x ,meyxb epax e`x 22
ly ezrc iabl wtzqnd my o"anxd ixac e`x j` .("ipw [dpwn `ll ,mdil`n=] `linnc xbd iqkp `wece") dpw dze`
.dàd dxrdae ,m"ayx
dxrda mipeiv e`x ; m"ayxl mb ef dcnr qgiil mihep mixgè o"anxd .dpw dze` d"c ,a"r bp `xza àa zetqez 23
.mipey`xd aex zrck ezrcy gken mdn ,m"ayxd ixacn my epàdy dne ,zncewd
.a"r fk oiyeciw ilaa e`x 24
z` zepwl wifgnd ywia eay dxwnl xywa dl`yd z` l`y xfrl` iaxy gxkd oi` epixacl
mb zywazn dl`y dze` Ð envr xvna oiipw dyrn ziiyr ici lr xvnd icv ipyny zecyd
znwenne df dcyl aiaqn zniiwd xcbd z` lrep ède cg` dcy zepwl `l` ywan epi`yk
od dqgiizdy `xif iax ly ìrai`d xg`l ,igkepd xywda mxa .dcyd jeza `le xvnd lr
lra gqip ,mikenq zecy ipy zepwl ywany ina ilaaay geqipa ode zixewnd dzqxiba
: `xif iax ly ìrai`d jyndk xfrl` iax ly ìrai`d z` mb `xnbd
opixn` in ? edn ,dzxag zè xvnd zè dze` zepwl odn zgà wifgd : `xif iax ira
? i`w dicegl i`de i`w dicegl i`d `nlc e` ,ipwe èd `rx` i`dce `rx` i`dc xvn
.ewiz
`rx`c `xqt` xvn i`d opixn` in ? edn ,odizy zepwl xvna wifgd : xfrl` iax ira
.ewiz ? i`w dicegl i`de i`w dicegl i`d `nlc e` ,ipwe èd
zeaihpxhlà .okxev lk zexexa opi` xfrl` iaxc àil` rivn `xnbd lray zeaihpxhl`d
; zecyd ipyl qgiizn "i`w dicegl i`de i`w dicegl i`d" iehiad ,`xif iax ixaca rivdy
xyt` iè ,cegl cner dcy lk ok it lr sè ,cgi mb zecyd ipy ly xvnd mpn` èd xvnd
z` ddf oteà yxtl yiy d`xp z`f xe`l .mdn cgà cg` dyrn jnq lr mdipy z` zepwl
i`w dicegl i`d" : xfrl` iax ixaca zeaihpxhl`d zg`k `xnbd lra rivny ddfd iehiad
mdipy z` zepwl xvna dyrpd cg` dyrna ic oi` : zecyd ipyl qgiizn "i`w dicegl i`de
."i`w dicegl [dzxag=] i`de ,i`w dicegl [zg` dcy=] i`d" `l` ,zg` zaa
"ipwe èd `rx`c `xqt` xvn i`d" ìd xfrl` iax ly ìraià ef zexyt`l dtelgd mxa
drvdd .dkiyn oiipwa dndal xqt`d qgik èd dwfg oiipwa rwxwl xvnd qgi ,xnelk Ð
daihpxhl`d df itl .zg` dcigi z e c y d i p y a `le ,zg` dcigi d c y a e x v n a ze`xl ìd
i`de ,i`w dicegl [xvnd=] i`d : zecxtp zecigi izyk dcyde xvnd zii`x zeidl dkixv
."i`w dicegl [el jenqd dcyd=]
lra fnex Ð cg` cvn : zpeekn ìdy d`xpe ,zernynÎec xfrl` iax ly ìraià yiy `vnp
`ny e` ,dndal xqt`d qgik ,dcyd on wlg aygp xvnd m` lèy xfrl` iax Ð `xnbd
mle` .eixac ly zixewnd zernynd epixacl idef .zecxtp zeieyi dcyae xvna ze`xl yi
oiay qgil mb zqgiizn ìd ,dl`yd z` ea bivn ilaaa `xnbd lray oeylae ,igkepd xywda
aygp xvnd m`d : mdipiay xvna cg` dyrn ici lr mda zekfl ywan wifgndy zecyd ipy
zecyd Ð "i`w dicegl i`de i`w dicegl i`d" `ny e` ,miccvd ipyn ,dlek rwxwd xqt`k
xvna ziyrpd dwfg ici lr cg` dcy zepwl xyt` m` mb ,okle zecxtp zeieyil miaygp oiicr
.ef jxca zecy ipy zepwl zexyt` oi` ,ecvly
Ð ezepwl oeviga wifgd ,dfn miptl df miza ipy : dea` xa dax xn` ongp x"` .15
oevig s` Ð iniptd z` zepwl ,dpw `l inipt ,dpw oevig Ð iniptd zè eze` zepwl ,e`pw
zepwl ,odipy dpw Ð oevigd zè eze` zepwl ,e`pw Ð ezepwl inipta wifgd ; dpw `l inp
.dpw `l inipt s` Ð oevigd z`
dxewna dxn`py Ð opgei iax mya iq` ax ly dkldd z` myiin dea` xa dax ,dxe`kl
ipeira ,lirl epi`x xake ,zibelepexk dpigan xiaq epi` df j` .miza oiiprl Ð [10] zecy oiiprl
iq` ax ixac ly ycegn geqip èd [10] `wqita epiptly geqipdy ,[12±10] ze`wqitl yexitd
lr dyrp df ycgn geqipye ,zeliawna xnzypy xg` oeyla mxewna exn`py opgei iax mya
.o`k dea` xa dax mya ongp ax ixac mbc it
zqxib ìd epiptly `qxibd .ze`qxib izya exnzyp el` dea` xa dax mya ongp ax ixac
mb micirn eilre ,bxeand i"k oeilibe cxetqweè fixt ,owihe ,dvpxit cid iazk ,dplie qetc
ziaa dwfgl iniptd ziaa dwfg oia lcad yi ,ef `qxib itl .m"ayxe meyxb epaxl qgeind
ick oeviga wifgnd ok oi`y dn ,mdipya dkef oevigae ea zekfl ick inipta wifgnd : oevigd
didz inipta wifgnly meyn z`fy xiaqn m"ayxd .oeviga `l` dkef epi`y ,mdipya zekfl
oi` oeviga wifgnd ,z`f znerl 25; dvegd z`vl dvxiyk ,oevigd ziaa mb lbx zqixc `linn
.iniptd ziaa llk lbx zqixc el
"odipy z` dpw" oeilbd gqepe "dpw `l oevigd dpw iniptd" bxeand ci azk ly miptd gqep
.inipta wifgnle oeviga wifgnl dcig` dkld miqxeb lìxewq` i"ke bxeand i"k ly miptd j`
: bxeand i"ka ep`vn jk
zepwl e`pw ezepwl oeviga wifgd dfn miptl df miza ipy dea` xa dax 'n` ongp ax 'n`
wifgd dpw `l oevig s` iniptd z` zepwl dpw `l inipt dpw oevig iniptd zè eze`
dpw" : oeiliba] dpw `l oevigd dpw iniptd oevigd zè eze` zepwl e`pw ezepwl inipta
.dpw `l iniptd s` oevigd z` zepwl ["odipy z`
`l oevigd dpw iniptd ,oevigd zè eze` zepwl" ,lìxewq` i"ke bxeand i"k ly miptd zqxib
recn ,eiyeciga o"anxd dywn dilr .mipey`xd ici lr s"ixde mipe`bd mya mb zàen ,"dpw
oeyla hwp `le ,oeviga wifgdy dxwnl inipta wifgdy dxwnd oia wlgl dea` xa dax gxh
26
.[10] lirl ,opgei iax mya iq` ax zxnina dyrpy itk "exag"e "mdn cg`"
: oldlck ,oevig ziae inipt zia ,dcy ly mixwnd zyelya hewpl jxevd z` xiaqd `"ahixd
mizaa la` efl zynyn ef oi`y zecya `wec `"cqc `kixve zecy 'ac ìdd oirk dlek
ly ezwfga df oipwp jxcl iniptl careyn oevigd mbe oevig ly xcgk èd iniptdy el`
la` cgein yinyz cge cg lkc el` miza ip`y `pin` ded mizac `d `pz iè ,l"nw df
dpew epi` oevig `wec `niz `lc ikixv ediiteb mizae ,l"nw 'eke cg` yinyz mdy zecy
`niz `le ,jxcl careyny oevigl èd dpew iniptd la` el careyn iniptd oi`y iniptl
cigid zeyx ixegke èd ely xcgkc iniptl dpew oevig la` oevigl dpew epi`y èd inipt
27.l"nw
ipy oia wlgl oi`y mipian epiide ,o"anxd rivdy geqipa wtzqdl did xyt` ok it lr sè
,zixewnd ìd m"ayxd zqxib elld ze`qxibd izy oiany d`xp okl .miza ly mixwnd
ick inipta wifgnd ly oexzid z` oiad `ly in ly ddbd ìd bxeand i"ke mipe`bd zqxibe
xwir gxkda dpi` dvegd jxcd : inipta mb zekfl ick oeviga wifgnd ipt lr oeviga mb zekfl
oky ,inipta mb dwfgk xzei mixiihvn oevigl dqipka dvixt e` xecib e` dlirp `weece ,o`k
edibd okl .`"ahixd oeylk ,"èd ely xcgk" iniptde ,iniptd lr obnd xryd zia èd oevigd
.`tiqay efl `yixay dkldd oia eeyde mipe`bd ztewza mipqxb
28
: ziyily `qxib dxnzyp ,exft qetc ,oey`xd qetca
.h c `xza àa dpyn e`x 25

.lèny iax axd qixb ikd d"c ,a"r bp `xza àa ,o"anxd iyecig 26
.miza ipy d"c ,a"r bp `xza àa ,àhixd iyecig 27
zhnyd zngn dxqg ìdy ,o`k okpin i"k zqxib mb e`x .(a"r gk ,s"ixd itc) epicil eribd ody itk s"ixd zeklda oke 28
.ef `qxib lr zqqazn ìd mby xyt` j` ,zenecd
zepwl e`pw 'ezepwl oeviga wifgd dfn miptl df miza ipy dea` xa dax xn` ongp ax xn`
'ifgd dpw `l inp oevig s` iniptd z` zepwl dpw `l inipt dpw oevig iniptd zè eze`
.dpw `l inipt s` oevigd z` zepwl dpw oevigd zè eze` zepwl e`pw ezepwl inipta
oaena mbe "mdipy dpw" oaena yxtzdl dleki "dpw" dlind oky ,zirnynÎec dpd¦ ef `qxib
izya zepey mikxc izya dyxtzdy zixewnd `qxibd efy okzii ."ea wifgdy df z` dpw"
okle ze`qxibd oia rixkdl `ly ywia ef `qxib lray d`xp xzei j` ,zexg`d ze`qxibd
.gqep iepiy `vn diably àaa mzq "dpw" myx
xg` àe ,xbd iqkpa milecb oixhlt dpead : dea` xa dax xn` ongp x"` .18±16
.jit`c èd `nlra ipal ,`nw ? `nrh i`n ; dpw Ð zezlc odl cinrde
,oiipal zeceqi mb xteg gxkda lecb oenx` dpead ixd : mipey`xd lv` diidz dxxer ef dkld
zaygp ("`zxet ...witx") zhren dxitg elit`y àwer xn e` iel raw [38] `wqita oldle
mipal zkitd `l` dpi` oenx` ziipay `xnbd lra raew ok m` cvik .dwfg oiipw dyrn
? `nlra
,dyixgl zcnerd rwxwa dwfg zaygp mpn` ìdy lk dxitgy eyxit mixgè zetqezd ilra
cr epiidc ,ea xecl ie`xd oiipa my dpaiy cr dwfg zaygp dpi` oiipa jxevl dxitg la`
dziid ìd oky ,dze` lwlw `l` rwxwd z` llk giayd `l f` cr .zezlcd z` miwiy
ixacn ybin i"xd wiic mznerl 29.dxicl `le drixfl `l die`x dpi` eiykre drixfl die`x
m` la` ,zeceqi `ll "milecb oixhlt"a o`k xaecny "jit`c èd `nlra ipal" `xnbd lra
30
.ìdd dxitga rwxwd z` dpw oiipad zeceqi jxevl ìdy lk dxitg xtg
jxevl dncà zhren dxitg recn oiadl dyw ,cg` cvn : miywen miyexitd ipy dxe`kl
znerle ,mda `veike xbd iqkpa xzl`l dwfga dpewe "uxte xcb ,lrp"l silgz zaygp drixf
èdy oiipw dyrn zaygp dpi` ,zezlc `ll wx ,mly oenx` ziipae oiipa zeceqi zxitg z`f
,zeceqi `ll oiipa dpik dea` xa daxy oin`dl dyw ,ipy cvn ."uxte xcb ,lrp"l ze`p silgz
,drhn oeyla gqpzdy ixd ,ok dyr mè Ð lecb oenx` ,"milecb oixhlt" ,`diy lkk lecb
d`xp ,z`f mr cgi ."milecb oixhlt"l `le lecb lde`l e` dlecb dkeql qgiizdl el dide
yxit ok` ,`nlra "mipal jetid" milecbd oixhltd ziipa z` dpiky ,`xnbd lray heyt
oenx` okzii melk : le`yl yi eilr s`y `l` ,ybin i"xd zrck ,zeceqi `ll oiipaa xaecny
? zeceqi `ll
lra ozp iax ,okè .lecb oenx` eyexit "milecb oixhlt"y dgpd jezn ze`vei elld zeiyewd
ly dpyn zxev ìd "oixhlt" dlindy egipd dycgd zra mitxbewiqwld on miax mbe jexrd
31.palation ,zipeeid jxc l"fg oeyll dribdy palatium zipihld dlina dceqie ,"oihlt" dlind
.dkxev lk dxaqed `l dpynd zxeva ztqepd y"ixd mxa
oihlt : zipeeid jxc zipihld on zele`yd zepey milin izy o`k yiy jka epigad mixg`
zipihla zeynyn milind izy 32.praetorium > praitorion > oixhlte ,palatium > palation >
qgeina mb fnxp jke ,xg` àe d"c ,my `"ahix ; oixhlt dpead d"c ,my o"anx ; ipail d"c ,a"r bp `xza àa zetqez 29
.`nw d"c ,my m"ayxae ,ipal d"c ,my meyxb epaxl
.ipail d"c ,a"r bp `xza àa ,ybin i"xd iyecig 30
,oixehlt" jxr ,J. Levy, Woerterbuch ueber die Talmudim und Midraschim, Berlin und Wien 1924, IV, p. 50 e`x 31
,my mipeive ,"3 hlt" jxr ,341±340 'nr ,e jxk ,(51 dxrd a ìbeq ,lirl) mlyd jexrd ,hedew 'g ; "dxehlt ,oixhlt
.xeike d"c ,`"r bp `xza àa ,meyxb epaxl qgeind e`xe ; my ,"dxehlt ,oixhlt ,oixehlt" jxr ,344 'nre
,lirl) S. Krauss, Griechische und lateinische Lehnwoerter im Talmud, Midrasch und Targum, v. 2, pp. 455–456 e`x 32
; my mipeive ,"oixehlt" jxr ,435 'nr ,(15 dxrd ,lirl) seleweq ; oixehlt ,dxehlt ,I xehlt jxr ,(8 dxrd f ìbeq
M. Jastrow, A Dictionary of the Targumim, The Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi and the Midrashic Literature, mb e`xe
zipihld on "oihlt" dlind z` s` xfebd ,"xhlt ,'ehlt ,oihlt ,oixhlt" jxr ,New York and Berlin 1926, p. 1180
: jlnl xywa b a oixcdpq dpyna "oixhlt" lynl e`x : l"fg oeyla mb jke ,"oenx`" oaena
ai ziy`xal "inlyexi" dpeknd mebxza "oihlt"e ,"ely oixhlt gztn `vei epi` zn el zn"
.zipihla dlyn dixehqid milind on zg` lkl j` ."drxtc oihltl `zzi` zxaciè" : eh
inexd xqiwd ly epenx` my lr ,"oenx`" oaena dligzlkn dyniy ,palatium ,"oihlt" dlind
dligz : "oenx`" cinzne f`n did drnyne ,inexa oihltd zrab lr dpapy qehqebe` oey`xd
zixewnd zernynd ,z`f znerl 33.mixg` zepenx` dl`ydae ,`nex xqiw ly lecbd epenx`
,àvd cwtn ly dcyd zcwtnk yniyy lde`d dziid ,praetorium ,"oixhlt" dlind ly
zra melyd htey e` inewnd lyend xèzl mb minid zeaxa dktd praetor dlind .praetorÎd
ly elde`n drnyn z` praetorium dlind mb dzpiy jkl m`zda .magistratusÎd ,mely
34
.htynd lkid e` lyend ly epenx`l axwd dcya cwtnd
,(dxitql 526-454) lecbd jixceìz oenx` ly dpenz lr PALATIUM zaezkd

dilhi` ,dpeex ,eaeèp dxpilet` dhpq dwiliqaa qtiqt
xètn lde` oaena `le ,oenx` oaena zynyn "oixhlt" dlind dpynd oeyla xak ,xen`k
oixhlt gztn `vei epi`"y jlnd iabl epipy b a oixcdpq dpyna ixdy ,iàv dhn ynynd
oeyla zenewn dnka zynyn dlindy d`xp ,z`f mr cgi .reawd epenx`l dpeekd mye ,"ely
àvd cwtn ly elde` znbec ,xètn irx` dpan ly zixewnd dzernyna mb zinxàe l"fg
: e a dkeq `ztqeza lynd z` yxtl d`xp jk .ghya
oixhlt dpay mce xya jlnl lyn .mlerd zene`l rx oniq oiwel zexe`ndy onfa
ynyl 'n` ,odilr qrk .oigxe`d z` qipkd jk xgè ,dcerqd z` da oiwzde dllkye
.dkiyga oiayei olek e`vnpe odiptln xpd z` lhpe
m` xzei aeh yxtzn lynd ,ynn ly oenx` epd oixhltd o`k mby yxtl ozipy it lr s`
xètnd lde`d znbec ,dcerqd jxevl dpapy irx` ozia èd oixhltdy dgpd jezn `vp
.cwtnd dhnk ynyne axwd dcya miniwny
xzei lwe ,zg` dlina xaecny gipdl xiaq okle "oihlt"e "oixhlt" oia miteligd eaxy meyn d`xpk ,praetorium
."oixhlt" dxeva dztqed z` xy`n "oihlt" dxeva y"ixd zhnyd z` xiaqdl
Brill’s New Pauly Encyclopedia of the Ancient World, Leiden 2005, vol. 10, pp. 358, 367, s.v. “palace” ; Oxford e`x 33
.Classical Dictionary, third edition, Oxford 2003, p. 1094, s.v. “palaces”
Brill’s New Pauly Encyclopedia of the Ancient World, vol. 11, pp. 771–773, s.v. ”praetor” ; pp. 775–776, s.v. e`x 34
.“praetorium” ; Oxford Classical Dictionary, third edition, pp. 1240–1241, s.v. “praetor” ; p. 1241, s.v. “praetorium”
`l` dpi` milecbd oixhltd ziipay dea` xa daxc àil` yxity ,eply `xnbd lray d`xpe
ieyrd ozia e` dkeq oirk ,zeceqi `ll dpapy irx` oiipaa xaecny oiad ,`nlra mipal jetid
: zexiaq zeiexyt` izy yi ,envr dea` xa dax zcnrl xy` .ybin i"xd zrck ,mipal
dfk irx` dpanl oeekzd `xen`d sè ,dea` xa dax ly ezrcl oeeik `xnbd lray xyt` .1
."milecb oixhlt"l qgiizdyk
uxte xcb ,lrp" ly oiipw dyrna mipwp xbd iqkpe dyexi ,dpzny zraew epzpyn ,xekfk .2
dqipk xeyt`¦ e` qkpl dqipk zripna zexeyw elld zelertd yely .xzl`l "èdy lk
ze`wqra zerwxw zwfg ,dfd xeaigd jxe`l epixacl .mixwn sexiv df oi`y d`xpe ,efk
.zenly mipy yely jyna milrak zeldpzd : epiidc ,meil mein mipy yely ìd dxikn
dyrna xzl`l mipwp el` Ð xbd iqkpn e` dyexia ,dpzna dkef dpewd day rwxw ok `l
dyrn ziiyry rawp dpyna .lnqn xzei zeidl leki epi` df dyrny xexae ,dwfg oiipw
dziidy dqipk xyt`nd dfk e` ,dk cr zixyt` dziidy dqipk rpend rwxwd leaba
xyt` .rwxw lr zelra zpbtd myl die`xd zilnqd dlertd ìd ìd ,dk cr drepn
zpbtd opiipry ,elld zelertd yely wx : `weec od el` zelert dea` xa dax zrcly
lr wleg ède ,xzl`l mitwzd dwfg oiipw iyrn xcba od ,rwxwl dqipka dhily
dpead okl 35."uxte xcb ,lrp"l mitilgz [40±19] ze`wqita erawy mixg`d mi`xen`d
èdy ,zezlc dl cinrnd z`f znerl ; dpw `l zezlc el cinrdl ilan xbd iqkpa oenx`
.dpynd oick ,dpw ,xceb e` lrep xcba
epilr ,ipyd yexitd itl .dea` xa dax ly ezrcl oeeik `xnbd lra ,oey`xd yexitd itl
erivdy mitilgzd lelkn lr welgl ywia dea` xa daxy oiad `l `xnbd lray xnel
mipewd dwfg oiipw iyrn Ð md wxe Ð mdy reawle ,dpynay "uxte xcb ,lrp"l mi`xen`d
mpi` 36dea` xa dax itay "milecb oixhlt"y èt` yxit èd .mda `veike xbd iqkpa xzl`l
dpead .dnc`l ynn ly xeaig `lle zeceqi `ll xètn dpan ,irx` iàv dhn `l` oenx`
Ð dqipk mqg e` rpn Ð xcbe lrpy ,zezlcd cinrn wxe ,dpw `l xbd iqkpa dfk dpan
.dpw ,epzpyn zyixck
cg` ceiq oda cqe ,xbd iqkpa oixhlt `vend : xfrl` x"` sqei xa inic ax xn` .39±19
xn` ...gztd cbpke : `cqg ax xn` .dn` : sqei ax xn` ? dnke .o`pw Ð cg` xeik e`
.`zxeva `l` ax iac `zpbl ipw `l axc ,dpw Ð xbd iqkpa dxev xvd : ax
Ð xeikd e` Ð xiwd zriav Ð ceiqd z` xfrl` iax mya seqi xa inic ax rivn [19] `wqita
iepa ziaa zekfl ywan wifgndyk "uxte xcb ,lrp"l itelg oiipw dyrnk Ð xiwa hilaz leqit
,[16] `wqita dea` xa dax enk ,[19] o`k xfrl` iaxy ep`vn dpde .ezen xg`l xbd iqkpa
mey oi` mb j` ,mixwn sexiva xaecny oin`dl dywe ,"oixhlt" xbd iqkpay ziad z` dpik
dhwp elld zexnind on zg` wxy xzei d`xp .diipyd lr zqqean zg` `xniny aeygl daiq
ef zexnind zkinq mr wxe ,dfa `veik e` "zia"l qgiizd ipyde ,"oixhlt" oeyla dligzkln
"oixhlt" dlind yexita zeiexyt` izy eprvd lirl dpde .odizepeyl eeyed epziibeqa efl
xeaq lèny la` ,miilnq md el` mitilgz mby mixeaq eicinlze ax : zeyib izy ep`vn mitilgz mirivnd oia sè 35
.mirvean md mday mewna `l` mipew mpi` ,ok `l mè ,dpwpd qkpd lk ipt lr dhily oibtdl mikixv el` mitilgzy
llk mitilgz oi`y raewe lènyn xzei zkl wigxn dea` xa dax ,epixacl .[40] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x
mitilgz `l sè ,ax zrck ,elek z` mipewd ghya cg` mewna mirveand miilnq mitilgz `l ,"uxte xcb ,lrp"l
.lèny zrck ,ghyd lk ipt lr mirvaznd miyrn mdy
ixdy Ð "milecb oixhlt" e` "oixhlt" iehiaa ynzydl daiq dea` xa daxl dziid `l ,oekpd èd ipyd yexitd m` 36
epilry d`xp ipyd yexitd z` un`p m` .oiipw dyrn dpd ,"xcb" xcba ìdy ,zlcd ziipa wx : mizad x`yl oicd èd
e`x .[19] ,oldl xfrl` iax ly `xnind on rtyend ipyn geqip èd o`k dea` xa dax ly `xnind geqipy gipdl
,dea` xa dax ixaca "oixhlt" oeyln `xnbd lra ly weicdy `vnp .[21±19] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir zligz ,oldl
.[39±19] ze`wqita yexitd ipeir zligz ,jenqa oldl e`xe ,eixac ly ipyn geqipa eceqi ,irx` ozia oaena
dpanl ìd dpeekd ,my eprvdy oey`xd yexitd itl : [16] `wqitay dea` xa dax zxnina
dcya inexd ìavnd ly xètnd cewitd lde` ,ixewnd inexd praetoriumÎd znbec irx`
dcin dzeà la` ,oenx` epiidc ,raw dpanl ìd dpeekd my eprvdy ipyd yexitd itl .axwd
dpeeka xga dea` xa daxy dgpd jezn `vp m` 37."zia" dlina hewpl leki did dea` xa dax
ynzyd `l eply `wqita xfrl` iaxy d`xp if` ,xètn irx` dpan oaena "oixhlt" dlina
"zia `vend" mewna "oixhlt `vend" oeyla eixac z` gqipy df èd `xnbd lrae ,ef dlina
ipyd yexitk yxtp m` z`f znerl .[16] dea` xa dax ly `xnind zrtyda ,dfa `veik e`
oeyla hwp xfrl` iax `weecy xzei d`xp if` ,raw dpan epiid my oixhlty ,lirl eprvdy
d`xp df itl .heyt ziaa ok oi`y dn ,oenx` ,"oixhlt"a xiikle ciiql milibxy meyn df
"oixhlt" dlina da `veik e` "zia" dlind dxned [16] `wqitae ,ixewn èd o`k geqipdy
.o`k xfrl` iax ly `xnind zrtyda
dcya mipew dvixte xecib ,dlirpy myky xfrl` iax mya xqen sqei xa inic ax ,mipt lk lr
`wqita ,oldl ax mya àen dfa `veik .xbd ziaa mipew ziad zexiwa xeike ceiq jk ,xbd
zrcl ."`zxeva `l` ax iac `zpbl ipw `l axc ,dpw Ð xbd iqkpa dxev xvd : ax xn`" : [39]
eywzd mipey`xd .ezia ly dpibd z` ax dpw jke ,mze` dpw xbd iqkpa dpenz xiivy in ,ax
zexrdd iabl mbe ,[39] oldl ax zxnin oial [19] o`k xfrl` iax zxnin oiay zelitka
axe sqei ax miyxec o`k wx Ð my `le ,o`k ep`vny [21±20] `cqg axe sqei ax ly zexvwd
zenec zexrd mixirn mpi` mde ,etwide xeikde ceiqd mewinl xyà zeitivtq zeyixc `cqg
leny xiwa znwenn dpi`ye dn`n dphw ìdy dpenza mb mzqd one Ð dxev xvl xywa
yi okle ,dpenz `ll ,mzq xeike ceiqa wqer xfrl` iaxy eyxit mipey`xd .dpw ,gztd
xiw xeiv ìdy ,ax ixacay "dxev"l cebipa z`fe ,mtwide mnewinl xyà zeilnipin zeyixc
hilaz epi` o`k "xeik" df itl 38.dlcebl zeaiyg oiè ,iepl ziyrp dpenzd mvryk ,iaihxebit
.iaihxewc gih ,ewehq dpekny dn `l` (relief) iaihxebit
dxevd znerl ,miiaihxebit gxkda mpi` xfrl` iax zxninay xeikde ceiqd ,mipey`xd itl
,zvwna miywen "cg` xeik"e "cg` ceiq" miiehiad df yexitl j` .ynn dpenz ìdy ax ly
,gih e` ciq ly zg` dnly dakyl dpeekd oi`y dler `cqg axe sqei ax ixacny mb dn
ozip ax wgeca wxe ,[21±20] ziaa mieqn mewna znwennd dn` ly zilnipin zenkl `l`
39.iaihxewc giha "cg` xeik"e wlg rava "cg` ceiq" z`fd ravd zga` z` zepkl
,rava cg` iaihxebit xeiv : jd epiiid "cg` xeik e` cg` ceiq"e "dxev"y yxtl xzei d`xp okl
iax mya sqei xa inic ax zxninl [39] `wqita ax zxnin oia oi` df itl .cg` hilaz e`
mzqd one ,ax ly micinlz md xfrl` iaxe sqei xa inic ax .melk `le [19] `wqita xfrl`
wtq xxerzn dnvr [39] `wqit jnq lr mb j` .[39] `wqitay ax ixac lr miqqean mdixac
dyrnl dkld ok bdp wx `ny e` ,"dpw xbd iqkpa dxev xvd" `xnind z` xn` ok` ax m`
itke ,`xnind dgqep dyrnd jnq lre ,dpibd zexiwa xeiv ici lr "ax iac `zpib"a wifgdyk
it lr drawp `xnind opc dxwnay jk lr m"ayxd xird xake 40,miax zenewna ep`vny
ly epeiqipl liawn oeiqip ìd dnvr xfrl` iax zxniny d`xp ,xacd ok mè 41.ax dyrn
xbd iqkpa dxev xvd" oia oiè ,`xninl ax ly `caerd z` carl [39] `wqita `xnind gqpn

,gztd cbpke d"c ,`"r bp `xza àa `"ahix ; ax xn` d"c ,my ,d"nx ci ; xbd iqkpa d"c ,`"r cp `xza àa m"ayx 38
.i"x mya
eyxity dinirce m"ayxd s`y xriyy ,358 'nr ,(53 dxrd i ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa dheytk `ztqez ,onxail e`xe 39
.mziiyew z` uxzl ick ok eyxit o`k wx `l` ,illk oteà zernynd efy yxtl epeekzd `l dxev `ll o`k xeike xeiv
,"oiafe edeilz" ,ck ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl ; my mipeive ,134 'nr ,(27 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) cenlzd xwgl ,qiie '` e`x 40
.10 dxrd cil ,"`ped ax itl dietk dxikn : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn
.dpw `l axc d"c ,`"r cp `xza àa m"ayx 41
ceiq" : melk `le "o`pw Ð cg` xeik e` cg` ceiq oda cqe xbd iqkpa oixhlt `vend"l "dpw
.cg` hilaz e` ciqa cg` iaihxebit xeiv mrnyn "cg` xeik"e "cg`
sqepa .oiwxta miinrt miriten el` ,[21±20] ze`wqitay `cqg axe sqei ax ixacl xy`
q ,oldl miriten md ,eply ìbeqa xfrl` iax mya sqei xa inic ax zxnina oeick mnewinl
: `ziixa lr zexrdk ([7±6] ,"ycwnd zia axgy mein" ,cp ìbeq) a"r
lthp .oii zezyl `lye xya lek`l `ly l`xyia oiyext eax ,dipya ziad axgyk : x"z
: el exn` ? oii oizey mz` oiè xya oilke` mz` i` dn iptn ,ipa : odl xn` ,ryedi 'x odl
,gafnd iab lr oikqpny oii dzyp ? lha eiykre ,gafn iab lr oiaixwn epnny xya lk`p
zexit .zexita xyt` ! zegpn elha xaky ,lk`p `l mgl ,k"` : mdl xn` ? lha eiykre
jeqip lha xaky ,dzyp `l min .mixg` zexita xyt` ! mixeka elha xaky ,lk`p `l
xaky Ð xyt` i` xwir lk la`zdl `ly : mkl xneè eèa ,ipa : odl xn` .ewzy ! mind
xeav aex k"`` xeavd lr dxifb oixfeb oi`y Ð xyt` i` i`cn xzei la`zdle ,dxfb dxfbp
exn` jk `l` ,elek iebd miraew mz` izeè mix`p mz` dx`na : aizkc ,da cenrl oileki
.hren xac ea xiiyne ,ciqa ezia z` mc` cq : minkg
.dn` lr dn` : sqei ax xn` ? dnke
.gztd cbpk : `cqg ax xn`
lre ìdd `ziixad lr zedf zexrd exird `cqg ax mbe sqei ax mby gipdl dywy oeeikn
zgà wx miixewn mixacdy d`xp ,eply ìbeqa xfrl` iax mya sqei xa inic ax ly `xnind
onewnn elld zexrdd z` xiarde my ceiql o`k ceiqd z` dnicy èd `xnbd lrae ,zeibeqd
ceqiy heyt d`xp xacd ok mè 42.wal` jepg xak oigady itk ,ipynd onewnl ixewnd
ie`x jk lre ,"hren xac" ea xiiyl yiy zeyxetn xn`p my `ziixaa ixdy ,my mixacd
e` cg` ceiq" èd xeriydy xn`p xak day eply `xnina ok oi`y dn Ð "dnke" le`yl
dzcin mzqd ony zxiekn e` zxievn dxeva xen`k xaecn mixac ly mheyt itle ,"cg` xeik
."uxte xcb ,lrp" miixewnd miyrnl xywa epzpyna ep`vny itk ,"èdy lk"
: `zipznn oipir edpixdpè ,zyy ax ol xn` `zlin i`d : mxnr ax xn` .26±22
cvik : ìpzc ? ìd i`n ,`zipznn oipir edpixdpè .dpw Ð xbd iqkpa zervn rivnd
,ehiytde ,ugxnd zial eixg` eilk jiledy e` ,elrpn el xizd e` ,elrpn el lrp ? dwfga
dlecb dwfg `dz `l : y"x xn` ; e`pw Ð ediabde ,elirpde ,eyialde ,ecxb ,ekq ,evigxde
diabd ,e`pw Ð eaxl ediabd : xn`w ikd ? xn`w i`n .mewn lka dpew ddabdy ,ddabdn
.mewn lka dpew ddabdy ,ddabdn dlecb dwfg `dz `l : y"x xn` ; e`pw `l Ð el eax
: ipald cec ici lr rved sqep yexite ,el` ze`wqitl miyexit dnk erivd mipey`xd
eyexit "xbd iqkpa zervn rivnd" .daikyl miynyn el` zervny eyxit mixgè m"ayx .1
,myex xi`yn epi`y it lr s` ,rwxwa df ixrfn yeniy . m d i l r a k y e zervn rivdy in
myk ,rwxwd on dpdp wifgnd ly eteby meyn ,dwfg oiipw dyrn ynyl ick ea yi
on di`xd xwir z` e`xy yie 43.dwfg oiipw dyrn ynyl ick ea yi cara ixrfn yeniyy
zknez rwxwd mdilr daikyde zervnd zrvda oky ,"e`pw Ð eaxl ediabd"a `ziixad
oryp wifgnde ,wifgnd z` diabn ,rwxwl lynpy ,cardyk oicd ède ,wifgnd seba
44
.eilr
iax zxninay xeikde xeivd znbec ,iepl miynyn el` zervny eyxit mixgè c"a`xd .2
ietiia yie ,caa eze` dtiin eax z` yialnd cardy myk .[19] ef `xninl dncwy xfrl`
.632 'nr ,(14 dxrd c ìbeq ,lirl) micenlzl èan ,wal` 'g 42
.zervn rivd d"c ,a"r bp `xza àa ,o"xe `"ahix ,m"ayx 43
.my o"x ; eaxl card diabd d"c ,my m"ayx 44
.dtvxd lry micaa eietii ici lr qkpa wifgdl ozip mb jk ,dwfg oiipw dyrn ynyl ick df
z` dtiin wifgnd o`k eliè ,ea wifgnd axd z` dtiin card card ly dxwna mpn`
xaca ietii s`y `ziixaa gken dyrnd zeaiyg zpigan la` ,wifgn èd day rwxwd
45
.dyrn aygp `niiw ly epi`y
`l` ,card ly `ziixaay dyaldl xbd ziaa zervnd z` èd s` dnic ybin i"x .3
cr 'ek dwfga cvik `ziixaa ipzwcn" : ecar z` yialnd oecà zwqer `ziixad ezrcly
46."xbd iqkpa zervn rivnc ìnec èdy ,carl axd eyiald xnelk ,eyialde evigxd
ly eilka card zprhdy myk : ugxnd zial milkd zkledn èd weicdy yxit d"nxd .4
qkpd oenif z` zelnqn odizy .zervna xbd zia "zprhd" mb jk ,dwfg dpd wifgn
47
.wifgnd yeniyl
dfe .cara dwfgd oiipra `ziixad oial zyy ax zxnin oia xyw oi`y yxit ipald cec .5
: epeyl
: xne` èd jke .epzpyn epiid "`zipzn" yxtn èdy ,izcnl [meyxb epax=] b"x yexitn
ìed èdy lk dwfgc dpynd on eixacl di`x (zyy ax) epl d`xdy ,oipiirl xdpè"
oiè ,ìpz `l` ìpz"c" `l mb ileè ,"ìd i`n" `xnba qxb `l d`xpk ,b"x ."dwfg
rivnd" oia oeinc èvnl jxev oi`y ,`vnp .zyy ax ixacl xewn zynyn `ziixad
48
.mipey`xd ea eywzpy xac ,"dwfga cvik" zziixaa y"n oiae "xbd iqkpa zervn
: miywen elld miyexitd
,xtqd on xqg Ð mirvnd lr daiky Ð xwirdy ,m"ayxd yexit lr eywd xak mipey`xd .1
z`f 49."dpw Ð odilr akeye xbd iqkpa zervn rivnd" zeyxetn oiivl zyy axl el dide
yeniya ic `l oky ,xzl`l dwfga dpew dpi` zext¥ zlik`y rawp oldl [38] `wqita : cere
dywe ,inrt cge wdaen oteà zelra lnqnd dyrna jxev yi `l` ,dlevipa e` rwxwa
50.df oeixhixw xg` ze`lnn mdilr daikye mirvn zrvd cvik oiadl
eze` zxyne eyialn ecary jkn dpdpd ,axd z` zencl oi`y eywd c"a`xd yexit lr .2
dyrn èd cara yeniyd mvr my : `niiw ly mpi`y mirvna qkp dtiind mc`l ,jka
sexiv `l` dpi` ietii o`ke ietii o`k yiy dcaerd .llk yeniy oi` o`k eliè ,oiipwd
51.zervn rivna ok oi`y dn ,oec`l d`pd èd ietiid card ly dxwna : mixwn
: oldlck d"nxd dywd ybin i"xd yexit lr .3
`ziixa el`c .iccdl enc `l `d ,eyiald ipzwcn `nili` ? `kidn zyy axc diiwec
.dpwpd rwxwd z` dpewd yialdyk zyy ax eliè ,edpew z` dpwpd card eyialdyk
`ziixa dlek `dc ,`cg .c"q `l ,ìd carl axd eyialda inp `ziixa `nlic `niz ike
iax da ixii`c ddabdn xal ,eaxl ediabdc ìnec ,ìd axl `car dil ciarc `yinyza
(d)axl `car dil ciarc `yinyzc ,ugxnd zial eixg` eilk jiledc ìnec ,cere .oerny
52
...ded ikd zipwp dy`d wxta dècpd dcedi axc dicar oinipnc dyrnc cere .èd
.zervn rivnd d"c ,c a dpzne dikf zekld ,dpyn cibn ; a"r bp `xza àal zvaewn dhiya àen ,c"a`x 45
cily mipey`xd lrtn zxecdna wx riten df xeaic .mxnr ax xn`c `d d"c ,a"r bp `xza àa ,ybin i"xd iyecig 46
àal ybin i"xd iyecig ly zexecdnd x`ya `le ,bt 'nr ,d"nyz milyexi ,`xity y"n zkixra ,`ziixe` lrtn
.oli`Îxa ly z"eyd hwiext zpkzl qiqa dyniyy ef llek ,`xza
.zyy axc diiwec d"c ,a"r bp `xza àa ,d"nx ci 47
.iw 'nr ,(1 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,zexeqne zexewn ,ipald 'c 48
ci ; a"r bp `xza àa zvaewn dhiya zàen ,inl rcep `l dhiy ; zervn rivd d"c ,a"r bp `xza àa ,`"ahix e`x 49
.zyy axc diiwec d"c ,my d"nx
.o"xae `"ayxa oke ,my `"ahix e`x 50
.(jenqa oldl dàen e`x) zyy axc diiwec d"c ,a"r bp `xza àa ,d"nx ci 51
.zyy axc diiwec d"c ,`"r bp `xza àa ,d"nx ci 52
,card z` uigxnde yialnd èd oec`d eitly Ð `ziixal ybin i"xd yexit z` dgec d"nxd
,`ziixaay zewfgd lky dler oerny iax ixacn ixd (`) : zeprh yely jnq lr Ð jtdl `le
ici lr axd zdabd siqedl à oerny iaxe ,axl dyer cardy zelert od ,ddabdd llek
axdy okzii `l ,card seba zexg` zeilnq zelert dyri axdy xnel ivnz m` s` (a) .card
Ð a"r ak oiyeciwa (b) .card seba dwfg el aygii dfe ugxnd zial card ly eilk z` jilei
selyl epnn ywiay df ici lr dècpd dcedi ax ly ecara dkf `xhef xny xn`p `"r bk
.elrpn
,dti èd Ð ugxnd zial milk zkledn ìd `ziixad on di`xdy Ð envr d"nxd yexit .4
èdy ,ugxnd zial jledd oec`d ly [eicba=] eilka card zprhd zeeydl dyw oiicr j`
hlzydl oeiqip `l` oec`l zexiy da oi`y ,ziaa mirvn zgihyl ,oec`l wdaen zexiy
oqg`ny in ly dnbec ìan did èd d"nx cid ixacl oeekzd ok` zyy ax m` .ziad lr
.zervn my rivn `weec e`le ,ziaa eilk z`
jnzqdl ywan èd zexrda ,lek ziy`x .zeaiq dnkn ,oeayga à epi` ipald ly eyexit .5
df ci azk ly gqepd zrvd la` 53,"ìd i`n" milind zexqg day owihe i"k zqxib lr
: epzpynn `le ,`ziixad on ìd miipird zx`d el` milin `ll mby d`xz eèlna
iqkipa zervn rivd 'ipznn oiipirl idpixdpè zyy ax il 'n` `zlin `d mxnr ax 'n`
e` elrpn el xizde elrpn elirpd dwfga cvik ìpzc 'ipznn oiipirl idpixdp` dpw xbd
x"` e`pw ediabd elirpd eyiald exxb evgx ehiytd ugxnd zial eilk eixg` jiledy
didab` 'n`w ikd 'n`w i`n mewn lka dpew ddabdy ddabdn dlcb dwfg `l oerny
.[epw] (dinw) diaxl edi`
epax ixaca mby heyt d`xp .dti dler epi` df yexit zaehl meyxb epax z` qiibl oeiqipd s`
zek`ln day card oiipra epiptly `ziixal zqgiizn ìde `weec e`l "dpyn" dlind meyxb
xiaqd mxnr axy jkl meyxb epax oeekzd eli` .cara dwfg zeaygp un`n oda oi`y ody lk
zervn rivnd s`y "dwfg ef ixd èdy lk uxte xcb ,lrp" dpynd on di`x ìad zyy axy
dreaw dlert dyer wifgnd dpyna ixd : "inc in" le`yl jixv `xnbd lra did ,qkpa dkf
èdy lk uxte xcb ,lrp"l silgz zrvda "miipir zx`d" yi melk : cere ! rwxwd seba
jkl xaqd oi` df yexitle ! ? mixacl dgkedk dteb ef dpyn zàd jk xgè dpynay"
.ìbeqay ozne `yna ynyzy ilan zyy ax ixac xg`l jenq zàen `ziixady
iax ixaca oeicd z` ìadl `xnbd lra d`x dn oiadl dyw mixg`d miyexitl mb mxa
on `l` oerny iax ixacn dpi` `ziixad on zyy ax ixacl dgkedd ixd : `ziixaay oerny
! `nw `pzd zrcl s` mipewd ,eaxl card "ediabd" e` "eyiald" ly mixwnd
z` ìad zyy ax .ybin i"xd yexit zaehl skd z` zehdl ef dpexg` dcewpa yiy d`xp
,carl dyer oec`dy mixac od `nw `pzd xìzy zelertdy xaq èdy meyn `ziixad
eyxtzdy iptl ,[24] zixewnd `ziixaa eàedy itk oerny iax ixacn zyy ax wiqd df zè
dàed ìdy itk ,zixewnd `ziixad oeyl dfe .[26±25] ze`wqita "`xqgn ixeqg" jxc lr
: [24] ilaaa
,ugxnd zial eixg` eilk jiledy e` ,elrpn el xizd e` ,elrpn el lrp ? dwfga cvik
`dz `l : y"x xn` ; e`pw Ð ediabde ,elirpde ,eyialde ,ecxb ,ekq ,evigxde ,ehiytde
.mewn lka dpew ddabdy ,ddabdn dlecb dwfg
ixacay cara dwfg myl ddabdd ezrcly wiqdl ozip ilaaa eàedy itk oerny iax ixacn
,xacd ok mè .diabnd èd dpewd mixwnd ipya : oilhlhin oiipwa ddabdk ìd `nw `pzd
.6 'rd iw 'nre 1 'rd hw 'nr ,(48 dxrd ,lirl) ipald 53

icba mr ugxnl eliaen e` ,lrp el xizn e` ,lrp ecarl lrepy df mb èd dpewd mzqd on
jk .gvgevne iwp zexiyl eqipkdl ick Ð elirpne eyialne my eze` ugexe miycg dcear
qwh Ð zexiyl eqipkdl ick ecarl jxer oec`dy illkd ietiid z` dnicyk zyy ax yxit
micbaa dyalde dlrpd ,dcixb ,dkiq ,dvgxd ,dhytde milrpn zxzd lleky dkipg
z` hdxl ick xbd ziaa zervn zrvdl Ð ugxnd zial df jxevl oec`d ìady miycgd
.miycgd eilra yeniyl eni`zdle ziad
`l `ziixad ly zixewnd dpeekd ; ybin i"xd ixack epi` `ziixad ly dheyty d`xp mpn`
hiytn e` ,ugxnl card ly eilk z` jilen e` ,card ilrpn z` xizn e` lrep oec`dy dziid
dywdy zeiyewd z` èt` zeywdl oi` 54.ediabne elirpne eyialne evigxne card z`
a x y d`xp mxa .`ziixad ly dheyt df oi`y erawa wcv d"nxd 55; ybin i"xd lr d"nxd
oerny iax ixac jnq lr z`fe ,ecar z` yialnd oecà `ziixad z` yxtl ywia z y y
.[26±25] ze`wqita "`xqgn ixeqg"d jxc lr eyxtzd mdy iptl `ziixaay
ietii zlert o`k oi` j` .mdilr daikyd `le ,dwfgd ìd mnvr zervnd zrvd df itl
zqitz z` zlnqnd ziad hedix ly zilnq dlert `l` ,lw "yeniy" `l sè ,`zcixb
oec`d ìady micbaa ycgn ezyalde card zvigx ly zeilnqd zelertdy myk ,zelrad
.oec`d zexiyl ezqipk z` zelnqn ugxnl
: [26±25] ze`wqita `ziixad on zyy ax ly dgkedd z` d g e c `xnbdy yxtl yi epixacl

`l : y"x xn` ; e`pw `l Ð el eax diabd ,e`pw Ð eaxl ediabd : xn`w ikd ? xn`w i`n
.mewn lka dpew ddabdy ,ddabdn dlecb dwfg `dz
dyery zelert od `ziixaa `nw `pzd dpny zelertdy rcei oerny iax s` ,xne` deed
èdyk oebk ,dkinzl wewf èdyk oec`d z` card zdabd ìdy ,ddabd llek Ð eaxl card
siqen heyt oerny iax .zyy ax oiincy "ugxna dkipg" dze`l fnx oda oiè Ð qeq lr dler
,axd z` ynyl ick dyer cardy zeilnqe zelw zelerta jexky ,cara dwfg oiipwl sqepay
.oilhlhin oick ,eze` diabn oec`dyk ,ddabda mb dpwp card
xbc `rx`c ilit ia `ztil `cyc o`n i`d : dcedi ax xn` d`xia dinxi x"` .29±27
`linn Ð gay `wc `zyd ,`gay ied `l `cyc `pcira ? `nrh i`n ; dwfg ied `l Ð
.gay `w
ly `xnind xg`l dcedi ax mya d`xia dinxi ax ly ef `xnin ìad `xnbd lray d`xp
dyrn zaygp xbd iqkpa xac zgpd lk `ly epl xnel ick zehind zrvd oiipra zyy ax
o`kn .dcyd inlza ztl zrixf oebk zigxkde zwdaen zi`lwg dlerta xaecnyk s` ,dwfg
zyy axy ,[26±22] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeira lirl epvni` dze`y ,ybin i"x yexitl di`x
ziaa card zkipgl dneca "ziad zkepg" ly zilnq dlert xbd ziaa zervn zrvda d`x
.di`xk ìad dze`y `ziixad z` yxity itk ,ugxnd
oeyla ,`"r dk oiaexir ilaaa mb miàen ,da oeicde ,dcedi ax mya d`xia dinxi ax zxnin
: zvwna dpey
iqkpl i` ? i`nl ? edn ,zeniiw zepeilrde zepezgzd zevign erlap : dpg xa xa dax ira
milk eixg` jilede elcpq el xizde elcpq el lrp ? micar zwfg ìd ef i`" Ð d ` oiyeciw `ztqeza dliawnd on 54
,onxail yxity itke ,ilaad zpwqnk rnzyn Ð "efn dlecb dwfg jl oi` 'e` oerny 'x ,ediabd .dwfg ef ixd ,ugxnl
ugxnl card z` liaen axdy Ð zyy ax zpadk j` .918 'nr ,(15 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) oiyeciw ,dheytk `ztqez
zwfg ìd ef i` : ipzc" : c"r hp ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexia dliawnd on rnzyn Ð zexiyd z`xwl ezetiile ezewpl ick
oi` ,eax z` èd diabd .dwfg ef ixd ,ediabd m` : xne` y"x .ugxnl eiptl lhp elrpn el xizde elrpn el lrp ? micar
miwqer oerny iax ixac ly `yixd mbe `nw `pzd ixac lky rnzyn inlyexia mixacd geqipn ."efn dlecb dwfg
.eaxl dyer cardy zelerta weqrl mixaer oerny iax ixac ly `tiqa wxe ,carl dyer axdy zelerta
.52 dxrd cil ,lirl dàen e`x 55
`ztil `cyc o`n i`d : dcedi ax xn` d`xia dinxi xn`c ,d`xia dinxic epiid Ð xbd
.ipw `l `nw ,ipw `xza Ð `zxet da wtx `pixg` l`xyi `zè ,xbc `rx`c `lit`
oiprl `lè .`gayn `w `linn `gay `w ik ,gay `w `l Ð `cyc `pcira ? `nrh i`n
cifna oia bbeya oia ,zaya dyrpd dvign lk : ìpze ,zaya dyrpd dvign ied Ð zay
.dvign dny Ð
zwixfy wx xn`p o`k : eply ìbeqa geqipd znerl agxen my d`xia dinxi ax ixac geqip
yxge xg` à m` la` dwfg da oi`y xn`p my eliè ,dwfg da oi` dcyd inlz jezl ztld
ìbeqd on zhhvn ìdd ìbeqdy xexa ok it lr s` .dpw ,xtra minlzay zeztld z` dqike
ax zxnin it lr dpg xa xa dax ly ìrai`d z` uxzl ywia my `xnbd lray `l` ,eply
zepeilrde zepezgzd zevign erlap" ly dxwnl eply dxwnd z` jtd okl ,d`xia dinxi
wtx" oeyld z` s` .mlzd z` dqike "`zxet da wtx"y inl zeqgiizd ztqed ici lr "zeniiw
èdd `z`" ,oldl àend dyrnd on ,eply ìbeqd on oiaexira `xnbd lra a`y "`zxet da
oeyl jynd jezn mb zxkip my jxerd ly dkixrd zk`ln j` 56.[38] "`zxet dizez witx
`w `linn `gay `w ik ,gay `w `l `cyc `pcira" : my zhhevn ìdy itk mb ,ìbeqd
,dncà oze` dqiky ilan zegnev ok` zeztld m` : eply ìbeqa xiaq df xeìz ."`gayn
dk oiaexira xèzny itk ,odiab lr yxge xg` àyk j` ."`linn" `l` zegnev opi`y ixd
xzei zipivxd zi`lwgd zelirtd ly dxiyi d`vez ìd ; "`linn" dpi` zeztld zginv ,a"r
.dpewy df èd okle ,ipyd wifgnd ly
`zeigc `zrc` ,ipw Ð `lwicc `zrc` `lwic gytc o`n i`d : lèny xn` .37±30
Ð `qib cgn `lek ,`lwicc `zrc` Ð `qib i`dne `qib i`dn lwy ? c"d .ipw `l Ð
`zrc` ,ipw Ð `rx`c `zrc` ,ìkif ikfc o`n i`d : lèny xnè .`zeigc `zrc`
waye iaxax lwy ,`rx`c `zrc` Ð ixhefe iaxax lwy ? inc ikid .ipw `l Ð iaivc
,ipw Ð `rx`c `zrc` ,`lwiz liwz`c o`n i`d : lèny xnè .iaivc `zrc` Ð ixhef
ìlen ,`rx`c `zrc` Ð `vpa `cye ìlen lwy ? inc ikid .ipw `l Ð ixc iac `zrc`
,`rxà ìn gztc o`n i`d : lèny xnè .ixc iac `zrc` Ð `vpa `vpe ìlena
liirn cg ,iaa ixz gzt ? inc ikid .ipw `l Ð ixeekc `zrc` ,ipw Ð `rx`c `zrc`
.`rx`c `zrc` Ð àa cg ,ixeekc `zrc` Ð witn cge
yiy miyrn drax` dpen èd oday lèny ly zexnin rax` ly uaew opd el` ze`wqit
ef dlerty xbd ly itivtq qkpa zekfl wifgnd oeekzd m` wx la` ,xzl`l dwfg oiipw mda
dn ,lwcd z` ef dxinfa dpew lwcd zginva riiql ick lwc 57itpr ylzy in : el dni`zn
df iewipa dpw 58micxfn dcy dwipy in ; zeig lik`dl ick mialel yelzl oeekzd m` ok oi`y
59mipa`n dcy dwipy in ; rwxwd z` dpw `l micxfd z` seq`l dvx m` la` ,dcyd z`
in ; oxebk dcya ynzydl ywia m` ok oi`y dn ,dcya dkef zi`lwg zelirtl epikdl ick
z` seq`l ywia m` ok oi`y dn ,dcya dkef zi`lwg zelirtl epikdl ick dcyn min fwpny
.mind fewip xg`l rwxwd ipt lr exftziy mibcd
e` wilgnd e` ykpnd e` xnefd mzqd one ,dpeekd èd xwirdy dler mnvr lèny ixacn
j` .zxg` dxhnl e` ,mda zekfl ick rwxwd e` lwcd ornl ok dyr m` xnel on`p fwpnd
orehd mc`y èd heyt ,lènyc àil` .dpeekd oiipra zeitivtq zeyixc yxc `xnbd lra
xyw `ll ,zeìk oeekzd rwxwa e` lwca dyry dyrna zekfl oeekzdy ezwfg xg`l
jixrdl epicia eriiqiy miiaihwiiae` mipeixhixwa hwp `xnbd lra mxa ,wiecnd edyrnl
dxinfl envr lèny ixacay eitpr zxinf ici lr lwca zekfl dpeekd zkted jk .dpeek
.[6]Îe [4] ze`wqit ,"`pic `zeklnc `pic" ,cl ìbeq ,dàd ìbeqa ,a"r cp ,oldl mb ynyn iehiad 56
."`giytz" jxr ,1226 'nre ,"gyt" jxr ,942 'nr ,(13 dxrd ,lirl) seleweq e`x 57
.cenrd seqa ,"ikf" jxr ,413 'nr ,(my) seleweq e`x ; iewip oeyl ,"ikf" 58
."2 lwz" jxr ,1227 'nr ,(my) seleweq e`x ; mipa` lewiq oeyl ,"lwz" 59
mipa` lewiq e` mihey miayr yekip ici lr dcya zekfl dpeekd zkted jk ; lwca zixhniq
jted jke ,cala iwlg iepit znerl 60,dnc`d ly zhlgen dghyd e` micxf ly hlgen iepitl
.ef dpeek dgikend ziccvÎec diwyd zkxrn znwdl ea zekfl ick dcyn mind fewip
dpeeka ielz lekdy Ð mheytn lèny ixac z` ìven did `xnbd lray d`xp `l
ohw cren ilaaa lèny ixaca àx `xen`d dyry yeniy `lnl` Ð wifgnd ly zxdvend
oia oigadl ick ea ynzyde xbd iqkpa dwfg oiipra lèny ly uaewd z` gwl àx .a"r i
zedf zelert oial ,crend lega zexzend ,geehÎikex` mii`lwg mikxvl opi`y rwxwa zelert
: my ìbeqd oeyl dfe .crend lega zexeq` od okle ,geehÎzekex` zei`lwg zexhnl ody
ikid .xiq` Ð `rx`c `zrc` ,ixy Ð ixc iac `zrc` ,`rx` liwznc o`n : àx xn`
`zrc` Ð `vpa `cye ìlen lwy ,ixc iac `zrc` Ð `vpa `vpe ìlena ìlen ? inc
.xiq` Ð `rx`c `zrc` ,ixy Ð iaivc `zrc` ikif ikfc o`n i`d : àx xnè .`rx`c
`zrc` Ð ixhefe iaxax lwy ,iaivc `zrc` Ð ixhef wiaye iaxax liwy ? inc ikid
`rx`c `zrc` ,ixy Ð ixeekc `zrc` ,dirx`l ìn gztc o`n i`d : àx xnè .`rx`c
àa cg gzt ,ixeekc `zrc` Ð i`zzn cge i`lirn cg ,iaa ixz gzt ? inc ikid .xiq` Ð
`zrc` ,ixy Ð `zeigc `zrc` `lwic gytc o`n i`d : àx xnè .`rx`c `zrc` Ð
i`dne `qib i`dn ,`zeigc `zrc` Ð `qib cgn dilek liwy ? inc ikid .xiq` Ð `lwicc
.xiqè ,`lwicc `zrc` Ð `qib
ly ezrcy meyn ,lènyc àil` xbd iqkpa wifgnd z` zekfnd zepeek oze`y raw àx
oeeik ,crend lega dxeq`l dk`lnd z` zekted ,xwtdd on qkpa zekfl el` zelert dyer
erpnp crene zay zeklda mxa .crend jxevl `le rwxwd zgayd myl dk`lna xaecny
.eizepeekl xyà dk`lnd dyer ly ziaihwiiaeqd ezriaw lr dligzkl jnzqdln minkgd
"aiig" oia oigadl ick ,carica wx la` ,zay zeklda ce`n aeyg mxeb mpn` ìd "dpeek"
didy d`xp ok it lr s` j` ,df oiipra xzei milwn mpn` crend lega ."xeq` la` ,xeht"l
,eiripna xcq zeyrl envr dk`lnd dyerl mb eriiqiy miwiecn mipeixhixw reawl àxl gep
mb rcei j` ,envr crena dxecnl mdl wewf micxf hwlnd m` .miirnynÎcg mpi` minrtly
siqed df jxevl ? zixwird ezpeek idn reawl ozip cvik ,dcyd z` zewpl jxhvi jex` geehly
dpeek : xbd iqkp iabl zepeeka lèny oigady zepgadl miiaihwiiae` mipeixhixw àx
zaiign dpi`y zeig lik`dl dpeek znerl ,zixhniq dxinf epiid lwcd zxinfa zi`lwg
dceara iehia icil dà eiewip e` dcyd lewiqa zi`lwg dpeek ; mitprd ly zixhniq dyilz
iceqi iewip dkixvn dpi`y dxecnl micxf hwll e` rwxwa yecl dpeek znerl ,xzeia ziceqi
,illk oteà dcyay mind zeqieea dkexk zi`lwg dlertl ezpkd myl dcy fewip ; jk lk
.cg` xkq ly dgizt jixvnd fewipd zhiya bic ok oi`y dn ,mixkq ipy yxece
jezl `"r dk ohw crenn àx ly miiaihwiiae`d mipeixhixwd z` uaiy eply `xnbd lra
zàde ,lèny ly `xnin lk xg` "inc ikid" dl`yd ztqed ici lr lèny ly uaewd
zpeekl zipevig zecr zyxcpy eayg àx `le lèny `ly d`xp j` .àx ly oeixhixwd
dyery inl oicd èd ,xzl`l dwfg ìd "èdy lk uxte xcb ,lrp"y myk : xbd iqkpa wifgnd
eilr `le ,lwcd zxinf e` ,efewip e` micxfn e` mipa`n dcyd lewiq z`xwl "èdy lk"
.qkpa dkfiy ick xenbl dk`lnd
la` mipa`n rwxwd lewiq meyn da yi mpn`y ,"`vpa `vpe ìlena ìlen" znerl ,zhlgen dghyd = "`vpa ìlen" 60
,dyicl rwxwd jeza mieqn ghy iepit d`xpk dyxc yicl oxeb zpkd .drixfl dze` oikdl ick rwxwd ly dghyd `l
,`"r cp `xza àa ,m"ayx e`x ; aiaqn zenxra egipd my epity micxfde mipa`d z` okle ,elek ghyd iepit `l j`
ìlen" jxr ,647 'nr ,(my) seleweq e`x ; dlrn e` ielin oeyl ,xtr lz èd "ìlen" .`vpa `vpe ìlena ìlen d"c
,(my) seleweq e`x .dncà xeg ,(d d `nw àa dpyn) "oivirpe oivixg dxrne giy" oeyl èd "`vp"e ,"2 ìlen"e "1
."`v`p ,`vp" jxr ,771±770 'nr
; `zxet dizez witx èdd `z` ,oipy xqilz `giytza `lwic dlk`c `zzi` ìdd .38
,dinw `geev `w i`z` .dicia dinwe` ,àwer xnc dinw dl ixnè ,ielc dinwl `z`
.iypi` iwfgnck zwifg` `lc ,jl ciar` i`n : dl xn`
dvviw xb ly ezen xg`l dpy dxyr yely jynay dyi` dziid laa i`xen`l oey`xd xeca
oiipw dyrn rval ilan z`fe ,mda dynzyde 61("`giytza `lwic dlk`") elwcn mitpr
xeca mipiicd cg` .lwcl zgzn zvw xtge xg` mc` à dpy dxyr yely xg`l .lwca dwfg
,iax ly ecinlz iqiq oa iel e` ,lèny inia dlebd y`x ,àwer xn Ð laa i`xen`l oey`xd
oa ly dkldd wqtl m`zda z`fe ,lwca dkef xtegdy wqt Ð iax zen xg`l laal cxiy
dwfg oiipw dyrn meyn mda ynzydl ick lwc itpr ueviwa oi`y [30] `wqita lèny mxec
zlik` ixde" : ([3] ,"dcnrd" ,gl ìbeq) `"r fp ,oldl zyy ax ixacn mb `vei jk .envr lwca
lèny ly `xnind zeawra d`xpk exn`py ,"dpw `l xbd iqkpa ,dpw exiag iqkpac ,zexit
oi` la` ,exagn gwela mipy yely zwfga dpew zext¥ zlik` .eply ìbeqa dfd dyrnde [30]
,z`f znerl ."uxte xcb ,lrp" znbec ,xbd iqkpa xzl`l dwfg oiipw llegnd ilnq dyrn ea
url aiaqn dxitgy meyn ,"uxte xcb ,lrp"k dpic lwcl aiaqn dncà zhren dxitg
.dcya xecibl dneca ,eze` zngez mbe url dliren
: `"r dk oiaexir ilaaa xn`pd itl ,lèny ly ecinlz ,ongp ax iptl à ddf hrnk dyrn
.`zxet da wtx `xab èdd `z` ,xbd iqkpa dvign iab lr dvign dcarc `zzi` ìdd
ciari` i`n : dl xn` .dinw `geev `we idi` zz` .dicia dnwe` ,ongp axc dinwl `z`
.iypi` iwfgnck zwfgn `lc ,jl
dxciby dyià xaecn oiaexiray èd [39] eply dyrnl èdd dyrnd oia cigid lcadd
ìbeqa ok iptl jenq lqtpd dwfg dyrn ,xbd iqkpa wifgdl ick xcb xak dziidy mewna
ueviw ici lr lwcd on d`pd ,"`giytz"a xaecn eply ìbeqay cera ,`cqg ax ici lr ìdd
.eitpr
dinxi ax ixac z` eply ìbeqd on ìad `"r dk oiaexira `xnbd lray epi`x xak dpde
,my ìbeqa xn`pl `xnind oeyl z` mi`zdl oeiqipa ,[27] `wqitay dcedi ax mya d`xia
xn ly epic zian o`k oicd zia dyrn oia xyw yiy èt` wtq oi` 62.oihelgl glv `ly
lray gipdl jxev oi` mxa .ongp ax ly epic zian my àend dyrnl [39] iel e` àwer
dyrnl hrnk ddfd ongp ax ly epic zia iptl ày dyrn oi`n yi ìvnd oiaexira `xnb
wifgd ok` ongp ax iniay d`xp xzei .iel e` àwer xn ly epic zian eply ìbeqa àend
j` mda wifgdl dzqip xbd ly ezpkyy xg`l ,izkld oteà xbd iqkpa mkg cinlz xab
.xabd zaehl weqtl ul`p ongp axe ,izkld oteà ok dzyr `l dzexea zngn
xb ly ezpky dzpdp eay mcewd xeca iel e` àwer xn iptl ày dyrnl dnc df dyrn
mkg cinlz xab ày cr ,dpy dxyr yely jyna ezen xg`l elwcn ilnxet `l oteà
miipeyl mipnnqa yeniy `ll miyrnd ipy z` gqpl did ozip ok it lr s` .dkldk ea wifgde
dze`l zepey zeiecr izy xzeid lkl `l` llk zeliawn mda mièx epiid `l fè ,midf
.laaa mi`xen`d ztewz ziy`xa mixab ici lr dklda miyp ly zexkidd xqeg levip : drtez
ick ycgn oze` gqipe eply ìbeqay zexnind z` xikd xen`ky ,oiaexira `xnbd lra mxa
ìbeqay milina ongp ax iptl ày dyrnd z` gqpl xga ,my ìbeqa eikxvl oni`zdl
.eply ìbeqd z` xikdy oeeikn ,oaen hlgday dn ,eply

.`zxeva `l` ax iac `zpbl ipw `l axc ,dpw Ð xbd iqkpa dxev xvd : ax xn` .39
`xnind z` gqip `xnbd lra `l` o`k exn`py itk mixacd z` gqip `l llk axy xyt`
mya lirl ep`vn dkld dze` ly xg` geqip 63.m"ayx rivny itk ,didy dyrnl m`zda
cg` ceiq oda cqe ,xbd iqkpa oixhlt `vend : xfrl` x"` sqei xa inic ax xn`" : ax icinlz
.[39±19] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,lirl e`x .[19] "o`pw Ð cg` xeik e`
yekn da yikdy oeik : ax xn` `ped ax xn` Ð dixvna zniieqnd dcy : xnzi` .40
.cala eyekn mewn `l` dpw `l : xn` lènye ; dlek dpw Ð cg`
ze`nbecd yelyl laben epi` xzl`l dwfga oiipwd dyrny md mirc ininz axe lèny
lènyl zeqgeind zekld dnk epi`x lirl [39±30] ze`wqita ."uxte xcb ,lrp" ,epzpynay
: dl`k mitilgz zerivnd axl zqgeind dklde
o`n i`d : lèny xnè ...ipw Ð `lwicc `zrc` `lwic gytc o`n i`d : lèny xn`
`zrc` ,`lwiz liwz`c o`n i`d : lèny xnè ...ipw Ð `rx`c `zrc` ,ìkif ikfc
...ipw Ð `rx`c `zrc` ,`rxà ìn gztc o`n i`d : lèny xnè ...ipw Ð `rx`c
.dpw Ð xbd iqkpa dxev xvd : ax xn`
zxinfa yi lèny itl : [39] ax rivny dfl [36±30] lèny rivny mitilgzd oia lcad yi j`
dwfg meyn yi min e` mipa` ,micxfn dcy ly siwn iewipa wxe ,cala lwca dwfg lwc itpr
mewna zeygxznd zeilnq zelert ody ,dpynay "èdy lk uxte xcb ,lrp"l cebipa .dcya
,"èdy lk" epi` mxeriy lèny rivny mitilgzd ,elek qkpd z` wifgnl zepwne qkpa cg`
ède ,lwcd lk ipt lr ziyrp lwcd zxinf Ð elek qkpd lr lreta zehlzyd meyn mda yie
: ax rivny silgzd ok `l .elek dcyd ipt lr miyrpd epnn mind fewip e` dcyd iewipl oicd
xcb ,lrp" znbec ,elek qkpd z` zepwl ick ea yi xbd ly qkpa cg` xiw lr zg` dpenz xeiv
."èdy lk uxte
yekna zg` dykd ax zrcl : [40] `wqita yxetn iehia icil dà lènye ax oia ef zwelgn
xcb ,lrp" oick ìdy lk dykd oic : elek dcyd z` zepwl ick da yi dcyd ipt lr my i`
meyn da yi ok` yeknd zykd lèny zrcl .ìdy lk dxev xvd oicke "èdy lk uxte
lk z` `le ,cala eyekn mewn z` `l` dpw `l wifgnd j` ,xzl`l dwfga oiipw dyrn
xcb lrp"a wxy xaq lènyy d`xp ."dixvina znieqnd dcy"a xaecny it lr s` ,dcyd
,rwxwd lka dwfg dyrn zeedl ick da yi zilnq dlerte ,èdy lk èd xeriyd "uxte
dhily lnql ick oda yi okle ,qkpl dqipka dligzkl zexeywd zeilnq zelert el`y meyn
lka dhily lnql ick mda oi` lèny ici lr mirvend mitilgzd ,z`f znerl 64.elek qkpa
.èdy lka wtzqdl oi` okle ,rwxwd
j` ,c"r bi ,` b `xza àa inlyexiae c"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexia mb zàen lèny zcnr
: epipy ìdd dpyna .f d `xza àa dpynl zcbepnk zbven ezcnr my
xaegna did mè .mewnl mewnn eplhlhiy cr dpw `l df ixd ,exiagn ozyt gweld
.dpw ,èdy lk ylze rwxwl
dn lke rwxwa ozytd ylez z` dkfn ef dyilzy zyy ax xiaqn `"r fr `xza àa ilaaa
.40±39 zexrd ,lirl e`x 63

mewn xcbe uextl ie`x epi`y mewn uxt elit`" : `"r ci ,d b `xza àa inlyexia xne` envr lènyy it lr s` z`fe 64
iyrnk "uxte xcb ,lrp" epwzp dligzkl .[2±1] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,lirl e`x ; "dwfg df ixd ,xecbl ie`x epi`y
,èdy lk uxte xcb ,lrp" dpyna rawpyn j` ; epnn dìvide qkpl dqipkd lr dhily milnqn mdy meyn dwfg oiipw
.dyrnl zlrez oda oi`yk zelert oze` oial dyrnl zlrez oda yiyk el` zelert oia mipigan oi` "dwfg ef ixd
lèny zcnr zbven inlyexia .zepwl ywiay ozytd x`y llek ,da lcby dn lk e` ,dilry
65
.cala ozyt ly glw eze` ,ylzy dn `l` dpw `l lèny itl ; ef dpynl zcbepnk
: inlyexia zeliawnd mr cgi ,ilaaa eply ìbeqd on [40] `wqit z` o`k bivp
,` b `xza àa inlyexi ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexi ilaaa eply ìbeqd

c"r bi c"r q
xaegn did m` : opipz onz xaegn did m` : opipz onz zniieqnd dcy : xnzi` .40
.dpw ,'edy lk ylze rwxwl .dpw ,èdy lk ylze rwxwl xn` `ped ax xn` Ð dixvna
cg` yekn da yikdy oeik : ax
; dlek dpw Ð
dn `l` dpw `l : 'n` lèny `l` dpw `l : xn` lèny `l` dpw `l : xn` lènye
.ylzy .cala glw eze` .cala eyekn mewn
rwxwl 'aegn did m` : opzde

! dpw ,'edy lk ylze
: dzegp `neca` iax xn` `ncea` 'x dniiw : iqei x"`

.xn`z` xbd iqkipa .xbd iqkipa 66`zegp
oiba : wgvi iax xn` `cqg ax

z` ,lènyl ìyw xniz `lc
? zxn`zi` xbd iqkipa xn
ozyt ly cg` glw zyilz ,dpynd itl : lèny ixacl dpynd oia dxizq dpyi ok` dxe`kl
dn `l` dpw `l ,lèny itl ; ea lcbd ozytd x`y llek ,elek dcyd z` zepwl ick da yi
,inica` ax epiid) `zegp `neca` iax j` ,mdipia zwelgn yiy xeaq `cqg ax .ylzy
zwqer dpynd eliè ,`weec xbd iqkpa exn`p lèny ixacy xiaqn (inic ax laaa dpeknd
dpzn xeza elek dcya wifgdl el xn` exage ,dpwn zxg` zrc yiyk ,exagn ozyt gwela
.zepwl ywiay ozytd z` mb dpwi jkae ,ozytd zyilz ici lr
ax zrck ,`weec xbd iqkpa miwqer mdy heyt d`xp ilaaa lènye ax zwelgnn ,okè
dcyd swida mi`xen` ewlgp mday mixwnd lk iabl lirl epxaqdy itk ,`zegp inica`
ux`l dribd ilaaa zàen ìdy itk lèny zcnry d`xpe 67.cg` dwfg dyrna dpwpd
àa dpyn ly xywda dze` exqn okle ,ax oial epia zwelgnd ly xywdd `ll l`xyi
myexd z` xvi df ycg xywd .dyilza yeknd zykd z` exind z`f zeawrae ,f b `xza
.ìd `le .`xza àa inlyexia wgvi iaxe `cqg ax exaqy itk ,dpynd lr wleg lènyy
gwela `le ,`weec xbd iqkpa diikf iabl zwelgn èd lènye ax ixac ly ixewnd xywdd
envr ipta dpwp epi` rwxwl xaegnd ozyty zyy axk yxtl xyt` .ekxev lk xexa epi` ìdd dpynd ly dheyt 65
; "èdy lk uxte xcb ,lrp"l sqep silgz ìd dyilzde ,rwxwd z` dpw ìdy lk dyilzae ,rwxwd on wlgk `l`
in oick ,rwxwd lk z` `l la` ,rwxwk epicy ,ozytd lk z` ìdy lk dyilza dpw rwxwl xaegnd ozytay xytè
,mipt lk lr .rwxwd lk z` `l j` ,oiibeqa [30] `wqita lèny itl lwcd z` dpwy ,lwca zekfl dpeeka lwca xnfy
ycgn dgqep ef dpyn zeawra oky ,ilaaa zyy ax zrck ,rwxwd ly oiipwa xaecny `xza àa inlyexid on d`xp
ipeir ,lirl e`x) rwxwd lka ylezd z` dkfnd ìdy lk d y i l z a weqriy ick opgei iax mya [iq`=] `qi iax zxnin
,oiwifp xcq ,dpyn ixcq dyy ,ìdd dpynl eizenlyda wal` jepg ixack `ly z`fe ,([12±10] ze`wqitl yexitd
.434 'nr ,b"iyz aia` lze milyexi
yiy d`xp la` ,"xbd iqkipa lèny dcen `zegp `ncea` 'x dniiw : iqei iax xn`" : oiyeciwa gqepd icr lka epiptl 66
iqkpa dpynl dcen epi` lèny ixd : rnyn odl oiè htynd svx z` zerhewd "lèny dcen" milind z` wegnl
.exagn rwxwl xaegn ozyt dpewy ina zwqerd dpynl cebipa xbd iqkpa wqer lèny `l` ,xbd
"uxte xcb ,lrp" oiipwd dyrnl mitilgzl dpeyd mzyib ly `vei lret ède ,exagn
xikdy `zegp inica` ax inlyexid zeibeqa oekp l` orhy itke ,epyxity itk ,epzpynay
68
.`xnind ly ilaad `vend z` aexwn
ozyt ly cg` glw ylezy in z` dkfn eid `l ax mbe ,`weec ìd yeknd zykd mby d`xpe
mipy yely zwfga wx dwfg ìd zextd
¥ zlik`y epraw xak ixd .elek dcya xbd iqkpa
zyy ax ly zepyxtd itl zegtl Ð f d `xza àa dpyny yxtl epilr epixacle ,gwelae
mipy yely ly dwfg oiipwa ligzdl exagl xn`y ina zwqer Ð `"r fr `xza àa ilaaay
lk zè dcyd z` dpw ok zeyrl lgdy rbxa : elek dcya zekfl ick ozytd zyilz ici lr
xzl`l dwfga .xerxr `ll xzei e` mipy yely jyna ezwfga cinziy i`pza ,eay ozytd
,[38] lirl àwer xn e` iel wqty itk ,dliren zextd
¥ zlik` oi` ,z`f znerl ,xbd iqkpa
iqkpac ,zexit zlik` ixde" : ([3] ,"dcnrd" ,gl ìbeq) `"r fp ,oldl zyy ax eze` raewy itke
."dpw `l xbd iqkpa ,dpw exiag
ze`xl elgd f d `xza àa dpyn lr lèny zcnr z` aqdl l`xyi uxà elgdyn mxa
mya iq` ax zxnin okl .epzpynay "uxte xcb ,lrp" dwfgd iyrnl silgz ozyt zyilza mb
,"...zgà wifgd ,odipia cg` xvne zecy izy" oiipra ,eply ìbeqa [10] `wqita opgei iax
izy" oeyla ,o`k zpecipd lèny zxnin iptl jenq ,c"r bi ,` b `xza àa inlyexia dxqnp
itk lèny zxnin zrtyda z`fe ,"...odn zg`n ylz Ð 'iizpa xvind ,xbd iqkipa zecy
iq` ax ly `xnind geqip ,[10] `wqita oeica ,lirl epi`xy itk .l`xyi uxà dxqnp ìdy
: ìbeqa okn xg`l zpecipd ztqep dcewpn mb rtyen my `xza àa inlyexia opgei iax mya
jynda `xif iax ly ìyewd zeawra ìdd `xninl etqep "xvnd zepwl `le" milind s`
69
.mixacd
.xcde ixezc `xiiz lif`ck : `tt ax xn` ? dnk cr ,dixvna zniieqn dpi`ye .41
yiy raw ax ; mpeylk mixacd z` eyxit maex .o`k `tt ax ixac yexita ewlgp mipey`xd
: dl`yl yxcp `tt ax 70.elek eixvna mieqnd dcyd z` zepwl ick yekna zg` dykda
mipewy wqte ,eixvna mieqn dcyd oi`yk axc àil` yekna zg` dykda mipew ghy dnk
epiidc ,jetdd oeeika xfege cg` mlz ea yexgl miiqn mixeey zervnà yxegdy mewnd cr
71.cg` dcy yexgl milibxy agxnd lk
mieqn epi`y xbd dcya diikfd z` liabdl `tt ax d`x dn oiadl dyw df yexitl j`
dcyn lecb èd m` mb ,xbl jiiyd ghyd lka zekfl yiknd oeekzd mzqd on ixd .eixvna
oeik ,zecy xyr el eid ...xbd iqkpa wifgnd" ,ì a `xza àa `ztqeza xn`py itke ,cg`
m"ayxd yexitl : cere z`f 72.mdipia wiqtn xvnd oi`yk epiide ,"oleka wifgd zgà wifgdy
wifgnd dkf xvn xcrday xne` envr `tt ax ,qepixn iax d"ce my oi` d"c ,`"r ep ,oldl
,dl ìbeq ,oldl e`x) dyixgd wgxna wx `le ,xb eze` ly eny lr `xwpd dcyd lka
73.([13±11] ,"oiwiqtn"
èdy riztn df oi` okle ,("inic ax `z` ik") laal èal daxdy ilaad on xkend inic ax èd `zegp inica` ax 68
.lèny ixac exn`p eay ixewnd xywdd z` aexwn xikd
,my d"nx ci ; `xìz lif` d"c ,my o"x ; zniieqn dpi`[ye] d"c ,a"r cp `xza àa ,`"ahixe `"ayx ,o"anx ,zetqez 70
.dpin opirnye d"c
dpwy dcyd agexy ,my zetqezd ixacn rnyn oke ,my d"nxd zrck ,xfege jled ,"xcde" oeyld zernyn zi`xp jk 71
,ekxe`l jk xgè dcyd agexl dyixga xaecny eyxit my o"xde `"ahixd .ipyd oeeika xtege xfegy cr ,mlzd agexk
`l` elek dcyd "aiaq" jld `l axre izy yxg m` mb ixdy ,mi`xp mixacd oiè ,"aiaq jled xcd oeyln ixcde i`de"
.dcyd leaba yxg m` wx df mbe ,aeaiq ivg dyr
xexiae dxexa dkld e`x Ð el` mivexizay miiywde ,ef ìyew uxzl mipey`xd ly zepeiqipl .19 dxrd ,lirl e`x 72
.o`k epixac jynda e`xe ; fqw 'nr ,(32 dxrd ì ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,dkld
xn` ? inc ikid .eny lr z`xwpy lk : enyn qepixn iax yxit ? i`n ,avg `le xvn `l my oi`" : my ìbeqd oeyl dfe 73
zrcl ; yekna zg` dykda dpw dnk cr o`k lèy epi` `tt axy 74m"ayx yxit okl
mieqn epi`y dcy zepwl yekna zg` dykda ic `ly dgpd jezn `vei `tt ax ,m"ayxd
mikef ok m` cvik .eixvna mieqnd dcya wx dxn`p lènye ax zwelgny oeeik ,eixvna
.aeye jeld agexl ea yexgl jixvy `tt ax dper jk lr ? eixvna mieqn epi`y xbd dcya
zniieqn dpi`ye" dl`yd oeyl z` mled epi` df yexit 75,mipey`xd eywdy itk mxa
dpwpd dcyd swida o`k wqer `tt axy mipey`xd aex zrck yxetn day ,"dnk cr ,dixvna
.eixvna mieqn epi`y dcya zekfl ick zyxcpd dyixga `le ,yekna zg` dykda
uxte xcb ,lrp"y iny dcen `tt ax s`y d`xp ,ok it lr sè .mipey`xd aex zrck d`xp okl
,xb eze`l jiiyd qkpd lk z` dpw ,dpynd zyixck ,eixvina mieqn epi`y dcya "èdy lk
wifgdy oeik ,zecy xyr el eid ...xbd iqkpa wifgnd" : ì a `xza àa `ztqeza yxetny itke
dkldd z` eaigxd lènye ax mxa .mdipia wiqtn xvnd oi`yk epiide ,"oleka wifgd zgà
ic el` mitilgza mb m` mdipia ewlgp md ."uxte xcb ,lrp"l mitilgz yiy erawe dpynay
dpin `wtpe ; dcyd lk ipt lr zeyridl mikixv el` mitilgz `ny e` ,ilnq "èdy lk"a
wifgnd z` zekfl ick da yi zhren dxitgy raw ax .zhren dxitg ,yekna dykd oiiprl
eyekn mewn `l` dpw `l" raw lèny eliè ,eixvna mieqn èd m` elek xbd dcya
76
."cala
dcy" ly dxwnl zlaben [40] lènye ax zwelgny dcaerd on wiic `tt axy d`xpe
mieqn epi` m` cg` yekna xbd dcy lk z` dpwy xaq `l ax mby "dixvna zniieqnd
epiide ,eixvna mieqnd dfa `weec e`le ,mzq dcya eixac z` cinrn did zxg` Ð eixvna
,[10] lirl opgei iax zxnina yxetnk ,iynnd xvnd cr dpw yekna zg` dykday mipian
cvn èt` wiqd `tt ax .ì a `xza àa `ztqeza yxetnk ,xbl jiiyd qkpd dvw cr e`
,ipy cvne ,eixvna mieqn epi`y dcy zepwl ick zg` yekn zykda ic `l ax zrcly cg`
`l` dpwi `l eixvna mieqn epi`y xbd dcya cg` yekn yiknd ax zrcly ipeibd df oi`
mde ,miilnq md s` "uxte xcb ,lrp"l mitilgzd axl oky ,lèny zrck ,eyekn mewn z`
ly zilnq dlert ,yeknd zykd ax zrcly `tt ax raw okl .cala mnewnl xarn mipew
èd" zpiga ,`tt ax ixacn ìd dlek [41] `wqity d`xpe .cala cg` dcy dpew ,dyixg
77."dl wxtn ède dl aizen
envr `tt ax ,enyn qepixn iax yexit d"c ,`"r ep `xza àa ,m"ayxd itl ."ìpltc `zebxb ia dil exwc : `tt ax
eze` ly eny lr `xwpd dcyd lka dkef xbd iqkpa wifgnd mditle opgei iax mya exn`py qepixn iax ixac z` yxit
lky f f zexdh `ztqez it lr eyxit zetqezd ilra mxa .qkpd jeza zecyd oia miwiqtnd avg e` xvn oi` m` ,xb
ìbeqa oeicd ,oldl e`xe ,my oi` d"c ,`"r ep `xza àa zetqez e`x ; xbd iqkpa diikfa `le ,zexdha wqer my oeicd
miaqen eid my `tt ax ixacy epyxit my ,"eny lr z`xwpy lk : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"oiwiqtn" ,dl
i`pz micwz yiy ze`xdl ick qepixn iax ly `ziixad on dàend z` siqed `xnbd lrae ,xbd iqkp lr dligzkln
.xbd iqkp oiiprl exn`p `tt ax ixace d`neh oiiprl èd micwzdy `l` ,`tt ax ly dkldl
.zniieqn dpi`ye d"c ,a"r cp `xza àa ,m"ayx 74
.(70 dxrd ,lirl mipeiv e`x) my ,`"ahixe zetqez 75
.[40] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,lirl e`x 76
.my 5 dxrda mipeive "dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"zexceb" ,f ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 77
691
(`"r dp Ð a"r cp) "`pic `zeklnc `pic" : raxè miyelyd ìbeqd
oda wifgnd lk ; xacnk od ixd miakek caer iqkp : lèny xn` dcedi ax xn` .1 ax ly `xnin .`
,lèny mya dcedi
; oda dkf `xninl xaqde
ihnc cr ipw `l l`xyi ,dil wlzq` dicil ifef ehn ikn miakek caer ? h"n .2
.oda dkf oda wifgnd lke ,xacnk od ixd jkld ,dicil `xhy
,`pic `zeklnc `pic : lèny xn`de ? ikd lèny xn` in : sqei axl iia` l"` .3 i`xen` oeic .a
`xnind oia dxizqa
! `zxbià `l` `rx` ipwil `l : xn` `klne ` wlgn lèny ly
ztqep `xnin oial
`rx` oafc l`xyia ,`zerxc `xeca ded `caer ,`prci `l `p` : dil xn` .4 ely
,dcedi axc dinwl `z` ,`zxet da witx `pixg` l`xyi `zè ,'iakek caern
.ipyc `cia dnwe`
eed `l ediiteb edpi`c ,eed ixnhn ibà mzd ? zxn`w `zerxc `xec : l"` .5
.`rx` lekil `wqh aidic o`n : xn` `klne ,`klnl `wqh iadi
`z` ,`zxet da witx xg` l`xyi `z` ,miakek caern `rx` oaf `ped ax .6 axa oic zia dyrn .a
ax iptl ày `ped
caer iqkp : lèny xn`c ? jizrc i`n : l"` .dicia dnwe` ,ongp axc dinwl oeicd zxbqna ; ongp
jci`k xn il caril [` cenr dp sc] ,dkf mda wifgnd lke ,xacnk od ixd miakek zxkfen mdipia
on lèny zxnin
`p` i`da : l"` ! cala eyekn mewn `l` dpw `l : lèny xn`c ,lènyc zncewd ìbeqd
oeik : ax xn` `ped ax xn`c ; il `xiaq <l"vke ,micrd aexa jk> jizrnyk lèny ly `xninde
lirl ` wlgn
.dlek dpw Ð cg` yekn da ykipy
xg` l`xyi àe ,miakek caern dcy gwly l`xyi : oia` xa `ped ax gly .7 dkld iwqt .b
ongp axke lènyk
epizeax lke `rli` 'xe oia` 'x did oke .ecin dze` miìven oi` Ð da wifgde
.xaca oiey
xa oawer il irzyi` ilin zlz ipd ,<l"vke ,cid iazkn miaxa jk> àx xn` .8 ly zekld yely .c
dpey`xd Ð lèny
e` jk> oyix`c ,`pic `zeklnc `pic : lènyc dinyn `zelb yix dingp enya dàedy ef ìd
`rx` oiafc ixexdf ipde ,oipy 'n cr i`qxtc <l"vke ,miax micra dfa `vek oeice Ð lirl a wlga
ziyilya
.ipiaf edpiaf Ð `wqhl
.gpn ixabc swxw` `bxk ? h"n ; `l `bxkl la` ,`wqhl n"de .9
.`bxkl icarzyn `ckc ixry elit` : xn` ryedi axc dixa `ped ax .10
epa zyexi zlha ,k"` : xnin` da iyw ,ozp xa `ped il xn` : iy` ax xn` .11
! wfgenak ie`xa lhep xekad oiè ,ie`x dil dedc ,xekad
,zine `wqh aidic ? xninl jl zi` dn `l` ! inp `wqh elit` ,ikd i` : l"` .12
.zine `bxk aidic inp `kd
: il exnè ,àxc ixtql edpizli`y : ozp xa `ped il xn` ,iy` ax xn` .13
.ryedi axc dixa `ped axk `zkld
.xn`c èd <l"vke ,cid iazk aexa jk> ediizlin inewe`l mzd ,ìd `le .14
.`zn riiqn zkcxt : iy` ax xnè .15
.ìd ìnyc `zriq Ð iwqicp` la` ,`zn dizliv`c n"de .16

693 (`"r dp ± a"r cp) "`pic `zeklnc `pic" : raxè miyelyd ìbeqd
cenlzd zxeqn
.[7] ,oldl eeyd ; [6] ,oldl .oda dkf oda wifgnd lk ; xacnk od ixd miakek caer iqkp : lèny xn` .1
caer .2 .("lkl xwten èdy ,xacnk") `"r dp mixcp ilaa eeyd .oda dkf oda wifgnd lk ,xacnk
,("`tqka ilin ipd") `"r gl oihib ilaa ; `p±p dk `xwie e`x .dil wlzq` dicil ifef ehn ikn miakek
oihib ,`"r gk mixcp ilaa ; [8] ,oldl .`pic `zeklnc `pic .3 .("sqka epiipw lke lièd") a"r ci oiyeciw
ax" ,e ìbeq) a"r dl ,lirl e`x .`zxbià `l` `rx` ipwil `l xn` `klne .`"r biw `nw àa ,a"r i
`zè ...`zerxc `xeca ded `caer ,`prci `l `p` : dil xn` ...sqei axl iia` l"` .4±3 .([1] ,"dcedi
adic o`n : xn` `klne .5 .`"r bt Ð a"r at `xza àa ; `"r ai ,a"r±`"r f oiaexir .dcedi axc dinwl
aidic o`nl carzyn `bxk aidi `lc o`n xn` `klne") `"r en zenai ilaa eeyd .`rx` lekil `wqh
xn`c .[1] ,lirl .oda dkf oda wifgnd lke ,xacnk od ixd miakek caer iqkp : lèny xn`c .6 .("`bxk
dpw Ð cg` yekn da ykipy oeik : ax xn` `ped ax xn`c ...cala eyekn mewn `l` dpw `l : lèny
xg` l`xyi àe ,miakek caern dcy gwly l`xyi .7 .([40] ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeq) `"r cp ,lirl .dlek
àa ilaa ; [3] ,lirl .`pic `zeklnc `pic .8 .[1] ,lirl eeyd .ecin dze` miìven oi` Ð da wifgde
ixtq ; h g zexeka dpyn .wfgenak ie`xa lhep xekad oiè .11 .`"r gk mixcp ,a"r i oihib ,`"r biw `nw
.a"r dkw ,a"r bkw ,`"r hiw `xza àa ilaa ; a"r fh ,d g ; `"r fh ,b g `xza àa inlyexi ; fix mixac

xg` l`xyi àe zern el ozpe cg` l`xyil edcy miakek caer xkn m`y oebk .oda dkf oda wifgnd lk
.ikd lèny xn` in : oey`xl eizern xifgiy calae ,ipy df oda dkf ,xhy el aezkiy mcew da wifgde
oecil yi miakek caer zngn ày in lkc .`pic `zeklnc `pic lèny xn`de : xhy `la dkf ipy i`dc
zepenh zecy .ixnhn ibà mzd : mirex ly xtka .`zeerxc `xeca : xhya .`zxbià `l : zekln oica
eed `lc `xhya ediipin ipwinl jixv ied `l ikdl lehnè qnd on oigixan eidy miakek icaer icia eid
`pica dvxiy in oda wifgdl leki qnd gixadl evxe liède .jlnd qnl od micareyn `l` ixnbl edcic
wifgnd ipw `lc `ni` ixnhn ibà e`lc `nlra la` .`wqh epiidc dcy ly qnd oziy calae `zeklnc
ipd : oipy oirax` wifgd k"`` dwfg ìed `l miiqxt ly dwfgc .i`qxtc `zyixà : xhya `l` oda
: dly qn gixady zngn epnn delhpy mc` ly dcy epwy .`wqhl `rx` oiafc : zelgp ilra .ixexdif
mc` ly edcy .la` .`rx` lekil `wqh aidic o`nc xn`c : `pic `zeklnc `picc meyn .ipiaf dipiaf
.gpn ixab swxw` `bxkc meyn zepwl oi`yx opi` .ezlbleb qn .`bxk ozp `ly liaya : epnn delhpy
'it` : `bxkd qn liaya edcy lehil mdl did `lc edcy `le `bxkl carzyn envr yi`d y`x xnelk
zlha k"` : dxekn ìed `bxk zgxad iptn edcy exkn 'itè .edcy y"ke .`bxkl caryn `ckc ixry
opi` `bxk adi `lc onf lk k"` `ckc ixry 'it` `bxkl icaryn oiqkp lkc èd k"è .xekad epa zyexi
ikd i` : wfgenak ie`xa lhep xekad oi`c meyn mipy it xekad odn yxii `l k"è ecia eiqkp oiwfgen
`l` : da mipy it lhep xekad oi` k"` ecia rwxwd zwfgen dpi` `wqh adi `le zn m` .inp `wqh 'it`
ewfged `bxke `wqh adic `zry èddnc mipy it liwy ivn `nei èdda .meia ea zine `wqh adic
.ìd `le : `bxkl caryn `ckc ixry 'it` xn`c .ryedi axc dixa `ped axk `zkld il exnè : ecia
xnelk .irac èd `zln inwe`l dizeek 'kldc ixtq ixn`wc i`de : ryedi axc dixa `ped axk dkld oi`
d"yne `bxkl `rx` eabc oiqkend on oigweld oze`l dxikn ixhy aezkl oilibx ody itl odixac wifgdl
zkcxt : `ped axk dkld oi` 'ixn` mlerle oxky zeaxdl ozaizk ixhy miiwl ick dizeek dkld exn`
.zkcxt epiid zeplhaa `l` xac meya wqrzn oiè oda weqrl zecy dil zilc lha mc` .`zn `riiqn
ozil jixvc .n"de : xird xy cearyl xird ipa lera ewlg ozil zkcxt eze`l el jixvy .`zn `riiqn
rnye jl ozil melk dfl oi` xyl exn`y xyd cin mdixaca xird ipa edelivdy .`zn dizliv`c : wlg
eze`l el ozep envrn xird xy epiid .iwqicp` la` : mriiql aiig odit lr lvipe odit lr egipde odl
mdnr ozil jixv epiè dilr ingxc .èd ìnyc `zriiq : melk dfn gwil yyeg ipi` xn`y zkcxt
: mriiql
xivwz
ly eiqkpk ìbeqa miyxtznd Ð ieb iqkp ditly lèny ly `xnina zgztp ef ìbeq
.dwfg ici lr mda zekfl leki icedi lke ,xacnk md ixd Ð l`xyi ici lr epwpy ieb
eyexit z` epvni` yexitd seba j` ,miyexit dnkl dkf ef `xnina icenlzd oeicd
iqkpl oeekzd lènyy oekp l` miyxtn iiaè sqei ax eitly mixgè l`ppg epax ly
qkpd z` xiardl mipkyl xyi` iqxtd wegd .miqn melyzÎi` zeawra enxgedy ieb
miqnd melyz ici lr qkpa dkef l`xyi m` .rxtnl miqnd melyzl dxenza xf icil
oeeik ,qkpa dkef ipyd l`xyid ,dwfg oiipwa qkpd z` qtez xg` l`xyi j` ,elld
dkldd itl `le iqxtd wegd itl `l ynn ly oiipw dyrn epi` miqn melyzy
on dncà zekfl jxc èd "uxte xcb ,lrp" ly ilnq dwfg dyrn la` ,zicedid
gikedl ick xhy iqxtd wegd yxc xg` dxwn lka .zicedid dkldd itl xwtdd
lèny itn zeàen zetqep zexin` izy .lèny itl aiign zeklnd oice ,zelra
xzid oia dkef day rwxwa dwfgd Ð miiqxtd lv` "oyixc" ,zg`d itl : ìbeqa
"ixexdf" ici lr dxikn zxg`d itle ,dpy mirax` cr èd Ð rxtnl miqnd mlyn
Ð znxgend rwxwd lra ly l"pd mipkyd oaena yexitd seba yxtznd gpen Ð
oiap m` efa ef zexeyw ìbeqa lèny ly zexin`d lky xaqen yexitd seba .dtwz
.l"pk ,miqn melyzÎi` ly dxwna iqxtd wegd hwepy mikldnl zeqgiizdk oze`
yekxd iqne zleblebd iqn melyz oiipra zeklda èd s` wqer ìbeqd jynd
zizlidw zeixgà zexeywd zeklde eply dyexid zekld lr odizeklyde ,miiqxtd
.miqn melyzl
.ìbeqay zexninl rwx miynynd iqxtd wega mitirqa dagxda wqer yexitd
owlg z`y ,ìbeqa zeynynd zeaxd zeiqxtd milinl miycg zepexfb mirven
zepey zexeva elblbzde ,dpad xqeg zeawra mixteq ici lr eyaeyy ,lirl epxkfd
zeklnd wegl zeivd zaeg .mipeebn miyexitl ekfe ilaad ly mipeyd gqepd icra
wprend ceakd oia dpgadl zwpren zcgein al zneyze ,zexg` zeibeq xe`l dpecip
mrhn zerwxw znxgde miqn melyzl dyixcd llek Ð zepenn ipiipra iqxtd wegl
zenec zertez ly iepibd oial ,ilaaa Ð miqn melyzÎi` zeawra zepehlyd
ly mzwfgd mvre ,inexd oehlyd .miil`xyiÎux` zexewna inexd oehlya zexeywd
icin egwlp el`y oeeik ,zinihiblÎizla dilnep`k eqtzp ,l`xyi uxà rwxwa miieb
.micedi

lk ; xacnk od ixd ieb iqkp" : lèny mya dcedi ax ici lr zàend `xnina zgzet ef ìbeq
lkl dxiwtn ìd eli`k Ð xzeia ziaihweaext zrnypd ef `xnin .[1] "oda dkf oda wifgnd
lr znvnvn jxca zyxtzn Ð 1dxezd on xeq` iebd lfby it lr s` ,iebd iqkp z` l`xyi
l`xyil exknpy ieb iqkpa `l` ,ezeyxa oiicr mdyk ieb iqkpl dpeekd oi` : `xnbd lra ici
l`xyid icil ribd mxhy oeeikn : dwfg oiipwa mdilr hlzyde xg` l`xyi àe ,sqka cg`
zepwl leki xg` l`xyie 2,xwtdl aygp qkpd ,iebd on qkpd z` dpwy gikend xhy oey`xd
dprhd jnq lr iia` ici lr zigcp `xninl ef znvnvn zepyxt mb mxa .[2] dwfg oiipwa eze`
oi` xhy `lle ,df oiiprl mieey iebde l`xyid okle ,xkn xhya yeniy aiig iqxtd htyndy
iia`l xiaqdl dqpn sqei ax .[3] "`pic `zeklnl `pic" wqt envr lèny oky ,dwqr o`k
zngn odilran erwtedy zenc` lr zehlzyd ly zeaiqpa dnyeie dxn`p dklddy
wegd eiabl wxe ,otec `vei èdd dxwndy dprha ef zepyxt dgec iia` j` ,miqn melyzÎi`
lèny ixac it lr wqt ongp ax s`y xqnp ,mewn lkn .[5±4] xhya yeniyd lr xzeen iqxtd
.[7] l`xyi ux` i`xen` exn` mda `veike ,[6]
`pic : efa ef zexeywd lèny ly zekld yely dlebd y`x itn 3àx ìan oeicd jynda
; dpy mirax` cr iqxtd wegd it lr jynp Ð zelra e` dwfg Ð 4"oyix`c" ; `pic `zeklnc
5el` zerwxw zxikn lr mi`xg`d ,ixexdf ici lr Ð dxiknl zervend zerwxw zepwl xzene
z`fd dkldd z` liabn 6àx .[8] `wqhd qn z` enliy `l mincewd odilray meyn Ð
znerl .rwxwd lr lgd qn èdy meyn ,`weec `wqhd melyzÎi` zngn drwtedy rwxwl
rwxw iabl mb dtwz ìdy ewqt iy` axe ,àx ixteq ,ryedi axc dixa `ped ax ,z`f
mc` ly eiqkp lky meyn ,mc`d lr lhend qn ,`bxkd melyzÎi` zngn drwtedy
.[14±9] dyexi zekld lr miqn jxevl df ceary ly zeklydd mb zepecip .df qnl micarzyn
7
,zxg` jxca xira riiqn ,miqnn xxgeyn ,"zkcxt"y iy` ax oiivn miqn zeklda oeicd ab`
.[16±15] 8zepehlyd on azka xeht ,"iwqicp`" laiw ok m` `l`
`di leki .[gn dk `xwie] xknp ixg` l"z ? lfb m"ekrd lfby oipn : xne` oerny iax" : a oniq h wxt ,xda `xtq e`x 1
.`"r biw `nw àa ilaaa df dkld yxcnl dliawnde ,"[my] el didz dle`b l"z ? `vie ekyen
gl oihib ilaaae o`k xn`pd itl sqka rwxw dpwne dpew ieb ixd : izkld qiqa `xnbd lra ly ef driawl oi` dxe`kl 2
jldn" xecn ,oldl e`x j` .d ` oiyeciw dpyn itl sqka rwxw dpew l`xyi mb la` Ð a"r ci oiyeciw ilaaae `"r
."i`xen`Îxzad `xnbd lra itl l`xyie ieb ipiipw : dizecleze ìbeqd
,"dax"l myd owez qetca oke owihe ,dvpxit ,cxetqwe` cid iazka .lìxewqè okpin ,fixt ,bxeand cid iazk itl jk 3
,lèny itn zexiyi dlebd y`x rnyy mixaca xaecnd oi` `linn j` .lèny inil mixacd z` axwl ick d`xpd lkk
,àxl mixacd z` qgiip m` : àxl mixacd qegii zaehl skd z` dhnd lewiy yie ,einia miigd oia did `l xaky
dna df weic lr wleg ,àx ly ecinlz ,ryedi axc dixa `ped axe ,[9] `wqitay weicd z` mb el qgiil ozipy ixd
ick "xwtd=xacn" dxethnd zynyn mday `"r dp mixcp ilaaa àx ixac mb e`xe .[10] dxiyi zwelgnk xiihvny
z` mc` dyery oeik : l"` ? zena lìlgpne lìlgp dpznne dpzn xacnne : aizkc i`n" : mkgd cinlzd z` x`zl
my àx ixacy gipdl xiaq ."dpzn xacnne : xn`py ,dpzna el dpzip dxez Ð lkl xwten èdy xacnk envr
mc`y rawp z`f zeawrae ,xacnk xwtd md minieqn miqkpy rawp dligz : [1] eply ìbeqa lèny ixacn mirtyen
.dxezd ìd èld ,dpzn el zpzip epnny xacnd èd lekl envr z` xiwtne eceak lr qg epi`y
; 193±187 'nr ,(`"lyz) n uiaxz ,"gqep ipeire milin ixexia : cenlzd oelinl" ,lhpfex y"` e`x dzernyne ef `qxibl 4
zixewnd zernynd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,oldl ; 7±5 'nr ,d"lyz milyexi ,`pic `zeklnc `pic ,dliy 'y
.my mipeive ,[8] `wqitl yexitd ipeire ,"ip`q`qd htynl ozwife ìbeqa lèny zexnin ly
mipeive ,[8] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`xe ; qcxte ozqea ,dcyl llek my ,a"r `q `xza àa ,"`xdif" oeyl eeyd 5
zxg` ,miitelg milra edcyl èvnl mi`xg` md ; `wqhd z` mliy `ly in ly eipkya xaecn oldl d`xpy itk .my
zernynd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,oldl e`x ; a"r gp oihib ilaaa "`bà ipa" mipeknd mde ,mdilr lhen qnd
."ip`q`qd htynl ozwife ìbeqa lèny zexnin ly zixewnd
dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,zexeqne zexewn ,ipald 'c e`xe ; [9] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldle ,3 dxrd ,lirl e`x 6
.biw±aiw 'nr ,(1
,[16±15] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x .zxg` jxca xirl riiqy meyn `weec miqnn xxgeyn zkcxtdy d`xp 7
.my mipeive
.my mipeive ,[16±15] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x 8
ìbeqd mewin
,xbd iqkpa dwfgd oiipwa oeicd svx z` zrhew ,ieb iqkpa l`xyi ly oiipw dpiipry ,ìbeqd
."oiwiqtn" ,dl ìbeq ,dàd ìbeqde ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeq ,zncewd ìbeqa oecpd oiiprd
,"cala eyekn mewn `l` dpw `l" ,lèny zxnin ìd o`k ìbeqd zàdl zicind dlird
,[40] `wqit ,"èdy lk" ,zncewd ìbeqd seqa dàedy lènye ax zwelgna dceqiy `xnin
zxbqna ìan èdy dprha ,[6] `wqit ,eply ìbeqa `ped ax ici lr aey zhhevn ìd j`
`xninl lèny ly ìdd `xnind oia deeyn `ped ax ìdd dprha 9.ongp ax ipta jxrpd oic
.[1] eply ìbeqd ceqia zcnerd lèny ly
ixac mihhevn eay ,[6] èdd dyrnd z` ìadl ywia `xnbd lray èd ipey`xd myexd
lènye ax oia zwelgnd z` ìady xg`l cin ,zncewd ìbeqd on [40] `wqitay lèny
`ll oaen epi` df oic zia dyrny oeeikn j` .my [41] `wqita ax ixac lr `tt ax zxrde
winrdle oeicd on zehql `xnbd lra ul`p ,[1] iebd iqkp oiipra lèny ly `xnind zrvd
oeicde lèny ixacn iia` ly zebiizqdd mb dàed ,[2] exaqde ,[1] `wqit abè ,dfd oiipra
ìbeqa dàd ìbeql zncewd ìbeqd oia oeicd svx rhwpyn .[5±3] oecpa sqei ax oial epia
ìbeqd ly [6±1] ze`wqit z` èdd alya xak dllky `beq ,iebd iqkp oiipra ynn ly
eply ìbeqd jynd z` mb mewnd lr ìade df oiipra oeicd z` `xnbd lra milyd ,zigkepd
.oey`xd dwlgn srzqnd [16±7]
iqkpa o`k oecl ekxca dzxwpy zepncfdd z` dligz dpeeka lvip `xnbd lray mb okzii mxa
,iebd iqkpl ,ezen xg`l dwfga mipwpe xwtd miaygpd ,xbd iqkp oia ax oeinc yiy meyn iebd
ciri .zenieqn zeaiqpa zegtl ,dwfg oiipwa mze` dpewd l`xyi lkl xwtd ,xacnk md s`y
iebd rwxw z` migweld micedid miynzyn eay heytd dwfgd dyrn oiay oeincd mb jk lr
[6]Îe [4] ze`wqitay oicd zia iyrna Ð "`zxet da witx" Ð mixg` micedi ly mdici zgzn
ly dci zgzn xbd lwc z` shgy l`xyi ynzyd eay dwfgd dyrn oial ,eply ìbeqa
Ð 10"`zxet dizez witx" Ð xbd zen xg`l dpy dxyr yely jyna eizextn ¥ dzpdpy dyi`
Ð lènye ax eiabl ewlgpy dxwnd oial elld miyrnd ipy oia oeincd oke ,zncewd ìbeqa
mipeixhixwdy `vnp 11.zeibeqd izya èd s` àend Ð xbd iqkpa yekn ly zg` dykd
minec ezen xg`l xb ly qkp lr hlzydl miywand micedi ipy oia oica drxkdl
lgdy xg`l ieb ly qkp lr hlzydl miywand micedi ipy oia oica miynynd mipeixhixwl
eply ìbeqd z` mwnl y`xn ywia `xnbd lray rpnpd on `le ,mdn cg`l ezxikn jild
.ef daiqn o`k
ip`q`qd htynl ozwife ìbeqa lèny zexnin ly zixewnd zernynd

egcp [1] lèny mya dcedi ax ixacy èd ìbeqd ly oey`xd wlga dtevx dìxwn myexd
wifgnd lk ; xacnk od ixd miakek caer iqkp" xnel did leki `l lèny .[3] iia` ziiyew oiba
`pic" xn` lènye 12,rwxw xeknl ick xhya yeniy zyxec qxt zekln ixdy ,"oda dkf oda
wqet ongp ax ,ok it lr sè .elld zexnind izy oia dxizql aeyii oiè ,"`pic `zeklnc
sqei ax `l` ,cer `le .[1] `wqitay lèny mya dcedi ax zxnink [6] `wqita zeyxetn
ax ly dkld wqt jnq lr [1] `wqita lèny mya dcedi ax ixacl dxiaq `zniwe` rivn
opi`y ,`zerxc `xec zerwxway cegiid oiipra wcev iia` m` mbe ,[4] `wqita ,envr dcedi
el` zeaiqpl `weec `ny ,[5] `wqhd z` mlyiy in lkl zepzip `l` ilnxet jilda zepwp
."zeàd zeibeqd izye eply ìbeqd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 9
.([38] ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeq) `"r cp ,lirl 10
.[6] ,eply ìbeqae ; ([40] ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeq) `"r cp ,lirl 11
oeica epazky dn e`x .([1] ,"dcedi ax" ,e ìbeq) a"r dl ,lirl dcedi ax mya zàend `xnina ,ax itn xqnp mb jk 12
.[1] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,ìdd ìbeqa
lèny mya dcedi ax zxninl minec mixac : cere z`f ! [1] `wqitay `xnina lèny oeekzd
oeinhl zcxl dkixv z`fd zecrd lk melk .[7] `wqita l`xyi ux` i`xen` mya eàed
ediiteb edpi`c ,eed ixnhn ibà mzd ? zxn`w `zerxc `xec" ,[5] `wqita iia` ixac zeawra
gipdl xiaq ixd ."`rx` lekil `wqh aidic o`n : xn` `klne ,`klnl `wqh iadi eed `l
! sqei ax rivdy itk ,"xacnk od ixd miakek caer iqkp" el` zeaiqpa `weecy
mya dcedi ax ly dklddy eyxit mzvwn .o`k dkldd wqt oiipra mipey`xd ewlgp ,ok`
`zklde ,[5]Îe [3] ze`wqita dze` dgc iia` ixdy ,dkldl dpiè llk dxn`p `l lèny
[6] ongp ax ici lr eknzp mdixac ixdy ,lèny mya dcedi axk ewqt mixg` 13.i`xzak
oday zepicn oia epigad el` mipey`x .iia` dywdy ìyewd zexnl ,[8] l`xyi ux` i`xenè
ax ixacy eyxite ,z`fk zeipicn zeklnl oi`y zenewn oial xhy zaizk zaiign zeklnd
df yexit 14."`zxbi`" zaizk yxc `l jlndy mewna `weec exn`p lèny mya dcedi
15,xhy zaizk daiig zeklnd eay mewn dziid laa [3] iia` oiivy itk oky ,oaenk dywen
uegny zeìvnl wx oeekzd m` [1] `wqita sxeb oteà lèny gqpzd recn oiadl dywe
.eayen mewn ,laal
16mipey`xd on dnka xqnpd it lr Ð l`ppg epax .mipey`xd lv` sqep yexit mb ep`vn j`
mya dcedi ax ixac z` eyxit Ð 17ixi`nl dxigad ziaa xqnpd it lr Ð cxtq ipe`be Ð
e`x `l el` mipey`xy d`xp .`weec `wqhd melyzÎi` zngn exknpy zerwxwa lèny
`wqh aidic o`n xn` `klne ...mzd ? zxn`w `zerxc `xec" ,[5] `wqitay iia` ixaca
ixacl y e x i t `l` ,sqei ax ixac ly diigc Ð ipxhpwd mgeqip zexnl Ð [5] "`rx` lekil
ax ixac oia zilrdy dxizql daeyzd z` "`prci `l `p`" : iia`l xnè gzt sqei ax .sqei
`xeca ded `caer" la` ,"`pic `zeklnc `pic" lèny ly `xninl lèny mya dcedi
ìyewd z` ,sqei ax ixac it lr , u x z n iia` elld mipey`xd itly d`xpe .[4] "...`zerxc
jixac it lr la` ,daeyzd z` rcei jpi` ,sqei ax ,dz` ile` : oldlck bivd envr èdy
"oda dkf oda wifgnd lk ,xacnk od ixd miakek caer iqkp" lèny ixacy xiaqdl ozip
Ð df dxwna .`wqhd z` mlyl okeny in lkl xhy `ll dxknpy rwxwa `weec exn`p
lkl mixwten md ixd cg` l`xyi icil exqnpy xg`ly lèny wqt Ð cala df dxwnae
.l`xyi
jldn" xecna ,oldl oecp [5] `wqita iia` ixacl mdly zepyxta .el` mipey`x zrck d`xpe
zxninl mdly zepyxtd mvrl qgiizp o`k ."sqei axl iia` oia giyÎecd : dizecleze ìbeqd
.`weec `wqhd melyzÎi` oiba exknpy miqkpa dze` dcinrnd [1] lèny mya dcedi iax
mitirq dnka iehia icil à èdy itk ,ip`q`qd iqxtd htynd rwx lr xazqn df yexit
xtqy oeeikn .Matikan e Hazar Datastan ,epicil ribdy miip`q`qd miwegd ly cigid xeaiga
.iia` dil xn` d"c ,my `"ayxd iyecig ; l`ppg epax mya ,xacnk od d"c ,a"r cp `xza àa ,dplie qetc m"ayx 13
`"ahixd iyecig ; eh±ci ` dpzne dikf ,m"anx ; `"r hk s"ixd itc ,s"ix ; `prci `l `p` dil xn` d"c ,my m"ayx e`x 14
xifgdl aiig ,rwxwa wifgdy ,ipyd l`xyid m` mdipia ewlgp elld mipey`xd .sqei ax dil xcdè d"c seq ,my
dpzne dikf ,m"anxd ,a"r fl ,ci xry ,xknnde gwnd xtq ,oe`b i`d ax .iebl mliyy melyzd z` oey`xd l`xyil
,my `"ahixd ; xacnk od ixd d"c ,a"r cp `xza àa ,m"ayxd ; mincd z` el xifgdl aiig èdy ewqt mixgè ci `
meyn ,ryx `xwp èd la` mincd z` el xifgdl aiig epi`y ewqt ,my mixgè ,rextl oexg`d lr yi m` oiiprle d"c
zetqez oke ,my m"ayx .`"r hp oiyeciw ilaa itl "ryx `xwp"y "epnid dlhpe xg` àe dxxga jtdnd ipr"k epicy
iebdy reci m` mb ,qkpd zxenz el mliyy sqkd z` iebd on reazl leki oey`xd l`xyidy eraw ,l`xyie d"c ,my
mey oey`xd l`xyil oi`y wqt ,dq oniq ,b wxt `xza àa ,y"`xd .ipyd l`xyid iciay rwxwd lr hlzyie xefgi
.ryx `xwp epi` ipyd l`xyide ,ipyd l`xyid on `le iebd on `l ,etqk z` dxfga lawl zexyt`
.[3] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`xe 15
; l`ppg epiax wqt oke d"c ,my zvaewn dhiya àen ,c"a`x ; 'eke iebd iqkp d"c ,a"r cp `xza àa ,exft qetc m"ayx 16
yie" mya ,sqei ax dil xcde d"c ,my `"ahix ; l`ppg epax mya ,sqei axl iia` dil xn` d"c ,my `"ayxd iyecig
.ecia dze` oiìven oi` d"c ,`"r hk s"ixd itc ,sqei iwenp ,"mixne`
.eixac seqa ,a"r cp `xza àa ,dxigad zia e`x 17
,ekxev lk xexa èd oi` minicwze oic iwqtn mirhw `l` 18mnvr miwegd z` bivn epi` df
zernyn zpigan `l sè ea mipecipd mi`yepd zxiga zpigan `l ,xnegd xeciq zpigan `l
dnkn ,ok it lr s` 19.xywd ilehp mixg` mixwnae mdil`n mipaen mi`xp mizrly ,mixacd
daiig oday oirwxwn ze`wqr oia lèny oigady dpgadd lr cenll ozip xeaiga mitirq
: xn`p Matikan 42:39Îa ,lynl .zeilnxet zegt ze`wqr oial xhya yeniy zeklnd
ekexty in icia wfgei èdy xaca mirbepd ici lr hlged eilry qkp iabl orhp ok enk
xyr jynl cg` xab icia wfgeiy fixki ekext mè ,eicia wfgeiy fixki [oae`x ,ipelt=]
dnl xywa jk fixkd eli`k ,xkei jk if` ,xg` xab ici lr elld mipyd xyr seqae mipy
.hlgen oteà el jiiyy
mileki elld miyp`d ,mipy xyr xg`l mbe elld mipyd xyr jynay xne`y in yie
20
.zetzeya ea wifgdl
oi` xak ekextl ik ,iccd mkqd jezn d`xpk" : dxqlea a"q ,xicdnd xirn ipyd sirqd lr
21."o`k xèznk (“assigned it away to others”
) mixg` zaehl epnn wlzqdy xg`l qkpa oiipr
mixkfend ixexdfd mr mze` ddfp oldl Ð minieqn miyp` icia ciwtd ip`q`qd wegdy ixd
el` zewfg .zenieqn zeaiqpa rwxwa "zewfg" wlgl zekf Ð 22[8] `wqita envr lèny ixaca
xgè cg` mc`l zipnf rwxwd z` xiardl i`yx i`xg`d Ð zelra zxard gxkda eid `l
drcedl cr" rwxwa zipnf dwfg xiardl ozipy yxetn Matikan 42:7Îa ,okè .xg` mc`l jk
: "miig jyn" ly meniqwnl cr ,jex` e` xvw zeidl leki dwfgd jyn fè ,"dycg
,"z`f zeyxdl izrca cer lk jly didi df qkp" : xneè fixkn cg` xy`ky xn`p
day dtewzd ìd zixrfnd dtewzde ,miigd jyn ìd ef dxardl ziaxnd dtewzd
23.z`f zeyxdl ezrca
mbe ozepd iigl mb dpeekdy okziiy xiaqn xicdnd .xaecn in ly eiig jyna o`k yxetn `l
,xacd ok m` j` 24.mdn cg` ly ezen xg`l jynii xeciqdy jka oeibid oi` oky ,lawnd iigl
onf lk jynl ef jxca zewlg wiprdl xyt`y ìd dpeekdy xzei d`xp .xzein sirqd lk
cre ("z`f zeyxdl ezrca day dtewzd") oiincl ozipy xzeia dxvwd dtewzd on ,èdy
lèny ixacay "oipy oirax`"l liawn "miig jyn"y d`xpe ."miig jyn" z`xwpd dtewzl
"miig jyn"y yxtl lèny oeekzd "oipy oirax` cr i`qxtc oyix`c" exnàe ,eply ìbeqa
26.[8] dpy mirax` cr ly dtewzl dyrnl dkld mbxzin 25zipnf dwfg ly df
S.J. e`x .MatikanÎa zeaexw mizrl xkfend ,"miwegd xtq" ,Datastan Namak ,ca`y xtqa xceqn oteà erved el` 18
Bulsara, The Laws of the Ancient Persians as found in the “Matikan e Hazar Datastan” or “The Digest of A Thousand
.(130 dxrd d ìbeq ,lirl) Points of Law”, vol. 1, p. 20
.19 'nr ,my ,dxqlea e`x 19
.541±540 'nr ,a jxk ,my ,dxqlea 20
.3 'rd 540 'nr ,a jxk ,my ,dxqlea e`x 21
.525±524 'nr ,a jxk ,(18 dxrd ,lirl) dxqlea 23
.5 'rd 524 'nr ,my ,dxqlea 24
D.N. MacKenzie, A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary, e`x ; dashtan lretd on xfbp ziqxta ,"dwfg" ,darishn mvrd my 25
London 1971, p. 25, s.v. dastan, dar--, -isn ; H.S. Nyberg, A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II, Wiesbaden 1974, p. 58, s.v.
milrad zeidl" mb eyexit ziqxta dashtan lretd ,11 dxrd ,"dcedi ax" ,e ìbeqa oeica ,lirl epxrdy itk .darisn
"sxvz"e ("zelra") "dikl`n" zeiaxrd milina dycgd ziqxta miynzyn mdipia oigadl icke ,"-a wifgdl" mbe "ly
,"mipy yely" ,` ìbeqa oeicl gtqpd ,lirl e`x llka mecwd gxfna "dwfg"e "zelra" mibyend aexir lr .("dwfg")
."zerwxw zwfg ly miiga ayend"
ly xekf` miiqxt zexewna ep`vn `l j` ,"miig jyn" byenl zlaewn ziqxt zepyxt lr o`k qqazn lènyy okzii 26
o`kn"l "oipy oirax` cr" oia oigan envr lèny .zepenn ipiiprl ìdy lk zeaiyg lra onf wxtk "oipy oirax`"
mipend eply zexewn lr lèny qqazd el` lka `nye .(`"r apw Ð a"r `pw zay ilaa) miiètx mipiipr dnkl "jliè
z` zencl mewn did `weec eply oiiprl j` ,`"r hv oixcdpq ilaae i dv xenfn ,bi al xacna oebk ,xecl dpy mirax`
,192 'nr ,(4 dxrd ,lirl) lhpfex .dpy miying èdy ,(a"r `k oiyeciw ilaa) "laei ly enler"l iqxtd "miigd jyn"
lekil `wqh aidic o`n : xn` `kln" odiably zeipnf zexikn e` zewfg oia dpgaddy xyt`
ìd ,[3] "`xhya `l` `rx` ipwil `l : xn` `kln" diably ynn dxikn oial [5] "`rx`
: Matikan 39:31-32Îa ztwzynd
[oerny ,ipenl`=] oiexhiny jk lr driaz yib` `l" : oldlck qkp iabl xidvn cg`yk
dpey oiipra xaecn ,"dpd cr il ezpizpe ezxiknl xyà 'bedpd' xg` `lnl jixv did
jildd' xg` `lnl jixv did oiexhiny jk lr driaz yib` `l" : jk xidvn èdy cg`n
."dpd cr ezpizpe ezxiknl xyà 'iwegd
xidvdl "'bedpd' it lr jl dfd qkpd z` izzp e` izxkn" xidvnd mc`d lry meyn z`f
'bedpd' xg` ielin lr dxdvda oky ,"dpizpe dxiknl xyà 'iwegd jildd' z` rva`" mb
.dpizpe dxikn okn xg`l rval gxkd oi`
eliè ,xhya meyix `lle oipy oirax` e` "miigd jyn" cr ipnf "oyix`c" èd "bedpd" `nye
meyix zeklnd zyxec odiable ,mlerl otwezy ,zehlgen dpzne dxikn èd "iwegd jildd"
.xhya
zicedid dkldd mb .[1]Îe [8] ze`wqitay lèny ixac z` yxtl d`xp el` mixac rwx lr
sqepa j` ,"zexiky"e "zeqix`/dxikg" ,"dpzn" ,"dxikn" mibyena exikd iqxtd wegd mbe
: zicedid dklda eznbeck did `ly iqxtd wega rwxwa dwfg ly xg` beq did dl`l
zeaiqpd zg`y d`xp .epxqniy eilr mkqedy in rawy onfd jynl qkp ly ipnf "oyix`c"
oiba odilra icin erwtedy zerwxw zxiqn ly dxwn dziid 27df ipnf "oyix`c" yniy oday
xèzny itke 28,zeklnd mrhn el` zerwxw lr mi`xg`d ,"ixixdf" ici lr miqn melyzÎi`
itk l`ppg epax zrcke ,ixi`na zàen ìdy itk cxtq ipe`b zrck d`xp okl .eply ìbeqa
; xacnk od ixd miakek caer iqkp" wqt ok` lènyy ,mipey`xd zvwn ici lr zàen ìdy
`l` eia`n dyexia iebd laiwy miqkpl oeekzd `l èd la` ,[1] "oda dkf oda wifgnd lk
dcedi ax wqty itke ,`wqhd melyzÎi` oiba l`xyil exqnpy ieb ly miqkpl wxe j`
[1] `wqita lèny ixac ly ixewnd xywdd : xne` deed 29.[4] `wqita eiptl ày dyrna
on dpwy "oyix`c"a dcya wifgdl l`xyil xzeny rawpy xg`l .[8] `wqita eixac did
,ixexdfd mrhn ea dkfy df iptl dcya wifgd xg` l`xyi m`y raew lèny ,[8] "`xexdf"d
: [1] dpw
: lènyc dinyn ... .8

,`pic `zeklnc `pic
,oipy 'n cr i`qxtc oyix`c
.ipiaf edpiaf Ð `wqhl `rx` oiafc ixexdf ipde
wx .qxt izca ,dyrnl dkld ,'oipy irax` i`qxtc oyix`c' z` yye`l mignen mihqip`xi`l xi`ydl epilr" : azek
zigxfn drtyd `ny" : my 43 dxrdae ,"xge`nd inexd wegd on `weec epl dreci dpy mirax` ly ef 'dwfg'y xirp
."? o`k yi
creind eilra ribiy cr xfl rwxw zxiqn : ef zipnf dwfg dyniy oday zeaiqp ly MatikanÎa cala ze`nbec izy yi 27
jk myl xcpa dwpredy rwxw lr dpapy ycwn ldpl ixhqèxef xnek iepine ( Matikan 39:34–35 ) zexbad libl
oihib ilaane eply ìbeqd on heyt d`xpe .(1 'rd 540 'nr ,a jxk ,[18 dxrd ,lirl] dxqlea e`x ; Matikan 42:34–38)
.dfk sqep dxwn ìd `wqhl zerwxw zxiqny a"r gp
mi`xg`d ,`wqhd z` mliy `ly in ly eipkyl `l` ,mixwegde mipyxtd aex eyxity itk miciwtl dpeekd oi`y d`xp 28
dxqgd `wqhd z` mlyl mdilr ok `l mè ,`wqhd melyz z` eilr lawny xg` i`lwgl ely qkpd z` xeqnl
yexitd ipeir ,oldle ,jenqa oldl my oihib ilaan dàend e`x .a"r gp oihib ilaaa "`bà ipa" mipeknd md .mnvra
.[8] `wqitl
miazek md cer .oldl yxtpy itk ,d`xp oke ,`weec el` zeaiqpa [6] lèny zrck `ped axl wqt ongp ax s` mzhiyl 29
,sqei iwenp ; 17 dxrd ,lirl ,dxigad zia e`x ; el` zeaiqpl eqgiizd [7] l`xyi ux` i`xenè oia` xa `ped ax s`y
: dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecna ,oldl yxtpy itke ,l`xyi uxà miiw did `l "oyix`c"d cqen j` .16 dxrd ,lirl
meyn z`f la` ,zeaiqpd lka l`xyi uxà miieb iqkp iabl ok ewqt l`xyi ux` i`xen` ,"oia` xa `ped ax ly xcyd
xa zngln e` oaxegd xg`l micedid mdilran erwtedy miqkp Ð wcva Ð l`xyi uxà miieb iqkpa e`x mi`xen`y
.ynn mdly opi`y zerwxw l`xyil mixken md s`y `vnp .àkek
: lèny xn` dcedi ax xn` .1

.oda dkf oda wifgnd lk ; xacnk od ixd miakek caer iqkp
miqxtde ,`pic `zeklnc `picy oeeikn : efa ef zexeywd zexnin ly zxyxy o`k yi ,epixacl
cr `wqhd z` mlyiy in lkl exqnpy zerwten zerwxw lr zipnf zelra ly beq eraw
zerwxwd lr mi`xg`d ,ixexdfd ici lr zerwxw ly dxikn/dxiqn if` ,dpy mirax`
miqxtd ipic it lr exknp el` miqkpy oeeikn j` 30.dklda zxken ,odilran erwtedy
e`le ,"oda dkf oda wifgnd lke ,xacnk od ixd" ,zecgein zeaiqpa ,ipnfe cgein "oyixc"k
.xhy `ll ,ixexdfd on zeiekfd z` laiwy in `weec
jilda xaecnd oi`y oeeikn 31.df oebka melk ciqtn epi` oey`xd l`xyidy ce`n okzii
xiaq ,`wqhd melyzl dxenza dpy mirax` cr ly zipnf dwfga `l` dxikn ly ilnxet
melyz onfl cr dgcp melyzd : `xexdfd on "`piaf"d zrya melyz llk did `ly gipdl
cinrd dcedi axyk oey`xd l`xyil cqtd mey did `l okl 32.xivwd xg`l ,rwxwd iqn
zxikn ly sqep dxwnn dler jk .[5±4] ipyd l`xyid icia `zerxc `xecn rwxwd z`
dxqnpy zicedi zelraa rwxwa xaecn my .a"r gp oihib ilaaa xèznd `wqhl rwxw
egilvd `l miixewnd micedid milrady xg`l ,"`wqhl" i`lirx xa lcibl ipnf oteà
: eze` mlyl
`z` seql .oipy zlzc ifef aidie micw` ,`bà ipan `wqha `rx` liaw i`lirx xa lcib
ez` ,opilk` op` opiadi op` `zyd ,zlk` zadic `ziinw `zy : dil exn` ,i`nw `zeexn
axl ryedi axc dixa `ped ax l"` ,`bà ipa` `txih dil azkinl xaq ,`tt axc dinwl
oxw lr eizern gipd : ryedi axc dixa `ped ax xn` `l` ! oewixwiq ziyr ,k"` : `tt
.iavd
e` mixqend mipkyd ,eply ìbeqay ixexdfd md md ,"dcyd ipa" ,"`bà ipa"y d`xp
libxay rnzyn df dyrnn .`wqhd melyz i` zngn odilran erwtedy zerwxw mixkend
ifef" mliye micwd i`lirx xa lcib .xivwd xg`l dpya dpy `wqhd z` rwxwa dkefd mliy
zetqep zertez izy mb mibcn df dyrn 33."iavd oxw lr eizern gipd" jkae ,"oipy zlzc
zexyt`d (a)e ; laaa `wqhd zngn zerwxwd ziipw ly zeipnfd (`) : lirl epcnr odilry
xg`l ,rwxwa mipey micedi oia zeiekfd zwelg oiipra ewqti micedid ly oicd izay
miipyl xyt`n iqxtd wegdy itke ,oiiprd on mdici z` ewliq dzxiqn lr mi`xg`dy
,zxg` hilgd dpenndyk s` oey`xd rbxd on szeyna da wifgdl rwxwa "oyixc" elaiwy
z` xifgd `tt ax ly oicd ziay d`xpe 34.oiiprd on envr z` wliq xak dpenndy oeeik
`rx` oiafc ixexdf ipd"e "oipy oirax` cr i`qxtc oyix`c" ,"`pic `zeklnc `pic" od zg` ody zekldd yely epzrcl 30
`"ahixde ,zlz ipd b"d d"c ,`"r dp `xza àa ,`"ayxd zhiy oial df xeyxy oia xeywl oi` j` ."ipiaf dipiaf ,`wqhl
migztpd miàd mixacd zyelyl zxzek ìd `l` ,oiipnd on dpi` "`pic `zkelnc `pic" ditly ,zlz ipd d"c ,my
,`wqhl ilin ipd"e ,"ipiaf dipiaf ,`wqhl `rx` oiafc ixexdf ipd" ,"oipy oirax` cr i`qxtc `qix`" : "-c" qgid iepika
xn` lèny `ly xexa oky ,leke lekn leqt df yexit .189±187 'nr ,(4 dxrd ,lirl) lhpfex e`xe ; "`l `bxkl la`
e`xe .biw±aiw 'nr ,(6 dxrd ,lirl) ipald e`x ; cala `wqh oiiprl dkldd z` xn` xak ixd èd ,"`wqhl ilin ipd"
.mixg` minrhn df yexit dgecd ,193 'nr ,my ,lhpfex mb
,[4] ze`wqita ynyn "oaf" lretdy dgpdd lr miqqeand ,[2] `wqita `xnbd lra ixacle ,mipey`xd zgpdl cebipa 31
.14 dxrd ,lirl e`x ; eheytk [8]Îe [6]
193 zpya : 6 ,'c ,'a ,qepìcexd oeixehqidd iazka xèznd inexd mlera dnec yigxza dlecb xzei cer dlwd ep`vn 32
,uiaepa 'n e`x .dze` gixtie zlefd ly dnney rwxw lr hlzyiy inl mipy xyr jynl miqnn xeht wpred dxitql
` ìbeq ,lirl) "zi`pzd dklda eizeawre (dxitql 193) qwpihxt xqiwd ly oey`xd dyrnd : 'epy mexig zrya' "
.15 'nr ,(35 dxrd
,lirl) dliy e`x llka df dyrn oiiprl .rxkd mixacl oiè ,y`xn cala zg` dpy mlyn did libxay yxtl mb xyt` 33
s`y ,epixacl .eply ìbeqd lr ìdd ìbeqd on eywdy mipey`xd ixacl my mipeivd e`xe ,19±18 'nr ,(4 dxrd
,ynn ly ìyew o`k oi` ,"oipy oirax` cr" ly "oyix`c" `l` opi` elld zerwxwd zyikxy rcei eply ìbeqa lèny
.l"nkè
.20 dxrd cil ,lirl dàen e`x .Matikan 42 :39 34
ongp axe dcedi ax ,lèny eliè ,icedi did èdy meyn df dxwna miixewnd eilral dcyd
èd ,"oyixc"d lr migkeezn micedi ipye ,ieb èd miixewnd milradyky ewqt eply ìbeqa
.mcew dcya wifgdy icedil xqnp
`wqhd oiipra qxta `zeklnc `picd z` zencl oi`y mb yxetn i`lirx xa lcib dyrna
ly xcyd zernyna oldl oecl epèaa daeyg didz ef dpgad .il`xyiÎux`d oewixwiqd oicl
35.[7] `wqita oia` xa `ped ax
sqei axl iia` oia giyÎecd

: [8] `wqita eci lr zexèznd zeaiqpa wx exn`p [1] `wqita lèny ixacy dler epixacn
l`xyi àe ,`wqhd melyz zxenz cg` l`xyil exqnpyk wx xacnk md miakek caer iqkp
: [5] `wqita sqei ax lr iia` ziiyew .mda xtge cg`
,`klnl `wqh iadi eed `l ediiteb edpi`c ,eed ixnhn ibà mzd ? zxn`w `zerxc `xec
,`rx` lekil `wqh aidic o`n : xn` `klne
lènyk wqt dcedi ax ,sqei ax itl ,ok` m` : uexiz `l` ,llk ìyew zeidl dkixv dpi`
xn` `kln" oday zeaiqpa wx xwtdk md miakek caer iqkpy oniq ,`weec `zerxc `xeca
miakek caer ly dcy zxikn ly zelibxd zeaiqpa `le ,"`rx` lekil `wqh aidic o`n
eàedy itk iia` ixac oeyln j` .xhy zaizk zaiign `zeklnc `pic oday l`xyil
z` rnyy xg`l mb ,lèny mya dcedi ax zxninl lilk ygkzn èdy rnzyn epiptl
qgiizd lènyy okzii `le ,bixg dxwn èd `zerxc `xecy xneè ,sqei ax ly xaqdd
36.eil`
wx
izextq ceair èd [5±3] ze`wqita epiptly iia`l sqei ax oia giyÎecd ly geqipdy d`xp
lr [3] `wqitay ely eziiyew z` [5] `wqita uxiz ok` iia` xewnae ,mixacd ly xge`n
z` llk `l iia` ixac ly ixewnd gqepdy gipdl yi .[4] `wqitay sqei iax ixac jnq
`veik e` jk gqepn did `l` ,iia` ixac y`xay "mzd ? zxn`w `zerxc `xec" milind
: dfa
`klne ,`klnl `wqh iadi eed `l ediiteb edpi`c ,[xn`w] ixnhn ibà[a ,ikd i`] : l"`
.`rx` lekil `wqh aidic o`n : xn`
zerwxwa wx exn`p lèny mya dcedi ax ixacy oekp l` yxity df èd iia` df itle
zerwxwd lr "oyixc"d ly zipnf dxiqny raew `zeklnc `pic odiable ,`wqha exknpy
iia` oia zwelgn oi` ,cxtq ipe`be l`ppg epax eyxity itk .xhy `ll dyriz `wqhd zxenz
,ea `veike `zerxc `xec ly dxwna wx exn`p lèny mya dcedi ax ixac .ìbeqa lènyl
.`wqhd melyz zxenz "miakek caern `rx` oaf"c l`xyia
z` ep`vn ? ìbeqd jynda minlrzn dpnny ìyewl iia` ly df uexiz jtd ok m` cvik
"...dcedi axc dinwl `zè ...`zerxc `xeca ded dcaer ,`prci `l `p`" iia`l xne` sqei ax
.dcedi ax e` lèny ly `xnina mipc iiaè èdyk ,ilaaa minrt rax`n zegt `l
: od elè
."oia` xa `ped ax ly xcyd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,oldl e`x 35

àil` uexizk mze` yxtl gep xzei zvwe ,ipxhpw zegt zvw oeyla miàen o`k sqei axl iia` ixac bxeand ci azka 36
eltè eed ixenh ib[`]a edpd zxn` `w `zerxc `xec èdd dil 'n`" : bxeand ci azk zqxib efe .ìyewk `le ,lènyc
xneln dwegx ef zi`cigi `qxib mb j` ."`rx` lekil `wqh aidic o`n 'n` `klne `wqh iadi eed `l editeb edpi`
aidic o`n" jlnd xn` odiably zerwxwa zwqer lèny mya dcedi ax zxniny sqei ax ixacn oiad iia`y zeyxetn
."`rx` lekil `wqh
Ð a"r at a"a ilaa eply ìbeqd oiaexir ilaa oiaexir ilaa

`"r bt `"r ai a"r±`"r f
dcedi ax xn` sqei ax xn` dcedi ax xn` ax xn` sqei ax xn` dinw sqei ax aizi
rax`n : lèny xn` caer iqkp : lèny : lèny xn` dcedi aizie ,`ped axc
; dpeny cre zen` od ixd miakek .cg` qta zxzip xvg dcedi ax xn` ,xn`we
ongp ax xn` àx wifgnd lk ,xacnk zwelgn : ax xn`
dpenyn : lèny xn` ...oda dkf oda da miiqne ...ìhxqa
.dxyr yy cre : dcedi axc dinyn
dlk iean did m`
jixv epi` Ð dagxl
.melk
: sqei axl iia` l"` in : sqei axl iia` l"` axl iia` dil xn` axl iia` dil xn`
axc dilr beltz `l ? ikd lèny xn` lèny xn` in : sqei dcedi axc `d : sqei
oizipzn opzc ,ongp `pic : lèny xn`de dil xn` `de ? ikd ...ìd lènyc Ð
...dizeek ,`pic `zeklnc xa dippg axl lèny
ipwil `l : xn` `klne ciarz `l z` : `liy
! `zxbià `l` `rx` aexa e` `l` `caer
! oiqt ipya e` otec
,`prci `l `p` : l"` `l `p` : dil xn` `l `pè : dil xn` `l `p` : dil xn`
`xeca `caer `l` ded `caer ,`prci ded `caerc ,`prci ded `caer ; `prci
dinwl ezè ,`zerxc ,`zerxc `xeca oeyl ,`zerxc dxeca iean `zerxc `xeca
lif : l"è ,dcedi axc `rx` oafc l`xyia ,ded xvgl qpkpd mi ,ded dagxl dlky
xwa `lnk dil ad `zè ,'iakek caern axc dinwl `zè axc dinwl `zè
`prci ded `le ; eilke witx `pixg` l`xyi dikxv` `le dcedi dikxv` `le dcedi
,dnk eilke xwa `lnk `z` ,`zxet da .cg` qt `l` ìyw iè .icin `le
`dl 'zrnyc oeik ,dcedi axc dinwl iediz Ð axc dinyn
mc` rhi `l : opzc .ipyc `cia dnwe` `le ,lènyc dinyn
dcyl jenq oli` .icin ìyw
wigxd k"`` exiag
ipze ,zen` 'c dpnn
exn`y zen` 'c : dlr
,mxkd zcear ick Ð
`lnk n"y : `pin`
.zen` 'c Ð eilke xwa
`zerxc `xec : l"` mi oeyl : dil xn`

? zxn`w ? zxn`w
,eed ixnhn ibà mzd minkg elwdy èd lw
eed `l ediiteb edpi`c .mina
,`klnl `wqh iadi
o`n : xn` `klne
lekil `wqh aidic
.`rx`
cg` lka `zerxc `xecn dcedi ax ly oic wqt sly sqei axy oin`dl dyw ,cg` cvn
mzgiye ,lèny e` dcedi ax ly `xnin lr iia` eipta dywd mday elld mixwnd zrax`n
"xared"y cg` dyrna xaecny d`xp oi` ,ipy cvn .jk lk zenec milina mrt lk dldpzd
mihxt mdn cg` lka yi Ð ycgd xywdl m`zda miiepiya mixg`d zenewnd zyelyl
el` mihxty mb dn ; cgeina dxet `xnb lral mlek z` qgiil dywe ,icn miax miicegii
oceqia 37: "xzi ienic" zrteza oiipr o`k epl yiy èt` d`xp .zepin` mixcyn mnvrlyk
ax ìady minicwzde ,zxg` e` ef zpekzna eygxzd ok` sqei axl iia` oia dl`d zegiyd
zegiyd rax` ly izextqd oyeaib ick jez j` .zepin` ,dcedi ax ,eax ly dkldd iwqtn sqei
.xg` dyrn lr eyaled cg` dyrnn mihxte ,dfn df miyrnd ly mgeqip rtyed elld
dpi` [5] `wqita iia` ixaca ,"...mzd ? zxn`w `zerxc `xec" ,ìyew oeyla dgiztdy oeeikn
sqei axl iia` oia oeicd it lr eply ìbeql dtqep ìdy d`xp ,eply ìbeqd jldnl dni`zn
`xnin wicvdl sqei ax ywia eay ,`"r ai oiaexir ilaaay df ,`zerxc `xeca xg` dyrna
iiaè ,`zerxc `xeca dcedi ax ly dkld wqt jnq lr lèny mya dcedi ax ly zxg`
oiay oeinca oigady `xnb lra ."mina minkg elwdy èd lw ? zxn`w mi oeyl" : aiyd
`ly ,o`k iia` ixac ly zixewnd dgiztd z` xind mye o`k iia`l sqei ax oia zegiyd
z` zencl ick ,df ipxhpw oeyla ,mdit lr dpwqn `l` sqei ax ixac lr zxewia da dziid
.oiaexira eixacl "xzi ienic" o`k iia` ixac
oia` xa `ped ax ly xcyd

oiiprl wx dxn`p [1] lèny mya dcedi ax zxniny eid mirc ininz sqei axe iia` ,epixacl
.dcedi ax iptl ày `zerxc `xec dyrna didy itke ,`wqhl dxknpy ieb ly rwxw
sqei axl iia` oia dnec giyÎec zrtyda zizextq ztqez ìd ef driawn iia` ly zebiizqdd
zeaiqpd xeìza ynyn ,"miakek caern `rx` oaf" ,oeyl eze`y oeeikne ,`"r ai oiaexira
dxwna mby d`xp ,[6] ongp ax iptl ày `ped ax dyrnae [4] dcedi ax iptl ày df dyrna
epax eyxit jk .`wqhl zerwxwd z` exkny "ixexdf"n rwxwa "oyix`c" dpw `ped ax oexg`d
xcyd z` mb jk eyxit md 38.dn`zda ,sqei iwenpae ixi`na miàend cxtq ipe`be l`ppg
: [7] oia` xa `ped ax ly
Ð da wifgde xg` l`xyi àe ,miakek caern dcy gwly l`xyi : oia` xa `ped ax gly
.xaca oiey epizeax lke `rli` 'xe oia` 'x did oke .ecin dze` miìven oi`
rwxwa `weec e`le ,ieb ly ìdy lk rwxwa zwqer ef zil`xyiÎux` `xniny èd heyt j`
uxày d`xp .qxta bedpk ,miqn melyzÎi` zngn xhy `lle zianet dxikna dxknpy
on el` zerwxw oky ,lfbk mpic l`xyi uxà miqkpa miiebd ipiipw lky ewqt ok` l`xyi
exqnpe àkek xa cxne oaxegd xg`l mi`nexd ici lr mdicin erwtede eid l`xyi ly mzqd
bt `ly ,df oiipra epic ziae iax zpwz .miinexd zepehlyd mrhn mda ewifgdy oewixwiql
dpyna zàen ,l`xyi ux` ipax lke `rli` iax ,oia` iax ,oia` xa `ped ax inia mb dtwez
:e d
,dkef gwil mcewd lk ,yceg xyr mipy oewixwiq ipta dzdy m`y epnpe oic zia aiyed iax
39.riax milral ozep la`
mcewd lk" iehial yexit oirk md eply ìbeqa [7] `wqita l`xyi ux` i`xen` ixacy d`xp
ina `l` ,dcyd xear iebl mliyy inl dpyna dpeekd oi` : ìdd dpynay "dkef gwil
miiz`ne ,iax ixg` dpy d`n hrnk elrty Ð el` mi`xen` inia .`weec oey`x ea wifgdy
,"dixagl dil xn`c èdd" ,c ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x mdipia oeinc xak yiy miyrna "xzi zencid" ly ef drtezl 37
.my 9 dxrde ,"wxta enewine uaewd ly eite` : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn
,`weec mexig zrya dpwzp ìdd dpwzd my epixacly it lr s` .20±18 'nr ,(32 dxrd ,lirl) uiaepa e`x ef dpwzl 39
`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,"d`gn" ,i ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x) oiwxta a dpyna "dwfgl zevx` yely" oiipra dpwzd enk
axe `rli` iax ,oia` iax inia zycegn zepyxtle dpcrl dzkf s` ìde ,mexigd zry mez mr mb dtwez bt `l ,([2]
.[7] eply ìbeqa xn`py itk ,oia` xa `ped
did ce`n dyw Ð àkek xa cxne lecbd cxnd inia onvr zenc`d zrwtd xg`l xzeie dpy
mlyl ,epic ziae iax erawy i`pzd xg` `lnl ick miixewnd micedid milrad z` zedfl
oipirl oewixwiq xcba ieb mzqe Ð l`xyi uxà iebn dcy dpewd l`xyiy `vnp .riax milral
.ecin eze` miìven oi` dcyd lr hlzynd xg` l`xyie ,dkldd it lr e`pw `l Ð df
rwxw oiipra zilaad dkldd oial oewixwiqd oiipra zil`xyiÎux`d dkldd oia ef dpgad
: `"r gp oihib ilaa ,i`lirx xa lciba lirl epi`xy dyrna zyxetn `wqha dxknpy
`z` seql .oipy zlzc ifef aidie micw` ,`bà ipan `wqha `rx` liaw i`lirx xa lcib
ez` ,opilk` op` opiadi op` `zyd ,zlk` zadic `ziinw `zy : dil exn` ,i`nw `zeexn
axl ryedi axc dixa `ped ax l"` ,`bà ipa` `txih dil azkinl xaq ,`tt axc dinwl
oxw lr eizern gipd : ryedi axc dixa `ped ax xn` `l` ! oewixwiq ziyr ,k"` : `tt
.iavd
oicl `wqha `rx` zlaw oic z` zencl oi` : `tt axl xne` ryedi axc dixa `ped ax
lawn epi` `wqhd z` mliyy ine ,`zeklnc `pic it lr daeg èd `wqhd melyz .oewixwiq
ly zekldde ,ecia ìd dlfb l`xyi uxà ieb ciay rwxw mzq ,z`f znerl .dxfg dze`
.el` zerwxw zle`b lr lwdl ick onfd mr egztzd oewixwiq
i`xen`Îxzad `xnbd lra itl l`xyie ieb ipiipw

epwpy zerwxwa wxe j` xaecny ,zixewnd mzernyna [8 ,1] lèny ixac z` epyxit dk cr
lèny ixac it lr [6] ongp axe [4] dcedi ax ly oicd iwqt zè ,ipnf "oyix`c"a iebd ici lr
oia` xa `ped ax ixacl eply xaqdd ok `l .ef zixewn zernyn mitwyn mdy epiive ,[1]
xaecny epyxit my : [1] `wqitay lèny ixacl dxe`kl minecd [7] l`xyi ux` i`xenè
.l`xyi uxà ieb ly rwxw mzqa
df `xnb lra ,xekfk ? [2] `wqita lèny ixacl `xnbd lra rivny zepyxtd xyt dn mxa
: yxit
`xhy ihnc cr ipw `l l`xyi ,dil wlzq` dicil ifef ehn ikn miakek caer ? `nrh i`n
.oda dkf oda wifgnd lke xacnk od ixd jkld ,dicil
zepwpd zerwxwa xaecny lèny ixacl cxtq ipe`b yexitk `xnbd lra oiad m` ! jytp dnn
ixd ? "dicil `xhy ihnc cr ipw `l" l`xyid recn ,cala `wqhd melyz zxenz xhy `ll
xake ,[5] "`rx` lekii `wqh aidic o`n xn` `kln"e ,el` zeaiqpa didi `le did `l xhy
oiipw zeaiqpd lkay `xnbd lra oiad mè ! [8] "`pic `zeklnc `pic" df oebkay lèny raw
`l l`xyi" recn ,xhya jxev yi iqxtd wegd itly it lr s` ,dkldd itl sqka èd iebd
`l` ,cala ef `le ,iebl oia l`xyil oia rwxwa dpew sqk ixd ? "dicil `xhy ihnc cr ipw
c oihib dpyna ,daypy iprpk car iabl `weec dpyp sqka èd ieb ly oiipwy dcaerd mvr
l`xyid ,sqka xken iebd dkldd itl m`y ixd 40! sqka card z` epnn micet micediy ,c
! sqka epnn dpew mb
zwqra¦ mitwzd oiipwd ikxca o`k xaecnd oi`y mipey`xd aex eyxit el` zeiyew z`tn
itl `le miccvd ipyl raew sqkd ditly zicedid dkldd itl `l ,iebl l`xyi oia oirwxwn
`zeklnc `pic" lèny raw el` lk iabl ixd .dlibx xkn zwqra¦ xhy jixvdy iqxtd wegd
41
eyxit mipey`xd aex .oicd xwirn miiebl micedi oia oigadl `xaq oiè ,micedil mb "`pic
.`"r gl ± a"r fl oihib ilaa e`x 40

`"ahix ; eixac seqa ,lèny ly epic xwirae d"c ,my `"ayxd iyecig ; dil wlzq` d"c ,a"r cp `xza àa m"ayx 41
e`x mixg` miyexitl .dcedi ax xn` d"c ,my zvaewn dhiya àen ,c"a`x ; lèny xn` dcedi ax xn` d"c ,my
,xacnk md ixd iebd iqkp d"c ,aqw 'nr ,(32 dxrd ì ìbeq ,lirl) `"r cp `xza àal dkld xexiae dxexa dkld
."oicd mrh" ,a wxt
xear mliyy jk lr jneq epi`y ,oey`xd l`xyid cvn zrc zexinb xqega xaecny èt`
yyeg èdy meyn ,xhy eicil lawiy cr e` da wifgiy cr epiipwa geha yibxn epiè rwxwd
wifgde xg` l`xyi à m` ,okl .sqkd z` laiwy xg`l dcyd z` epnn lefbie xefgi iebdy
,lawzd mxh xhyd ,sqkd zlaw mr wlzqd iebd : oeyld on rnzyn jke .dpw ipyd ,eiptl ea
rwxwd z` zepwl ezrca xnb `l l`xyide ,ipnf "oyix`c" oiipwa xaecn m` llk lawzi `l e`
.xhy `ll
meyn oey`xd l`xyid cvn zrcd zexinb xqeg oiipr z` o`k qipkd `xnbd lray d`xp
ax ly dkldd z` mb xiaqiy [1] lèny mya dcedi ax ly dkldl xaqd èvnl ywiay
Ð iia` e`/e sqei ax ly xaqdd .l`xyi uxà od laaa od swz didie ,[7] oia` xa `ped
`pic" it lr z`fe ,`wqhl zxknpd rwxw oial dlibx dwqra
¦ zxknpd rwxw oia oigand
`l l`xyi uxà oky ,zil`xyiÎux`d dkldd z` xiaqdl leki epi` Ð ziqxtd "`zeklnc
l`xyid dyry dwqra ¦ cig` mbt èvnl jxev èt` yg `xnbd lra .z`fk dpgad ep`vn
od ipyd l`xyid ly ezwfg it lr rwxwd lr zelrad zriaw z` wicviy iebd mr oey`xd
zraew zicedid dkldd dpde .`weec zicedid dkldd it lr xaqd ,laaa od l`xyi uxà
lr `le iebd zrc lr dtwz dwqrd
¦ mè ,sqka rwxw dpew l`xyie sqka rwxw xken ieby
z` qetzie xefgiy iebd on yyeg l`xyidy meyn `l` df oi`y gipdl epilr l`xyid zrc
rcin" : ([3] ,"fixkn" ,gi ìbeq) `"r dn ,lirl xnin` zrck ,èd qp` ieb mzqy meyn ,rwxwd
42
."xwy oini mpinie èy xac mdit xy` : '`py ,èd qp` miakek caer mzqc rci
yyeg iebn rwxw dpewd l`xyi lky ,dpekp dgpdd m` .xzeia ule`n df yexit mxa
miiebn zerwxw ziipwa mipkzqn micedi recn ,zrc zexinb o`k oi` okle dwqrd ¦ reviaÎi`n
rwxwl wxe j` oeekzd lèny .xzein yexitd ,oaenk ,epixacl ? xwire llk y`xn melyza
ux` i`xen` .y`xn melyz did m` mb wtqe ,xhy `ll ,`wqhd melyz zxenz zxknpd
oick iebd oicy meyn iebd on oey`xd l`xyid ly oiipwd z` elqt ,z`f znerl ,l`xyi
,oewixwiqd on zerwxw zle`bl miyxcpd mi`pzd xg` `lin `l oey`xd l`xyide ,oewixwiq
oeincd zexnl Ð zekldd izyl szeyn xaqd oi` .ixewnd icedid rwxwd lraa aygzd `le
ly epiipwa Ð zrc zexinb xqeg Ð dpaen izkld mbt ytgl jxev oiè Ð odipia ipevigd
.iebd on oey`xd l`xyid
`bxke `wqh
qgiizd ixexdfd ici lr `wqhl zerwxw zxikn ly zenihibld oiipra [8] `wqita eixaca
? `nrh i`n .`l `bxkl la` ,`wqhl ilin ipd" 43: àx xirn wcvae ,`weec `wqhl lèny
zgz dbdp odilra epi`y mxeb ici lr zerwxw zxiqn ,epi`xy itk ."gpn `xabc swxw` `bxk
zerwxwa wx did lèny ly xzidd j` ,"`wqhl" `weec e`le ,zeax zeaiqpa miiqxtd
rwxwd zxinyl iqxtd wega i`pz did enelyzy ,dncà zexiyi xeywd qn ,`wqhl exknpy
m` mb ,rwxwl zexiyi dxeyw dziid `l ,zleblebd qn ,`bxkd z`f znerl .dilra icia
eizerwxw ly "lretl d`ved"a minrtl jexk did (xg` aeg lk melyzÎi` enk) dnelyzÎi`
mc`d lr lgd qn Ð `bxkd melyzÎià ze`xl dywy meyn z`f .melyzn rpnpy in ly
ceary .[9] rwxwa dwfgdl dpicnd i`pz xg` ielinÎi` Ð el oi` m` oiae miqkp el yi m` oia
qkpa milral yiy oiipwd zekf lr xrxrl ick ea oi`y cxtp oiipr èd df qn melyzl miqkpd
ly eyekx lk z` jted did df xerxr : xnin` dìady itk ,di`x `de .zizkld dpigan
.[11] el` miqkpa miipy it zyxl exekan rpene ,"wfgenl" `le "ie`x"l mc`d
`xec dyrn zeawra ycgn egqep [5] `wqita iia` ixacy xg`l wx lrt [2] `wqitl i`xg`d `xnbd lray mb xytè 42
`xnbd lra gipd iia` ixaca ef ddbd zeawra .xzi ienic miyrnd z` zencl ick ,`"r ai oiaexir ilaaay `zerxc
dxwna `weec mcinrdl `le agx yexit mdl èvnl ul`p èd okl .iia` ici lr migcp lèny mya dcedi ax ixacy
.ixewnd myexitk ,`wqhd melyz zxenz dxknpy rwxw ly
.[9] `wqitl yexitd ipeir oldle ,6Îe 3 zexrd ,lirl e`x 43
xqnpy qkpl iebd iqkp z` dxiwtnd dkldd z` eliabdy ,xninè àx ,envr lèny znerl
àx ixteq ,[10] ryedi axc dixa `ped ax exizd ,`wqhd melyzÎi` zngn "oyix`c"k
zngn exknpy ieb iqkp mb ixixdfd on "zepwl" [13] iy` axe ozp xa `ped mdizeawrae
milkna lke`d sè ,zerwxwk oilhlhin Ð mc` ly eiqkp lky meyn z`fe ,`bxk melyzÎi`
xnin` zprhl xy` 44.`bxkd melyzl "`zeklnc `pic" itl micareyn Ð ely gahnay
m` `l` miipy it yxei xekad oi` ok`y xne` ryedi axc dixa `ped ax ,xekad zyexi oiipra
,zi`xen`d ìbeqa dpexg`d dlind idef .[12] aiig did day `bxkd lk z` mliy znd ok
45
àx ixteq ixacl xy` ."ìd `le" ef dpwqn lr xne` i`xen`Îxza `xnb lray `l`
ick exn`y dn z` exn` dl` df `xnb lra itl ,iy` axe ozp xa `ped ici lr miàend
melyzÎi` zngn exknpy zerwxw lr micedi ly zehlzyd : lreta rxi`y dn z` wicvdl
.[14] `bxkd
ixewnd xziddy jka wtwtn `l` izkld yecig o`k ycgn epi` xge`nd `xnbd lray d`xp
.miqkpd ceary llba `bxk oiiprl mb zihnehe` miyi ,`wqhl wxe j` qgiizdy ,lèny ly
ixteqe ryedi axc dixa `ped ax zcnra ze`xl dywy xne` èd "ìd `le" xne` èdyk
lr zexiyi lhend qn ,`wqhd oiiprl zeyxetn exn`py ,lèny ixac ly dxiaq dagxd àx
j` ,miqkpd lkk el zecareyn zerwxwdy ,`bxkd oiiprl `le ,odilr zelral i`pzk zerwxw
ixac ly meyiid z` eaigxd àx ixteqy xne` èdyke .zerwxwd lr lhen epi` envr qnd
xiaqdl `l` jka itec lihdl oeekzn èd oi`y d`xp 46,"ediizlin inewe`l" lèny
ly xzida yeniyd agxed onfd mr .zexecd jyna `linn dygxzdy zizkld zegztzd
qnl xyw `ll ,lretl d`vedd ici lr exqnpy miqkp lr zehlzyd wicvdl ick lèny
oi`y mbd ,lèny ly xzidd ly meyiid agxed z`f zeawrae ,miqkpd erwted epibay wiecnd
.lèny ly zixewnd dcnrd z` ztwyn ef zepyxt
yexit ipeir
.`zxbià `l` `rx` ipwil `l : xn` `klne... .3
aehd l`l ,mipeyd eibeq lr ,eze` eqgii mdy iqxtd mlera jk lk aeyg did xknd xhy
: ziqxtd zcd cqiin ,xhqèxef ìapd zeèapn àd rhwd on dlery itk ,`cfn `xed`
`xed` dpr ? `cfn `xed` ,xtqna md dnk ,jifeg ! yecwd ied ,ixnegd mlerd `xea ied
èd ipyd ,mixaca dfegd èd oey`xd .yecwd dxhyezx`f ied ,xtqna md dyiy : `cfn
,xeyd jxrl dfegd èd iriaxd ,dyd jxrl dfegd èd iyilyd ,sk zriwza dfegd
diixet ,zicr dcy ,dcyd jxrl dfegd èd iyiyde ,mc`d jxrl dfegd èd iyingd
47
.daehe
deab zvw jxr zelra ze`wqra

¦ ; dt lra mkqda did ic mieqn jxrl cr ze`wqray
¦ d`xp
mixacd jyndn .aezk dfega jxev did dlrne dyd jxrne ,sk zriwza jxev did xzei

.my 29 dxrda mipeive ,402 'nr ,(5 dxrd f ìbeq ,lirl) `xza mizy zereay wxt ,uiaepa 'n e`x 45
"`zlin inewe`" ,"carc èd `zlin inewe` mzd" ,okpine dvpxit cid iazk zqxiba mby d`xpe ,cid iazk aexa jk 46
mixacdy d`xpk drnyn "xn`c èd dizlin inewe`l" miqetcd zqxib .ziyi` zebdpzd weciv ernyny byen èd
md m`y eil`n oaen cg` cvn la` ,[10] ryedi axc dixa `ped ax ixac z` wicvdl ick àx ixteq ici lr exn`p
axk ewqti àx ixteq dnl xexa `l ipy cvne ,mdixac z` zegcl daiq o`k oiè ,eixac z` miniiwn md ezenk miwqet
lr zxewiad on ezrc dgp `ly oqxb ly ddbd efy d`xpe .[9±8] lèny mya max ixac cbp ryedi axc dixa `ped
.cid iazk ze`qxibn rnzydl dlelry àx ixteq
.a: c c`cicpe ,dhqee` 47
èd "dcyd jxr"le "mc`d jxrl" ,"xeyd jxrl" ,"dyd jxrl" mifegd oia lcaddy xxazn
48
.ezxtd lr mlyl jixvy qpwa
.`rx` lekil `wqh aidic o`n : xn` `klne... .5
"`zxbià `l` `rx` ipwil `l : xn` `klne" ly eketid dpeeka èd iia` itay dfd geqipd
49."qn" ,taxis zipeeid dlina dceqie zixeqa mb zynyn "`wqh" dlind .[3]
.`pic `zeklnc `pic .8
zenewna .`"r biw `nw àae a"r i oihib ,`"r gk mixcp ilaaa mb zàen lèny ly ef dkld
dingp xa oawer itn ax xqny el` mixaca eceqiy xkipe ,"...lèny xn`c" èd oeyld mdd
ly xeyxy oirk md lèny o`k xn`y mixacd zyelyy epyxit mpn` lirl 50.`zelb yix
exknpy zerwxw ly dxwna miqxtd ly oyix`ce ,`pic `zeklnc `picy oeeikn : zekld
xeqi` mey oi` okl ,dpy mirax` jyna zipnf dwfgd `l` epi` `wqhd melyzÎi` zngn
oiipra mixacd ceqia zcnerd `xnindy xexa ,ok it lr sè .ixexdfd on zerwxw ziipwa
eze` myiil eywia wcva okle ,envr ipta llk xcba ìd ,"`pic `zeklnc `pic" ,el` zerwxw
eqip oze`y `nw àae oihib ,mixcpa ilaad zeibeqa zeklddy `l` .mixg` mixwna mb
olek od ,"`pic `zeklnc `pic" lèny ly llkd it lr ,zeywdl eywia odilry e` ,xiaqdl
ayeg did envr lèny m` wtq dliy lèny xirdy itke ,zeil`xyiÎux` zei`pz zekld
dxexa dpgad dpyi 51,lirl epi`xy itk .l`xyi uxà inexd oehlyd iabl llkd z` myiil
.a"r gp oihib ilaaa zil`xyiÎux`d zeìvnd oial ziqxtd zeìvnd oia
.oipy 'n cr i`qxtc oyix`c
i"kae ,"`-" libxd inx`d zenyd meiq mr ,"`yix`c" cxetqwe` i"ka .bxeand i"ka jk
"`qix`c"l mcew dyaey ef `qxib 52,lhpfex y"` xiaqdy itk ."dirx`c"l yaey dvpxit
,"-c" inx`d qgid iepikk dqtzp ,darishn ziqxtd dlind on wlg xen`k ìdy ,z"lcdyk
,"`zeyix`" e` "`zeqix`"l ddbede ,"xkeg ,qix`" ,libxd oaena dpaed "`qix`" dlinde
z` mb mipey`xd lvè miqetca ,cid iazk x`ya ep`vn jk ."-c"d zhnyda minrtl
"oyix`c" ditly zxeqnd z` exniy mipey`xd on miax ,ok it lr sè .elld ze`qxibd
znbec 54,ocne` ly dwfgl dpeekdy eyxit mdy `l` 53,lhpfex oiivy itk ,"dwfg" ernyn
wegd ,mdixacl 55.df byenl zxge`nd zepyxtd itl eply dklda "mipyd yely zwfg"
eqxb mixg` 56.xhy `ll mb rwxwd z` wifgnl dpwn dpy mirax` ly zedyy raw iqxtd
.c±b: c ,my 48
M. Sokoloff, A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, ; my mipeive ,26 'rd 190 'nr ,(4 dxrd ,lirl) lhpfex e`x 49
.my mipeive ,"`qwh ,`wqh" jxr ,(32 dxrd a ìbeq ,lirl) p. 508
,"`pic `zeklnc `pic : lèny xn`" : lèny ixaca zgzetd "`teb" ziibeq mb ep`vn a"r biw `nw àaa mpn` 50
zipyn ìdd ìbeqd mb j` .eixac z` dgec iiaè ,lèny ixac z` gikedl dqpn àx : iia`l àx oia oeic dixg`le
rny èdy dler eply ìbeqd one ,my mb mixacd z` ìady df èd àxy èd myexd oky ,eply ìbeqd znerl
.11 'nr ,(4 dxrd ,lirl) dliy 'y oigady itk ,`zelb yix dingp xa oawer itn lèny mya mixacd z`
."ip`q`qd htynl ozwife ìbeqa lèny zexnin ly zixewnd zernynd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,lirl e`x 51
.193±187 'nr ,(my) lhpfex 52
.189 'nr ,(my) lhpfex 53
.`qix` d"c ,my `"ayx ; `qix`c d"c ,my m"ayx ; `zeyixà d"c ,a"r dp `xza àa ,meyxb epaxl qgeind e`x 54
zeawra dpy mirax` ìd laaa xg` l`xyi dcya l`xyi zwfg m` dl`ya zepey zerc mb miìan `"ayxde m"ayxd
,lirl) dliy xirdy itke ,mipy yely zwfg oiipra oiwxta eàedy miyrnd lkn zenlrzd jez ± df `zeklnc `pic
jk .eicinlz zrc lr elawzd `ly mixac ,lèny ixaca hyt jka ze`xl dhep dliy ,ok it lr sè .7 'nr ,(4 dxrd
dkld ly dwnera oell mewnd o`k `l Ð xen`k Ð la`" : azke eixac z` biiqy `l` ,193 'nr ,my ,lhpfex mb yxit
."ditirql ef
."zerwxwa dwfg oiipwe zerwxw zwfg : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"mipy yly" ,` ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 55
.193±192 'nr ,(my) lhpfex e`x .dprh `ll mb ileè 56
minid zeaxa 57.dpy mirax` jynl ìd qxta qix`d zxikgy eyxite ,`weec "`zeqix`"
lv` zekixà xèzy itk ,qxta dpy mirax` zkxe`d dwfgl dnbeck df yexit qtzp
58
.lhpfex
zexnin ly zixewnd zernynd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecna ,lirl epyxity itk j`
dwfgl oeekzd `l lèny ,miiqxt zexewn it lr "ip`q`qd htynl ozwife ìbeqa lèny
dxenb zelral silgzk dwpredy zlefd ly rwxwa zipnf dwfgl `l` xwire llk df oaena
.zenieqn zeaiqpa ,xhya
.ipiaf edpiaf Ð `wqhl `rx` oiafc ixexdf ipde
zi`cigi dlinl dxeyw (60"ixxdif" miqxeb yi) 59o`k "ixexdf" zi`cigid dlindy heyt d`xp
: a"r `q `xza àa dritend ,"`xdif" ,zxg`
oixwzn dedc `zrx` izxz dil ièd ,jl `ppafn ìig iac `rx` : dixagl l"`c èdd
herin Ð `nzq `zrx` l"` iè .l"` `l izxz ,dil xn` `cg : iy` ax xn` ,ìig iac
iè .iqicxte ipzqean xal ,dil zi`c `zrx` lk Ð `zrx` lk l"` iè .mizy `zrx`
.icare izan xal ,iqicxte ipzqea ia 'it` Ð `xdif l"`
dlind `ven j` ,miqcxte mipzqea ,zerwxwl llek my èd "`xdif"y xexa my xywdd on
`l drnyn s` ,eply ìbeqa "ixxdif/ixexdf" dlinl xy` 61.miax ecirdy itk ,xxazp `l
ernyny crezn `l xèz ,zinhar-bar ,ziqxtn dlind z` xefbl rivd cwy le`y .xxazp
ezn`zd sè ,"`xdif" dlinl xeyw èd oi`y heyt d`xpy s` 62,"oeghia [zcerz] lra"
.dxexa dpi` eply xywdl
; zarrartu e` sarrartu zick`d dlind on odizy zè ,"`xdif"n "ixexdf" z` xefbl yiy d`xp
mirivn driten ìd eay cigid xewnd ly xywdd it lr j` ,reci epi` drnyn s`
mbxeznd ,xewnd oeyl dfe 63."eixvna mieqn epi`y dcy" ,open country yxtl mitxbewiqwld
`ll xef`) sarrartu/zarrartuÎd z` dvg ,jkxca lgd ,xweaa mcwen `v" : zixneyd on zick`l
64."(mixvn
,zinxà "`xdif" ."`bà"d iayez md "ibà ipa"y itk ,"`xdif"d iayez md "ixexdf" df itl
ipay myke ."`bà ipa" èt` md "ixexdf"e ,ziqxta "`bà" epiid ,zarrartu zickà d`veny
`wqhd z` mliy `ly mdly icedid okyd ly rwxwd z` xeqnl/xeknl eb`cy md `bà
eid ,`bà ipa ,ixexdfd lky qxta did bedp jk ,a"r gp oihib ilaa it lr i`lirx xa lcibl
melyz zxenz xg` mc`l `wqhd z` mliy `ly in ly zerwxwd z` xeqnl mi`xg`
.mdilr lhen did `wqhd mekq zxg` ,`wqhd
.gpn ixabc swxw` `bxk ? h"n ; `l `bxkl la` ,`wqhl n"de .9
mrhd ode ,"`l `bxkl la` ,`wqhl n"de" ,lèny ixacn weicd od 65,ipald cec oigady itk
ixacn ìan èd my ,[8] `wqita eixacl jynd ,àx ixacn md ,"gpn ixabc swxw` `bxk"
.`qixè d"c ,`"r dp `xza àa ,o"xde `"ahixd ,`"ayxd iyecig 57

.192±191 'nr ,(my) lhpfex 58
."ixedif" : cxetqwe` i"ka .lìxewq` i"k dbed jke ,miqetcde owihe ,fixt ,dvpxit cid iazka `qxibd jk 59
.lìxewq` ci azk ly miptde okpin ,bxeand cid iazka `qxibd jk 60
on dlind z` xefbl hedew ly drvd dgec èd ; "`xdf" jxr ,hqw 'nr ,f"vxz dpie ,mly jexrd zetqeza xbiib 'c e`x 61
."3 `xdif" jxr ,407 'nr ,(49 dxrd ,lirl) seleweq ; 193 'nr ,(my) lhpfex ; ziqxt dibelenih` mb dgece ziaxrd
.my oeive ,"`xxdif" jxr ,(my) seleweq e`x 62
J. Black, A. George and N. Postgate (eds.), A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, Wiesbaden 2000, p. 318, s.v. e`x 63
.sarrartu (or zarrartu)
.my oeive ,E. Reiner, Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, vol. 15, Chicago 1984, p. 178, s.v. sarrartu (or zarrartu) e`x 64
.biw±aiw 'nr ,(1 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) ipald 65
axc dixa `ped ax ,àx ly ecinlz : di`x `de .dlebd y`x ici lr el exqnpy itk lèny
milind izy z` àxl qegiid on bixgn ipald .[10] `wqita `weec mrhd lr wleg ,ryedi
àxl zexken eid el` milin .jxev jka oi` la` ,`xnbd lral qgiin èd oze` ,"`nrh i`n"
milina o`k xaecny gxkd oi` oaenk ,ipy cvn .`xnbd lral zexken eid ody itk weica
.àx itn e`viy zewiecnd
.`bxkl icarzyn `ckc ixry elit` : xn` ryedi axc dixa `ped ax .10
e`x 66.èdy aeg lkl careyn ,zerwxwk oilhlhin ,mc` ly eyekx lk ip`q`qd wegd itl
.my 3 dxrde ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"fixkn" ,g"i ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl
ax xn` .`bxkl icarzyn `ckc ixry elit` : xn` ryedi axc dixa `ped ax .13±11
dil dedc ,xekad epa zyexi zlha ,k"` : xnin` da iyw ,ozp xa `ped il xn` : iy`
jl zi` dn `l` ! inp `wqh elit` ,ikd i` : l"` ! wfgenak ie`xa lhep xekad oiè ,ie`x
.zine `bxk aidic inp `kd ,zine `wqh aidic ? xninl
melyzÎi` zngn zerwxw zqitz ly zeinihibla dxikn dkldd dziid eli`y xeaq xnin`
,ryedi axc dixa `ped ax orhy itke ,"`pic `zeklnc `pic" lèny ly llkd llba `bxkd
Ð oilhlhink zerwxw Ð dpicna miqkpd lk lr milrad qxt zeklna ze`xl epilr did if`
i`pz lr Ð ie`xa Ð divpheta wx mdilral mikiiye miqn melyzl micareyn mlek oky
xekad fi `k mixac it lr oky ,el` miqkpa miipy lhep xekad oi` okl .mdiqn z` enlyiy
zexeka dpyna yxetny itke ,divpheta `le ,lreta ,"el `vni xy` lka" wx miipy it lhep
mley `bxkd m` wx miipy it lhep xekad ,ok`y el aiyn ozp xa `ped .fix mixac ixtqe h g
.eia` ici lr
mdilra oi`y xne` df oi` ,`bxkl micareyn mc` ly eiqkp lk m` elit`y d`xp mxa
"ie`x" ! zeaegl micareynd miqkpa miipy it lhep xeka ,mipey`xd exirdy itk .mda "wfgen"
a`d iciay qkp .eiykr ecia epi` la` ,cizra 68lawl e` 67zyxl xen` a`dy qkp eyexit
mc`l aegd on dpey jlnl aegdy èt` yxit o"anxd ."wfgen" xcba èd aegl careynd
on mc` ok oi`y dn ,eizeaeg z` lretl ìvedl milekiy mibivpe miliig yi jlnl oky ,xg`
eyxit `"ayxde zetqezd ilra 69."inc ieabk" jlnl aeg okl ,oic zial zeptl aiigy ,dxeyd
miqnd z` mlyn epi`y ine ,jlnd ly eyekxk dligzkln zaygp qxt zeklna rwxwd lky
70.jlnd zaehl da eizeiekf lr xzeen
m` `l` miipy it lhep xekad oi`y ozp xa `ped uxiz ìbeqay meyn wx exn`p el` miyexit
uxzl did leki ozp xa `pedy d`xp mxa .`wqhd oick ,ezen iptl `bxkd z` mliy eia` ok
cg`k oilhlhine zerwxw Ð laaa miqkpe ,xg` cearyn dpey jlnl ceary oi` illk oteày
zngn lreta mze` daeb jlndy cr jlnd yekx miaygp mpiè ,mdilra icia md miwfgen Ð
.`bxkd melyzÎi`
epic oi` careyn qkpy il xexa : xen`l ,cala "ezhiyl" xnin`l ozp xa `ped aiyd `nye
jilr ,"ie`x"k epic miqn melyzl careynd qkpy ,jzhiyl j` ,"wfgen"k `l` "ie`x"k
mb `l` ryedi axc dixa `ped axc àil` wx `l laaa miipy it xekad zyexi z` leqtl
d`xp okl .`bxkl zecareyn opi` m` mb ,`wqhl zecareyn zerwxw oky ,lènyc àil`
.195–190 'nr ,` jxk ,(130 dxrd d ìbeq ,lirl) dxqlea ; Matikan 16:3, 10 e`x 66
.a"r ap zexeka ; `"r hiw `xza àa ilaa ; gi e zexeka ; e f `xza àa `ztqez e`x 67
.a"r dnw ,a"r bkw `xza àa e`x 68
.ok m` d"c ,my ,m"ayxd ixacn rnyn oke ; ok m` d"c ,a"r dp `xza àa o"anxd iyecig 69
.ok m` d"c ,a"r dp `xza àa ,`"ayxd iyecige zetqez 70
z` xak mliy a`dy dxwnl wx laaa miipy it xekad zyexi z` liabn `linn dz`y
71
.`bxkd z` xak mliy a`dy dxwnl ezyexi z` liabdl leki dz` dcin dzeàe ,`wqhd
Ð iwqicp` la` ,`zn dizliv`c n"de .`zn riiqn zkcxt : iy` ax xnè .16±15
.ìd ìnyc `zriq
oiipra zxg` dkldl iy` ax ly zeqgiizd zàen miqn zngn erwtedy zerwxwa oeicd ab`
epiid "zkcxt"y eyxit mipey`xd .[15] "`zn riiqn zkcxt" : l`xyi ici lr miqn melyz
`wqita `xnbd lra ly xaqdd jnq lr z`fe ,miqnd z` exear enliy xird iyp`y 72lhaen
itl .ely miqnd melyzn eze` elivd xird ipa : epiidc ,"`zn dizliv`c ilin ipde" : [16]
,miqnd melyza ewlg z` xirl xifgdl lhaend lry raew iy` ax mipey`xd yexit
74.[15] ezleki zcink e` 73eèlna
ezaeg z` `lin xaky in `l` ,llk lhaen epi` "zkcxt"y dler miiqxtd mipelind on j`
driaw `l` zizkld driaw iy` ax ixaca oi`y xytè 75.dpnn xxgeyne xeht èd okle
laiw èd ixdy ,zexg` mikxca xirl riiqn miqnn xehty in ,"`zn riiqn zkcxt" : zizcaer
`xnbd lra ixac z` oiadl dyw df yexitl mxa .xg` igxf` zexiyl dxenza xehtd z`
e` 77"delv`c" gqepd icr zvwnk qexbl yiy d`xpe Ð 76"`zn dizliv`c ilin ipde"
,xird eze` dzhid e` ,xird ipa eze` ehidy epiide ,dihd oaena i"lv yxeyd on 78,"dilv`c"
xeht elaiwy dl`k mb eid j` .miqn melyzl silgzk dyry cgeind igxf`d zexiyd zaehl
,itelg igxf` zexiyl dyixc mey `ll ,xird iyp` mrhn `le ,zeklnd mrhn miqnn azka
dfk xeht 79."xhy zervnà [xeht]" ,ham-daisa-ka ,"iwqicp`" dwizr zipxià dpek df xehte
riiql iwqicp`d lr lihdl micedid xird ipal mdl lè ,iy` ax itl "ìnyc `zriq" aygp
.zxg` jxca xirl
`bxk/`wqh aidic xza zin" xn` `l ozp xa `ped ixd .xnin`l ozp xa `ped aiyny daeyza zegcazd znip yi ileè 71
mliy" ,"zine `bxk/`wqh aidi" `l` ,dfa `veik e` (dpy dze` ly `bxkd/`wqhd z` mliyy xg`l zn) "`zy i`dc
qkp aiygdy jka drh xnin`y ozp xa `pedl did xexay èt` xyt` ! mewnd lr zny jkn rnzyne ,"zne qnd z`
wx miipy it zyxl leki xekad "ie`x"l rwxw jted qnl ceary ok` m`y el xne` ède ,wfgenl `le ,ie`xl caryen
jlnl aiigzn èd eiqn z` mliyy xg`l ig èdy mei lke dwc lk oky Ð eiqn z` mliyy xg`l cin zn eia` m`
."ie`x"k dpic oi` zcareyn rwxwy o`kne ,dàd dpyd iqna
."zkcxt" jxr ,jexrd lra ozp iax yxit oke .zkcxt d"c ,`"r dp `xza àa ,m"ayxe meyxb epaxl qgeind ,lynl ,e`x 72
z` xeywl dqip ,"zkcxt" jxre ,"ykcxt" jxr ,aiz 'nr ,e jxk ,(51 dxrd a ìbeq ,lirl) mlyd jexrd ,hedew 'g
dxrd ,lirl) mlyd jexrd zetqez ,xbiib 'c xirdy itk ,xg` drnyny ,pardaxtan ziqxtd dlind mr z`fd zernynd
Ð enewn dhind ,"dizkec ìxet" : oewixhep o`k ìan ixi`nd .75 dxrd ,oldl e`xe Ð "ykcxt" jxr ,ely 'nr ,(61
.zinnr dibelenih` `l` dpi` oaenky
.`zn riiqn d"c ,my m"ayxde ,`zn riiqn zkcxt d"c ,`"r dp `xza àa meyxb epaxl qgeind ixacn rnzyn jk 73
.gieexiykl ,cizra exear enliyy dn z` mdl xifgdl jixv èdy d`xpk ìd dpeekd
dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,eyxcn ziae l`ppg epax iyexit ,odk 'i lv` enya zeàen e`x ; l`ppg epax itl jk 74
miqnd on zivgn mlyn èdy eyexit "riiqn" ,iy` ax xn` d"c ,`"r dp `xza àa ,d"nx ci itl .flx±dlx 'nr ,(6
.mda aiig èdy
,lirl) bxaip ; pardaxtan, pardaz- jxr ,64 'nr ,(25 dxrd ,lirl) ifpwn e`x ,"daeg ici `vi ,-n xhtp" oaena pardaxtanÎl 75
.pardaxtan 2 jxr ,151±150 'nr ,(25 dxrd
."xird eze` dlivdy" oaena ,miqetcae ,cxetqweè owihe ,dvpxit cid iazka `qxibd efa `veik e` jk 76
.fixte okpin ,bxeand cid iazka jk 77
.lìxewq` i"ka jk 78
I.A. Solodukho, “Taxes and Obligations in Iraq in the Third to Fifth Centuries of Our Era” [Russian], Sovetskoe e`x 79
Vostokovedenie 5 (1948), p. 65 ; S. Shaked, “Irano-Aramaica”, in Corolla Iranica : Papers in Honor of D. N.
a ìbeq ,lirl) seleweq lv` zextqd xecna eàed (el` mipeive) df yexit .MacKenzie, Frankfurt a.M. 1991, p. 171
mlyd jexrd zetqeza xbiib 'c ly eyexit z` eipt lr sicrd èd jxrd mipta j` ,"iwqicp`" jxr ,144 'nr ,(32 dxrd
dfk xèz `vn `ly it lr s`) "miqnd iaeb lr gibyn ciwt" yxity ,"iwqicp`" jxr ,el 'nr ,(61 dxrd ,lirl)
èd jkl iy` ax oeekzd eli`y d`xp j` ."liv`" lretd ly ipy `yep èd ,miaxa ,"iwqicp`" xbiib zrcl .(ziqxta
lretd lr dxfg o`k oi`y oeeikn ."èd ìnyc `zriq ,iwqicp` delv` la` ,`zn delv`c n"d" : lretd lr xfeg did
miqnn xehta xaecne ,"ìnyc `zriq" èd envr "iwqicp`"dy mipta epàdy ekeceleq zrck d`xp ,gqep cr sà
.xirl itelg zexiy zxenz mnvr xird ipa ici lr ozipy i`xw` xehtl cebipa ,xhya daebnd
715
(`"r ep Ð `"r dp) "oiwiqtn" : ynge miyelyd ìbeqd ìbeq
,xbd iqkpa oiwiqtn avgde xvnd : opgei x"` iq` ax xn` .1 ,mi`xen` zwelgn .`
lra ly mixaqd mr
`xnbd
.`l Ð d`nehe d`t oiprl la` .2
.d`nehe d`tl elit` : opgei iax xn` oiax `z` ik .3
,zilelyde lgpd : d`tl oiwiqtn elè ,opzc ? ìd i`n Ð d`t

[a cenr dp sc] .4
dngd zenia oia reawd cigid liaye miaxd liaye ,cigid jxce miaxd jxce
.minybd zenia oiae
dcya d`nehe minybd zenia drwal qpkpd : opzc ? ìd i`n Ð d`neh .5
e`l mè mewn eze`l izqpkp m` rcei ipiè fld mewnl izkld : xnè ,zipelt
rbn wtq ,xedh Ð dìa wtq : xne` `"x didy ,oi`nhn minkge ,xdhn `"x Ð
.`nh Ð d`neh
.`l Ð zayl la` .6
; zay oiprl elit` : xn` àx .7
zxbexb ivg ìvede xfge ,dgipde miaxd zeyxl zxbexb ivg ìved : ìpzc .8
mlrda : xne` iqei iax ; xeht Ð zenlrd ipya ,aiig Ð cg` mlrda ,zxg`
.xeht Ð zeieyx izya ,aiig Ð zg` zeyxa [` cenr ep sc] cg`
; `l Ð zilnxk la` ,mdipia z`hg aeig yiy ède : dax xnè .9
; `l Ð `lqit la` ,zilnxk elit` : xn` iia` .10
.`lqit 'it` : xn` àx .11
.inc oihib zeyxk zay zeyx : àx xn`c ,dinrhl àx `cfè .12
? i`n ,avg `le xvn `l my oi` .13 ,zizkld dl`y .a

jnq lr daeyz
,`ziixan dàen
.eny lr z`xwpy lk : enyn qepixn iax yxit .14
`tt ax ly yexite
`ziixal
? inc ikid .15
.ìpltc `zebxb ia dil exwc : `tt ax xn` .16
: `pipg xa iq` 'xc dinyn xn`we aizie ,iq` 'xc dinw ìer xa `g` ax aizi .17 iax ly `xnin .b
mr ,`pipg xa iq`
.xbd iqkpa wiqtn àevg dcedi ax ly xaqd
z` xyewd ax mya
.ux`d z` l`xyil ryedi mgiz eay : ax xn` dcedi ax xn` ? àevg i`n .18 zeleabl `xnind
ryedi inia ux`d
lr zecnerd zexiir `l` ryedi dpn `l : ax xn` dcedi ax xnè .19 ly ztqep `xnin .c
ax mya dcedi ax
.oileabd inia zeleabd oiipra
ryedi
.xyrna aiig Ð dynl d"awd ed`xdy lk : lèny xn` dcedi ax xn` .20 ax ly `xnin .d
lèny mya dcedi
inia zeleabd oiipra
? i`n iwet`l .21 [da oeice ,ryedi
.ipencwe ,ifipw ,ipiw iwet`l .22
xd : xne` dcedi iax ; d`nlye ,dàxr ,`geztp : xne` xi`n iax ,ìpz .23
.ìntqè ,ìq` ,qiwqicxr : xne` oerny iax ; aène ,oenr ,xiry
717 (`"r ep ± `"r dp) "oiwiqtn" : ynge miyelyd ìbeqd
cenlzd zxeqn
lk" ,bl ìbeq) a"r±`"r bp ,lirl e`x .xbd iqkpa oiwiqtn avgde xvnd : opgei x"` iq` ax xn` .1
ìd ...xbd iqkipa zecy izy : opgei iax mya `qi iax") c"r bi ,` b `xza àa inlyexi ; ([10] ,"èdy
...zecy izy el eid : opgei iax mya `qi ax") c"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexi ; ("zipwp dpi` dzxiage zipwp
,` a d`t inlyexi eeyd .d`tl elit` .3 .[14] ,oldl .xbd iqkpa oiwqtn avgde .("miizpia xvn elit`
iqei iax .xvin elit` xnin rnye .dyciw `l ,dzxagl dcyn dìt yixtd : ìrye` iax ipz") c"r fh
a d`t dpyn .minybd zenia ...d`tl oiwiqtn elè : opzc .4 .("dìtl oiwiqtn zeaevd : 'n` `pipg oa
: xne` xfril` iax .d e zexdh dpyn .oi`nhn minkge xdhn xfril` iax ...drwal qpkpd : opzc .5 .`
zay inlyexi e`x .`l ,zayl la` .6 .c e zexdh dpyn .`nh Ð d`neh rbn wtq ,xedh Ð dìa wtq
`lc opgei iax xnc dn .aiig zxbexb ivg ìvede zxbexb ivg qipkd : opgei iax mya `qi iax") a"r a ,` `
àx .7 .("xeht cg` zeyxa zenilrd iya e` zeieyx izya cg` mlra ...xne` iqei iax ...ipzc dqei iaxk
xfge ,dgipde miaxd zeyxl zxbexb ivg ìved : ìpzc .8 .[9] ,oldl eeyd .zay oiprl elit` : xn`
inlyexi ; ì h zay `ztqez .xeht Ð zenlrd ipya ,aiig Ð cg` mlrda ,zxg` zxbexb ivg ìvede
zeieyx izya ,aiig Ð zg` zeyxa cg` mlrda : xne` iqei iax .`"r t zay ilaa ; a"r a ,` ` zay
.`lqit elit` : xn` àx .11 .my ,ilaa .12±9 .`"r t zay ilaa ; a"r a ,` ` zay inlyexi .xeht Ð
.("ìd `zeyx `cg `l iè ...wxfc `xab èdd") a"r fr oihib ilaa e`x .oihib zeyxk .12 .[5] ,lirl
.eny lr z`xwpy lk : enyn qepixn iax yxit .14 .[5±4] ,lirl e`x .avg `le xvn `l my oi` .13
xn`we .17 .`"r bw `rivn àa ilaa eeyd .ìpltc `zebxb ia ...`tt ax xn` .16 .f f zexdh `ztqez
dcedi ax xn` ? àevg i`n .18 .[1] ,lirl eeyd .xbd iqkpa wiqtn àevg : `pipg xa iq` 'xc dinyn
iax `z` ...zeaevd...") c"r fh ,` a d`t inlyexi eeyd .ux`d z` l`xyil ryedi mgiz eay : ax xn`
`l` ryedi dpn `l : ax xn` dcedi ax xnè .19 .("ux`d z` ryedi mgiz oda : `cqg ax mya 'pipg
xtql zekenqd : xn` dpipg xa iqei iax") `"r r ,` ` dlibn inlyexi eeyd .oileabd lr zecnerd zexiir
el ,` e ziriay inlyexi eeyd .ìntqè ...ìpz .23 .hi eh ziy`xa e`x .ipencwe ifipw ,ipiw .22 .("dpn
.ak oniq ,cn dyxt ,dax ziy`xa ; c"r `q ,g ` oiyeciw ; a"r

eiyxy oihep oiè oli` my .avgde : zexg` zecy oia `xkidl dcyd aiaq ieyrd xcb e` uixg edf .xvnd
dcy oia oileabd lr oze` oirhep d"yne medzd cr oicxei eze` oirhepy mewna `l` o`kle o`kl
zg` lk oia zwqten xbd zecyn zgà ['id m`y] .xbd iqkpa oiwiqtn xn` d"yne .weqtl dzxiagl
.oiwiqtn oi` .`l d`nehle d`tl la` : avgd mewn cr e` xvnd mewn cr `l` dpw `l avga e` xvna
,wqtd eze` meyn ze`t izy gipdl jixv `diy wiqtn epi` dcya avg e` xvn did m`y d`tl cvik
izkld onwl yxtnck : cvik .wqtd epi` inp .d`nehle .elek lr zg` d`t gipie dcyd lk xevwi `l`
mewnl .izqpkp m` rcei ipi` xnè .oldl avgn e` oldl xvnn dzid d`nehde ef dcya .fld mewnl
d`tl 'it` : avge xvn i`d d`nehl wqtd ied `lc `nh ewitqc 'ixn` .avgl e` xvnl xarn d`nehd
izykc ze`t izy gipdl jixvc 'ecyle .d`tl oiwiqtn el` opzck : avge xvn i`d wqtd ied .d`nehle
eizecy oiay xvn epiid .cigid jxc : my oilley minyb iny mewne mind zn` oirk .zilely : inc zecy
`l` ynn liay .liay : miax ly zecyl edcy oiay xvn epiid .miaxd jxc : dcyl dcyn ea jledyk
lbxd zqixc mirpen minybd zeniac .minybd zeniae dngd zenia reawd : agx miax lye xvw cigi ly
zeniae dngd zenia reaw ied k"`` aiyg `l oirpenc wiqtnc liay ezeè oirexfc meyn zecyd on
: avge xvn wiqtn inp .d`neh : avgl d"de d`tl wiqtnc xvn epiidc cigid jxc zdin xn`w .minybd
zqixc oirpen minybd zeniac oxn`ck minybd zeni aiqp d"yn .minybd zenia drwal qpkpd opzc
.fld mewnl izkld xn` m` d"tè .dheqn opixnbc `nh ewitq i"dxa d`neh wtq l"iwe i"dxk iede lbxd
xarny d`nehd mewnl .izqpkp m` rcei ipi` xnè : avgl e` xvnl xarn dzid d`nehde ef drwaa
.xn` àx : zeieyx izyk ied `lc zayl wqtd e`lc .`l zayl la` : wqtd iedc .xdhn `"x : avgl
.aiig : x"dxl i"dxn oebk ,odizy .zg` zeyxl : `lqit 'it` onwl xn`ck wqtd ied zayl 'it`
gezt cg` migzt ipy el yic ziaa cner did m` oebk zeieyx izyl epiid .xeht zeieyx izyl : itxhvnc
.dax xn` : df gzta zxbexb ivge df gzta zxbexb ivg ìvede xg` zeyxl gezt cgè miaxd zeyxl
zeieyx 'a el` oia i"dx èdy mewn oebk .odipia z`hg aeig yiy èd : xeht zeieyx izyl 'ixn` `kid
ìven did m`y aeyg mewn èdc lièd zeieyx 'a el` oia wiqtn 'c agxe 'i deab cenr oebk miaxd
la` : xehtc oi`vgl oìvedyk ewiqtdl gk el yi ikdl z`hg aiig x"dxl ekezn cgia mly zxbexb
dkizg epiid .`lqit : itxhvn `le zayl wqtd ied .`lqit 'it` : aiige oitxhvne wqtd ied .`l zilnxk
dn .inc oihib zeyxk zay zeyx : avge xvn oirk èdy lk epiidc 'c dagx dpiè 'in dkenpy ur ly
hbd wxfe `lqitd lr zcner e` rwxwd lr zcner ìde `lqitd lr hb dl wxf m`y wiqtn hb oiprl
zxbexb i`vg ipy oia zay oiprl inp wiqtn jk cg` mewna dhibe ìd eidiy cr hb epi` rwxwd lr
z`xwpy lk : dpw okid cr .i`n : eyekna cg` da wifgde xbd iqkpa .avg `le xvn `l my oi` : exhetl
dcyd lk .xb ìpltc `zebxb ia dil exwc `kid lk : eny lr z`xwp .inc ikid : dkf xb ly .eny lr
zexiir `l` : extqa .ryedi dpn `l : exiagl yi` oia .mgiz eay : da df dkf exean xbd dwyn didy
.ipencwe ifipwe ipiw : oxikfdl leki did `ly àeh ied ipixg`c llkn .i"` ly .mileabd lr zecnerd
iaxc inp epiide oinnr 'fn opi`c dyn m`x `lc xyrnn xeht epia` mdxa`l èd jexa yecwd zxkc
: oerny 'xe i"xe xi`n
xivwz
ick witqn dvixt e` xecib ,dlirp ly cg` ilnq dyrn ,b b `xza àa dpyn itl
zàen ef ìbeqa .ezen xg`l miyxei `ll zny xb ly rwxwa wifgnd z` zekfl
e` xvnl cr wx xbd ly rwxwa dkef wifgnd ditly opgei iaxl iq` ax ly `xnin
miax miqkp eid xbl m` mb ,l`xyi uxà rwxw zecigi megzl yniyy avgl
ipyl el` megiz ipniqa yeniyd z` opgei iax mya aigxd oiax .dfl df micenvd
lka d`t xi`ydl jixv mikenq zecy ipy ly mdilra) d`t ,mitqep dkld inegz
ici lr megzd xef`l qpkpy rceid) d`nehe (xvn mdipia cixtn m` zecyd on cg`
,(xvnd ly cv ezeà d`neh yi m` `nhk envrl qgiizdl jixv elld mipniqd
zeyxl zeyxn d`ved ly dyrn zxcbd oiiprl mb mda yeniyd z` aigxd àxe
dcyd zeleab xvn my ¨ oi` m`y zraew qepixn iax `pzd ly dnenr dkld .zaya
ìbeqd seqa .`tt ax ly dnec driawl zxywzn ef dklde ,"eny lr `xwpd lk" md
uxà mihayd zelgp z` megzl ick avg rhp ryediy ax mya dcedi ax oiivn
ixr `l` opi` mihayd zelgp ixeìza ryedi xtqa zexkfend mixrdye ,l`xyi
ux`l zaygp dynl d"awd d`xdy ux`d lk zexyrn jxevlye ,cala leabd
eh ziy`xa itl l`xyi ux`n wlg ìdy ipencwde ifipwd ,ipiwd ux` caln ,l`xyi
.elld minrd zyely ly mdizevx` iedif iabl zervd dnk drivn `ziixa .hi
oia zppbeqnd zyleynd zwelgnd (`) : zeàd zepwqnd ,xzid oia ,zeler gezipd on
inlyexia zeliawn mr dèeyd j` ,ìbeqd jxer ly ezk`ln ixt ìd àxe iq` ax
onvr zercdy dlbn a"r a ,` ` zay inlyexie d±c e zexdh dpyn ,c"r fh ,` a d`t
zepwqnde miqegiid ,miyexitd on dnk xg` xdxdl ozip ik m` ,zeihpze` oexwira od
d`nehd oiiprl dxewna dqgiizd qepixn iax ly dkldd (a) .eply `xnbd lra ly
dnewna dze` mwin ìbeqd jxer .f f zexdh `ztqeza dliawnn dlery itk ,cala
,ìbeqa mipecipd mi`yepd lkl mi`zdl leki dfd oeixhixwdy ze`xdl ick igkepd
oeicd (b) .`tt ax ixacl xewnd dziid qepixn iax ly dklddye ,`tt ax rivdy itk
lk `ly xèan my ,c"r fh ,` a d`t inlyexia `vnp ryedi rhpy avga ixewnd
mgz ryediy myk `l` ,ryedi inin zelgpd z` mgez l`xyi uxà `vnpd avgd
zecy megiz jxevl l`xyi uxà avgd ynyn jk ,avga dlek ux`d zeleab z`
epicia exnzyp ipencwde ifipwd ,ipiwd zevx`l miiedifd (c) .cenlzd ini cr miqkpe
,g ` oiyeciw inlyexi d`xpd lkk èd mixacd xewnl xzeia aexwd .zeliawn dnka
e` ; ocxid xara ,gxfnn l`xyi ux`l jenqa ze`vnp zevx`d yely eitly c"r `q
axrn oetvn e` ; dphwd diqàe dixeqa ,oetvn e` ; axr i`d ivgae ipiqa ,mexcn
.llka cre ,ebzxwe diwxz ,dphwd diq` cr ,axrn mexce

`tiqd lr zaqend ,a"r cp Ð `"r bp lirl ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeq ly jynd dpd eply ìbeqd
uxte xcb ,lrp ,xbd iqkpa wifgnde ewlgy oig`de ,dpzn ozepd..." : c b `xza àa dpyn ly
dpwpd xbd iqkpa dcyd swid zl`y xzid oia dpecip ìdd ìbeqa 1."dwfg ef ixd èdy lk
mikiiyd mikenq zecy ipy oia xvndy opgei iax mya my xne` iq` ax .cg` dwfg dyrna
elit` ,xvnl cr ea wifgdy dcya wx dkef wifgnde ,dwfg oiiprl zecyd oia wqtd aygp xbl
,a"r±`"r bp ,lirl) xvnl xarn ,el jenqd dcyd z` mb dwfgd dyrna zepwl oeekzd m`
: ([10] ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeq
dzxag zè dze` zepwl ; d`pw Ð dzepwl odn zgà wifgd ,odipia cg` xvne zecy izy
,dpw `l dze` s` Ð dzxag z` zepwl ; dpw `l dzxag ,dpw dze` Ð
zeyxetn opgei iax mya iq` ax xne` jke .xbd iqkpa wiqtn zecyd z` mgezd xvndy o`kn
ìbeqd 2.[1] "xbd iqkpa oiwiqtn avgde xvnd : opgei x"` iq` ax xn`" : eply ìbeqd y`xa
enevira dxkfedy `xnina wnerl oecl zxfegd "xn xn`" ziibeq enk èt` zcwtzn eply
,"xn xn`" gpena e` "`teb" gpena zgzet dpi` eply ìbeqd j` .diptly ìbeqa oeicd ly
`xninl dlina dlin ddf dpi` eply ìbeqd y`xay opgei iax mya iq` ax ly `xnind oky
ipy eiptl eidy dcaerd z` lvip eply `xnbd lray d`xp .a"r±`"r bp lirl zàend mdly
bl ìbeq ly dnevira cg` ,mdipy z` ìade opgei iax mya iq` ax ly dkldd ly migeqip
.eply ìbeqd y`xa cgè lirl
`xnbd lra ici lr zgqepnd zppbeqn zwelgn : ìbeqd ly oey`xd wlgd

,cg` dwfg dyrna dpwpd dcyd swid zl`y ly mipey mihaida dwqr lirl bl ìbeq
z`f znerl Ð eply ìbeqd ly oey`xd wlgd .df swid miraewd minxebd cg` èd xvndyk
dwfg oiipwyk ,dcyd megiza xvnl zeaiyg yi mdiably mipeyd dkldd inegza wqer Ð
zyleyn mi`xen` zwelgn ìbeqd y`xa rivn `xnbd lra .mdn cg` wx èd xbd iqkpa
: [7 ,6 ,3 ,2±1] df `yepa
xbd iqkpa oiwiqtn avgde xvnd : opgei x"` iq` ax xn` .1

.`l Ð d`nehe d`t oiprl la` .2
...d`nehe d`tl elit` : opgei iax xn` oiax `z` ik .3

.`l Ð zayl la` .6
.zay oiiprl elit` : xn` àx .7
xbd iqkpa `weecy opgei iax mya xne` iq` ax ,`xnbd lra ici lr mibven mixacdy itk
iax mya xne` oiax .d`neh e` d`t oiiprl miwiqtn mpi` md la` ,miwiqtn avgde xvnd
miwiqtn mdy xaq `l opgei iax zercd lkl .d`nehe d`t oiiprl mb miwiqtn mdy opgei
.zayd oiipr z` mb siqed àx ilaad `xen`d j` ,zay oiiprl
i`xg`de ,zppbeqn zwelgn ìd j` ,da mitzzynd mi`xen`d ixac lr zqqazn ef zwelgn
xbd iqkp : dler xcqa zecnrd yely z` bivd `xnbd lra .`xnbd lra èd zecnrd geqipl
on zg` s`y xkip .zay mbe ,d`nehe d`t ,xbd iqkp ; d`nehe d`t mbe ,xbd iqkp ; cala
dil` dcnved okle ,bl ìbeq seqay lènye ax zwelgnn ztrzqnd ,"`pic `zeklnc `pic" ,cl ìbeq mdipia dcixtn 1
,"zeàd zeibeqd izye eply ìbeqd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x .zexiyi
."ìbeqd mewin : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"`pic `zeklnc `pic" ,cl ìbeqa oeicde
bi ,` b `xza àa ,inlyexia opgei iax mya [iq`=] `qi iax itn Ð mrt lk dpey geqipa Ð miinrt ep`vn dfa `veik 2
èd ybcd Ð ilaaa miinrte inlyexia miinrt Ð ef `xnin ly zeiexwidd rax`n zg` lka .c"r q ,d ` oiyeciwe c"r
.[10] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x .mewn lka yecig yie ,xg` haid lr
laal oiax àyk ,ipald cec xirdy itk : ynn dpeylk `xen`d itn d`vi `l elld zexnind
oiax m` wx mi`zn did df geqip oky ,[3] "d`nehle d`tl elit`" milind z` dbd `l èd
,wleg èd dilry opgei iax mya iq` ax ly `xnind z` mcew laal ìady df èd envr
ezecr itl ixd ; [7] "zay oiiprl elit`" àx zxninl oicd èdy d`xpe 3.ok dyriy mrh oiè
i`xen` oeic Ð zxg` zxbqna àx xn`y mixac llkn geqip o`k yi envr `xnbd lra ly
"`lqit elit`" : xg` geqipae ,[11±8] zaya d`ved lr aeiga ze`hg welig dpiipry `ziixaa
oky ,opgei iax ixac zxdh lr epi` [1] opgei iax mya iq` ax ly `xnind xwir elitè 4.[11]
zè ,xvnd oiipra dkldd z` wx opgei iax itn rny iq` axy xxazn [17] ìbeqd jyndn
`pipg iaxa iqei iax mya ìer ax ecinlz el xqny zxeqn it lr siqed èd avgd oiipr
iax mya oiax ,[1] opgei iax mya iq` ax ly zexnind iteb mè 5.opgei iax mya `le ,`weec
ick cig` ite` mdixacl deeyny df èd `xnbd lrae ,miipyn migeqip md [7] àxe [3] opgei
miweicd z` `xnbd lral qgiil yiy oky lk ,"ef s` ef `l" ly bxecn oepbqa zwelgn xevil
iax mya iq` ax ixacl etqepy [5] "`l Ð zayl la`"e [2] "`l Ð d`nehe d`t oiiprl la`"
.dn`zda ,[3] opgei iax mya oiaxe [1] opgei
yeaib iptl Ð dligzkln mixacd exn`p eay xywdde àx ly zixewnd ezcnr ,xen`k
el` ze`wqit .[11±8] ze`wqit ,eply ìbeqa exnzyp Ð eply ìbeqay zppbeqnd zwelgnd
`xnind ly dpkez xwir s` .`"r t zay ilaa ,ixewnd oxywdn `xnbd lra ici lr exared
,ilaaa sqep mewna xen`k xnzyp Ð xbd iqkpa wiqtn xvndy Ð opgei iax mya iq` ax ly
`veik .([10] ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeq) lirl ,a"r±`"r bp scn df xecn zligza epàdy dàena
,lirl epc xake ,inlyexia zenewn ipya opgei iax mya iq` ax ly zenec zexnin ep`vn dfa
mya iq` ax xqny oeirxd ly elld migeqipd zrax` oiay qgia ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeqa oeica
opgei iax mya oiax xqn laal eèaay gipdl xiaq .xbd iqkpa wiqtn xvndy ,opgei iax
èd `xnbd lrae ,zexg` e` el` milina ,d`nehe d`t oiiprl mbe xbd iqkpa wiqtn xvndy
wiqtn xvndy opgei iax mya iq` ax ly zxkend dcnrd mr z`fd dcnrd z` deeydy df
d`tl `le ,xbd iqkpl wx opgei iax mya qgiizd iq` axy xird `xnbd lra .xbd iqkpa
oiiprl `l la` ,elld mipiiprd zyely lkl opgei iax mya qgiizd oiaxy cera ,[2] d`nehe
.[5] zay
ixac z` yxtl eà el`yk ,àxe iia` ,dax oia zilaa zwelgna dpey`xl xxerzd zay oiipr
: [8] eply ìbeql dxared myne `"r t zay ilaaa dxnzypy `ziixaa exqnpy iqei iax `pzd
cg` mlrda ,zxg` zxbexb ivg ìvede xfge ,dgipde miaxd zeyxl zxbexb ivg ìved
izya ,aiig Ð zg` zeyxa cg` mlrda : xne` iqei iax ; xeht Ð zenlrd ipya ,aiig Ð
.xeht Ð zeieyx
m` wx xhet iqei iax ,dax itl 6.iqei iax ixacay "zeieyx izya" yexita ewlgp laa i`xen`
egipde ezian sqep zxbexb ivg ìvede xfge ,miaxd zeyxa egipde ezian zxbexb ivg ìved
itl .[9] ("mdipia z`hg aeig") cigid zeyx ici lr dpey`xd on zcxtend zxg` miax zeyxa
jka ice ,cigid zeyx ici lr dpey`xd on zcxten `dz diipyd miaxd zeyxy jxev oi` iia`
.ehw±ciw 'nr ,(1 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,zexeqne zexewn ,ipald 'c e`x 3
.[10±6] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x ; jd epiid xvine `lqity d`xp 4
."avgd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,oldl e`x 5
dàen e`x ; a"r a ,a ` zay inlyexid on gken oke ,o`k bxeand i"kae miqetca jk Ð "zeieyx izy[a] ... zg` zeyxa" 6
zeyxl" : miqxeb ,zay ilaaa micrd lke ,o`k mixg`d gqepd icr lk ."zay : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,oldl
zxbexbd i`vg z`vedl dpeekdyk ,"zeieyx izyn ...zg` zeyxn" qxb l`ppg epax .jd epiide ,"zeieyx izyl ...zg`
mlrda d"c ,a"r dp `xza àa zetqez e`x ; `lqit e` ,zilnxk e` ,miaxd zeyx ici lr zewlegnd cigid zeieyx izyn
zeè ìxaha zg` ze` azk"n ìyew zeawra ddbd `l` ef oi`y èd heyt j` ,zeieyx izyn d"c ,my d"nx ci ; cg`
zetqezd ilra exiaqdy itk ,(`"r cw zay ilaa) "inc dyrn xqegnk e`l daixw xqegn"y meyn aiigy "ixetva zg`
dpey ,ezxev lr `le utgd mewin lr wxe j` dritynd drexb dk`ln dlek lky ,d`ved : di`xl dnec oecipd oi` .my
.df oiiprl zek`lnd x`yne daizkn
didzy jxev oi` àx itle ,[10] cg` d`ved dyrn ickl sexiv repnl zilnxk odipia yiy
zxbexbd ivg z` ìved dil`y miaxd zeyx dzeà xaecn m` mb ; zilnxk elit` mdipia
xvn e` `lqit ly ipyd exarn miaxd zeyxa xg` mewnl ìved ipyd z`y `l` ,oey`xd
ickl dpey`xd mr ztxhvn dpi` ipyd ivgd ly d`vedd Ð miwlg ipyl dze` dvegd
.cg` d`ved dyrn
,df oiiprl `pzd iqei iaxk dkld oi`y xeaq opgei iaxy dler inlyexid on 7,oldl d`xpy itk
lra èt` wiqd wcva .zay oiiprl xvnd zwqtd ly dl`yl llk wwfp `l èd `linne
jixv ditly iqei iax zcnr oky ,zay oiiprl wiqtn xvnd oi` opgei iaxly eply `xnbd
e`vedy zxbexbd i`vg z` sxvnd opgei iax itl dkldl dpi` mi`znd wqtdd beq z` reawl
.zepey zeieyx izya egped m` mb cg` mlrda
iax iq` ax zrcly rawyk eply `xnbd lra wcv m` reawl epilr ,d`nehe d`tl xy`
xyà oiaxl iq` ax oia zwelgnd `ny e` ,[2] d`nehe d`tl wiqtn xvnd oi`y xaq opgei
: zeiexyt` yely yi dyrnl .ìbeqd lra ly d`vnd ìd d`nehe d`ta opgei iax zcnrl
oiiprl wiqtn epi` xvnd opgei iax zrcly ,zexg` e` el` milina ,zeyxetn xn` iq` ax .1
.[2] ely milina elld mixacd z` xqn `xnbd lrae ,d`nehe d`t
xg` rcin jnq lr `xnbd lra ly weica xaecn z`f lkae ,zeyxetn z`f xn` `l iq` ax .2
qiqa yi mè ,wiicy dn z` `xnbd lra wiic dn jnq lr oegal yi df dxwna .ecia didy
.df weicl
`xnbd lra ly weica xaecn .mewn meya ,fnxa `l sè ,zeyxetn z`f xn` `l iq` ax .3
zexeqnd yely z` bivdl ywia `xnbd lra .cala zizextq ezxhne ,qiqa mey el oi`y
okle ,"ef s` ef `l" oepbqa ,zizbxcd dtiyga "`lqit" e` "xvn" oiipra eil` eribdy
zcnrl xyà oiax lr wlg iq` axy cala dwizyd on wiice zecnrd yely oia deeyd
8
.zay oiipra àx zcnr lr ewlg ,envr opgei iaxe ,mdipye ,d`nehe d`t oiipra opgei iax
oiipra opgei iax zecnrl iq` ax ly zeqgiizdl ynn ly ztqep zecr epicia dziid `leli`
md [2] "`l Ð d`nehe d`t oiiprl la`" `xnbd lra ixacy xnel d`xp did d`neh e` d`t
s` ef `l" ly bxecn oepbqa zexeqnd z` bivdl `xnbd lral xyt`nd `cixb izextq heyiw
xvnd ditly opgei iaxc àil` oiax ly zxeqnd z` lelyl zewdaen zeaiq opyi mxa ."ef
ax ly zecnrl xyà d`t inlyexid on zecr dpyie ,d`nehe d`t oiiprl miwiqtn avgde
z` xewqp .mipt ipyl zrnzyn ef zecre ,d`tl xvnd zwqtd oiipra `weec opgei iaxe iq`
.zg` zg` elld zeiecrde zeaiqd
d±c e zexdh dpyne a wxt d`t dpyna dpyn mzqe minkgd zcnr
aeigl Ð opgei iax qgiizn mdil`y mii`pzd zexewnd z` ìbeqa bivdl gxeh `xnbd lra
d`tl elit`" oeyla opgei iax mya oiax zcnr z` ebivda ; d`nehe d`t oiipra Ð dlilyl e`
: [5±4] ze`wqitd z` siqen `xnbd lra [3] "d`nehle
."zay : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,oldl e`x 7

,(2 dxrd bl ìbeq ,lirl) laaa l`xyi ux` zxez ,xec 'v ly ezyib z` oiivl yi el` zeixyt` zeyib yely lr sqep 8
`wqita opgei iax mya iq` ax hwp eay geqipd èd [2] `wqita `xnbd lra ly weicl qiqady gipd xec .50±49 'nr
wiicl `xnbd lra d`x dn ddz xec .mixg` mixaca `le ,`weec xbd iqkpa Ð "xbd iqkpa oiwiqtn avgde xvnd" : [1]
l`xyi iqkp oial mpia oigadl ick ,ezen xg`l xwtdd on wifgnd dkef mday ,xbd iqkp z` iq` ax xikfd `ny : jk
ilaaa opgei iax mya iq` ax zxnin ixqen ditly zlzetn dixe`z xec dpa `xnbd lra lr ef eziiyew zeawra .exag
ywia `lnl` ,"xbd iqkp" xikfdl iq` axl el did `l okle ,exag iqkp znerl xbd iqkpl milaben mixacdy exaq `l
avgde xvnd" oeyla mixacd z` gqpl iq` ax lr did oiicr xec zhiyl oky ,mi`xp mixacd oiè .d`nehe d`t hrnl
,bl ìbeqa oeica ,lirl epazky dn e`xe .d`nehl `le d`tl `le oiipwl : epiidc ,dfa `veik e` ,"dwfg oiipwa oiwiqtn
.my 2 dxrde ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecnd zligz ,"èdy lk"
,cigid jxce miaxd jxce ,zilelyde lgpd : d`tl oiwiqtn elè ,opzc ? ìd i`n Ð d`t .4
.minybd zenia oiae dngd zenia oia reawd cigid liaye miaxd liaye
: xnè ,zipelt dcya d`nehe minybd zenia drwal qpkpd : opzc ? ìd i`n Ð d`neh .5
minkge ,xdhn `"x Ð e`l mè mewn eze`l izqpkp m` rcei ipiè fld mewnl izkld
.`nh Ð d`neh rbn wtq ,xedh Ð dìa wtq : xne` `"x didy ,oi`nhn
miwiqtnd mixacd z` dpend ` a d`t dpyn zàen "ìd i`n d`t" dl`yl daeyza dpde
lka zcxtp d`t gipdl zekenqd zewlgd lra z` miaiigne ,d`t oiiprl dcyl dcy oia
.my riten epi` xvnde 9,miliaye mikxc ,zilelye lgp millek elè ,dwlg
zycwen d±` a d`t dpyny zrcl migkep ep`yk zxaeb xvnl zeqgiizd xcrdn drztdd
zg` d`t zaiign ìd m` ,cg` i`lwg ly eizecy jezay ziniptd dwelgd zl`yl dlek
: ze`t izy e`
liaye ,miaxd liaye ,miaxd jxce ,cigid jxce ,zilelyde ,lgpd : d`tl oiwiqtn elè [`]
zgyl xvewde .xg` rxfe ,xipde ,xeade ,minybd zeniae dngd zenia reawd cigid
mind zn` [a] .yxg ok m` `l` ,wiqtn epi` ,mixne` minkge .xi`n iax ixac ,wiqtn
,oexcri xcrna xy` mixdd lke .zwqtn ,xne` dcedi iax ,zg`k xvwdl dleki dpi`y
epiè ,mirxfl wiqtn lkd [b] .lkl d`t ozep èd ,eilka xarl leki xwad oi`y it lr s`
oiaexgle [c] .lkl d`t ozep `l` ,wiqtn epi` ,yzek xry did mè .xcb `l` oli`l wiqtn
eidy mizifl zg` d`t oipzep ,à` zia eid oibdep ,lìlnb oax xn` .df z` df oièxd lk
s` ,enyn xne` wecv iaxa xfril` iax .df z` df oièxd lk oiaexgle ,gex lka mdl
izy edyer èdy it lr s` ,cg` oin edcy z` rxefd [d] .xird lka mdl eidy oiaexgl
rxefd .ze`t izy ozep ,zg` oxeb o`yry it lr e` ,oipin ipy drxf .zg` d`t ozep ,zepxb
.ze`t izy ozep ,zepxb izy ; zg` d`t ozep ,zg` oxeb o`yr ,oihig ipin ipy edcy z`
izlynnd zetnd xz` jezn lìpc depl zxt` oia ghy ly meliv ,zewlgl wlegnd i`lwg xef`
el` mixac jnq lr .magexa èd d`tl miwiqtnd jxce liay oia lcaddy azk b b miipr zepzn zeklda m"anxd 9
agx ède ,jxcle liayl Ð zecyd oia cixtnd zcaern `l rwxw ly qt Ð xvnd z` zencl yiy xteq mzgd ycig
xteq mzgd iyecig e`x ; xvnd z` oiivl a wxt d`t dpyna `pzd gxh `l okle ,jxcd on xzei xve liayd on xzei
dxrd ì ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,dkld xexiae dxexa dkld ; miaxd jxce d"c ,a"r dp ,b"qxz aewxhrit ,`xza àal
minybd zenia oiae dngd zenia oia reaw èd m` : dpyna yxetn cigid jxce cigid liay ly mpic j` .eqw 'nr ,(32
Ð dfl df mikenqd zecy ipy oia dlibxd dcxtdd Ð xvndy dler el` zekld ly oheytn
`l rwxw ly qtn xzei ipivx meqgna jxev yi .cgè cg` lkn d`t aiigl ick ea ic oi`
zecyd ipy oia cenrl xvewd on zrpend min zn` ,mlz ,liay ,jxc ,zilely ,lgp : drexf
ipyn xevwle rvnà cenrl leki xvewdy èd heyt xvna xaecnyk) cg`k mxvwle
.mipey mipin ly drixf e` ,ynn ly xcb ,(miccvd
rnyne ,zecy ipyk opic cg` dcy jeza zecxtp zebexry dler ,a b d`t ,zxg` dpynn mxa
: zebexrd oia dcixtn dnney rwxw wxy
minkge .cgè cg` lkn d`t ozep ,xne` àiwr iax ,migl miglw xiye edcy z` xnpnd
,zenewn dylya lcxg e` zay rxefa àiwr iaxl minkg micene .lkd lr cg`n ,mixne`
.cgè cg` lkn d`t ozep èdy
xzei mcwen liyad leaid on wlgy `l` ,elek rexfd cg` dcya zwqer ef dpyn ly `yixd
,xnpd zexeaxagk milyaÎ`ld miglwd z` xi`yde "edcy z` xnip" xvewde ,ipyd wlgd on
dbexr lk m` minkge àiwr iax ewlgp miliyan el` mbyk .dcyd jeza zebexr zebexr
yiy àiwr iaxl micen minkg zebexra dligzkl erxfpy lcxge zayae ,zcxtp d`ta zaiig
xiaqn iq` ax c"r fh ,a ` d`t inlyexia ,oldl d`xpy itk .cxtp dcy dbexr lka ze`xl
."zebexr zebexr rxfil [lcxge zay ly] okxcy iptn" : opgei iax mya
d`ta dcy lk aiign ,zecyd oia dligzkln wiqtnd ,xvndy oeirxl micwz o`k yi dxe`kl
jk .eply ìbeqa iq` ax zrck `le ,`weec oiax zrck ,minkgl oia àiwr iaxl oia ,zcxtp
zelraa zecy oia zeeydl oi`y d`xp mle` 10.oldl d`xpy itk ,my inlyexia mb mipian
: zeaiq dnkn z`fe ,cg` dcya lcxge zay ly zebexrl xvnd icv ipyn zg`
zebexrd .elek erxfy xg`l "edcy z` xnpnd" èd a b d`t dpyn ly ixwird `yepd .1
lk zeaiigd ,zebexra dligzkln mirxfp lcxge zayy oeeikn : ab` jxc wx o`k zexkfen
zebexra dligz mrxf m` oia ,el` mipina àiwr iaxl micen minkg ,zcxtp d`ta zg`
d`ta zaiig dbexr lky ,zeipyn zebexr xvie dl` mipin ly sevx dcy xnip m` oiae
ziqiqad dkldd z` dfn oiapy dtvn epi` d`t dpyn ly `pzdy èd heyt 11.zcxtp
dkldd .mdipia cixtn xvndyk dfl df mikenqd zg` zelraa zecy ipy oiipra
oia mixkfend miwqtdde ,my xkfen epi` xvnde ,d`t dpynn a wxta dpecip ziqiqad
xikfdl did ic d`tl wiqtn xvnd did eli` .mzq xvn xy`n xzei md dcyl dcy
zn` e` zilely e` lgp e` xcb e` miaxd jxc oiiprl xnege lw oecp dpnne ,ef dkld
.mind
micxtend zecyd oiay wgxnd on xzei lecb dbexrl dbexr oia wgxndy èd myexd .2
12.xvna
zaya `weecy èd ,inlyexia opgei iax mya iq` ax ixacn mbe ,dnvr dpynd on myexd .3
mi`xen`d miwleg eid `l ,el` ly mpicl deey xvnd oic did eli` .d`tl wiqtn epi` ,e`l mè ,d`tl wiqtn èd
ielz oiiprd ixdy ,d`tl wiqtn epi` e` wiqtn xvndy zirnynÎcg miraew eid `le ,ef dklda opgei iaxc àil`
`weec e`le) zecyd oia cixtdl dligzkln crepy ,xvnd ,mdipia oeincd s` lry d`xp okl .minybd ipta ezecinra
lra ly dligz dpeeka `le ,i`xwà miipyl dcyd z` mikzegd jxcde liayd on zizedn dpey (mdil` dyib xyt`l
wqtd deedn epi` èdy `l` ,b a d`t dpyna zpecipd xcbl xzei dnec xvn ; zilelye lgpk mpic jxce liay .dcyd
.denk aivi
."inlyexid itl d`tl xvnd zwqtd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,oldl e`x 10
,x`ypy dnn ze`t dnk ozepy lcxg e` zay zbexr x n p n a àiwr iaxl micen minkg dpyn ly dheyt itly d`xpe 11
.zcxtp d`ta zg` lk zeaiigd zebexra mirxfp md mzrixf zligza mb `linny oeeik
lcxgd e` zayd zebexr ,123 'nr ,a"ryz milyexi ,d`t zkqn : l`xyi ux` zpyn ,i`xtq 'fe 'y itly `l` cer `le 12
j` ! xg` oin `l` xvn epi` odipia cixtny dn okle , x g ` o i n r e x f d d c y j e z a zenewn dyely e` miipya erxfp
dàen e`x ; xvnl zebexrd oiay ghyd z` dncn inlyexid oky ,mdixack `ly gken ,c"r fh ,` a d`t inlyexid on
."inlyexid itl d`tl xvnd zwqtd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,oldl
dn ,wqtdl zaygp zebexrd oia dcixtnd rwxwd ,zephw zebexra rxfidl mkxcy ,lcxge
.xvn icv ipyn oin ezeà dligzkl erxfpy obc zecya ok oi`y
.d`t oiiprl zecyd oia wiqtn xvnd o i ` y dler d`t dpyn ly dheytny micnl epivnp
lhpy d`xpe ,jk lk wegx epi` [2] df oiipra iq` ax ly ezwizyn `xnbd lra ly eweic
opgei iax zrcl ,d`t zkqna zeipynd ly oheyt zexnly orehd oiax lr `weec èd dgkedd
xexiaa dler d±c e zexdh dpyn ly oheytn : d`neh iabl oicd ède .[3] d`tl wiqtn xvnd
zecyd oia cixtdl jixv ditly dyibd lk ixd : dyrnl dkld d`nehl wiqtn xvnd oi`y
e zexdh dpyna minkgd 13.xfrl` iax `pzd ly ef ,cigi zrc `l` dpi` zg` drwa jezay
oiiprl zecyd oia dwqtd llk oi` mzhiyle ,dxwn lka drwal qpkpd z` mi`nhn d±c
wtqy ,xfrl` iax cigid zrck `le ,miax mdy ,minkgk wqt opgei iaxy gipdl xiaq .d`neh
zecyd oia wiqtn xg` mxeb lk e` avgd e` xvnd o i ` y èd heyt okl .d`nh ìd s` dìa
wqt opgei iaxy cala ef `ly rawy ,oiax lr `weec èd dgkedd lhp .d`neh oiiprl drwaay
mb `l` Ð dxedh dcyl dìa wtqe ,d`neh oiiprl zecyl zwlegn drwady xfrl` iaxk
.micxtp zecyl cigid zrwa z` wlgl xvna icy raw
iax zrcl ditly oiax ly zxeqnd iabl zeyxetn l`yp ok` iq` axy èt` rpnpd on `l
.epxkfdy minrhd on ,dze` llye ,d`nehe d`t oiiprl mb miwiqtn avgde xvnd opgei
inlyexid itl d`tl xvnd zwqtd

èd iq` axe ,c"r fh ,` a d`t inlyexia dpecip d`t oiiprl zecyd oia xvnd zwqtd zl`y
: ` a d`t dpyn lr zaqen my ìbeqd .ìdd ìbeqa mixacnd y`x
liaye miaxd liaye ,cigid jxce miaxd jxce ,zilelyde lgpd : d`tl oiwiqtn elè
.minybd zenia oiae dngd zenia oia reawd cigid
: my ìbeqd oeyl dfe
.'ek dìtl oiwiqtn eliè
.dzxiagl dcyn ìvei `ly calae ,jcy : xn`py

.xaegn epiè
.wiqtn oli`d dcy 'it` ,'ed xaegn xniz oiè
.xcb `l` oli`l wiqtn epiè 'irxfl wiqtn lkd : onz opipzc
.xaegn xcb `d
.xaegn epiè
<wiqtn `l : epiptl .l"vk> wiqtn yzek xry 'it` ,xaegn xniz oi`
.lkl dìt ozep `l` ,wiqtn epi` yzek xry <opipze : l"v> opipzc
.xaegn epi`y dxn` `cd
.wiqtn <"`l" : siqedl yi> 'g` cvn elit` ,èd xaegn <"epi`" : siqedl yi> xniz oi`
.wiqtn epi` okine okin yzek xry did m` ipzc
.wiqtn cg` cvn `d
.'ycw `l ,dzxiagl 'cyn dìt yixtd : `pipg xa iqei 'x mya iqei iax
? xvind on zekfl oeekzp : `qi 'x inew `ra `xirf 'x
.dpin rxye
,`qi iaxc dizhiy dtlgn
.zeidl jixv oke ,ilaaa eply ìbeqa fixt i"k mb qxeb jke ,xfril` iax `le ,xfrl` iax miqxeb dpynd ly gqepd icr 13
.(ipyd) xdhn xfril` iax d"c ,`"r ep `xza àa zetqez e`x
.zenewn dylya lcxg e` zay rxefa daiwr 'xl minkg micen : onz opipzc
.zenewn dylya lcxg ,zenewn dylya zay : `zipzn ipik
.oday oexg`l oiznn oday oey`xd oi`y iptn : xn` lèny
.'ebexr zebexr rxfil okxcy iptn : opgei iax mya `qi iax
! ok` xn` èd dke
? dyciw `l i` dìt meyn dyciw : <l"vk> `lc dkxev `l .wiqtn èdy dil `hiyt
.dyciw `l dzxagl dcyn dìt yixtd : ìrye` iax ipz
.xvin elit` : xnin rnye
(h hi `xwie) "xvwl jcy z`t dlkz `l" weqtd lr dyxc zàen inlyexia ìbeqd zligza
eply wxtay zekldd z` qqal ick z`fe ,"dzxagl dcyn ìvei `ly calae ,jcy" Ð
jiiyd dcy jeza miwiqtn mitqep minxebe jxcde liayd ,zilelyde lgpd ditly dpyna
`xtqa mb driten ef dyxc .zcxtp d`ta cg` lk miaiigd zecy ipy mixveie cg` mc`l
oi` 14.xeegn epi` : xnelk ,xaegn epi` df yxcny xirn `xnbd lra .ì dkld ` wxt ,miyecw
,zilelyd ,lgpd b a d`t dpyn itly meyn z`f 15.`nlra `zknq` `l` ,dxenb dyxc o`k
dcy jeza la` ,dfl df mikenqd oald zecya `l` miwiqtn mpi` mind znè liayd ,jxcd
epzpynay dkldd dziid eli` .(b a d`t dpyn) wqtd deedn ynn ly xcb wx oli`d
.oald dcyl dliabdl mewn did `l ,ynn `ziixe`cn
d`xp j` ,yaeyn gqepd .e`l m` `ziixe`cn dwiqtn xcb m` dl`ya oeic àen okn xg`l
dynya xcbd lr mb zelabn yiy oeeik ,o`kl e` o`kl zirnyn cg zrxken dpi` ef dl`yy
xcbd dziid eli` 16,lirl epàdy gqepa eprvdy mixwegd ixefgy itl .oli`d dcya wqtd
el` mibxzyn zecyd ipyn zepli`d itpryk mb wiqtdl dkixv dziid ìd `ziixe`cn wqtd
,ipy cvn ."xeegn epi`" xcbd s`y o`kn ,ok xacd oi`y zraew dpynde ,xcbl lrn elà
jezl mikynpd cg` dcyn mitpr s`y mixne` epiid `ziixe`cn wqtd xcbd dziid `leli`
mitprd m` wx dlha xcbdy iepy `ziixaa eliè ,xcbd z` milhan xcbl lrn ipyd dcyd
cvl mikynp cg` cvn mitpryk `le ,xcbl lrn dfa df mibxzyne o`kne o`kn mikynp
zl`ya drxkd oi` okl .`ziixe`cn dwiqtn xcbdy jk lr riavn dxe`kly dn ,ipyd
.opaxcn e` `ziixe`cn ìd m` ,xcbd zwqtd
dcyn d`t yixtd" : `ziixe`cn dwiqtn xcbdy `pipg iaxa iqei iax mya wqet iq` ax mxa
ipyn cg` lkl zcxtp d`t yixtdl yi dligzkly cala ef `l ,okl 17."dycw `l dzxagl
carica elit` dycw `l exagl cg` dcyn dyxtedy d`ty `l` ,xcbd ixar ipyny zecyd
.`ziixe`cn s` dwiqtn xcbd ,xnelk Ð d`t oick zexyrnd on dxhtl
meyn ,elek dcyd z` dcyd lra xvwyk mb dpekp ef dkld m` iqei iax z` l`y `xirf iax
oznn hnzyn iq` ax 18.d`t xeza xvnl xarny dèazd lka miiprd z` zekfl oeekzdy
mixwegd ixacl mipeiv oke ,xz` lr eìlixiq y"xde `"xbd ixeìa e`x ; mixwegd lke inlyexid iyxtn zvwn itl jk 14
'nre 59 'rd 450 'nr ,(15 dxrd bl ìbeq ,lirl) miinlyexi zepeyl xve` ,qiqr 'n lv` e/a seligde yexitd mvr iabl
.912±911 'rd 997
.283±280 'nr ,`"yz wxei eip ,` jxk ,inlyexia miyecge miyexit ,bxeavpib 'l dagxda e`x df yexitl 15
,(14 dxrd ,lirl) qiqr ixac ; xz` lr mdiyexita q"yxde `"xbd zedbd lr ewlga qqeane ,ixewn ewlga èd xefgyd 16
oeyll dincw`d ly inlyexid zxecdna ddbda jxevl mifnx lr oke ; my 912 dxrda onxaill oeivde ,997 'nr
.87 'nr ,(28 dxrd ci ìbeq ,lirl) zixard
epgp`y itk ,zecyd oia dwiqtn xcbyk èd `pipg oa iqei iax mya iqei iax ly `xnind xwiry ,yxtl d`xp jk 17
okle ,`ziixe`cn miwiqtn mpi` mind znè jxcde liayd ,zilelyde lgpdy rawp xak ixd .xywdd on oiadl mixen`
exfb minkgdy `l` ,`ziixe`cn dycw d`td el` minxeb ly oekp `ld cvd on d`t yixtde xar m`y èd heyt
`ziixe`cn wiqtdl lekiy mxeb lr xacn èd ixd ,"dycw `l" `pipg oa iqei iax mya xne` iq` ax m` .ok zeyrl oi`y
.xcbd `l` ef oi` ,dk cr ìbeqa xn`pd xe`le Ð
ipyd cvd ony dcyd ly ipyd wlgd lka ,d`lde xvnd on miiprd z` zekfl Ð "xvn on zekfl" yxtl d`xp jk 18
xarny dcyd z`t xeza miiprd z` zekfl ick df cva (? ztqep) d`t gipdy miyxtnd eyxity itk `le ,xvnd ly
xvn m` geha epi`y meyn daeyz oznn hnzyn iq` axy `xnbd lra xeaq dligz .daeyz
epipy a b d`t dpyna oky ,jk lr dnz èd .dwiqtn xcbd wx `ny e` ,e`l m` wqtdl aygp
mipey zenewn dyelya lcxg e` zay rxefyk zcxtp d`t zzl yiy minikqn mi`pzd lky
dbexr oice ,zecxtp zebexra mze` rexfl mibdepy opgei iax mya xiaqd iq` axe ,dcya
cxtend dcy mb iq` ax zrcly o`kn .dcy oick dnney rwxw ly qta dzxagn zcxtend
iaxl daeyz ozna iq` ax qqid ok m` recn 19.zcxtp d`ta aiig cala dnney rwxwa exagn
oic m` halzd èdy `l` ,d`tl wiqtn xvndy iq` axl heyty aiyn `xnbd lra ? `xif
cvd z` zekfl oeekzde xvnd ly cg` cva d`t yicwd m` carica ,ok mè ,opaxcn èd df
dcy lk `ziixe`cn s` `ny e` ; zexyrnd on dxehte ,`ziixe`cn dycw d`td `weec ipyd
elit` ,xvnd ly oekp `ld cva dpzipy d`tl dyecw llk oi` ok mè ,zcxtp d`ta aiig
.zexyrna zaiig ìde ,carica
dzxagl dcyn d`t yixtd" ,`pipg iaxa iqei iax mya iq` ax xqny dny xn`p rhwd seqa
yexit rny envr dirye` iaxe ,dirye` iax dpy dze`y `ziixa dyrnl èd ,"dycw `l
xarn dpzipy d`td dycw `l okle ,`ziixe`cn zecyd oia wiqtn xvnd mb ditly `ziixal
.xvnl
: d`t oiipra ilaaa eply ìbeqa xn`pd oial inlyexia xn`pd oia milcad dnk mpyi
,d`t oiiprl micxtp zecyl zeaygp zebexry opgei iax mya xqn iq` ax ,inlyexid itl .1
`xnbd lra itl iq` ax ixacl cebipa z`fe ,d`tl wiqtn zecyd oiay xvnd mby o`kne
zeeydl gxkd oi`y lirl epi`xd znàe .d`tl wiqtn xvnd oi`y xaq opgei iaxy ,eply
`xnbd lra zrck ,lcxgde zayd zebexr oicl xvna wqtend oald dcy oic z`
.mdipia wlgl zeaeh zeaiq dnk yi ,daxc` ; inlyexia
`le ,`pipg iaxa iqei iaxc àil` la` ,xvnd zl`ya inlyexia halzd mpn` iq` ax .2
xvnd m` dl`yd mvr iabl dziid `l ef zehalzd inlyexid zpwqnle ,opgei iaxc àil`
xar m` dpin `wtpe ,opaxcn wx e` `ziixe`cn m` ,df wqtd ly ecnrn iabl `l` wiqtn
iq` ax ilaaa ,z`f znerl .e`l m` ef d`t dycw m` ,xvnd ly ipyd ecvn d`t ozpe
itl ixyt` izla dfe ,opgei iaxc àil` z`fe ,d`tl wiqtn xvnd oi`y zirnynÎcg raew
did i`ce opgei iax ly z`fk zirnynÎcg `xnin iq` ax xikd eli` : inlyexia xn`pd
.inlyexia `xif iaxl dit lr aiyn
z`fe ,`ziixe`cn d`tl wiqtn xvndy inlyexia zirnynÎcg raewd df èd ìrye` iax .3
raewy in ilaaa ,z`f znerl .mi`pz ixacl xaqdk e` mi`pz itn rnyy mixac it lr
iq` ax ixacn wiqd inlyexia `xnbd lray oiivl yi j` .opgei iaxc àil` oiax èd z`f
.jk xeaq opgei iax s`y lcxgde zayd zebexr oiipra opgei iax mya
xkip inlyexid ziibeq ly mipkzd on ,ilaade inlyexid zeibeq oiay elld milcadd s` lr
`xnbd lray xnel aexwe ,d`t oiiprl xvnd zwqtd ly dl`yl ezrc z` ozp ok` iq` axy
avgde xvnd" opgei iax mya wqt mpn` iq` axy eply `xnbd lra raw okl .z`f rci eply
oiiprl e`) d`t oiiprl ok xacd oi` opgei iaxly xaq iq` ax la` ,"xbd iqkpa oiwiqtn
.(d`neh
inlyexiae c"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexia `xif iax ixacl miliawn mixacd ixd .eèlna xevwi èd eze`y ,xvnl
lk z` zepwl epiidc ,"xvnd on zepwl oeekzp : `xirf iax ira" : mye Ð (jenqa oldl e`x) c"r bi ,` b `xza àa
zxeza xvnl xarny dcyd lka miiprd z` zekfl eyexit "xvnd on zekfl oeekzp" o`k mbe .xvnl xarny zecyd
.d`t
.a b d`t dpynl i`xtq 'fe 'y yexit oiipra ,12 dxrd ,lirl epazky dn e`xe 19
`xif iaxl iq` ax oia giyÎec epyi 20,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeqa oeica ,lirl epi`xy itk
giyÎecl ìltdl dnecd c"r bi ,` b `xza àa inlyexiae c"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexia
df giyÎec xikd ,a"r±`"r bp lirl ,eply `xnbd lra .d`t inlyexia d`t oiipra mdipiay
inlyexia ìbeqd cvl d`t inlyexia ìbeqd z` o`k ìap 21.ely epeyla eze` ìade
bp lirl ,oiyeciw inlyexia ìbeql eply `xnbd lra ly ceaird cvle c"r q ,d ` oiyeciw
: a"r±`"r
a"r±`"r bp `xza àa ilaa c"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexi c"r fh ,` a d`t inlyexi
izy : opgei x"` iq` ax xnè el eid : opgei iax mya `qi iax : `pipg xa iqei 'x mya iqei iax
wifgd ,odipia cg` xvne zecy zgè dcedia zg` ,zecy izy ,dzxiagl 'cyn dìt yixtd
; d`pw Ð dzepwl odn zgà dcediay efa wifgd ,lilba .'ycw `l
dze` Ð dzxag zè dze` zepwl efa e` ,lilbay efa zekfl
z` zepwl ; dpw `l dzxag ,dpw ,dcediay efa zekfl lilbay
.dpw `l dze` s` Ð dzxag elit` ,dpw `l xbd iqkipae .dpw
.miizpa xvin
odn zgà wifgd : `xif iax ira
zè xvnd zè dze` zepwl : `qi iax inew `ra `xirf iax : `qi 'x inew `ra `xirf 'x
xvn opixn` in ? edn ,dzxag ? xvind on zepwl oeekzp ? xvind on zekfl oeekzp
èd `rx` i`dce `rx` i`dc
i`w dicegl i`d `nlc e` ,ipwe
? i`w dicegl i`de
.ewiz .dipin rxye .dpin rxye
iqkp oiipra `xif iaxl iq` ax oia giyÎecd z` eply `xnbd lra xikdy myky heyt d`xp
rcin iq` axl did `ly epnn wiqd èd .d`t oiipra hrnk ddfd giyÎecd z` xikd jk ,xbd
wqt opgei iaxy ,oiaxk xnel iq` ax rci eli` oky ,d`tl wiqtn xvndy opgei iax itn wdaen
,cala ef `le .`xif iaxl opgei iax ly enya jk aiyn did ,d`tl wiqtn xvndy zirnynÎcg
zebexr oiipra opgei iax mya iq` ax ly `xnind z` mb xikd eply `xnbd lray d`xp `l`
zaya wx : inlyexia `xnbd lra ly efn dketd dpwqn dpnn wiqdy `l` ,lcxgde zayd
ok oi`y dn ,dbexr lkn zcxtp d`t mipzepy opgei iax xn` zebexr rxfidl mkxcy lcxge
micixtn a wxt d`t dpyna zeyxetn mipnpd minxebd wxy ,xvnd icv ipyn rxfpy obc
.xvnd `le ,mdipia
rny eply `xnbd lray (`) Ð lirl epilrdy zeiexyt`d yely oiany micnl epivnp
xvnd oi`y wiic `xnbd lray (a) ; d`tl wiqtn xvnd oi` opgei iaxly iq` ax mya yxetna
mitqep mipezp jnq lr `l` ,dwizyd on wx `l opgei iax mya iq` ax zrc lr d`tl wiqtn
on opgei iax mya iq` ax zrc lr d`tl wiqtn xvnd oi`y wiic `xnbd lray (b) ; ecia eidy
iax Ð eply `xnbd lra wcv ok`y d`xpe .xzeia dxiaqd ìd zirvn`d Ð cala dwizyd
.zeiepncfd dnka efk zxeqn oi`y fnx iq` axe ,d`tl wiqtn xvndy xn` `l opgei
o`k yiy d`xp ? d`tl wiqtn xvnd opgei iax zrcl s` ditly oiax ly zxeqnd ok m` oiipn
`hiyty ìd ìdd ìbeqd zpwqn .my `xnbd lra zrc lr d`t inlyexia ìbeqd ly mekiq
`l d`td okle ,`ziixe`c epd df wqtd ìrye` iax ly zxeqnd itle ,d`tl wiqtn xvndy
,opgei iaxl oiax qgii dlek inlyexiay ìbeqd on dlerd dkldd z` .carica elit` dycw
.[12±10] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 20
.jenqa oldl dàen e`x .([12±11] ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeq) a"r bp ,lirl 21
d`xp .mda wiqtn xvnd opgei iaxc àil`y mixacd zniyxa xbd iqkpl d`td z` siqede
meyn Ð opgei iaxl d`t inlyexi ziibeqay xnegd zpwqn qegii ly Ð df jldn wicvd èdy
lra zrcke Ð d`t oiiprl micxtp zecyk lcxgde zayd zebexrl qgiizd ok` opgei iaxy
zbxeg dpi` xvnl xywa opgei iax zcnry jkn wiqdl ozipy xaq oiax s` ,inlyexia `xnbd
.ìdd ìbeqa ztwzynd il`xyiÎux`d qefpvpewd on
d`neh
epi` xvndy : d`t oiipra opgei axl eply ìbeqa zeqgeind zeketdd zecnrd izyy `vnp
zeziixal zepey zeiepyxt jnq lr ,`llkn exn`p ,[3] wiqtn èdye ,[2] d`t oiiprl wiqtn
.c"r fh ,` a d`t inlyexia df oiipra zeàend zepeyd zexninle
epraw lirl ? d`neh oiipra opgei iaxl zeqgeind zecnrd izy z` xiaqdl ozip cvik
àil` `l d`nehl wiqtn epi` xvndy ,iq` axl zqgeind dcnrd mr wcvdy èd heyty
d`neh oiiprl wqtd ly zexyt`d lky oeeik ,mixg` mi`xen`c àil` `le opgei iaxc
miwlegd minkgd zrcl 22.d±c e zexdh dpyna xfrl` iax ly ezrc ,cigi zrc `l` dpi`
dnvrlyk drwal dqipkd `linne ,`nh cigid zeyxa dìa wtq ,my xfrl` iax lr
m` wqtd èd xvnd m` dl`yl llk wwcfdl oiè ,zecyl dzwelgl xyw `ll z`nhn
.e`l
itly èd heyt zxg` dgked xcrday erawa `xnbd lra oeekzd jkly èt` heyt d`xp
epi` xac mey ixdy ,d`neh oiiprl `l la` ,xbd iqkpa wiqtn xvndy wqt opgei iax iq` ax
oiax s`y d`xpe .minkg zrck ,dpyna zexèznd zeaiqpa dyrnl dkld d`nehl wiqtn
zeyxetn raw opgei iaxy oeeikn ,ezrcly `l` ,xfrl` iaxk dkld oi`y jkl rcen did
oiiprl mb ezrc oky wiqdl ozip eixac ly zg` zepyxt itle ,xbd iqkpa wqtd èd xvndy
eilry cg` mc`l mikiiyd drwaay zecyd oia d`neh oiiprl wqtddy xryl yi if` ,d`t
dpi` ef dhiyy s` ,xvnd èd ,d±c e zexdh dpyna ,cala ezhiyl ,xfrl` iax xaic
dpynl zepyxtk Ð zeyxetn jk xn` elit` opgei iaxy xytè .dyrnl dkld zihpeelx
zg` drwaa zecyl zipynd dwelgdy xiaqd ìdd dpyna eicinlz mr ocyk ; d±c e zexdh
xn` ok` opgei iax df itl .zecyd oiay mixvnd it lr dwelg ìd cg` mc` zelraay
la` ,oiax ixack ,xvnd èd xfrl` iaxc àil` d`neh oiiprl zecyd oia wiqtnd mxebdy
,dyrnl dkld d`neh oiiprl wiqtn epi` mxeb meye ,xfrl` iaxk dkld oi`y mb xn` èd
.minkgk dkldy oeeik
ly zepey zeiepyxt lr zeqqean [3 ,2] d`t oiipra opgei iaxl zeqgeind zecnrd izy df itl
iaxl zeqgeind zecnrd izy eliè ,c"r fh ,` a d`t inlyexid ziibeq ly mipeyd miaikxnd
dyrnl dkld d`xedk zg` Ð dxywda zg` lk ,zepekp odizy [3 ,2] d`neh oiiprl opgei
.dpynay xfrl` iax ixacl yexitk zgè
zay
epi`y meyn d`nehl wiqtn epi` xvndy xeaq opgei iaxy Ð iq` axc àil` d`neh oicke
oic ok Ð d`nehl wqtd llk oi`y ,minkg zrck `l` ,d`nehl wqtd yiy xfrl` iaxk wqet
xvn e` `lqity àx ly ezriaw lr wleg [6] opgei iaxy wcva raew eply `xnbd lra .zay
lr wleg èd : zay oiiprl wqtd llk oi` opgei iax zrcly meyn ,[11 ,7] zay oiiprl wiqtn
zeieyx izyl cg` mlrda zxbexb i`vg ipy ìvend z` xhetd iqei iax ly dkldd xwir
xfrl` iax `pzd enk mixeaq xfrl` iaxe lèny mi`xen`dy oerhl oeiqip yi a"r±`"r r dxf dcear ilaaa mpn` 22
lèny xeaq melk : ìyew `l` ynn ly drvd my dziid `l mipey`xd zvwn itle ,zigcp ef drvd j` ,ìdd dpyna
iyecig ; (oey`xd) xfril` iax d"c ,a"r dp `xza àa zetqez e`x ? okziid ? zexdh dpyna cigid zrck xfrl` iax /
.ìd i`n d`neh d"c ,my `"ahixd iyecig ; xedh dìa wtq d"c ,a"r dp `xza àa o"anxd
miyrpd "zeyxl zeyxn ìvend" zk`lna z`hg iaeig lk ,opgei iax zrcl .[8] miaxd
xn`py itk ,"zxbexb ivg qipkde zxbexb ivg ìved" elit` ,xeriyl mitxhvn cg` mlrda
: a"r a ,` ` zay inlyexia
.aiig ,zxbexb ivg ìvede zxbexb ivg qipkd : opgei iax mya `qi iax
,zxbexb ivg ìvede xfge zxbexb ivg ìved : ipzc ,dqei iaxk `lc opgei iax xnc dn
,aiig ,cg` zeyxa cg` mlra : xne` iqei iax .xeht ,zenilrd ipya ,aiig ,cg` mlrda
d`ved eli` : oiiywe .xeht ,cg` zeyxa zenilrd ipya e` ,zeieyx izya cg` mlra
`lc opgei iax xnc dn ied ! d`vede dqpkd oky lk `l ,dqei iaxk zetxhvn opi` d`vede
.iqei iaxk
lr `l zay oiiprl wiqtn xvnd oi`y xeaq opgei iaxy [6] `wqita raw `xnbd lray `vnp
opgei iax ly `xnin mr zexkid jnq lr `l` ,cala df oiipra oiaxe iq` ax ly mzwizy jnq
d`tl oicd ède .inlyexia ep`vny itke ,`ziixaa iqei iax zhiy oial dpia dèeydde ,envr
wiqtn xvnd oi`y xeaq opgei iax Ð oiaxl cebipa Ð iq` axly `xnbd lra zpwqn : d`nehe
inlyexid on epl mixkend d`t oiipra opgei iaxe iq` ax ly dkld iwqt lr zqqean ,d`tl
md eply ìbeqa `xnbd lra ixacy `vnp .zexdhe d`t zkqna zeipynd ly oheyte ,d`t
23
.dwizyd on zei`x `le ,miqqean miweic la` ,miweic
eny lr z`xwpy lk
ixneg zè ,zppbeqnd mi`xen`d zwelgn z` ìbeqd ly ` wlga ìan `xnbd lray xg`l
aqdl oi`y heyt d`xp ."? i`n ,avg `le xvn `l my oi`" dl`yl wwfp èd ,mieelpd rwxd
heyt oky ,zay oiipra oeicd xg`l cin zàen ìdy it lr s` ,zay lr e` d`t lr ef dl`y
dcy mpd zg` zelraa dfl df micenvd "cigi zeieyx" e` "zecy" ipy el` mipiiprly èd
.miipyl ewlgl daiq mey oi` avg e` xvn `lle ,xac lkl cigid zeyx ly cg` svx e` cg`
.d`neh oiiprle xbd iqkp oiiprl wx zihpeelx dl`yd
oeyl dfe .([41] ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeq) a"r cp ,lirl ef dl`y lr `tt ax xak aiyd dxe`kl
: a"r±`"r cp ,my oeicd
cg` yekn da yikdy oeik : ax xn` `ped ax xn` Ð dixvna zniieqnd dcy : xnzi` .40
.cala eyekn mewn `l` dpw `l : xn` lènye ; dlek dpw Ð
.xcde ixezc `xiiz lif`ck : `tt ax xn` ? dnk cr ,dixvna zniieqn dpi`ye .41
; "dixvna zniieqn dpi`y" xbd dcya diikfd z` liabdl `tt ax d`x dn epidz 24lirl j`
dcyn lecb èd m` mb ,xb eze`l jiiyd ghyd l k a zekfl wifgnd oeekzd mzqd on ixd
epyxit 25.mdipia wiqtn xvnd oi`yk epiide ,ì a `xza àa `ztqeza xn`py itke ,cg`
,"dixvina zniieqn dpi`y" dcya "èdy lk uxte xcb ,lrp"y iny dcen `tt ax s`y èt`
: ì a `xza àa `ztqeza yxetny itke ,xb eze`l jiiyd qkpd lk z` dpw ,dpynd zyixck
xvnd oi`yk epiide ,"oleka wifgd zgà wifgdy oeik ,zecy xyr el eid ...xbd iqkpa wifgnd"
xcb ,lrp"l mitilgz yiy erawe dpynay dkldd z` eaigxd lènye ax mxa .mdipia wiqtn
èd m` elek xbd dcya wifgnd z` zekfl ick da yi yekna zhren dykdy raw ax ."uxte
dpwpd ghyd swid edn èt` l`y `tt ax 26.eixvna mieqn epi` m` `l j` ,eixvna mieqn
.8 dxrd ,lirl e`x .xec 'v zrck ,[1] "xbd iqkpa" geqipd on e` 23
.[41] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl l e`x 24
.my 19 dxrde ,[10] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 25
dcaerd on wiic `tt axy d`xp ,my epazky itk .[40] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 26
xbd dcy lk z` dpwy xaq `l ax mby ,"dixvna zniieqnd dcy" ly dxwnl zlaben [40] lènye ax zwelgny
dpew ,dyixg ly zilnq dlert ,yeknd zykd ax zrcly èt` raw red ."dixvna zniieqn dpi`" m` cg` yekna
.cala cg` dcyl libxa jiiyd ghyd z`
,"dcy" ly libxd swida xaecny aiyde ,eixvna mieqn epi`y dcya zg` yekn zykda
mlzd zxitga ligzdle aaezqdl ,mlz ly dxitg miiql milibx miyxegdy mewnl cr epiidc
.jetdd oeeika àd
jiiyd qkpd lk z` dpw xbd iqkpa ynn uxt e` xcb ,lrpy iny `tt axl did xexa ,epixacl
lray d`xp .[16] eply ìbeqa `tt ax xne` jke ,"eny lr `xwpd" qkpd lk epiidc ,xb eze`l
avg e` xvn `lly zeraewe xbd iqkpa weqrl zexfeg [16±13] ze`wqity oiapy ywia `xnbd
,lecb cg` dcy aygp xb eze`l jiiyd rwxwd svx lk : zay e` d`t oick xbd iqkp oic
yxit qepixn iaxy zerha xaq sè ,m"ayx yxit jk .eleka dkf èdy mewn lka ea wifgnde
itk .ìd `le .xbd iqkpa dwfgl qgiizde ,opgei iax ly enyn [14] "eny lr z`xwpd lk"
oiiprl ,xfrl` iax ly enyn exn`p qepixn iax ixac ,mipey`xd x`ye zetqezd ilra exirdy
dàedy d±c e zexdh dpyn lr zaqend f f zexdh `ztqezn dàena xaecne ,d`neh
: `ztqezde dpynd oeyl dfe .lirl [5] `wqita (mixacd xcq jetida)
<d±c e zexdh dpyn>

: xne` xfrl` iax ...`nh Ð cigid zeyxa ,zewitq wtqe zewitq zeaxl leki dz`y lk [c]
.`nh Ð d`neh rbn wtq ,xedh Ð dìa wtq
ipiè fld mewnl izkld : xnè ,zipelt dcya d`nehe minybd zenia drwal qpkp [d]
.oi`nhn minkge ,xdhn xfrl` iax Ð izqpkp `l mè dcyd eze`l izqpkp m` rcei
<f f zexdh `ztqez>

.ipelt dcy d`nhe minybd zenia drwal qpkp
! cigi ly èd ixd : xfril` 'x iptl exn`
.dnvr ipta my dl yiy lk : enyn qepixn 'x yxit
rcei epi` m` epiidc ,"`nh Ð d`neh rbn wtq ,xedh Ð dìa wtq" xfrl` iax xn` c dpyna
`l` ,qpkpy rcei m` la` ,xedh èd ixd e`l m` d`neh ea yiy cigid zeyxl qpkp m`
zwlegnd drwa my yi : d dpyna mbcen df oiipr 27.`nh èd ,e`l m` `nhp m` rcei epi`y
iax .e`l m` d`neh ea yiy dcyl qpkp m` rcei epi` la` drwal qpkpy rcei ède ,zecyl
xaecn ixd : minkgd el mixne` `ztqeza .xdhne ,dìa wtq ly dxwn dfa dèx xfrl`
micixtnd mixvn da eid eli` oky ,zecyl zwlegn dpi`y ,mixvn da oi`y cigi ly drwaa
.e`l m` d`neh ea yiy dcyl qpkp m` rcei did i`ce ipenl` ly dcyl ipelt ly dcy oia
28
xfrl` iax mya aiyd qepixn iax ! cala d`neh rbn wtq `l` dìa wtq o`k oi`y `vnp
mc` .mdipia mixvn ila j` ,eilra my lr cg` lk mi`xwpd xtqn zecy drwa dzeà eidy
`xwpd dcyl qpkp m` xekfl citwd `l èd mixvn my oi`y oeeik j` ,drwal qpkpy rcei df
.dìa wtq o`k yi oiicr okle ,e`l m` ipelt ly eny lr
epi` df qepixn iaxy f f zexdh `ztqez jnq lr m"ayxd lr ebiydyk ewcv zetqezd ilra
oiipra xfrl` iaxc àil` yxity `pz `l` ,xbd iqkp oiipra opgei iaxc àil` yxity `xen`
df mewin .el` ze`wqit ly onewin lr zeywdl yi zetqezd ilra ly mzhiyl j` .d`neh
: zeàd zeaiqpd yelyn zgà wx xiaq
xak ; zaya d`ved ,ok iptl oecipd oexg`d oiiprd ,"dipin wilqc" lr miaqen mixacd m` .1
cg` mc`l zekiiyd cigid zeieyx izy zay oiiprly meyn ,z`fd zexyt`d z` eplqt
.zg` zeyx `l` opi` odipia xvn `ll
d`neh ,d`t ,xbd iqkp : ìbeqa mipecipd mi`yepd zrax` lk lr miaqen mixacd m` .2
.[5±1] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldle ,"d`neh : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,lirl e`x 27
cid iazk zqxibk ,"xfrl`" zeidl l"vy heyt d`xp la` ,"xfril`" : ilaaa eply ìbeqae e f zexdh `ztqeza epiptl 28
.13 dxrd ,lirl e`x ; zetqezd ilra egikedy itke ,dpynd ly
ipy ly svx d`t oiiprl od zay oiiprl od oky ,z`fd zexyt`d z` eplqt xak ; zaye
.cg` ghy `l` mpi` mdipia xvn `ll cg` mc`l mikiiyd mighy
jynda mb oecipd ,xbd iqkp : ìbeqay ixwirde oey`xd `yepa oecl mixfeg mixacd m` .3
.[22±17] ìbeqd
lr ,`weec ìbeqa dfd mewina ,zaya jex`d oeicd xg`l le`yl llk oeibid oi` ,z`f znerl
.zetqezd ilra yexitk ,[12] "? i`n ,avg `le xvn `l my oi`" : d`nehd oiipr
lra [13] "? i`n ,avg `le xvn `l my oi`" dl`ya : m"ayxd wcv dfd oiipray d`xp okl
minkgl qepixn iax zaeyz .xbd iqkpa dwfg Ð ìbeqd ly ixwird `yepa oecl xfeg `xnbd
`l my oi`" dl`yl daeyzk mb `xnbd lral dni`zd xfrl` iaxc àil` d`neh oiipra
.[16] dfd oiipra `tt ax ly xekf`d on mb rnzyn jke ,xbd iqkpl xywa "i`n ,avg `le xvn
mieqn epi`y xbd dcya axc àil` yekn zykda dpwp ghy dnk l`yy `tt ax eze`
miyxegdy iptl mlzd agex ,dcy ly libxd ghyd z` wx dpw wifgndy aiyde ,eixvna
dze` o`k lèy ,([41] ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeq) ipyd oeeika àd mlzd z` yexgl mixfeg
zwdaen dwfg ly dxwnay aiyne ,dpyna zyxetnd "uxte xcb ,lrp" zwfg iabl dl`y
exwc" : xb eze` ly eny lr z`xwpd rwxwd lk z` wifgnd dpw dpyna zyxetnd xbd iqkpa
ly exà zia[n diwydl ie`xd] mewn el mi`xewy" dcyd ,[16] "ìpltc `zebxb ia dil
29."ipelt
qgiizd [16] envr `tt ax xewnae ,o`k zxzein qepixn iax ixacn dàend lky d`xpe
lra ly ztqez od [15±14] ze`wqit .[13] "i`n ,avg `le xvn `l my oi`" dl`yl zexiyi
,`tt ax ixacl micwzk ,d`neh oiipra dzpypy ,f f zexdh `ztqez z` bivdl ywiay `xnbd
: oldlck ,xbd iqkp oiipra
? i`n ,avg `le xvn `l my oi` .13
.eny lr z`xwpy lk : enyn qepixn iax yxit] .14
[? inc ikid .15

.ìpltc `zebxb ia dil exwc : `tt ax xn` .16
: aiyde ,a"r±`"r bp ,lirl ax ixac lr l`y `tt axy myk

? dnk cr ,dixvna zniieqn dpi`ye
,xcde ixezc `xiiz lif`ck : `tt ax xn`
,opgei iax ixac lr eply ìbeqa lèy `tt ax jk 30,"dl wxtn ède dl aizen èd" zpiga
: aiyne ,[1] "xbd iqkpa oiwiqtn avgde xvnd"
? i`n ,avg `le xvn `l my oi`

.ìpltc `zebxb ia dil exwc : `tt ax xn`
d`neha xfrl` iax zhiy oiipra qepixn iax ixacy jk lr riavdl ywia `xnbd lra
siqede ,xbd iqkpa opgei iax zhiy oiipra `tt ax ixacl micwz miynyn f f zexdh `ztqezn
aqdl eze` uli`y dn ,[13] "i`n ,avg `le xvn `l my oi`" dl`yd xg`l [14] `wqitd z`
[15] "inc ikid" zinzqd dl`yd lr ,ìdd dl`yl zixewnd daeyzd ,[16] `tt ax ixac z`
.ezrcn siqed dze`y
i`d : `tt ax xn`" : `"r bw `rivn àa ilaa e`x .`tt axc dineta `lbxn èd xàl "`zebxb ia"e "`zebxb" iepikd 29
exagn ywany in ; "dil inxznc cr dirxà izebxb dnk lifè ixk Ð `zebxb ia ...i`d olye` dixagl dil xn`c o`n
.ecia dlriy cr df mewna zexà dnk zexkl i`yx ely "xàd zia" z` el li`ydl
.my 5 dxrda mipeive "dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"zexceb" ,f ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 30
avgd
.avgd oiiprl xfeg `xnbd lra ,avg e` xvn mda oi`y xbd iqkp oiipra dkldd xexia xg`l
it lr s` ,opgei iax mya iq` ax rnyy zixewnd `xnina xkfed `l avgdy xxazn
oiipr z` wx .[1] "xbd iqkpa oiwiqtn avgde xvnd" oeyla ìbeqd zligza zàen `xnindy
bp ,lirl mb mipey zepeyla eitn hhvn èdy itke ,opgei iax itn zexiyi iq` ax rny xvnd
31
.c"r bi ,` b `xza àae c"r q ,d ` oiyeciw inlyexiae ([10] ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeq) a"r±`"r
jnq lr z`fe ,[1] `wqita opgei iax ixac geqipl envr iq` ax siqed avgd oiipra ztqezd z`
itn xbd iqkpa wiqtn avgdy el xqn ìer xa `g` ax ecinlz : xg` xewnn rnyy mixac
xn`p dfa `veik .[17] `pipg iaxa iqei iaxk xzei xkend `xen`d èd ,`pipg oa iq` iax
iqei iax" : d`tl wqtd oiiprl ,lirl epàdy ìbeqd xg`l cin ,c"r fh ,` a d`t inlyexia
.opgei iax `le ,`pipg oa iqei iax Ð "dìtl oiwiqtn zeaevd : 'n` `pipg oa
ryedi z` xak yniy df gnvy ax mya ìan dcedi ax ,dfd oiipra àevgd zeaiygl xy`
.my ,inlyexia dliawn ef `xninl mb .[18] ux`l dqipkd mr zelgpd zwelga zeleab oeniql
`xen`d ly daeyze dl`y zeàen "dìtl oiwiqtn zeaevd" `pipg iaxa iqei iax zxnin lr
: `cqg ax ilaad
? ux`d z` ryedi wlg oda : ira `cqg ax
.ux`d z` ryedi mgiz oda : `cqg ax mya 'pipg iax `z`
lr miqqean `cqg ax ixacy d`xp .o`k daeyzde 32dl`yd z` xiaqdl eywzd mipyxtd
inlyexia .[18] "ux`d z` l`xyil ryedi mgiz eay" ,eply ìbeqa ax mya dcedi ax ixac
: zewiqtn zeaevgdy `pipg iaxa iqei iax ly driawd aih z` xxal dqip `cqg axy xqnp
uxà avgdy meyn zg` zelraa mitevx zecy ipy oia wqtd deedn df gnv `weec m`d
,zelgpd z` wligy iptl l`xyi uxà ryedi rhpy avgd èd èd mi`xen`d inia l`xyi
elgpedy zecy ipy ryedi inia o`k eidy dgiken cg` mc` ly edcy jeza avgd zegkepe
lr riavne ,ryedi inin cxy l`xyi uxà `vnpd avgd lky okziid ? zepey zegtyn izyl
oi`y envr `cqg ax mya xqene `pipg iax à ? (ci hi mixac) "mipey`x elab xy` ...leab"
dcedi ax ixack Ð dlek ux`d z` megzl ick ux`d zeleaba avg rhp ryedi `l` ,ok xacd
micnl ep` o`kn ,"mipey`x elab xy` jrx leab"l mipniq o`k oi`y it lr sè .ilaaa ax mya
dwelgl oniq ynyn èd meid cr mzqd one ,`pc zncwn zeleab megizl oeniq yniy avgdy
.d`tl wiqtne ,zecy ipy oia
izy exqnp ilaaa "ux`d z` l`xyil ryedi mgiz eay" ax mya dcedi ax ly `xnind ab`
`xnind itl .[20] lèny mya zgè [19] ax mya zg` ,dcedi ax ici lr zetqep zexnin
zeny `l` mpi` ryedi xtqa mihayd zelgp ly zeniyxa mixrd zeny ,ax mya ,dpey`xd
mi`xen` ewlgp ,`"r r ,` ` dlibn inlyexia .[19] haye hay lk ly leabd lry zexiird
: df oiipra
iax .opi` d`n elit` ryedi dpny zexiird lk ! l`xyi ux` dl dvtw : dpipg iax xn`
.dpn dneg zetwen : xn` yiwl oa oerny
.dpn xtql zekenqd : xn` dpipg xa iqei iax
,e`x ; inlyexia libxd "xnin xaq" enk ,[xnel] dvx oeyl `l` llk dl`y oeyl epi` o`k "ira"y erivd s` mzvwn 32
ly dibelepinxhd ,uiaewqen 'l ly eixac xe`l j` .ira `cqg ax d"c ,xz` lr `"xbd ixeìae dyn ipt ,lynl
zrck yxtl d`xp ,df oaena inlyexia "ira" ly eneiwa wtwtnd ,120±119 'nr ,(48 dxrd d ìbeq ,lirl) inlyexid
m` ddez `cqg axy ,mipta epycigy itk dyxtl yiy d`xp ,dl`ya mè Ð dl`ya xaecny mixgè eìlixiq y"x
.mipey`x elab xy` zecyd inegz z` onql ick ryedi rhpy df ok` èd einia l`xyi uxà ievnd avgd
zexiird lk od mihayd zelgp ly zeniyxa ryedi xtqa zeiepnd zexiirdy xeaq `pipg iax
xiaqn yiwl yix .my epnpy zexiird d`nn xzei daxd yi einiay xirne ,l`xyi uxà
xne` `pipg iaxa iqei iax eliè ,dneg zetwend zexiird z` `l` myx `l ryediy
`pipg iaxa iqei iax zrck ax mya xqn dcedi ax .xtql zekenqd z` wx dpn ryediy
33
.inlyexiay
[20] lèny mya ely `xnin zàen ux`d zeleab oiipra dcedi ax xqeny zexnind zxbqna
`xnbd lra .[21] zexyrna miaiig ezen iptl dynl d"awd d`xdy ux`d iwlg wx ditly
mdxa`l eghaedy ipencwde ifipwd ,ipiwd ighy z` ìvedl dà ef dpexg` `xniny xiaqn
lr .[23] el` mighy iedifa mi`pz ewlgp ditly `ziixa ìan ède ,[22] mixzad oia zixaa
.[23±22] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeira ,oldl cenrp elld miiedifd ihxt
yexit ipeir
d`neh d`t oiprl la` ,xbd iqkpa oiwiqtn avgde xvnd : opgei x"` iq` ax xn` .5±1
: opzc ? ìd i`n Ð d`neh ...d`nehe d`tl elit` : opgei iax xn` oiax `z` ik .`l Ð
ipiè fld mewnl izkld : xnè ,zipelt dcya d`nehe minybd zenia drwal qpkpd
: xne` `"x didy ,oi`nhn minkge ,xdhn `"x Ð e`l mè mewn eze`l izqpkp m` rcei
.`nh Ð d`neh rbn wtq ,xedh Ð dìa wtq
iq` ax itl Ð d`neh oiipra opgei iax zcnrl xywa oiaxe iq` ax zwelgny epxaqd 34lirl
wiqtn ok` xvndy xaeq opgei iax oiax itle d`nehl wiqtn xvnd oi`y xaeq opgei iax
"mewn eze`"e "zipelt dcy" miiehiady xiaqd opgei iax : llk zwelgn dpi` Ð d`nehl
iax itl d`nehl wiqtn xvnd okle ,eixvna mieqnd dcyl miqgiizn c e zexdh dpynay
oi` j` .e`l m` el` mixvn jeza qpkp m` rcei epi` m` drwal qpkpd z` xdhnd xfrl`
xvnd oi` dfd oaenae ,minkgl `linn `nh el` zeaiqpa drwal qpkpde ,xfrl` iaxk dkld
.d`nehl wiqtn Ð xg` mxeb mey e` Ð
zewtq ipy d`neh rbn wtqe dìa wtqa mièx m` ewlgp minkge xfrl` iaxy yxit m"ayx
qpkp wtq Ð `wtq wtq df dxwna dèx xfrl` iax 35.cala cg` wtq e` ("`wtq wtq")
dfa mièx minkg eliè ,xdhn èd okle Ð `nhp `l wtq `nhp wtq ,qpkp `l wtq dcyl
: cg` wtq
lid`de xawd cr jld `ny ìd `witq `cg zecy 'a il dn zg` dcy il dn seq seqc
36
.`nh ewitqe jld `l `ny
dpyn ly `yixd mr cg` dpwa dler epi` df yexit 37,mipey`xd on miax exirdy itk mxa
yxetn day ,"`nh Ð cigid zeyxa ,zewitq wtqe zewitq zeaxl leki dz`y lk" ,c e zexdh
ilaaa ìbeqd mr `l sè ,`nh cigid zeyxa d`neh `wtq wtq minkgd zhiyl zegtly
xzen `wtq wtqy mirc ininz minkge xfrl` iaxy xn`p my ,a"r±`"r r dxf dcear
zl`ya ìd minkge xfrl` iax zwelgny el` mipey`x eyxit okl .xzide xeqià xaecnyk
`l` leabd ixr wx `l miiepn mzvwna .mihayd ly zelgpd ixeìza zecig` oi`y d`xp ,`xwn ly eheyt zpigan 33
milyexi ,ryedi xtq ,ontiew 'i ,xzid oia ,e`x ; xtq ixr oaex ,mixr hrn mr xvw xeìz mzvwnae zeinipt mixr mb
.aqw±`qw 'nr ,l"yz milyexi ,`xwn zrc ,ryedi ,liw 'i ; 220±214 ,199 ,178±177 'nr ,b"kyz
."d`neh : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecnd seq e`x 34
.oi`nhn minkge d"c ,`"r i migqtl i"yx yexit mb e`xe .xedh dìa wtq d"c ,a"r dp `xza àa m"ayx 35
.mi`nhn minkge d"c ,my m"ayx 36
dìa wtq d"c ,a"r dp `xza àa o"anxd iyecig ; (oey`xd) xdhn xfril` iax d"c ,`"r ep `xza àa zetqez e`x 37
.xdhn `"x d"c ,my c"ix zetqez ; ìd i`n d`neh d"c ,my `"ahixd iyecig ; xedh
zeyxa okle ,d`nehd zewtqa sqep wtqk dpicy mixeaq minkg : `weec d`neha dìa wtq
m` dcyl qpkp m` wteqnd ,"`nh ...zewitq wtqe zewitq zeaxl lkei dz`y lk" my ,cigid
rbna ynn `nhp m` wtq epiidc ,rbn wtq wxy xaeq xfrl` iax z`f znerl .`nh oiicr e`l
oi` d`nehd mewnl à llka m` wteqn èd mè ,dfd oiiprd jxevl wtq aygp ,ldeà e`
rcei epi`yk d`neh wtq ly avnn ce`n wegx èdy meyn m` Ð d`neh wtq elit` o`k
d`neh wtq lk" `"r fp xifp ilaa itly meyn m` 38,d`neh my yiy mewna did m` llk
xg`l d`neh wtq ly dxwna wx dzey dheqde ,"dheqn ? dl opitli `kidn cigid zeyxa
39
.d`neha i`ce zìal dliawn ìdy ,i`ce zxizq
,dgipde miaxd zeyxl zxbexb ivg ìved : ìpzc ; zay oiprl elit` : xn` àx .10±6
iqei iax ; xeht Ð zenlrd ipya ,aiig Ð cg` mlrda ,zxg` zxbexb ivg ìvede xfge
yiy ède : dax xnè .xeht Ð zeieyx izya ,aiig Ð zg` zeyxa cg` mlrda : xne`
; `l Ð `lqit la` ,zilnxk elit` : xn` iia` ; `l Ð zilnxk la` ,mdipia z`hg aeig
.`lqit 'it` : xn` àx
oke ,`"r t zay ilaaa ddfd dliawnae o`k àx ixaca wx driten "`lqit" zinx`d dlind
: oihiba ilaad oeyl dfe .`"r gr Ð a"r fr oihib ilaaa
ax xn` ; `lqita ltp `hib lf` ,xvga `niiw ded ,edziacl `hib dl wxfc `xab èdd
Ð `l iè ,diytpl `zeyx dil blt Ð zen` rax` lr zen` rax` ìed i` ,opifg : sqei
xvga `l` ? ied i`n zen` 'c ied ik ,dcic xvga `nili` ? opiwqr i`na .ìd `zeyx `cg
,iypi` ilyen mewn cgc ,mewn dlye`c `kixv `l ? ied i`n zen` rax` ied `l ik ,dicic
s` Ð dxyr deab la` ,dxyr deab `lc `l` oxn` `le .iypi` ilyen `l zenewn ixz
,ieel my dil zi` la` ,ieel my dil zilc `l` oxn` `le .zen` rax` ied `lc ab lr
.zen` rax` ied `lc ab lr sè dxyr deab `lc ab lr s`
oeyl lr qqean oey`xd yexitd 41.ur yxw e` 40oa` ly cenr ìd `lqit ,mipey`xd itl
i`cigi yeniy lr qqean èdy d`xpe ,xexa oexfb oi` ipyd yexitl .oaà ynynd leqit
lqt" : b a dkeq `ztqeza xzid oia dritend `ziixaa ,minkg oeyla df oaena "lqt" dlina
mnvrl exìz el` mipey`xy d`xpe ,jkql dpeekd my 42."dkeqk oecip dkeqd on `veid
.ur yxw èd dkeqd on hlead df jkqy
oicy eil`n oaen xack gipn eply `xnbd lra : dheyt daiqn ,mi`xp mpi` el` miyexit mxa
zeyx z` zwlgn àx itly ,`lqitd oia dwifd zl`yl llk yxcp epiè ,xvnd oick `lqitd
ìbeqa oecipd xvnd oial ,iqei iax zhiyl zexbexb i`vg ipy z`ved oiiprl miipyl miaxd
dpic okle ,dkenpe dxv `lqitdy oihib ilaaa oeicd it lr exiaqd mpn` mipey`xd .eply
yxcidl `xnbd lra lr did zizkld dpigan dpekp ef driaw m` mb j` ,xvn ,wix ghyk
.dil`n zpaenk dil` qgiizdl jixv did `le ,`lqitl xvn oia dèeydd qiqal yxetna
migth dxyrn dkenp e` migth drax`n dxv dpi` "`lqit"y dler oihib ilaan : cere
oigadl ul`p sqei ax okle ,dagx e` dxv ,dkenp e` ddeab zeidl dleki `lqit `l` ,dxcbda
`lqitl ddeab `lqit oia oigadl ul`p my `xnbd lrae ,dagx `lqitl dxv `lqit oia
.dkenp
zeyx jeza wix ghy `l` ,ur yxw `l sè oa`n lqetn cenr dppi` "`lqit"y d`xp okl
yniyy xyt` df ghy .miipyl dze` dvegd Ð zecyay xvnl dneca Ð xvgd e` miaxd
.my ,c"ix zetqeze o"anxd iyecig e`x 38

.my ,`"ahixd iyecige zetqez ; d`neh d"c ,a"r dp `xza àa meyxb epaxl qgeind e`x 39
.`lqit elit` xn` àx d"c ,my d"nx ci ; `l `lqit la` d"c ,`"r ep `xza àa zetqeze m"ayx 40
.my d"nx ci ; my m"ayx ; `lqit d"c ,`"r ep `xza àa meyxb epaxl qgeind 41
."dkeqk oipecip dkeqd on oi`veid lqt iy`x" : a"r ap ,` ` dkeq inlyexi eeyde ; `"r hi ,a"r ci dkeq ilaa mb e`x 42
mb xyt` j` ,miaxd zeyxa e` zexvga zleqt iepitl mewn e` zexvgd oia dkild liay
eyniyy miaxd zeyx iwlg oia e` ,oihibay dxwna oebk ,zeihxt zexvg izy oia xvn yniyy
oziipg e` zelbrd xarn mewn oia e` ,envr weyl weyd zeèan oia oebk Ð mipey mikxvl
`xnbd lral eil`n oaen did okle ,wix ghya xaecn ,mipt lk lr .lbxd ikled xarn mewnl
.jd epiid xvne `lqit oky ,xvnd oick `lqitd oicy
: zeiexyt` izy opyi ,dlind oexfbl xy`
lqt" iehiaa "lqt" zixard dlinl zinx`d dlind oia eliawdy mipey`xd ewcvy xyt` .1
`l` yxwl dpeekd oi` .dlind yexita ewiic `l el` j` ,"dkeqk epic dkeqd on `veid
itk ,"awide oxebd zleqt" e` 43,`"r hi dkeq ilaaa `ler `xen`d yxity itk ,"mipw"l
ebdpy xytè 45.b a dkeq `ztqezl eyexita onxail le`y eizeawrae 44,i"yx yxity
,minybd zenia eilr dkildd lr lwdl ick daabae ywa liay yniyy xvnd z` zeqkl
46."`lqit" `xwp èd okle ,zleqt xvna ewxfy e`
lr lwdl ick ,epinia enk ,zelqetn mipaà elld miliayd z` svxl ebdpy xyt` .2
.minybd zenia mda dkildd
oick miaxd zeyxae zexvga `lqitd oicy eply `xnbd lral eil`n oaen did ,jk oiae jk oia
zexyt`l qgiizdy oihiba `xnbd lral xy` .miwix mighy mdipyy oeeik ,zecya xvnd
lry zleqtdy zihxe`zd zexyt`l qgiizdy xyt` ,migth dxyrn ddeab didz `lqity
mipa` ly daben liay eipir cbpl d`xy e` ,giky df oi`y it lr s` ,df daebl xahvz xvnd
.zelqetn
.inc oihib zeyxk zay zeyx : àx xn`c ,dinrhl àx `cfè .11
ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,lirl dàen e`x .a"r fr oihib ilaaa ,sqei ax ,eax zhiyl dpeekd
.[10±6]
iax ; d`nlye ,dàxr ,`geztp : xne` xi`n iax ,ìpz .ipencwe ,ifipw ,ipiw... .23±22
.ìntqè ,ìq` ,qiwqicxr : xne` oerny iax ; aène ,oenr ,xiry xd : xne` dcedi
minrd zyely ,ipencwde ifpwd ,ipiwd iedifl xyà `ziixaa zeàen zerc yely
ly mvx` mr cgi ,(hi eh ziy`xa) mixzad oia zixaa mdxa` rxfl eghaed mdizevx`y
miiaxr mihay md el` minr xi`n iax itl .lreta l`xyi ipa eyxi dze`y orpk inr zray
xaecn dcedi iax itl .ocxid xar gxfnay xacnae axr i`d ivga ze`vnp mdizevx`y
inia eyakp `l j` ,bere oegiq uxè orpk ux` zeleabl zekenqd zevx` ,aène oenr ,mecà
; wync mx` epiidc ,qewqicxr : l`xyi ux`l oetvn mighya xaecn oerny iax itle ,dyn
wync mxè dphwd diq` .ìntqè ,epini ly diwxeh ,dilehp` Ð dphwd diq` epiidc ,diq`
dpigan ,minnrd zray ux`l mbe ,efl ef zetevx Ð dixeq zinexd diwpiaextd Ð
yeaiy ìd o`k ìntq`y 47walè xeceìz eyxit okl .ìntq` ok oi`y dn ,zilìxehixh
cvd on wync mxàe cg` cvn dphwd diqà zlaebd dixeq oetva xir ,Apameia ,ìnt` ly
."dkeq ixeg`l mi`veid mipw : `ler xn` ? dkeqd on `veid lqt i`n" 43
.dxyk d"c ,`"r c dkeq i"yx 44
.852 'nr ,a"kyz wxei eip ,dkeq ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y 45
eqek zecya mby e` ,diepitl cr ,zleqt ly zipnf dwixfl mewn mixvnd eyniy zecya mby dgpd jezn `vp mè 46
zecya mb eyniy milind izye ,jd epiid xvne `lqity xyt` ,mdilr dkildd lr lwdl ick daabae ywa mixvnd
laaa dil`n zpaen dziid oky ,odipia dwifd z` xiaqdl llk `xnbd lra gxh `l okle ,miaxd zeyxae zexvga mbe
.zicenlzd
e`x ; 446 'nr ,ak oniq ,cn dyxt dax ziy`xaa ef `ziixal dliawnl (d"kyz milyexi) mdly dxecdnay zexrda 47
.jenqa oldl dàen
cl xacna itl l`xyi ux` ly igxfnÎoetvd dvwa xird ,zi`xwnd mty mr ddefne ,ipyd
.ì±i
`q ,g ` oiyeciw inlyexi ; a"r el ,` e ziriay inlyexia ep`vn ef `ziixal zeliawn

zeliawn yely oial ilaaay `ziixad gqep oia o`k deeyp .cn dyxt dax ziy`xa ; c"r
: el`
dax ziy`xa ,g ` oiyeciw 'yexi ,` e ziriay 'yexi `xza àa ilaa

cn dyxt c"r `q a"r el a"r ep
ifipwd zè ipiwd z`] ifipwd zè ipiwd z` ifipwd zè ipiwd z` iwet`l .22
[ipencwd zè ipencwd zè ipencwd zè .ipencwe ,ifipw ,ipiw
,ìpz .23
'` 'x xn` dcei 'x xn` dcei iax : xne` xi`n iax
diinly diiexr diiay d`nly ìinly ìiaxr ,dàxr ,`geztp
,diihep diihap ìihap ; d`nlye
'` igei oa oerny 'x xn` y"x xne` oerny iax : xne` dcedi iax
ìqè qewqnxc dihhqè ìq` ìntqè ìq` ; aène ,oenr ,xiry xd
,ìntqè wynxce wynce
'` awri oa xfril 'x 'e` awri oa xfril 'x awri oa xfril iax : xne` oerny iax
iwxze ìq` dpbizxwe ìiq` ipbizxwe ìiq` xne` ,ìq` ,qiwqicxr
,`pibhxwe iwxeze iwxeze .ìntqè
'n` oipax 'e` 'x xne` iax

ziy`xe aène mec` ziy`xe aène mec` ziy`xe aène mec`
oenr ipa oenr ipa oenr ipa
xqnpy itk yely `le ,mi`pzd oia zerc rax` yiy mirc ininz miil`xyiÎux`d zexewnd
jka oerny iax zcnrl dnec ìde ,awri oa xfril` iaxl zqgein ztqepd dcnrd .ilaaa
,mdipyl ztzeyn s` dnvr "ìq`" .dphwd diq` zaxwa zevx` ly odizenya zhwep ìdy
laebd ,epini ly owlad Ð iw`xz od awri oa xfril` iax itl zetqepd zevx`d izyy `l`
zaixi ,zi`wixt`Îoetvd dklnnd Ð ebzxwe Ð qexetqead ly ipyd ecvn dphwd diqà
wlg awri oa xfril` iaxy d`xp .dwixt` oetv ly ipekizÎmid segd jxe`l drxzydy ,`nex
,cl xacna itl ux`d zeleaba milelk xak mty/ìntè wyncy xaqy meyn oerny iax lr
mid ob` gxfna l`xyi zhily z` enilyi èal cizrl l`xyi ux`l etxhviy mighyde
dtevxd ,dwixt` oetve ,gxfnÎoetvn l`xyi ux`l zetevxd ,iw`xze dphwd diq` : oekizd
.gxfnÎmexcn l`xyi ux`l
aizka ewlgpy `l` ,oerny iaxl "ìntqè ìq` ,wync" dhiyd z` miqgiin zexewnd lk
iaxl zqgeind ,aène oenr ,mecà xaecn ditly dcnrd .elld zevx`d yely ly wiecnd
mighyd ditly dcnrd ; opaxl e` iaxl miil`xyiÎux`d zexewna zqgein ,ilaaa dcedi
dcedi iaxl inlyexia zqgein ,xi`n iaxl ilaaa zqgeind ,axr i`d ivga md elld
ly `v`vk "migztp"
ª myd on rtyend yeaiy ,ilaaa "`geztp" myde ,iaxl dax ziy`xaae
,mipey miaizka "ìihap"k miil`xyiÎux`d zexewna oekp l` xqnp ,bi i ziy`xaa mixvn
oniza okyy ày zkln ly mrd ,ìiay ep`vn oiyeciw inlyexia .mihapd hayl dpeekdyk
.ìiaxr mewna ,epini ly
dn ,zg` drcl mqgiizda mb ,mipeyd zexewna mihpnl`d zyely xcqa miiepiy ep`vn
,dniyx lka oey`xd mrd mr ipiwd ly cxtp iedif o`k e`x `l mipqxbd aexy jk lr riavny
mr illk oteà midefn mihayd zyelyy exaq `l` ,iyilyd mr ipencwde ipyd mr ifipwd
z` xnyl citwd ok` zexewnd on cg`y okzii mxa .`pze `pz lk ici lr minr dyely
xexay meyn z`f ,oiyeciw inlyexi èd cigid cnrend ,xacd ok mè ,mxcqk mihpnl`d
miinx`d minebxzd aexa s` 48.mewn lka zinxà "d`nly" mipeknd ipiwd md d`nlydy
z` enbxz `ly it lr s` ,xnelk ; "d`pencwe d`fipw ,d`nly" : ep`vn envr hi eh ziy`xal
inlyexia wx dpde ."d`nly" dpeknd hayd èd ipiwdy xnel erci "ipencw"e "ifpw" zenyd
mewnd xeny "axr i`dÎivg" zhiya mixkfend miiaxrd mihayd zyely oiay ep`vn oiyeciw
xzeia daexwd dxeva exnzyp mii`pzd miyexitd zrax`y d`xp jkitle ,d`nlyl oey`xd
.oiyeciw inlyexia `weec xewnl
.hk l ; i fk ; e eh ` lèny ; ck d ; fi ,ì c ; fh ` mihtey ; ak±`k ck xacna ; hi eh ziy`xal miinx`d minebxzd e`x 48
741
(a"r±`"r ep) "xac ivg" :yye miyelyd ìbeqd
<'ipzn>
.lkd z` el oinlyn Ð minnef e`vnpe ,mipy yly dlk`y eze` oicirn mipy eid
.mdipia oiylyn [a cenr ep sc] Ð ziyilya mipye ,dipya mipy ,dpey`xa mipy
.dnfdl zg` zecr ode ,zeicr yly el` ixd Ð mdnr sxhvn cgè mig` dyly
<'nb>
; àiwr iaxk `lc 'ipzn .1 day `ziixa .`

,epzpynay dkldd
diepy ,c b `xza àa
,dxez cenll ixep oa opgei iax lv` `ztlg à` jldyk : iqei x"` ,ìpzc .2
,mi`pz zwelgna
ixd : el xn` ,dxez cenll `ztlg à` lv` ixep oa opgei 'x : dl ixnè ef zwelgna oeice
? edn ,mipy ipta ziyily ,mipy ipta dipy ,mipy ipta dpey`x dpy dlk`y
,df xaca wleg r"xy `l` ,ok xne` ip` s` : el xn` ; dwfg ef ixd : el xn`
.xac ivg `le Ð xac : xne` r"x didy .3
? dil icar i`n xac ivg `le Ð xac i`d opaxe .4
xac ivg i`d ,dqixka zg` xne` cgè daba zg` xne` cg` ihernl `nili` .5
! ìd zecr ivge
zvwna> dqixka zg` mixne` mipye daba zg` mixne` mipy ihernl `l` .6
<."ìd dphw izk` ixn` ipde ìd dphw izk` ixn` ipd" : sqep micrd
ef ixd Ð mixery dlk` xne` cgè ,mihg dlk` xne` cg` : dcedi ax xn` .7 ax ly `xnin .a
zecr oiipra dcedi
.dwfg ly `ztwz` ,dwfg
ly daeyze ,ongp ax
cgè ,ziyinge ziyily dpey`x dlk` xne` cg` ,dzrn `l` : p"x dl siwzn .8 dcedi ax
! dwfg ìedc inp ikd ,ziyye ziriax dipy dlk` xne`
`kd ,xn cidqn `w `l xn cidqn `wc `zya mzd ,`zyd ikd : dcedi ax l"` .9
e`l ixryl ihig oia ? xninl `ki` i`n ,icdqn `w `zy `cga ediiexz
.iypi`c ediizrc`
cenlzd zxeqn
`l` ,ok xne` ip` s` : el xn` ...`ztlg à` lv` ixep oa opgei iax ...jldyk iqei iax xn` : ìpzc .2
xyrn `ztqez eeyd ; a"r±`"r r `nw àa ilaa ; i a `xza àa `ztqez .dfd xaca wleg àiwr iaxy
ilaa .xac ivg `le Ð xac : xne` àiwr iax didy .3 .g d zeld` ; d ` `rivn àa milk ; bi ` ipy
inlyexi eeyd .6±5 .eh hi mixac .xac .a"r l oixcdpq eeyd ; a"r±`"r et oixcdpq ,a"r r `nw àa
l oixcdpq ilaa ; b"r dl ,` c zereay ; c"r `k ,h b oixcdpq ; b"r fh ,` ` dheq ; b"r ek ,c a zeaezk
xne` cg` .8 .a"r ap dcp ,a"r l oixcdpq ilaa .dqixka zg` xne` cgè daba zg` xne` cg` .5 .a"r
fh ,` ` dheq ; b"r ek ,c a zeaezk inlyexi eeyd .dwfg ìedc inp ikd ...dlk` xne` cgè ...dlk`
.b"r dl ,` c zereay ; c"r `k ,h b oixcdpq ; b"r

e`vnpe .'iyilya mipye dipy dpya mipye : dpey`x dpy dlk`y .dpey`xa : eze` micirn .mipy `wqit
dlk`y cg` lk oicirn .oig` dyly : rwxwd inc yily el znlyn zk lk .odipia oiylyn : oinnef
oi` df g` cirny dn lky .zeicr 'b el` ixd : 'è '` lk mr odnr cirdl .sxhvn : ixkp cr .cgè : dpy
e` ixkp df mfed m` ,ixkp df mr sxhvn zg` lke lièd .zg` zecr ode : zecrd èd xyke df g` cirn
oia oinlyne olek mr cirn ixkp dfe lièd ,ef dwfg ly zecrd lk lha enr sxhvny oig`d on cg`
.opaxe : xac yily `l` oicirn oi` mipyd dfe .xac ivg `le : mly .xac mewi micr mipy it lr : mzrax`
cala cg`c .zecr ivg i`d : i`n ihernl ,dil icar i`n xac ivg `le [xac] ,dwfg f"d ixaq `wc 'ipznc
,dqixka zg` oixne` mipy inp oke ,xac ivg oicirn mipy epiid .daba zg` exn` mipy `l` : daba xn`
zxg` zk inp oke .dphw dl eeyn izk` cala zg` `nip lr cirnc zk i`dc ediizecdql opitxvn `lc
oixery xne` 'è mihg mipy 'b dlk`l drxfy .xne` cg` : `yixa ìfg efi` zrci `le dphw dl eeyn
: dwfg ìede zecr ozecre .iypi` iwiic `l ixryl ihg oia : dwfg df ixd mipy 'b dlk`
743 (a"r±`"r ep) "xac ivg" : yye miyelyd ìbeqd
xivwz
zwfg oiipra micirn micr ly zebef dyely eay dxwn zx`zn c b `xza àa dpyn
jezn cala zg` dpy jyna qkpa wifgnd zegkep lr cirn bef lkyk ,mipy yely
iax eia` ,iqei iax itl wx okzii df yigxzy jk lr driavn eply ìbeqd .yelyd
eciri micr mze`y jk lr cnere mdilr wleg àiwr iax .ixep oa opgei iaxe `ztlg
mipy it lr" weqtd àiwr iax zrcly oeibida xiaqn `xnbd lra .dtewzd lk lr
."xac ivg" lr `le ,mly xac lr eciri micrdy aiign (eh hi mixac) "xac mewi micr
ly df yexit mr zipexwr minikqn exkfedy mixg`d mi`pzd s` `xnbd lra zrcl
micr zebef ipyn cg` lk eay dxwn hrnl à weqtdy mixeaq mdy `l` ,weqtd
oeica zniizqn ìbeqd .zexba zeraewd deexrd zexry izy jezn zg` dxry d`x
dcydy oreh micrd on cg`yk : dxyk z`f lka ìdy zwlegn zecr ly dxwna
.mixery dcy did dfy oreh ipyde mihig dcy did wfgend
àiwr iax lr miwlegd mi`pzd zrcl ìbeqa zrvend zepyxtdy dler gezipd on
et oixcdpq ilaaa xzei wiecn oteà zbven ef ; zixewnd mzcnr z` ztwyn dpi`
zegt xiaq yexita hwp eply `xnbd lra ."xac ivg elitè xac ixaq opaxe" : `"r
.yexitd seba ehxety miizextq minrhn
mdn cg` lkl xywa zekldde ìbeqa mipecipd mipeyd mixwnd oia dpgadl qiqad
èd xzeia xiaqd yexitd .mipyxtd ici lr erved zervd dnke ,ekxev lk xexa epi`
eply ìbeqd jxer itly exaq md : eizeax mya ield digxf ax ici lr àend df
yi cer lk ,onfd xiv lr zwlegny zecr lawl mipken eid àiwr iax caln mi`pzd
zecr lawl mipken eid `l md j` ,onfd zecewp lk lr micirnd micr ipy zegtl
dpenzd on wlga wx dtv micr bef lkyk ,micrd ly dii`xd dcy xiv lr zwlegnd
migipn oi` mixery dcyl mihig dcy oia weligd enk dxwna ,z`f mr cgi .zllekd
mdipy etv mdy migipn `l` ,dcyd ly zxg` dwlga dtv micrd on cg` lky
.my lcby obcd oin ly zizednÎ`ld dl`ya drh mdn cgè ,elek dcya

zepy yely lk lr cirz dwfg icr ly zg` zky jxev oi` ,c b `xza àa ,epzpyn itl
lekd jqayk ,cala zg` dpy za dwfg lr zg` lk zecirn micr zezk yely m` mb : dwfgd
od ,enfed elld micrd zezk yelyy dxwna .dwfg ef ixd ,zetevx mipy yelya xaecn
yily znlyn zk lke ,`nw ixnl "eig`l zeyrl mnf xy`" cqtdd melyza odipia zewlgzn
: mi`pz zwelgna iepy df oiipry dler i a `xza àa `ztqezn .qkpd jxrn
dpy mipy ipta wifgdy ixd : el 'n` .dztlg 'x lv` ixep oa opgei 'x à : iqei 'x 'n`
'n` .dwfg ef ixd : el 'n` ? èdn ,ziyily dpy mipy iptae dipy dpy mipy iptae dpey`x
.dwfg dpi` 'ne` àiwry `l` ,ok 'e` ip` : el
zg` zky jixvne ,mdilr wleg àiwr iax .`ztlg iaxe ixep oa opgei iax ,iqei iaxk epzpyn
.dwfgd zepy yely lk lr cirz dwfg icr ly
Ð 1milw miiepiya Ð zàend ,ef `ziixaae epzpyna zexiyi wqer ìbeqd ly oey`xd wlgd
,[1] "àiwr iaxk `lc oizipzn" : dxrdd z` `ziixal micwd `xnbd lra .[2] ìbeqd y`xa
it lr e` micr ipy it lr]' : xne` àiwr iax didy" : àiwr iax ly enrh z` dixg` siqede
o`k ,ilaaa wx zxkfen ef dyxc .[2] "xac ivg `le Ð (eh hi mixac) 'xac [mewi micr dyly
èd m` oia ,àiwr iax ly enrh z` oekp l` ztwyn ìdy d`xp j` 2,zenewn dnk cerae
lra ly d`vnd dppi` ìd ,mipt lk lr .e`l m` oiae aezkd zyxck mixacd z` gqip envr
xg` `xnb lra zynyn ìde 3,`"r r `nw àa ilaaa dze` xikfn iia` oky ,eply `xnbd
.`"r et oixcdpq ilaaa 4,aeyg hxta eply `xnbd lra lr wlegd
èd : ezhiyl mrhd zriawae àiwr iaxl ef dyxc qegiia wtzqn epi` `xnbd lra mxa
iax ly eia` `ztlg iaxe ixep oa opgei iax ,iqei iax mbe ,ìd lekd ixac ef dyxcy rpkeyn
minkgy xiaqn `xnbd lra .[4] "xac ivg `le Ð xac mewi ...micr ipy it lr" miyxec 5iqei
ly dxwna z`fd dkldd z` minyiin mpi` ,"opax" dpkn èd mze` ,epzpyn ly `pzde el`
zecr zwelg ly dxwna wx `l` ,dpy dpy zezk yely oia zwlegnd mipy yely zwfg
lr dcirn diipy zke zg` dxry ly dneiw lr dcirn zg` zkyk ,zezkd oia dnvr dii`xd
lra .[6] zexba reawl ick onfa ea miiwzdl zekixv zexryd izye Ð diipyd ly dneiw
zwelg oial zepey zezk oia dwfgd zecr zwelg oia dpgadl qiqad z` xiaqn epi` `xnbd
xiaqdl ick mipey`xd erivdy zervdd z` xewqp oldl .zepey zezk oia zexbad ipniq zecr
zwelg oia oigan `xnbd lray 6eizeax mya ìady xe`nd lra zrck d`xp j` ,dpgadd z`
èlnl mircen zeidl mikixv micrd : dii`xd dcy xeyina zecr zwelgl onfd xeyina zecr
dtewz jynl zecr zyxcpyk j` ,dze` e`x mdy onfa micirn md dilry drtezd swid
el` zeaiqpa okl .zkynznd drtezd zii`xa dnvra cinzz zg` zky zetvl oi` ,dkex`
jyna dtwid èlna drtezd z` dz`x zg` lkyk ,zezk dnk ly zecrd z` sxvl ozip
.cala dtewzd on wlg
.[2] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldle ,5 dxrd ,df xecn jynda ,oldl e`x 1
(df xecna oldl dàen e`x) a"r±`"r et oixcdpq ,([3] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl dàen e`x) a"r r `nw àa ilaa 2
.([6±4] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl dàen e`x) a"r l oixcdpqe
lra eliè ,[6±4] z`fd dyxcd z` miyxec dwfg oiipra àiwr iax lr miwlegd minkgd s`y xeaq eply `xnbd lra 4
.df xecn jynda ,oldl e`x ."xac ivg elitè Ð xac" opaxly xeaq `"r et oixcdpq ilaaa `xnbd
èd ,`ztlg iax ly eixacn ìand ,`ziixad ly `pzdy meyn "`ztlg à`" dpekn `ztlg iax ilaaay `ziixaa 5
."`ztlg iax" eia` z` dpkn iqei iax ,z`f znerl ,`ztqeza .iqei iax epa
dàen e`x .eixac seqa ,dil icar i`n xac ivg `le xac i`d opaxe d"c ,`"r l s"ixd itc ,`xza àal xe`nd lra 6
.[6±4] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl
dà "xac ivg `le Ð xac" dyxcd el` minkg zrcly zexyt`d z` dgec `xnbd lra
: diipyd dxryd lr cirn ipy cre zg` dxry lr cirn cg` cryk ,micr ly zg` zk leqtl
xac o`k oi`y èd heyte ,cala zecr ivg cirn cr lk ixdy ,dyxc dkixv dpi` ef dkld
7
dcedi ax ly `xnin ìan `xnbd lra ìbeqd ly ipyd wlga .[5] micr ipy ici lr miewnd
mixery dcya wifgnd zwfg lr cirn cg` cr m` ef `xnin itl ; ef driaw dxe`kl zxzeqd
mipy yely ly dtewz dze` jyna mipey`xd aex itl Ð mihig dcya ezwfg lr cirn ipyde
jixv jky ixd eixack m`y dcedi ax z` lèy 9ongp ax ,okè .[7] dwfg ef ixd Ð 8zetevx
,dpey`xd dpyd jyna dwfg lr cirn cg` cryk ,mipy yy zkynpd dwfga mb oicd zeidl
xexae Ð ziyiyde ziriaxd ,diipyd dpyd jyna dwfg lr cirn ipyde ziyingde ziyilyd
dpi` micr ly zg` zk : mixwnd ipy oia oeinc llk oi`y aiyn 10dcedi ax .[8] dwfg ef oi`y
.ef zexyt` zlqet onfd zpigan zecrd zwelge ,dyrn eze` lr dcirn ìd ok m` `l` zk
oiè ,mipey zecy ipy lr micirn micrd ipy oi` mixerye mihig ly dxwna ,z`f znerl
,dwfg zecrl izedn epi` leaiay obcd iedif : dii`xd dcy zpigan mdipia zwlgp zecrd
eze` e`x micrd ipy mzqd on okl .[9] mixery dcyl mihig dcy oia zerhl milelr miypè
.obcd iedifl xyà drh mdn cg`y `l` ,dcy
zecr dnl xiaqdl à oey`xd wlgd 11.o`k miizedn dcedi ax ly daeyzd iwlg ipyy d`xp
dnl xiaqdl à ipyd wlgd ; dleqt onfd xiv lr zg` zka micrd ipy oia zwlgznd dwfg
migipn ep` oi` : dxyk dii`xd dcy xeyina micrd ipy oia dxe`kl zwlgznd dwfg zecr
.obcd iedifa wiic `l mdn cgè cg` dcy e`x mdipyy `l` ,xg` dcy d`x cg` lky
: miiyw dtevx ìbeqd
jka dceqi `ziixaa minkge àiwr iax zwelgny rawpy xg`l ,mipey`xd eywdy itk .1
lra ly ezeywrzd z` oiadl dyw ,"xac ivg `le Ð xac" yxec àiwr iax `weecy
.iwlg oteà wx dze` minyiin mdy `l` ,ef dyxc milawn minkgd mby oerhl `xnbd
icar i`n 'xac ivg `le Ð xac' i`d Ð opaxe" dppi` zeicenlzd zeibeqa dlibxd dl`yd
z x g ` dyxc èd yweandyk ,"dil icar i`n 'xac' i`d Ð opaxe" `l` ,[3] "dil
ly xeziid on zecnlpd zekld zexqg `l opc dxwnae ."xac" dlind xezii lr zqqeand
deexray xac oi`y micnel dpnny znqxetnd deeyd dxfbl qiqa mb ynynd ,"xac"
minkgd on cg` Ð envr ixep oa opgei iax ly dyxcle ,(b e dheq dpyn) miipyn zegta
12
.(`"r ht oihib ilaa) df weqt it lr "xexa xac" aiignd Ð `ziixaa zàen mzrcy
z` xne` dcedi ax ,cxetqweè lìxewq` ,bxeand cid iazk itl .qetcd itle ,owihee okpin ,fixt cid iazk itl jk 7
`ztwz`d Ð oeicd jynd ,mewn lkn .ax mya mixacd z` xne` dcedi ax ,dvpxit ci azk itl ; lèny mya mixacd
.10Îe 9 zexrd ,oldl e`x .ongp axl envr dcedi ax oia xiyi giyÎec epd ± [9±8] `ztwz`l daeyzde
iyecig ; dcedi ax xn` d"c ,my d"nx cie `"ayxd iyecig ; dzrn `l` d"c ,a"r ep `xza àa zetqez ,lynl ,e`x 8
.df xecna oldle ,dl siwzn d"ce ,xne` cgè d"c ,my m"ayxd yexit mb e`x j` .xne` cg` d"c ,my o"xd
xa ongp ax oky ,zyaeyn ,"wgvi xa ongp ax" ,cxetqweè bxeand cid iazk zqxib .micrd aex zqxibk ,qexbl yi jk 9
.dàd dxrda e`xe .dcedi ax mr zexiyi ozepe `yep did `l àx ly exec oae ongp ax ly ecinlz wgvi
ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,zexeqne zexewn ,ipald 'c ."dil xn`" ,ongp axl dcedi ax ly dxiyi daeyza xaecn epixacl 10
mixteq iwecwca drvd jnq lr "jl xn`" l"` zeaizd iy`x z` xeztl rivd ,my 3 'rde ,fhw±ehw 'nr ,(1 dxrd `
,cxetqweè bxeand cid iazk zqxibk ,"inc in" e` ,micrd aex zqxibk ,"`zyd ikd" j` .l 'rd ,a"r ep `xza àal
,[8] `wqita "wgvi xa ongp ax" miqxeb cxetqweè bxeand cid iazk .xiyi xeaic ly `l` ,"jl xn`" ly oepbq mpi`
mipy ig ,àx ly exec oae ongp ax ly ecinlz ,wgvi xa ongp ax oky ,micrd aex zqxibk ,"ongp ax" oekpdy xexa j`
.dcedi ax ixg` zeax
,"`ni` zira i`" e` "inp i`" zpigaa ,`ztwz`l zepey zeaeyz izy o`k yiy ,fiw±fhw 'nr ,my ,ipald 'c zprhl cebipa 11
,` c zereay inlyexia wx epicia dxnzypy `pipg iax zxninl dqgiizdye dca`y zilaa ìbeqa dceqi dpey`xde
ipyy oeeik ,zexzein el` zexrydy heyt d`xp .([9±7] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl dàen e`x) zeliawne ,b"r dl
.ìbeqa mibven md jke ,mipta epyxity itk ,mivegp daeyzd iwlg
,àiwr iax yxec eit lry] xac i`d opaxe" oaena [4] "dil icar i`n xac ivg `le xac i`d Ð opaxe" yxit ybin i"xd 12
deexrd zexry izy lr oky ,"xac ivg" elit` dpi` zg` dxry zii`x ezrcl ."dil icar i`n ,xac ivg `le [xac
: `"r et oixcdpq ilaal eply ìbeqd oia mieeynyk znvrzn ef dl`y

: xn` opgei iax ,oibxdp oi` : xn` diwfg ,enfedy ytpa dxikn icire daipb icir ,xnzi`
: ixn`c ,opaxk : xn` opgei iaxe .xac ivg `le xac xn`c ,àiwr iaxk xn`c diwfg .oibxdp
.xac ivg elitè Ð xac
mixneè ,llk àiwr iax ly dyxcd z` milawn mpi` opaxy xeaq oixcdpqa `xnbd lra
z` un`l migxken minkgd s`y xeaq eply `xnbd lra recn ."xac ivg elitè ,xac"
? zlawzn dpi` ziwlg zecr mday mixwn e` dxwn èvnle ,"xac ivg `le Ð xac" dyxcd
zwlgznd zecr oia mipigan "opax" `xnbd lra zrcly xe`nd lra it lr epxaqd lirl .2
mxa .dii`xd dcy xeyina zezkd oia zwlgznd zecr oial onfd xeyina zezkd oia
iabl dkldd oia lcadd z` oiadl eywzd mipey`xde ,ìbeqa zyxetn dpi` ef dpgad
dxwn lkae .zepey zervd erivde ,deexrd zexry oiipra dkldl epzpynay dwfgd zepy
mipey mibeq oia mipigan minkgdy dpgadl xexa xaqd ìbeqa oi` recn : dl`yd zl`yp
? "xac ivg" ly
oial dwfg icr oia dpgadd qiqa ,cxetqweè lìxewq` ,bxeand cid iazk itl dxe`kl .3
izk` ixn` ipd" : [6] `wqit seqa miqxeb md ; ìbeqa zyxetn ok` zexba ipniq ly micr
.a"r r `nw àa ilaaa dliawna mb ep`vn jk ."ìd dphw izk` ixn` ipde ìd dphw
zk dze` m` mby dler a"r ap dcpa ìbeqd ly dheytn ,mipey`xd exirdy itk ,okè
`l s` ,llk zexba ipniq zecr o`k oi` dqxka zg` dxrye daba zg` dxry lr dcirn
zecr o`k yiy xnel xyt` oiteligl ."ìd `nlra `ney" zg` dxry oky ,"xac ivg"
,xacd ok m` j` .dphw zwfgn d`vi `l dclidy mirc zeninz zezkd izy Ð dnly
opax àil` dpgadd qiqa ly yxetn xekf` xcrd zl`yn lecb xzei cer iyew xxerzn
mipniq icr ly dxwnd z` eply `xnbd lra ìan cvik : mipniq icrl dwfg icr oia
dnbec o`k oi` ixd ? [4] "dil icar i`n xac ivg `le xac ìd opaxe" dl`yl daeyzk
! zexry izy dìad `le dphw oiicr dclidy Ð dnly zecrl `l` xac ivgl
oia dnkqdÎià wqer dcedi ax ixd : dcedi ax lr ongp ax ly `ztwz`d z` oiadl dyw .4
,dxyk zecrde zizedn dpi` minrtle zygken zecrde zizedn minrtl ìdy Ð micrd
oiipra dlwn dkldn wiqdl ozipy orehe reductio ad absurdum eixacl dyer ongp ax eliè
dncn dn jnq lr ! xwire llk dwfg dze` lr cirdl mikixv mpi` micrdy zygken zecr
qgiizn dcedi axy ayg ongp axy yxit m"ayx ? dfl df mixwnd ipy z` ongp ax
cr ìane ,mixerye mihig oibexiql rxfy oreh wifgndyk ,mipy yy za dwfgl dligzkl
mipy yy mihig rxf m` s`y oreh ongp ax .mixeryd zepyl cg` cre mihigd zepyl cg`
cala mipy yely zwfgl oeekzdy el xiaqn dcedi axe ,dxyk ìd oi` jk zwlegn mzecre
`l`" oeyld on j` 13.mzecrl izedn epi`y iedif ,obcd iedifa df z` df miyigknyke
`ztwz`d dziid eli` : cere z`f 14.zetqezd ilra eywdy itk ,ok rnyn `l "...dzrn
.llk cenlza dìadl mewn did `l ,dpad i` lr zqqean ongp ax ly
ìbeqd z` dpa eply `xnbd lray dgpd jezn `vp m` mpexzt lr eèai el` miiywy dnec
.ìd dphw oiicr dqxka zgè daba zg` dxry zg` zk dz`x elitè ,dqxka zgè daba zg` `le ,mewna zeidl
zaa odizy z` mièx m` wxe ,cg` xack opic deexrd zexry izy : "xac" dlind on zyxcpd ìd ef dkld `weece
izy opyi my ìbeqay o"anxd eilr dywd xak ,ìbeqa xn`py dn `l dfy dcaerd caln mxa .zecr o`k yi zg`
diipyd itle ,"dizerav` ixyw oia zgè daba zg`" elit` e` "dqixka zgè daba zg`"a ic odn zg` itl ,zerc
cbpke dab [oeeika=] cbpk ìd dpeekd `l` ,`weec e`l "dqxk"e "dab"e ,ynn deexrd mewna zeidl zekixv odizy
.dqxke dab hrnl "xac" dyxca jxev oi`y `vnp .dqxk
.ongp ax dl siwzn d"ce ,xne` cgè d"c ,a"r ep `xza àa m"ayx e`x 13
.8 dxrd ,lirl mitqep mipeiv e`xe ,dzrn `l` d"c ,a"r ep `xza àa zetqez 14
,` wlg Ð ìbeqd iwlg ipy oia zihqìk dixhniq bivdl ywia day zizextq dxivik y`xn
micrd ipy oia zwlgznd zecr epiipry ,a wlge ,micr izk izy oia zwlgznd zecr epiipry
: oldlck Ð zg` zka
dii`xd dcy xeyina dwelg onfd xeyina dwelg
dleqt zecrd dxyk zecrd micr izk izy
dxyk zecrd dleqt zecrd zg` zka micr ipy
zhiyly rawp mye ,ztzeyn zecr zexqend micr izk izya wqer ìbeqd ly oey`xd wlgd
ìd dwelgd m` j` ,dxyk ìde ztxhvn mzecr Ð onfd xeyina ìd dwelgd m` minkgd
zka micr ipya wqer ipyd wlgd .dleqt ìde ztxhvn mzecr oi` Ð dii`xd dcy xeyina
dpi` zecrd onfd xeyina ìd dwelgd m`y rawp mye ,zvwna dpey zecr mixqend zg`
la` ,dii`xd dcy xeyina dxe`kl ìd dwelgd m` z`f znerl ,dleqt ìde ztxhvn
.dxyk ìde ztxhvn mzecr ,izedn epi` micrd on cg` lk ici lr d`xpy dn oia lcadd
iabl "opax" zhiya oeicd z` oi`n yi xvie dfl df mipeicd ipy z` sxiv `xnbd lray d`xp
dixhniq xevil ick ,mdl dqgiil daiq llk oi`y ,[6±4] "xac ivg `le Ð xac" dyxcd
: okl .ef zihqìk
ivg `le Ð xac" llk miyxec mpi` "opax" [1] `ziixad ly dheyt itly jkn mlrzd èd .1
dlir ywia `xnbd lra : zpeekn ef zenlrzd .a"r r `nw àa ilaan dlery itk ,"xac
onfd xeyina dwelgd zecr oia miwlgn mdy `l` ,ef dyxc miyxec ok` opaxy oerhl
.dii`xd dcy xeyina dwelgd zecrl
zexba lr zecirnd micrd izk izy oia dpgadd qiqal yxetna qgiizd `l dpeeka èd .2
xxazz ef dpgady ywiay meyn ,`ziixaae epzpynay dwfgd icr zezk yelyl dxrpd
zg` zka mixeyind ipy oia wlgn dcedi axy myk : ìbeqd iwlg ipy oia cebipd rwx lr
.dketd jxcay `l` Ð zezk izya mixeyind ipy oia ewlig mi`pzd jk ,micr ly
dwfg zecr Ð mdil` qgiizn èdy miyigxzd zrax` z` dnic `xnbd lray d`xp .3
zezk izy oia zwlgznd zexba ipniq zecr ,onfd zpigan zezk yely oia zwlgznd
dii`xd dcy xeyina miwelgd micr ipy oia zwlgznd dwfg zecr ,dii`xd dcy zpigan
wnerl dliqtd zaiq z` wecal ilan Ð onfd zpigan micr ipy oia zwlgznd dwfg zecre
z` bivdl ick mdipia milcadd z` yhyhl ywia èdy meyn ,dxwne dxwn lka
z` zlqet dpi` onfd xeyina dwelg ,zezk oia zwlgznd zecra : ihqìkd qwecxtd
micr ipy oia zwlgznd zecra jtdle ,dze` zlqet dii`xd dcya dwelg la` zecrd
a"r r `nw àaa enk ,eply ìbeqa ci iazk zvwn it lr qexbp m` mb okl .zg` zkay
dpgadl xaqd mixaca ze`xl oi` ,"ìd dphw izk` ixn` ipde ìd dphw izk` ixn` ipd"
sexivÎi` ly d`vezd ly xeìz `l` ,mipniq zecrl dwfg zecr oia dyrnl dkld
,aezkd zxfba dlqtp ef zecre ,xac ivg cirn cg` lky oeeikn : zezkd izy ly zeiecrd
dzwfgn dclid z` miìven oiè envr ipta xac dl`d xacd i`vgn cg` lka mièx
cid iazk gqepa exared mde ,eply ìbeqa el` milin qexbl oi`y d`xp xzei j` .dphwk
.a"r r `nw àaa dliawnd on cxetqweè lìxewq` ,bxeand
ly ezecr oia lcadd zxaqdl zrcd lr xzeia lawznd yigxzdy oiad ongp axy d`xp .4
ipy rxf wifgndy èd "mixery dlk`" xn`y crd ly ef oial "mihig dlk`" xn`y crd
z` d`x ipyd crde cg` dcy d`x cg` cr ,mixery ly cgè mihig ly cg` ,zecy
onfd xeyina micrd oia zwlgznd dwfg zecr mb if` ,ztxhvn mzecr m` .ipyd dcyd
iedify el xiaqn dcedi ax .zenly mipy yely lr cirn cg` lky i`pza ,sxhvdl dkixv
miyp` eiably xac ,dcya rxfpy obcd iedif ok oi`y dn ,dwfg zecrl izedn èd mipyd
lk ly ziwlg dii`x lr gxkda cirn epiè izedn epi` obcd iedify oeeikn .zerhl milelr
eply `xnbd lra .micrd zeiecra df lcad jnq lr zecrd z` leqtl oi` ,micrd on cg`
micr zezk oia zwlgznd zecr oia dpgadd oial ef dpgad oia ipevigd oeincd z` d`x
o`ke o`k Ð deexrd zexry oiipra micr zezk oia zwlgznd zecrl dwfgd zepy oiipra
zè Ð onfd it lr zecrd zwelge dii`xd dcy it lr zecrd zwelg oia dpgad ep`vn
mihxtn zenlrzd jez ,df xg` dfa mìad okle ,mixwnd ipya dketd dklddy dipexi`d
z` mixtn eid j` zipiipre zizkld dpigan xzei ax weicl miìan eid mpn`y ,miizedn
.zizextq dpigan `xnbd lral aeyg didy ihqìkd oefi`d
dpanae mipeyd mixwnd oiay ipevigd oeinca did `xnbd lra ly epiipr xwiry it lr sè
dnn xzi weic wiicpy yyg èdy d`xpe .zerhdl dvx `l èd ,ìbeqay ihqìkd izextqd
onfd xeyina zwlegnd zecr zezk izya sxeb oteày ,zizextq dxivi xwira eliaya didy
,zg` zka micr ipya mixacd jetide ,dleqt dii`xd dcy xeyina zwlegnd zecre dxyk
`wqit z` oey`xd wlga ìvndy oeicl siqed èd okl .dyrnl dkld oekp epi` i`ceey dn
: [5]
zecr ivge xac ivg i`d ,dqixka zg` xne` cgè daba zg` xne` cg` ihernl `nili`
! ìd
ìbeqa miciwtz ipy ,a"r r `nw àa ilaan eply `xnbd lra gwl d`xpk dze`y ,ef `wqitl
,ztxeb zizkld driaw `le zizextq dxivi ìd ìbeqdy dxidan ìd izkldd xeyina : eply
ivg" zaygp dii`xd dcya zizedn dwelg mday mixwn yi zg` zka micr ipya mb oky
lray ee deedn ìd ,izextqd xeyina .zlawzn dpi`y eil`n oaen okle ,"zecr ivge xac
oecipd `yepa elek wqr oey`xd wlgd ixd .ìbeqd ly ipyd wlgd z` eilr dlez `xnbd
.zg` zkay micrd ipy oia zwlgznd zecr `le ,zepey zezk oia zwlgznd zecr : epzpyna
ongp ax ly `ztwz`d zè dcedi ax ly `xnind z` `weec o`k ìadl dwcvdd èt` idn
`le ,dnvr zecra izedn mbt oda yi dxe`klye ,zg` zk jeza zecr iwelig opiipry dilr
wlgay [5] `wqita zg` zk jeza zecr iwelig xekf` ? "xac i`vg"l dwelg ìdy meyn wx
zecrd zwelga wqer elek lky [9±7] ipyd wlgl wlg xarn xyt`y
¦ èd ìbeqd ly oey`xd
.zg` zka micr ipy oia
yexit ipeir
: dl ixnè ,dxez cenll ixep oa opgei iax lv` `ztlg à` jldyk : iqei x"` ,ìpzc .2
ipta dpey`x dpy dlk`y ixd : el xn` ,dxez cenll `ztlg à` lv` ixep oa opgei 'x
ip` s` : el xn` ; dwfg ef ixd : el xn` ? edn ,mipy ipta ziyily ,mipy ipta dipy ,mipy
.df xaca wleg r"xy `l` ,ok xne`
àa `ztqeza dliawnd on 15,o`niid oxd` xirdy itk .`ztlg oa iqei iax èd mzq iqei iax
lv` ày df èd ixep oa opgei iaxe ,dpekpd zxeqnd èd "ixn`c `ki`"dy gken i a `xza
`lel` dgiyd z` rney did `l iqei iax oky ,xazqn mb jke .iqei iax ly eia` `ztlg iax
ep`vn oke ."`ztlg à`" ilaaay `ziixaa dpkn èd eze`y `ztlg eia` ziaa dygxzd
ixep oa opgei iax àyk zeygxznd zegiy lr cirn iqei iaxy `ztqeza zetqep minrt yely
`xza àa dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y mb e`x ; 683 'nr ,(2 dxrd d ìbeq ,lirl) mi`xenè mi`pz zeclez ,o`niid '` 15
.350 'nr ,(53 dxrd i ìbeq ,lirl)
`ztlg iax ; zizkld dl`y `ztlg iax z` lèy ixep oa opgei iax mlekae ,`ztlg iax lv`
`ztqez 16: wleg àiwr iaxy el xne` j` `ztlg iax mr mikqn ixep oa opgei iaxe ,dper
.g d zeldè d ` `rivn àa milk ,bi ` ipy xyrn
.xac ivg `le Ð xac : xne` r"x didy .3
dgked epl oiè ,ilaaa wx driten ef dyxc ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecna ,lirl xen`k
z` ìadl xniizn epi` o`k ilaad s` 17onxail le`y d`xdy itk .jk xn` àiwr iaxy
,"àiwr" àiwr iax z` dpkn `ziixaa ixep oa opgei iax oky ,`ziixad ly `tiqk mixacd
mb `pzd z` dpkn did èd `ziixaa eixac jynd dl`d mixacd eid eliè ,iax xèzd `ll
iax ly enrh z` o`k rivny df èd `xnbd lray o`kn ; "àiwr iax" `le "àiwr" o`k
z` bivdl ywia èd oky ,ongp axe dcedi ax ini ixg` lrt df `xnb lra ,epixacl .àiwr
zxbqna àiwr iax ly ef dyxc lr miwlegd minkgc àil` micr izk izy oiipra zekldd
.ongp axe dcedi ax oia giyÎec jezn elry zekld oial opia deeynd zizextq
`nw àa ilaaa .oi`n yi àiwr iax ly dyxcd z` ìvnd df `xnb lray d`xp `l mxa
on zg` s` mday mixwnl dze` mvnvne àiwr iax ly ef dyxcl iia` qgiizn a"r±`"r r
miaygp oiyeciwdyk ,dìa icre oiyeciw icr hrnl ,dnvr ipta "xac" dpi` zecxtpd zeiecrd
dpyn lr .dnvr ipta "xac" zaygp dapbdyk ,dgiah icre dapb icr e` ,mnvr ipta "xac"
inelyz mlyn Ð mixg` mipy it lr e` mdit lr xkne gahe ,mipy it lr apb" ,a f `nw àa
: oldlck ìbeq a"r±`"r r `nw àa ilaaa ep`vn ,"dynge drax`
xn` ,ìpzc ! xac ivg `le Ð xac : xn`d ,àiwr 'x i`c ,àiwr iaxk `lc oizipzn ,`nil
oa opgei iax : dl ixnè ,dxez cenll ixep oa opgei 'x lv` `ztlg à` jldyk : iqei iax
,mipy ipta dipy ,mipy ipta dpey`x dpy dlk`y ixd : el xn` ,`ztlg à` lv` ixep
iaxy `l` ,ok xne` ip` s` : el xn` ; dwfg ef ixd : el xn` ? edn ,mipy ipta ziyily
`niz elit` : iia` xn` ! xac ivg `le Ð xac : xne` àiwr iax didy ,xaca wleg àiwr
icrc b"r`c ,lra mixne` mipye yciw mixne` mipya ,àiwr iax dcen `l in ,àiwr iax
p"d ? dia `pixw xac Ð dìa icrl ikixv `l oiyecw icrc oeik ,oiyecw icrl ikixv dìa
xac Ð dgiah icrl ikixv `l daipb icrc oeik ,daipb icrl ikixv dgiah icrc ab lr s`
.dia `pixw
lra ixac lr mzqd on miqqeand mixac ,my `xnbd lra ixacl o`k aibn iia` dxe`kl
zwelgna iepyd dxwnd oecip day eply dpynd lr ,"àiwr iaxk `lc oizipzn" ,eply `xnbd
`xza àaa eply dpynd wx `ly oerhl dqip `nw àaa `xnbd lra .minkge àiwr iax
orhe el` mixacl aibd iia` .opaxk `l` ,àiwr iaxk dppi` `nw àaa dpynd s` `l`
.dnvr ipta "xac" ìd dapby oeeik ,àiwr iaxc àil` elit` zeidl dleki ìdd dpyndy
àiwr iax zhiy xaca ezprh mvr iabl `xnbd lra ixacl aibn iia`y cala ef `ly ixd
ivg `le Ð xac" ,àiwr iaxl `xnbd lra qgii dze`y dyxcl s` aibn èd `l` ,`ziixaa
ìvndy dyxcd sè ,àiwr iax zhiy iabl eply ìbeqa `xnbd lra zprhy `vnp ."xac
mecw èdy ,"xac ivg `le Ð xac" dkldd yxcn lr zeqqean ,àiwr iax zhiyl qiqak
.iia`l
oia qgide ,`nw àaa ìbeql eply ìbeqd oiay qgiil xyà zexg` zeiexyt` dnk yi j`
: `nw àaa iia` ixacl zeibeqd izya `xnbd ilra ixac
mi`xen`l miqgeind "cenlzd mzq" oepbqa mixacy dpexg`l orh oncixt i"y iaxe ixen .1
.àiwr iax ixacn hhvnd df èd `ztlg iaxy orehd ,453 'nr ,my ,o`niid ixack `le ,350 'nr ,my ,onxail ixack 16
.350 'nr ,my ,onxail 17
qegiid zl`y it lr `l "`nzq"l "`xnin" oia oigadl yiye ,mi`xen` ixac gxkda mpi`
,`"r r `nw àa ilaaa iia` ixac ly maihy wtq oi` 18.xnegd aih it lr mb `l` cala
mipye yciw mixne` mipya ,àiwr iax dcen `l in ,àiwr iax `niz elit` : iia` xn`
icrl ikixv `l oiyecw icrc oeik ,oiyecw icrl ikixv dìa icrc b"r`c ,lra mixne`
daipb icrc oeik ,daipb icrl ikixv dgiah icrc ab lr s` p"d ? dia `pixw xac Ð dìa
,dia `pixw xac Ð dgiah icrl ikixv `l
z` oiit`nd gepinn zakxend zinx`d zxdh lr dprha xaecn Ð "cenlzd mzq" ly èd
iia`l mixacd z` qgiil `xnbd lra xga recn oiadl dyw mxa .cenlzd ly inzqd caexd
,mzqa mixacd zàda wtzqd `le ,zexg` e` el` milina ,iia` itn `vi `l oeirxd oirxb m`
."...inp `kd ? ...a ...dcen `l in ...`niz elit`" ly jldna mewn lka cenlzd jxck
iax dcen" : oebk ,`xnin ly oepbqa migqepn mxewna eid iia` ixacy ìd zxg` zexyt` .2
dyxcl zeqgiizd `ll ,dfa `veik e` "od zeiecr izyc dgiah icre daipb icra àiwr
opbq iia` ixg` lrty `xnb lra ."xac ivg `le Ð xac" : eply `xnbd lra ly zxgènd
ìbeqa `xnbd lra ixacl zqgiiznd ìxhe `lwy xvie `nw àaa ìbeqd z` ycgn
iia` ixac z` azkye¦ eply ìbeqd z` azky§ envr `xnb lra eze` df did ileè Ð eply
.eply ìbeqd oepbqa ozne `yn maiaq dpae a"r r `nw àaa
`le Ð xac" dyxcd z` àiwr iaxl qgiiy df èd envr iia`y ìd ziyily zexyt` .3
àiwr iax zhiy xe`l dwfg zecrl dgiahe dapb zecrn dywdy df ède ,"xac ivg
ixac lr eixac z` qqia eply `xnbd lrae ,"dl wxtn ède dl aizen èd" zpigaa ,uxize
migqepn eid `nw àaa iia` ly uexizde ìyewdy d`xp df dxwna mb .`nw àaa iia`
eixg` lrty `xnb lra e` eply `xnbd lrae ,mi`xen`l xzei mi`znd oepbqa mxewna
.`xza àaa eply zinzqd ìbeqd gexa `nw àaa ìbeqd z` ycgn gqip
iaxl zqgeind dyxcd z` ìvndy df èd `weec eply `xnbd lray d`xp `l ,jk e` jk
gikedl ozip a"r±`"r r `nw àa ìbeqd caln ."xac ivg `le Ð xac" ,[3] `wqita àiwr
ivg `le Ð xac" miyxec opax s`y xeaq eply `xnbd lra .a"r et oixcdpq ilaa it lr z`f
itk j` ,[6] dwfg oiiprl `le zexbad ipniq zecr oiiprl eze` minyiin mdy `l` [4] "xac
s` xikn `"r et oixcdpq ilaaa `xnbd lra ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecna ,lirl epi`xy
xeaq èd j` ,dwfg zecr oiipra minkgd oial epia zwelgnde àiwr iax ly ef dyxc èd
: my ìbeqd oeyl dfe .llk ef dyxc miyxec mpi` opaxy
: xn` opgei iax ,oibxdp oi` : xn` diwfg ,enfedy ytpa dxikn icire daipb icir ,xnzi`
: ixn`c ,opaxk : xn` opgei iaxe .xac ivg `le xac xn`c ,àiwr iaxk xn`c diwfg .oibxdp
.xac ivg elitè Ð xac
z` xikfdl zegtl eilr did zxg` ,eply ìbeqd lr qqazd `l my `xnbd lray xexa d`xp
z`fd dyxcd z` minyiin mdy `l` ,"xac ivg `le Ð xac" miyxec opax s`y zexyt`d
ztewza zxken dziid z`fd dyxcdy `vnp .eply `xnbd lra zrck ,cala iwlg oteà
rwxk zxazqn ok` ìd lirl epixacl .eply ìbeqd on wx `le ,mixg` mixywdn cenlzd
heyt d`xpe ,e`l m` oiae eitn zexiyi e`vi mixacd m` oia ,[2] `ziixaa àiwr iax zhiyl
.ef dyxcl ecxyy miicrlad zexewnd ody ilaad zeibeql dnecw ìdy
zg` xne` cg` ihernl `nili` ? dil icar i`n xac ivg `le Ð xac i`d opaxe .6±4
mipy ihernl `l` ! ìd zecr ivge xac ivg i`d ,dqixka zg` xne` cgè daba
.dqixka zg` mixne` mipye daba zg` mixne`
.135±57 'nr ,(62 dxrd d ìbeq ,lirl) ilaad cenlzd xwga zeibeq ,oncixt i"y e`x 18
: ztqez mr ,a"r r `nw àa ilaaa riten oeic eze`

xne` cgè ,daba cg` xne` cg` : ihernl ? i`n ihernl xac ivg `le Ð xac i`d ,opaxe
mipye daba cg` mixne` mipy : ihernl `l` ! èd zecr ivge xac ivg i`d .dqixka cg`
.ìd dphw ixn` ipde ,ìd dphw ixn` ipd ,dqixka cg` mixne`
cxetqweè lìxewq` ,bxeand cid iazk ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecna ,lirl epi`xy itk
epxriy j` ,eply ìbeqa [6] `wqita mb "ìd dphw ixn` ipde ,ìd dphw ixn` ipd" miqxeb
.`nw àaa ìbeqd on dxard efy
(eh hi mixac) "xac" dlind ,`ziixaa opax zhiyl `nw àaa `xnbd lra ly df xaqd itl
`l` cala ziwlg zecr dpi` zezkd on zg` lk itay zecrd eay dxwn mzhiyl hrnl dà
zeiecrd sexiv .diipyd zkd zecr mr dtexiv ici lr zlawzn dziidy efn dketd zecr
,dzephw z` `weec dgiken dnvr ipta zecr lk eliè ,dclid zexba z` giken did df dxwna
.miizy `le ,cala zg` dxry dìad ìdy
ìbeqd lrac àil` mipigan `ziixaae epzpyna minkgdy dpgadd z` ybin i"xd yxit oke
.llk "xac ivg `le Ð xac" miyxec mpi` el` minkg ,ezrcl .mipniq icrl dwfg icr oia
oi` eay dxwn ìvedl `l` ,xac ivg ìvedl dà `l eh hi mixaca "xac" dlind mzhiyl
19
.zeiecrd sexiv jnq lr lawzn didy dfn xg` xac `l` ,xac ivg `le xac `l o`k
dpy ly dwfg lr zecr : z`fd drtezd z` ep`vn dwfg iabl mb oky ,dywen df xaqd mxa
zehlzydd lehial wx `l liaez ,llk dcyd z` xkn `ly oreh `nw ixndyk ,miizpy e`
,miizpy e` dpy jyna apby zextd¥ z` xifgdl eze` aiigz s` `l` dcyd lr wifgnd ly
epi`xy oeeikne .dphw ìdy micirn e`vnpe zxbea ìdy gikedl eày micrd oick ynn
yexitd ipeira lirl eprvdy miyigxzd lk itl ,`nw àaa ìbeqd ly inzqd wlgdy
ixn` ipde ìd dphw ixn` ipd" milind s`y d`xp ,eply ìbeqd lr zqqean ,[3] `wqitl
.eply `xnbd lra ly ezrcl oeeik `ly yexit ztqez od "ìd dphw
oia `xnbd lra ly dpgadd z` xiaqdl ick mipey`xd ici lr ervedy mixg` mixaqd sè
jetd oteà yxit 20s"ixd .mixazqn mpi` opaxc àil` dwfg icr oial zexba ipniq ly micr
zlra s` `l` ziwlg wx dpi` zexba iabl ziwlgd zecrdy oreh ybin i"xd .ybin i"xdn
ly zecrd : jtdd xne` s"ixd .ok xacd oi` dwfgay cera ,ztxhvnd zecrl dketd zernyn
,otexiv ici lr zlawzn dziidy efn dketd `l` ziwlg wx `l ìd dwfga dnvr ipta zk lk
lk`y zextd ¥ xfgda aiig èd mipy yelyn zegt my did wifgnd m` ongp ax zrcl oky
,z`f znerl .reeyn wcv i` repnl ick mzecr z` sxvl `l` dxixa epl oi` okl 21.`nw ixnl
gxkda mixne` mpi` okle wca eze`y sebd cv lr wx dcirn zk lk zexbad ipniq ly dxwna
wecal micrn ywal yie ztxhvn dpi` mzecr okle ,"xac" daiig dxezd la` ,dphw ìdy
Ð dpgadd qiqa Ð xwird ixdy ,dyw df yexit mb .oecpa rixkdl ick miccv ipyn dze`
.llk eil`n oaen epiè ,xtqd on xqg
mewna zeidl zekixv opi` zexryd izyy dgpd jezn mi`vei ybin i"xde s"ixd iyexit
: a"r ap dcp ilaaa mi`xen` zwelgna iepy df oiipr .`weec deexrd
.miviad lr zgè skd lr zg` elit` Ð exn`y zexry izy : lèny xn` dcedi ax xn`
ixyw b"r zg` ,dqixka zgè daba zg` elit` Ð exn`y zexry izy : ikd inp ìpz
.xaca wleg àiwr iaxy `l` d"c ,a"r ep `xza àa ,ybin i"xd iyecig 19
.`"r l s"ixd itc ,`xza àa s"ix 20
zqitza ziptzd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,ìdd ìbeqa oeicae ,([20] ,"mipy yely" ,` ìbeq) `"r hk ,lirl e`x 21
oeicde ,([31] ,"izea` ly xne` df" ,d ìbeq) a"r bl ,lirl ; "ìbeqd seqa àxl iia` oia giyÎecd : zerwxwd zwfg
.[31] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,ìdd ìbeqa
yi` dcedi oa oerny 'x ixac Ð lbx ly dizerav` ixyw b"r zgè ci ly dizerav`
.cg` mewna zexry 'a ediy cr : `cqg ax xn` opaxe .oerny iax meyn xn`y ekr xtk
md dqxke dabe ,`ziixade 22lèny it lr ìd eply ìbeqdy eyxit ybin i"xde s"ixd
zexryd izye ,`cqg axc àil` ìd eply ìbeqdy yxit 23i"yx ,z`f znerl .`weec
abd oeeika ìd dpeekd `l` `weec e`l dqxke dabe ,ynn deexrd mewna zeidl zekixv
e`x elè zg` dxry e`x el`y `l` ,mewn ezeà elkzqd zezkd izy o`k s` .qxkd oeeikae
d`vi `le ,ynn dphw ìdy cirdl eà md okle ,cv ezeà dze` enwin `le ,zg` dxry
ìbeqdy èd heyte ,dywen `weec e`l dqxke dab eitly yexitd mvr mxa .dphw xcbn
z` oiadl dyw : cere z`f .a"r ap dcp ilaaa `ziixade lèny ,dcedi axc àil` ìd eply
izy ,daxc` ."xac ivg `le Ð xac" dyxcd oial miizy jezn cg` dxry zii`x oia xywd
.dphw oiicr ìdye ,cala zg` dxry dìad ìdy : mly xac micirn zezkd
: eizeax mya xe`nd lra zrck d`xp okl

ìyew wexita epl eyxit mde .mditn epcenlz milawn ep`y l"f epizeax ixac oi`xp mxa
zecirn zezkd ylyc oeik ,dwfg ipy iab : [mipniq icrl dwfg icr oia dpgadl qiqad =] ef
mdl did `l jkitl ,ef ly dpnfk `l ef ly dpnfe ,dzpya zgè zg` lk ,mipy ylya
d`xyk jkld .mipy yly ze`xle akrzdl micrd lr oigixhn ep` oi`y Ð zg`k ze`xl
leki did `l `nye ,onfa dielz ozecr ik ,odn zlawzn zecrd df d`x `ly dn df
onfa ,cg` mewna edl opira `l c"nl 'it` ,zexry izya la` .df d`xy dn df ze`xl
l"d ,d`x `le df d`xy dn df ze`xl leki dide ,cg` onfa odizyy oeike .edl opira cg`
24.obedk dlere xexae oekp mrhd dfe .mdn zlawzn ozecr oi` jkitl .xac ivg
: df yexit lr dywd mpn` `"ayxd
eidy il dne ! dxn` xac ivg `le xac dxezd mewn lknc ,df uexiz seql izcxi `le
25.opira mly xac zecr mewn lkn ? `l e` cg` onfa ze`xl oileki
dpgad xvi eply `xnbd lra ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecna ,lirl eprvdy itk mxa
dpgadd oial dpia cibpdl ick ,mipniq icra mzhiye dwfg icra minkgd zhiy oia zizek`ln
dcy zpigan zwlegnd zecr oia ìbeqd ly ipyd wlga ongp axe dcedi ax mipigany
zwelgy mixne` epgp` ,micr ly zg` zk iabl ,my .onfd zpigan zwlegnd zecre dii`xd
dii`xd ihxta e` dii`xd dcy xiva dzwelge ,zecrd z` zlqet onfd xiva micrd oia zecrd
zecr `weec my : minkgd zhiyl micr izk izya ok oi`y dn ,zecrd z` zlqet cinz `l
dcy it lr zwlgznd ,zexba ipniq zecre ,onfd xiv lr zezk yely oia zwlgzn dwfg
.izextqd qenqìkd on zegt eze` oiipr mixacay oeibidd .ztxhvn dpi` ,dii`xd
[2] ixep oa opgei iaxe `ztlg iax ixac .ef dpgada `xnbd lra drh `ly d`xp ,ok it lr s`
epipyy itk ,dwfg ly dxwna ,onfd xiv lr zezkd oia zecrd zwelg iabl wx exn`p ok`
dn lk z` dèx zg` zkyk .dii`xd dcy xiv lr zwlgznd zecra `le ,`ziixaae epzpyna
mewnd on onfd xiv lr dzecr z` dkiynn zxg` zke ,dn onf jyna ze`xl dxen` ìdy
yeg z` dlirtn dpey`xd zkd m` ,z`f znerl .ynn ly dnlyd o`k yi ,dxvrp ìdy
zecr `l` ,ziwlg zecr o`k oi` ,ze`xl dxen` ìdy dnn wlg wx dèx z`f lkae dii`xd
`l` ef zecr "dnilyn" dppi` micr ly ztqep zke ; orhpy itk mixacd oi`y dcirnd d`ln
dkixv micr ly zg` zk èt` mzqd on .dleqt ìde ,dae dpin dnebt ef zecr .dilr zwleg
.zercd lkl zexbad zexry izy lr cirdl
.jd epiid la` ,oad zexbaa wqer my lèny mpn` 22

.ihernl `l` d"c ,a"r ep `xza àa `"ayxd iyecige o"anxd iyeciga miàen eixac 23
.eixac seqk ,dil icar i`n xac ivg `le xac i`d opaxe d"c ,`"r l s"ixd itc ,`xza àal xe`nd lra 24
.ihernl `l` d"c ,a"r ep `xza àa ,`"ayxd iyecig 25
: a"r±`"r l oixcdpq ilaan mb dler jke

: xne` dgxw oa ryedi iax .cg`k mdipy e`xiy cr ztxhvn ozecr oi` mlerl ,`teb
,dgxw oa ryedi iaxk dkld : ax xn` oia` xa ìig iax xn` ...[a"r] ...df xg` dfa elit`
`l la` ,zerwxwa dgxw oa ryedi iaxk dkld : xn` `ler .oilhlhna oia zerwxwa oia
: ax xn` `ped ax xn` à` iax xn`de ? ibiltc llkn dkld : iia` dil xn` .oilhlhna
: `pxw iac oiwifpa oia` xa ici` ax ipze .rwxw zecra dgxw oa ryedi iaxl minkg micen
oaay oke ,dwfg zecrae ,rwxw zecrae ,xeka zecra dgxw oa ryedi iaxl minkg oicen
.ibilt `l xaq xne ,ibilt xaq xn ? zinx `w `xab` `xab Ð ! zaaye
i`d Ð dqixka zg` xne` cgè daba zg` xne` cg` `nili` ? zaaye oaay oke i`n
.dqixka mizy xne` cgè ,daba mizy xne` cg` : `l` ! èd zecr ivge xac ivg
,zg` zkl micrd sexiv dpiipry ,minkge dgxw oa ryedi iax zwelgna wqer my `xnbd lra
oic zial eribd m` zg` zkl micr sxvl oi`y mixne` minkgd llk jxca .zezk izy `le
minkg oia` xa ici` ax dpyy `ziixa itl j` .mtxvl yiy xeaq dgxw oa ryedi iaxe ,cxtpa
ìd dpeekdy xiaqn `xnbd lrae ,"zaaye oaay" mipniq zecra dgxw oa ryedi iaxl micen
okziiy oeeikn .seba mipey zenewna j` ,zexry izy dìady d`x mdn cg` lky micr ipyl
dfa eà m` elit` mitxhvn el` micre ,zxzeq zecr o`k oi` zexry rax` xak dìady
26
.zxbea dclidy cg`k micirn mdy oeeik ,df xg`
zeiecrd df oebka wx : dilr qqazde ìdd ìbeqd z` xikd eply `xnbd lray heyt d`xpe
zecrd oi` zg` dxry d`xy xne` cgè zg` dxry d`xy xne` cg` m` la` ,zetxhvn
aqenk minkgc àil` "xac ivg `le Ð xac" dyxcd z` yxtl ywia `xnbd lra .ztxhvn
mb : micrd xtqn z` litkdl liren df oi`y minkgd ecnl dyxcd ony orhe ,df dxwn lr
zwlgzn zecrd oi` zg` dxry e`xy mixne` miipye zg` dxry e`xy mixne` miipy m`
.onfd xeyina `le ,dii`xd dcy xeyina xac ivg lr dcirn zk lky oeeik ,zezk izy ipt lr
zecr o`k yi "xac ivg `le Ð xac" dyxcd `ll mb .enrhn `l la` ,enr wcvdy d`xpe
.dphwk dzwfg lr zcner dclidy `weec dcirnd zecr : dnebt
.dwfg ef ixd Ð mixery dlk` xne` cgè ,mihg dlk` xne` cg` : dcedi ax xn` .9±7
xne` cgè ,ziyinge ziyily dpey`x dlk` xne` cg` ,dzrn `l` : p"x dl siwzn
mzd ,`zyd ikd : dcedi ax l"` ! dwfg ìedc inp ikd ,ziyye ziriax dipy dlk`
`ki` i`n ,icdqn `w `zy `cga ediiexz `kd ,xn cidqn `w `l xn cidqn `wc `zya
.iypi`c ediizrc` e`l ixryl ihig oia ? xninl
eaiaq dpae okend on ongp axl dcedi ax oia dfd giyÎecd z` gwl eply `xnbd lra ,xen`k
mzecra mdipia miwlgznd ,micr ly zg` zka dcedi ax zhiy oia dcibpnd eply ìbeqd z`
zenewn dnka inlyexia dritend ìbeqn dlery itk ,zwelgna diepy dziid ef dpgad l`xyi ux` i`xen` lv` 26
inlyexid oeyl dfe .b"r dl ,` c zereaye c"r `k ,h b oixcdpq ; b"r ek ,c a zeaezk ; b"r fh ,` ` dheq Ð zeivìxeea
iax dinxi iax .df xg` df elit` : xne` dgxw oa ryedi iax .zg`k odipy e`x m` `l` micrd oilawn oi`..." : zereay
mya à iax .dwfg icire dxeka icira ryedi iaxl minkg oicen : ax mya xn`y wgvi ax mya wgvi ax xa lèny
à iax ,eqixka mipy izi`x xne` cgè eaba zexry izy izi`x xne` cg` ...? `c dn .ok oipniq icira s` : dinxi iax
iax dil xn` .zwelgna : xn` ocei iax .zwelgna : xne` iqei iax .leqt lkd ixac : xn` iibg iax .xyk lkd ixac : xn`
iax xn` zeì : `pn iax xn` .ielr oky lk ,bilt `p` diaxc lr : dil xn` ! izeek xaq ocei iax `d : iibg iaxl iqei iax
lk oiè ? èd melk `ny ,xxr eilr `xwe 'a lr xxern dfe 'a lr xizn df zenzeg draxà 'zegny xhy eli` .iibg
dlk`y ecirn cg` eli` : dwfg ipyn dl rny dpipg iax .micr ipy jixv oniqe oniq lk ,`ke ? micr ipy dkixv dnizg
,`kd ? micr ipy dkixv dwfg lk oiè ? èd melk `ny ziyinge ziriax dlk`y ecirn cgè ziylye 'ae zg` dpy
: dinxi iax my à iaxl o`k zqgein a"r l oixcdpq ilaaa `xnbd lra ly dcnrd ."micr ipy jixv oniqe oniq lk
...eqixka mipy izi`x xne` cgè eaba zexry izy izi`x xne` cg`" ,mipniq icra dgxw oa ryedi iaxl micen minkg
iaxl od minkgl ody mixeaqe à iax ly ef driaw lr miwleg `pipg iaxe `pn iax ,iibg iax mxa ."xyk lkd ixac
ipy dkixv dnizge dnizg lke micr ipy dkixv dwfge dwfg lky myk ,micr ipy jixv oniqe oniq lk dgxw oa ryedi
.[9±7] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeira ,oldl epazky dn e`xe .xhyd meiwa micr
micr zezk izy oiipra epzpyn ly `pzd zhiy oial ,onfd xiv lr `l j` dii`xd dcy xiv lr
ozecra odipia zewlgzn eid `l `xnbd lra itl j` ,onfd xiv lr ozecra odipia zewlgznd
dcedi axy oeeik ,zizek`ln ìd ef dèeyd .zexbad ipniq zecra oebk ,dii`xd dcy xiv lr
,dwfgd zl`yl llk ihpeelx epi` dcya lcbd obcd of dwfg ly dxwnay ongp axl xidan
zg` zka micrd mikixv jk lr Ð zg` zka micrd ici lr dwfgd zepy iedif ok oi`y dn
xiv lr mdipia wlgzdl mileki md ,dwfg lr dcirn zg` zkn xzeiyk ,z`f znerl .mikqdl
ipniq zecra onewine zexryd xtqn oebk ,mzecrl miizednd dii`x ihxt lr `l j` ,onfd
.zexbad
oia Ð zizextq dxivi xezae ienq oteà mb èle Ð zeeydl eply `xnbd lra d`x dn
zexba ipniq zecr oia deeynd inlyexid ziibeqn eil` dribd jkl d`xyddy dnec ? mixwnd
; b"r ek ,c a zeaezk ; b"r fh ,` ` dheq inlyexia miiepiya driten ef ìbeq .dwfg zecre
: zereay inlyexid oeyl dfe .b"r dl ,` c zereaye c"r `k ,h b oixcdpq
xg` df elit` : xne` dgxw oa ryedi iax .zg`k odipy e`x m` `l` micrd oilawn oi` ...
.df
iaxl minkg oicen : ax mya xn`y wgvi ax mya wgvi ax xa lèny iax dinxi iax
.dwfg icire dxeka icira ryedi
.ok oipniq icira s` : dinxi iax mya à iax
à iax ,eqixka mipy izi`x xne` cgè eaba zexry izy izi`x xne` cg` ...? `c dn
ocei iax .zwelgna : xne` iqei iax .leqt lkd ixac : xn` iibg iax .xyk lkd ixac : xn`
lr : dil xn` ! izeek xaq ocei iax `d : iibg iaxl iqei iax iax dil xn` .zwelgna : xn`
.ielr oky lk ,bilt `p` diaxc
'a lr xizn df zenzeg draxà 'zegny xhy eli` .iibg iax xn` zeì : `pn iax xn`
,`ke ? micr ipy dkixv dnizg lk oiè ? èd melk `ny ,xxr eilr `xwe 'a lr xxern dfe
.micr ipy jixv oniqe oniq lk
cgè ziylye 'ae zg` dpy dlk`y ecirn cg` eli` : dwfg ipyn dl rny dpipg iax
,`kd ? micr ipy dkixv dwfg lk oiè ? èd melk `ny ziyinge ziriax dlk`y ecirn
.micr ipy jixv oniqe oniq lk
z` cgi ze`xl mikixv mipniqd icr ipyy dkldd ,inlyexiay ìbeqd seqa dpipg iax itl
,micr ly zezk oia dwfg zecr zwelg lr zxacn mpn` epzpyn .dwfgn zcnlp mipniqd lk
mè ,mipyd ozeà dwfgd z` ze`xl mikixv micrd ipyy èd heyt zg` zk wx yiyk la`
yely jyna dwfgd z` d`xy cg` cr ìane ,lekd jq mipy yy dcya wifgdy oreh wifgnd
ède ,mitxhvn mpi`y èd heyt ,zepexg`d mipyd yely jyna ipyde zepey`xd mipyd
.cg` oniq d`x cg` lk m` mitxhvn mpi`y mipniq icrl oicd
zwelgl onfd xiv lr micrd oia zecr zwelg oia wlgl oi`y oexwird z` èt` raw dpipg iax
jk ,micrd ipy oia zewlgzn opi` dwfgd zepyy myk : dii`xd dcy xiv lr micrd oia zecr
ipniqy xeaqe jk lr wleg inlyexia à iax .micrd ipy oia miwlgzn mpi` zexbad ipniq
mipniq micnl oiè ,micr izk izy oia mwlgl ozipy oky lke ,micrd ipy oia miwlgzn zexba
.dwfgn
dreny eil` dribd zegtl e` Ð à iaxl `pipg iax oia ef zwelgn xikd `xnbd lray d`xp
ax oia giyÎec mb xikd èd .dwfg icrl mipniq icr oia zeeydl yi m` ewlgp l`xyi uxày
zwlgzn mzecryk mb dwfg zecrl mitxhvn micr ipy ezpwqn itly ongp axe dcedi
mb oaenk ìad èd .onfd xiv lr zwlgzn zecryk `l la` ,dii`xd dcy xiv lr dxe`kl
l oixcdpqa ìbeqd zè ,onfd xiv lr zwlgzn zezk izya dwfg zecr ditly epzpyn z`
sè ,zg` zka micr ipy oia miwlgzn mpi` zexba ipniqy à iax zrck drixknd a"r
.df oiipra ezrcl dliren dziid `l zezk izyl mzkitde micrd xtqn zltkd
dizexey oiany ,ihqìkd dpand zlra ,eply ìbeqd z` `xnbd lra dpa dfd xnegd on
izy ,àiwr iax lr miwlegd minkgd zhiyl : izek`ln df qwecxt m` mb Ð qwecxt dler
zhiyl ,z`f znerl .dii`xd dcya `l j` onfd xiv lr zecra wlgzdl zeleki micr zezk
j` ,dii`xd dcya zecra wlgzdl mileki zg` zka micrd ,ongp axl epia oeica dcedi ax
.onfd xiv lr `l
759
(`"r fp Ð a"r ep) "oig` dyly" : raye miyelyd ìbeqd
.dnfdl zg` zecr ode ,zeicr yly el` ixd Ð odnr sxhvn cgè oig` dyly
i`dc deg` `z` ,ediipin cg aiky ,ixz ia dilr inizg dedc `xhy èdd .1 oic zia dyrn
epiid : xninl `piax xaq ; jci`c dici znizg` icedq`l `pixg` cge i`wc
.odnr sxhvn cgè oig` 'b 'ipzn
`kd ,ig`c `net` `pennc `raix ikp witp `l mzd ? inc in : iy` ax dil xn` .2
.ig`c `net` `pennc `raix ikp witp
cenlzd zxeqn
`k Ð a"r k zeaezk ilaa e`x .jci`c dici znizg` icedq`l `pigx` cge i`wc i`dc deg` `z` .1
.ig`c `net` `pennc `raix ikp witp .2 .c b `xza àa ,epzpyn .odnr sxhvn cgè oig` 'b .`"r
.a"r eh oihib ,`"r `k zeaezk ilaa eeyd

`l` .witp `l 'ipzna .mzd : cirdl oig` mr sxhvil leki '`c .'ipzn epiid : zinc .jci`c `ci znizg`
mzgpd g` eze`y .ig`c `net` `raix ikp witp `kd : [xg`c] `net` `blte ig`c inet` `penn `blt
cg`de oennd riax lr cirn ipy g` `vnp ,znd znizg lr oicirn cgè ipyd gè oennd ivg lr cirn
: riaxd lr cirn enry
761 (`"r fp ± a"r ep) "oig` dyly" : raye miyelyd ìbeqd
xivwz
rwxwa wifgnd zwfga dtv mdn cg` lky mig` dyely ,c b `xza àa dpyn itl
lka dtvy xg` crl cg` lk sxhvdl mileki zetevx mipy yelyn zg` dpy jyna
`piax oia dgiy zxnyn eply ìbeqd .dwfgd meiw lr cirdl ick dwfgd zepy yely
lr minezgd micrd ipyn cg` zn eay mig`l xeywd xg` dxwn iabl iy` axl
crd ly eznizg z` ,xy`l ,miiwl mikixv mitqep micr ipy dfd dxwna .xhy
leki igd mezgd crd ly eig`y eply dpynd it lr reawl ywia `piax .gepnd
oeeik ,di`xl dnec oecpd oi`y el xirn iy` ax j` ,jk lr cirdl ick xfl sxhvdl
bef jezn cg` cr enk ,wiza zecrd zivgnl dveawk mi`xg` mig`d epzpyn itly
zecrd irax zyelyl dveawk mi`xg` mig`d xhyd meiw ly dxwnay cera ,micr
.wiza
,mig` ipy e` ,cg` cry jkn xhyd meiw ly dxwna yygd zecleza cwnzn gezipd
oia qgiae ,(llkd zlgp epi`y yyg) wiza zecrd zivgnn xzeil mi`xg` eidi
a"r±`"r fh oihib ilaaae `"r `k Ð a"r k zeaezk ilaaa zeibeql eply ìbeqd
.oiipr ezeà zepcd

wifgn ly zg` dpy za dwfg lr cg` lk micirnd mig` dyely ,c b `xza àa ,epzpyn itl
mipyd yely zwfg lr cirnd weyd on sqep mc`l mitxhvn ,zetevx mipy yely jyna ,qkpa
.dwfg ìd wifgnd zwfge Ð
on cg`y xhy miiwl oeiqip zeawra ygxzdy `piaxl iy` ax oia giyÎec xnzyp ef ìbeqa
eciri weyd on micr ipye ,eznizg lr ciri igd crdy jixv libxa .zn eilr minezgd micrd
.xhyd lr mezgd igd crd ly eig` did elld micrd on cg` df dyrna .znd znizg lr
.epzpyna "odnr sxhvn cgè oig` dyly" ly dxwnl dfd dxwnd z` zencl ywia `piax
cg` lk mi`xg` mig`d zyely epzpynay dxwna : di`xl dnec oecpd oi`y el aiyn iy` ax
ipy ly zecxtp micr izk yely yi lekd jqe ,`nw ixnd ly oennd on yily z`ved lr
zexhyd meiw ly dxwna ,z`f znerl .zg` dwfg meiw ickl mitxhvnd miaexw mpi`y miyp`
miìveny in ly oennd on mirax dyely z`ved lr cgi mi`xg` mig`d ipy mdiptl ày
sexivy `vnp .rax z`ved lr wx i`xg` ,dgtyn aexw epi`y ,sqepd crde ,xhyd z` eilr
envrlyk dfe ,mixyk micr izkl mkeiyl xarn xhyd meiwa izernyn mxeb èd mig`d
.leqt
meiw ly jild zx`znd c a zeaezk dpyna minkge iax zwelgn lr qqazn df giyÎec
: siefn xhydy oreh razpdy dxwna zexhy
Ð ixiag ly eci azk dfe ici azk df xne` dfe ,ixiag ly eci azk dfe ici azk xne` df
,xg` mdnr sxvl oikixv Ð ici azk df xne` dfe ,ici azk df xne` df .oipn`p el` ixd
azk df xnel mc` on`p `l` ,xg` odnr sxvl oikixv mpi` : mixne` minkge ; iax ixac
.ici
Ð exag ci azke eci azk lr cirdl leki micrd on cg` lk m`y mirc ininz minkge iax
ewlgp md ; dnizg lk ly zeihpze`d lr micirnd micr ipy o`k yi ixdy ,miewn xhyd
xne` iax : ipyd crd znizg ly zeihpze`d lr cirdl leki epi` micrd on cg` lky dxwna
mc`y mixeaq minkg j` ,mnvr minzegd zecrl zenizgd z` xiknd sqep cr sxvl yiy
.sqep cr `ll mb eznizg lr cirdl on`p
: àd oeicd z` `"r `k Ð a"r k zeaezk ilaaa ep`vn ef dpyn lr
xhyay dpn lr Ð minkg ixacl ,micirn md oci azk lr Ð iax ixacl ,xnel ivnizyk
! `hiyt .micirn md
md xhyay dpn lr e` micirn md mci azk lr i` dil `wtqn iwetq iaxl ,`nizc edn
,micirn
ikp witpw ok m`c ,eilr cirdl weyd on mipy iral ediipin cg zinc `kid ? dpin `wtpe
,`xnegl `kde `xnegl `kde ,`cdq cgc `net` `pennc `raix
,`xnegl oia `lewl oia dil `hiyt hytin iaxc ,l"nw
weyd on mipy oikixv Ð odn cg` zne xhyd lr oinezgd mipy : ax xn` dcedi ax xn`c
.`xnegl opaxe `lewl iax efa ,eilr cirdl
dèx iax eliè ,eci azk lr cirdl on`p mc`y mipreh minkg : minkge iax ewlgp dpyna
m` mb ,eci azk lr ciriy xg` mc` eil` sxvl aiig ède ,micrd lkk cg` cr envr mzega
mzecrl silgz od micrd zenizg : dxexa minkgd zhiy .ipyd crd èd dfd xg`d mc`d
cxtp jilda jxev oi` xak ,xhyd okez z` mixy`ne oic zial mnvra mià mdyk ; oic ziaa
763 (`"r fp ± a"r ep) "oig` dyly" : raye miyelyd ìbeqd
xyà zhalzn `xnbd .driazay oennd lr zexiyi micirn md : mznizg z` xiykdl ick
ic `l xhyd meiw jxevl mnvra oic zial mià micrdyk mby xeaq èd m`d : iax zhiyl
did `ny e` ,mci azk xeyi` ly cxtp jilda Ð micrd cg`k Ð micirn md `l` ,mzecra
`ny e` ,minkgd zrck ,dnvr dpnd lr zecrk dpic oic ziaa micrd zegkep m` wteqn iax
aiige `xnegl wqte ,mci azk lr Ð micrd cg`k Ð micirn md eay cxtp jilda xaecn
? xhyd meiw jild myl mdn cg` lkl sqep cr sexiv dpyna
lr cirnd cr lkl sqep cr sexiv aiig eliè ,df oiipra wteqn iax did eli` ,`xnbd itl
,zn micrd cg`y dxwna mb `xnegl wqet did èd ,wtqn `xnegl wqty meyn wx eznizg
eci azk lr micirnd micrd ipyn cg` zeidl mbe eznizg lr cirdl mb ywan ipyd crde
igd crd it lr sqkd on mirax dyely ìvedl dyxn iax did `l df dxwna .znd crd ly
oiipra wteqn èd oky ,dnizgd lr `le ,envr oennd lr cirn igd crdy dprhd jnq lr
ly zecr aiignd cxtp jild èd zexhy meiwy did rpkeyn iaxy eprawy oeeikn mxa .dfd
igd crdy el rixtn did `le ,`lewl mb jk wqt èdy reawl epilr ,dnizg lk lr micr ipy
dcedi ax rawy itk ,df jild xy`n did iax .zenizgd izy lr micrd ipyn cg`k cirn
.ax mya
cr it lr sqkd on mirax dyely Ð "`cdq cgc `net` `pennc `raix ikp" z`vedn yygd
ìd ìd ,iax zcnr iabl ely "`pin` ded"a zeaezka `xnbd lra ixaca dlerd Ð cg`
epilr dxe`kl .mig` ipy it lr ,"ig`c `net` `pennc irax ikp" z`vedn iy` ax ly yygd
j` .mig` ipy lr oeica ipyn oteà wxe ,cg` cr lr oeica dpey`xl dlr df yygy gipdl
ìbeqd : zeaezka `xnbd lra ixac lr qqazd eply ìbeqa iy` axy xnel dyw opc dxwna
iax zcnrl xyà zeihxe`z zeiexytà dpcd mzqd zxdh lr zxge`n ìbeq ìd zeaezka
ìbeqa xaecny èd myexde ,"...l"nw ...`nizc edn .`hiyt ...xnel ivnzyk" oeyla dpyna
.zi`xen`Îxza
cr it lr `pennc `raix ikp z`vedn yygd z` ìvnd `l zeaezka `xnbd lray xkip j`
: laa i`xen` oia oeic zxbqna ,a"r±`"r fh oihib ilaaa xak xkfen èd .cg`
znizg lr micirn mipy elitè : `cqg ax xn` .leqt Ð eivg mzgp iptae elek azkp ipta
: àx dl siwzn .minkg zpwza elek e` ,hbd meiwa elek e` ? `nrh i`n ; leqt Ð ipy ci
[a"r] 'it` : àx xn` `l` ? leqt ixz `ki`c `zyd ,xyk cg xn` eli`c ,icin `ki` in
zexhy meiwa itelgi`l ez` ? `nrh i`n ; leqt Ð ipy ci znizg lr oicirn xgè èd
`ki` in : iy` ax dl siwzn .`cdq cgc `net` `pennc `raix ikp witp `we ,`nlrc
`l` ? leqt dicda cg `ki`c `zyd ,xyk `xeaic dilekl edi` dil wiqn eli`c ,icin
e` ,hbd meiwa elek e` ? `nrh i`n ; leqt Ð ipy cr èd ip` xne` elit` : iy` ax xn`
.minkg zpwza elek
ozipd mrhd zxbqna oihiba riten "`cdq cgc `net` `pennc `raix ikp witp `w" iehiad
xnel ivnz m` sè .eze` xikd iy` ax mzqd one ,iy` ax swez dze`y ,àx zcnrl
,oihiba ìbeqa iy` axe àx ,`cqg axl zeptend "`nrh i`n"d zel`y ly epiptly geqipdy
sè ,odly mipkzdy heyt d`xp ,mnvr el` mi`xen` itn `vi `l ,odl zepzipd zeaeyzde
witp" iehiady gken eply ìbeqd on ixd .i`xen`d giyd on wlg eid ,oda ynynd oeyld
zelabnd z` mx`za mi`xen`d z` yniy ok` "`cdq cgc `net` `pennc `raix ikp
ikp" z`vedn yygd wx epiciay cenlzd zeibeqa m` mbe .zexhyd meiw jild lr elihdy
yygde Ð eply ìbeqa iy` ax Ð `xen` ici lr zexiyi xkfen "ig`c `net` `pennc irax
ikxer ixaca wx dxwna cxy "cg` crc `net` `pennc irax ikp" z`vedn xzei iqiqad
.mi`xen`d oia geex `l byendy xne` df oi` ,zeibeqd
xywa eilr rnyy xytè 1,zexhy meiwl rbepa dfd yygd lr rny `l `piaxy xyt` mxa
dyely z`vedl mig` it lr sqkd ly mirax dyely z`ved dnic `l èd j` ,cg` crl
mzecr sexiv z` dxiyknd ,epzpyna ze`xl ywia èd okl 2.cg` cr it lr sqkd on mirax
mig` ipy ly mzecr zxykdl micwz ,mipy yely zwfg reawl ick cg` xfe mig` dyely ly
on yily ipy ,mig` zeidl mileki micrd irax zyely m` : xnege lwn ,xhyd meiwa cg` xfe
z`vedn wx èd mixwnd ipya yygdy xiaqde iy` ax à ! mig` zeidl mileki i`ce micrd
dwfgd zecra ynnzn epi` df yyge ,mig` e` cg` cr ly ezecr it lr oennd zivgnn xzei
mig`d zyely epzpyna : mdiptl ày dxwna xhyd meiwa ynnzn ok` èd j` ,epzpynay
.mipy yely zwfgd lr cirdl xfd mr sxhvn ède ,dwfg zecr oiiprl cg` mc`k mpic
,eznizg lr ecal cirdl igd crl miyxn epiid m` ,xhyd meiw ly dxwna ,z`f znerl
lr oennd zivgnn xzei miìven epiid ,xf mc` mr cgi znd crd znizg lr cirdl eig`le
.mig`d it
z`veda zeiecrd lk ly zelirid z` cecnl oi`y xnel dxaq yi ,"oci azk lr" zecr xhyd meiwa mièx m` ixd 1
ztiefn zenizgd zg` m` reawl crep cg` lkyk ,ixwird oennd htynl mieelpd `hef ihtyn ipya xaecn `l` ,oenn
zenizgd izy lr cirdl mileki mdipyy mirc ininz minkge iax ,miig xhyd lr minezgd micrd ipy xy`k .e`l m`
xyt` okle ,dnizg meiw ly micxtp mikild ipya xaecny dxe`kl dgiken ef dcaer .(`yix ,c a zeaezk dpyn)
ly eig` zetzzydl yeygl oi`y xaq ,"`cdq cg met` `pennc `rax ikp opiwtn" byend z` xikd `ly ,`piaxy
.znd crd ly eznizg meiwa igd crd
mpi` mig` ixdy ,ìbeqd zpwqnl mb cg` cr leqtl zecrl mig`d leqt z` zencl oi`y exaq qpàext inkg ,okè 2
.miztxvd inkg d"c ,`"r fp `xza àa ,dxigad ziaa ixi`nd azky dn e`x .dreay miaiign
767
(a"r±`"r fp) "dcnrd" : dpenye miyelyd ìbeqd
<'ipzn>
,xvga dnda cinrn did : dwfg odl oi`y mixac elè ,dwfg odl yiy mixac el`
dyr la` ; dwfg dpi` Ð xvga elaf ozepe ,milebpxz lcbne ,miixike migix ,xepz
qipkd ,migixl oke miixikl oke xepzl oke ,migth dxyr deab ezndal dvign
ef ixd Ð dyly deab e` dyly wenr elafl mewn dyre ,ziad jezl oilebpxz
.dwfg
<'nb>
? `tiq `py i`ne `yix `py i`n .1 xywa xexia zl`y .`

`xza àa ,epzpynl
db
iqkpa eli`y lk ,dpw exiag iqkpa Ð dpw xbd iqkpa eli`y lk : `ler xn` .2 zeaeyz izy .a
,dl`yl zei`xen`
.dpw `l exiag iqkpa Ð dpw `l xbd ; odizy lr zeiyewe
mivexiz dyely
`l exiag iqkpa ,dpw xbd iqkpac ,xip ixde ? èd `llke : zyy ax dl siwzn .3 dpexg`d ìyewl
! dpw `l xbd iqkpa ,dpw exiag iqkpac ,zexit zlik` ixde ! dpw
oitzeyd xvga `kd : dea` xa dax xn` ongp ax xn` `l`

[a cenr fp sc] .4
.ictw dvign` ,ictw `l ick dcnrdac ,opiwqr
oixeq` Ð dfn df d`pd excpy oitzeyd : opz `de ? ictw `l ick dcnrdae .5
! xvgl qpkil
,opiwqr miza ixeg` ly dagxa `kd : dea` xa dax xn` ongp ax xn` `l` .6
.ictw dvignè ,ictw `l ick dcnrdac
iab ,ictw `lc `kiè ictwc `kiè ,oitzeyd xvga iciè ici` : xn` `tt ax .7
.`xnegl `xeqi` iab ,`lewl `penn
xfril` 'x ,ìpzc ; ìd xfril` 'x ? ipn `de .ictw `l mlerl : xn` `piax .8
.d`pd xcena xeq` xezie elit` : xne`
cenlzd zxeqn
e`x .dpw xbd iqkpac ,xip ixde .3 .("xcbe lrp") c b `xza àa dpyn eeyd .dpw xbd iqkpa eli`y lk .2
exiag iqkpa .( [6 ,4] ,"`pic `zeklnc `pic" ,cl ìbeq) a"r cp ; ( [38] ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeq) `"r cp ,lirl
,lirl e`x .dpw `l xbd iqkpa ...zexit zlik` ixde .( [10 ,3] ,"xip" ,g ìbeq) a"r fl ,lirl e`x .dpw `l
Ð dfn df d`pd excpy oitzeyd : opz `de ...opiwqr oitzeyd xvga `kd .5±4 .( [30] ,bl ìbeq) `"r cp
...dqei iax xn` ...ebdp xfrl iax xn`") a"r±`"r ci ,f b `xza àa inlyexi eeyd .xvgl qpkil oixeq`
.` d mixcp dpyn .xvgl qpkil oixeq` Ð dfn df d`pd excpy oitzeyd : opz `de .5 .("oilebpxz lcble
dk dcp ,`"r clw oileg ,a"r bq oihib ,a"r br zeaezk ilaa .`xnegl `xeqi` iab `lewl `penn iab .7
g dlibn ilaa .d`pd xcena xeq` xezie elit` : xne` xfril` 'x ,ìpzc .8 .`"r al zeaezk eeyd ; `"r
.a"r gn ,`"r bl Ð a"r al mixcp ,`"r

.dwfg dpi` : od lhlhnd xac el` .'eke mixike xepz cinrn e` : exiag xvga .dnda cinrn did `wqit
jezl oilebpxz qipkd e` : reaw oipa epiidc .zevign dyr la` : xvg lra citw `l riaw `lc lièdc
lk : dwfg ef ixd xvg lra wizye .xvga .elafl mewn dyr e` : eziaa ynzyny ,xvg lra ly .ziad
`l xbd iqkpay lk : dvign dyre xcbc `tiqc ìnec epiid uxte xcb lrp oebk .dpw xbd iqkpa eli`y
`z` lirl xn`ck .dpw xbd iqkpac `xip ixde : rwxwd seba icin `le car `lc `yixc ipd oebk .dpw
ilekc `l` lirlc oiwxita xn`ck .dpw `l exiag iqkpae : dicia dinweè `zxet dia witx `xab èdd
xn`ck .dpw `l xbd iqkpae : dwfg ìed mipy 'b exiag oli` .zexit zlik` ixde : dwfg ied `l xip `nlr
e`l .dea` xa dax xn` ongp ax xn` `l` : ikda dzpw `le oipy xqilz dlk`c `zzi` ìdda lirl
dnda oitzeyd on cg` da cinrny .opiwqr oitzeyd xvga 'ipzn `l` zxn`wck 'ipznc `nrh epiid
qpkil oixeq` : 'ek ictw `l `cixb ick dcnrd` oitzeyc meyn dwfg ìed `l i`nè mixike xepz e`
`l` : dgin `lya dpw `l i`nè ,ictw ick dcnrd`c `nl` .iccd` ictwc meyn d`pd epiidc .xvgl
iab : ictw `l ick dcnrd`c ixiin .mizad ixeg`y dagxa : xvga eznda cinrn did ipzwc 'ipzn .`kd
oixeq`c .`xnegl : xcpc .`xeqi` iab : dwfg ied `le citw `lc xza opilf`c .`lewl : dwfg oiprl .`penn
`"x .d`pda oixeq` excpy oitzey i`nè .ictw `l dcnrd` [oitzeyd] xvga mlerl xn` `piax : qpkil
ipepgn d`pd xcen dpewd m` '` getz e` cg` feb` dpewl ipepg siqeny dn .xeq` xezie 'it` xn`c ìd
xingn èd `kd xingnc xfril` 'xle .dxikn zngn `l` el epzep epi`y it lr s` ztqez eze`l xeq`
: ìd lkd ixac `le qpkil xeq`c
769 (a"r±`"r fp) "dcnrd" : dpenye miyelyd ìbeqd
xivwz
dn dpecip ,ilaaa wxtd seq cre z`fd ìbeqd one ,wxtd seq cre oiwxta d dpynn
zkiiyd rwxwa ynzydl zekfa dkfnd dwfg ,"oiyinyz zwfg" minrtl dpekny
ef drtez zedfl yiy rven yexitd seba .rwxwd z` yekxi ynzyndy ilan xg`l
hr `nw àa ilaa) `cqg ax ly `xnina xkfend rwxw zexiky ly dwfgd oiipw mr
jxevl da yeniyd zekfl zqgiizn rwxw zexikyy orhp .(`"r hv `rivn àa ; a"r
zg`y ,mikxc yelya (zykxp) zipwp rwxwy myk .qkpa oiipwd zekf znerl ,mieqn
zg`y ,mikxc yelya zipwp rwxw zexiky jk ,mipy yely zwfg epzhiyl ìd odn
yiy mixac el`" ,d dpyn y`xa zcnerd zxzekd z` .mipy yely zwfg ìd odn
y`xa cenrl xzei dni`zn dxe`kly ,"dwfg mdl oi`y mixac elè dwfg mdl
cil cin zxarend ,rwxw lr zelral sqepa : oldlck yxtl yi ,oiwxta ` dpyn
mixaren rwxwa miàd (miyeniyd=) mixacd mb jk ,mipy yely zwfg zervnà
mixac zcnrda ic `l ,dpynd itl ,df jxevl .mipy yely zwfg zervnà cil cin
èdy lk dpan zepal jixv ynzynd `l` ,zyxcpd dwfgd ztewz jyna xvga
.dwfgd ztewz jyna iepa exi`ydle ,ekxevl xvga ynzydl el riiqnd xvga
rvend yexitd itl j` ,oiyinyz zwfgl yxcpd onfd wxt zl`ya ewlgp miyxtnd
dwfgd enk weica ,mipy yely zkynp dwfgdy exaqy el` mr wcvdy xexa o`k
.rwxw lr zelra xiardl ick zyxcpd
e` ,oihelgl xf èd m`d : epzpyna wifgnd iedif zl`ya miwelg ef ìbeqa mi`xen`
.xvgay mixiicd lk zelraay zixeg` dhnq e` xvg èdy ,qkpd lr zelraa szey
xkey mc` eay libxd dxwnd la` ,dpkziz zeiexyt`d izyy dler gezipd on
zelral eitzeyn lawl ywan mixiicd on cg` eay dxwn èd xvga yeniy zeiekf
e` mipy yely jyna ok dyri èdy jk ici lr ,eikxvl ea ynzydl zekf xvgd lr
bi a `xza àa `ztqeza zeliawnd jezn dler df eyxit .mz`gn `ll xzei
jxca dpynd z` gqpl gxh dpynd jxer j` .a"r±`"r ci ,f b `xza àa inlyexiae
,xvgl zekiiy mey el oi`y ,xf ici lr dwfga zexiky ly zexyt`d z` mb lelkzy
.èdd dxwna mb zkiiy ef dwfgy ze`xdl ick
xvga mivtg zcnrd ditly eply dpynay dkldd lr dywn eply ìbeqd lra
mitzeyy jk dyxtl ozipy ` d mixcp dpynn ,dwfg xevil ick dwitqn dpi`
diipad z` wx `le ,xvgl dqipkd mvr z` mdn cg`n repnl mileki xvg lr zelral
mixiicd mrhn d`gn `ll mipy yely jyna xvga mivtg zcnrd s`y o`kn .da
mivexiz dyely mirivn mi`xen` .diipaa jxev oiè ,dwfg xevil dkixv mixg`d
mixcp dpyn eitly `piax ly xaqddy dler gezipd on .dpynl dpynn ef ìyewl
mitzeyy dpnn cenll oi`ye ,mixcp ipiipra xfril` iax ly cigi zrc z` ztwyn
.oekpd èd ,dfn df dkezl dqipkd z` repnl mileki xvgl

oitzeyd xvg e` exag xvg
mixac elè dwfg odl yiy mixac el`" ,icnl zillk zxzeka zgzet ,d b `xza àa ,epzpyn
encw .dixg` ày dn llba ode dl mcwy dn llba od driztn ef zxzek ."dwfg odl oi`y
: zetwz opi` ozvwne zetwz ozvwn ,zerwxwa zepey zewfga zewqerd zeipyn rax` dl
ziae ,oicad ziae ,ze`vgxnde ,zekaeyde ,zexrnde ,oigiyde ,zexeade ,mizad zwfg [` b]
dcy ...lrad dcy ...mipy yely ozwfg xicz zexit dyer èdy lke ,micarde ,oiglyd
...zg` dpicna enr `diy cr dwfg dpi` ...dwfgl zevx` yely [a] ...oald dcy ...oli`d
wifgnde ,ewlgy oig`de ,dpzn ozepa ...wifgna ...dwfg dpi` dprh dnr oi`y dwfg lk [b]
...mipy yely dlk`y eze` micirn mipy eid [c] ...xbd iqkpa
elè dwfg odl yiy mixac el`" gqepa zxzek èvnl mitvn epiid wxtd okez zpigan ,okl
ok enk .eixg`l `le ,odizeietrzqdae elld zewfgd lka oeicd iptl "dwfg odl oi`y mixac
cre eply dpynd on zepecipd zewfgd oky ,dixg` ày dnl dgiztk dni`zn dpi` zxzekd
raxà zepecipd mixg`d miqkpde zecyde mizad zewfgl qgia icnl zegipf od wxtd seq
dwfga zepc opi` wxtd seqay zeipynd ,odd zeipynl cebipa .wxtd ly zepey`xd zeipynd
zwfg" dpekny dn ,mieqn jxevl qkpa yeniyl dwfga `l` qkp lr zehlzyd meyn da yiy
: "oiyinyz
,xvga dnda cinrn did : dwfg mdl oi`y mixac elè dwfg mdl yiy mixac el` [d]
dvign dyr la` .dwfg dpi` ,xvga elaf ozepe oilebpxz lcbne ,migxe mixike xepz
,ziad jezl oilebpxz qipkd ,migxl oke mixikl oke xepzl oke ,migth dxyr deab ezndal
yie dwfg el oi` afxnd [e] .dwfg ef ixd ,dyly deab e` dyly wenr elafl mewn dyre
oelg .dwfg el yi ixevle ,dwfg el oi` ixvnd mleq .dwfg dl yi dligfnd .dwfg enewnl
,zegnl lekie dwfg el yi gth cr ,fifd ...dwfg dl yi zixevle ,dwfg dl oi` zixvnd
gwl .oitzeyd xvgl eizepelg mc` gzti `l [f] .zegnl leki oiè dwfg el oi` gthn zegt
xvgl dpgzti `l ,ezia iab lr diilr dpa .oitzeyd xvgl dpgzti `l ,zxg` xvga zia
dgzete ezia iab lr diilr dpeae ,ezian miptl xcgd z` dpea dvx m` `l` ,oitzeyd
`l ohw did .oelg cbpk oelge gzt cbpk gzt oitzeyd xvgl mc` gzti `l .ezia jezl
cbpk oelge gzt cbpk gzt miaxd zeyxl èd gzet la` .mipy epyri `l cg` ,lecb epyri
zeyx zgz llg oiyer oi` [g] .mipy eze` dyer cg` ,lecb eze` dyer ohw did .oelg
.mipa` dperhe zkldn dlbr `dzy ick ,xizn xfril` iax .zexrne oigiy zexea ,miaxd
xvg gwl .ìvene ely jez qpek dvx m` `l` ,miaxd zeyxl ze`xhfefbe oifif oiìven oi`
.dzwfga ef ixd ,ze`xhfefbe oifif dae
ly `yixdy yxtl l`ppg epax z` ripd eply dpynd y`xay zxzekd mewina iyewd
`l` ,llk zxzek dpi` ,"dwfg odl oi`y mixac elè dwfg odl yiy mixac el`" ,epzpyn
mda oi`y mixwnae zerwxw zwfg mda yiy mixwna epwqr o i w x t a d k c r : mekiq htyn
zpyna dl`k mekiq ihtyn ep`vn `ly meyn xzeia dywen df yexit mxa 1.zerwxw zwfg
2
aex zrck d`xp okl .mekiqk `le zxzekk cinz ynyn "...mixac el`" iehiade ,iax
elek qkpd zyikxl hxty epcnll ywan dpynd jxer 3.zxzeka xaecn o`k mby mipey`xd
xnelk ,"mixac" mb yi 4,oiwxta zepey`xd zeipynd raxà dpecipd dyikx ,dwfg zervnà
.l`ppg epax mya ,mixac el` d"c ,`"r fp `xza àa m"ayx e`x 1
.b c migaf ,e ,b a ,d ` dxf dcear ,` c ,ai ` zeiecr ,h c `rivn àa ,` e ,d a migqt ,` ` d`t ,` g zekxa dpyn 2
`yixa dwfgd m` dl`ya epcy dpynl mipey`xd iyexita rnzyna jke ,mixac el` d"c ,`"r fp `xza àa m"ayx 3
heyte ,(jenqa oldl e`x) xzl`l e` mipy yely zwfg ìd ("dwfg odl oi`y ...dwfg odl yiy mixac el`") epzpyn ly
.dixg`l ày dn lr dpynd ly `yixd z` eaqdy èd
z` ynynd ocne` wx `le ,mipy yely jxe`d ynn ly oiipw ìd zi`pzd "zerwxw zwfg"y ,df xeaiga epzhiyl jk 4
itk .elek qkpd lr milral jetdl ilan ,dwfg oiipw jxc yekxl ozipy ,qkpa zenieqn zeiekf
zexiky" dpeknd ìd el` zeiekf ziipwy dnec ,"mipy yely" ,` ìbeqa oeica ,lirl epyxity
hv `rivn àae `"r hr `nw àa ilaaa zeàend zexnina "dwfga zipwp[y rwxw]
,sqka zipwp zexiky jk ,dwfge xhy sqka zipwp rwxwy myke... xfrl` iax xn`" : a"r±`"r
oiipw dyrnl èd "oiyinyz zwfg" dpekny dn ."rwxw zexiky : `cqg ax xn` ...dwfge xhy
5
.mieqn jxevl rwxw zexiky ly dwfg
lcbnd mc` ditle ,el` zewfga zepcd zeipynd oian dpey`xd ìd ,d b `xza àa ,epzpyn
,cgein owzn ziipa `ll laf e` miigx ,miixik ,xepz ,dnda dkezl qipknd e` ,xvga milebpxz
,dnda dkeza cinrne xvga dvign dpead mc` ,z`f znerl .el` mikxvl xvga wifgd `l
ly ezia jezl milebpxz qipkdy mc` oke ,elafl mewn da xteg e` ,miigx e` miixik ,xepz
.df jxevl ziaa e` xvga wifgd Ð exag
.eply ìbeqa mi`xen`d ewlgp df oiiprae ,xaecn zia e` xvg elià zhxtn dpi` dpynd
e` zenda lecib jxevl exag ly eziaa e` exag xvga ynzyny ina xaecny yxit `ler
mitzeyd xvg ipan cgà xaecny eyxit ìbeqa mi`xen`d x`y j` ,[2] mipwzn znwd
xf mc` eay avn x`zl dyw ,mpnè .[8±4] el` mikxvl ztzeynd xvgd z` lvpl ywiay
minkg exaice ,zexiky inc el mlyl ilan elld mikxvd cg`l exag xvga ynzydl fri
.mi`xen`d aex yexitl mieqn oexzi yi okle ,deeda
: oitzeyd xvga xaecny rnzyn bi a `xza àa `ztqeza epzpynl dliawnd on mb

.dwfg ef ixd ,èdy lk odiab lr dxew ; dwfg mdl oi` xvga mixike xepz zcinr mewn
.dwfg ef ixd ,migth dxyr deab ab odl dyr ; dwfg odl oi` xvga oilebpxz
my ezegkep mvre ,xvga zelra xak el yiy ina xaecny dler `ztqeza mixacd geqipn
znkqdl wewf èd xvga eilebpxz lecib e` eipwzn zcnrd myl j` ,xerxrl zpzip dpi`
d`pa iax mya opgei iax wqt diably oitzeyd xvga xaecn : xne` deed .xvgd ipa x`y
df oiakrn oitzeyd lka" : ([1] ,"d`pa iax" ,hl ìbeq) a"r fp oldl ,dàd ìbeqd zligza
e` xepz cinrdl leki xvgd ipan cg` lky bedp m` mb ,df itl 6."dqiakd on ueg ,df z`
hilgdl zr lka mileki mitzeyd ,xvga dnda e` milebpxz e` laf znxr e` miigx e` miixik
ezelirt mewn megiz myl reaw owzn mitzeyd cg` dpa m` wx .ok zeyrl ezeyxdl `ly
eitzey iwlg z` "dpw" dyrnle ,dwfg el yi ,mipy yely jyna eitzey egn `le xvga
.ely mgzna
xepz e` miigx cinrdln mdn cg` akrl mileki xvgd ipay oiadl ozip ` d mixcp dpynn mb
: dpynd oeyl dfe .milebpxz my lcbl e` xvga
jezl qpkp df : xne` awri oa `"x ; xvgl qpkil oixeq` Ð dfn df d`pd excpy oitzeyd
cg` did .milebpxz lcble ,xepze migix cinrdl mixeq` mdipye .ely jezl qpkp dfe ,ely
el xnel èd leki : xne` awri oa xfril` iax ,xvgl qpki `l Ð exiagn d`pd xcen mdn
.ewlg z` xeknl xcepd z` oiteke .jly jezl qpkp ipiè qpkp ip` ily jezl
xecn ,"mipy yely" ,` ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x ; `pc zncwn xhya ykxpy orhpy qkp lr zelra zriawa oicd zia
e` oiipw ìd ef dwfg m` dpyn df oi` eppiiprl j` ."zerwxwa dwfg oiipwe zerwxw zwfg : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn"
znieqn zekf zyikxl qgiizn èdyk Ð ocne` e` oiipw Ð byen eze` èd jliè o`kn oecipy dn jk oiae jk oia ; ocne`
.dnvr rwxwd zyikxl `le ,rwxwa
z` dpw wifgnd mipy yely zwfg xg`l : `weec rwxwa i p n f yeniy xyt`nd oiipw èt` eyexit oi` "zexiky oiipw" 5
`l` oiipwd jyn ly oiipr èt` epi` zexikyl dyikx oia lcadd .jliè o`kn mieqn jxevl rwxwa ynzydl zekfd
ixnd icia x`yp rwxwd sebyk ,rwxwa znieqn zekf ly dyikx znerl rwxwd seb ly dyikx : oiipwd ly eite` ly
.`nw
.`"r bi ,d ` `xza àa inlyexie ,`"r hl ,` d mixcp inlyexiay ef `xninl dliawnd mb e`xe 6
my lcble xvga xepze miigx cinrdl szeyd zekfy 7dxe`kl rnzyn ìdd dpynd on
epnn yexcl milekie eilr miakrn eitzey : eil`n oaen epi` ,xvgl qpkidl sè ,milebpxz
lecibe miigxd zcnrde dqipkd zekf zwprd okle ,xvga ezetzey z` ynnl ick melyz
.xcepd lr dxeq`d ,d`pd zaygp melyz `ll milebpxzd
ci ,f b `xza àa inlyexia .oitzeyd xvga xaecny dler epzpynl inlyexid on mb

: xn`p a"r±`"r
.'ek dwfg odl yiy mixac eli`
.oilbepxza dfl df <8oixzeen=> oixzn zeidl oitzeyd ebdp : xfrl iax xn`
lcble xepze migix cinrdl oixeq` odipy `l` ,ok dxn` `l `zipzn : dqei iax 'n`
.oilbepxz
.dwfg ef ixd ,ely dpi`y xvga oilbepxz lcib : xfrl iax xn`
,lcbl zeyx el oi` m` .lcib df ixd ,lcbl zeyx el yi m` ? jytp dn .zeìe : iqei iax xn`
.dwfg df ixd
sè ,eply ìbeqa dea` xa dax enk ,oitzeyd xvga epzpyn z` cinrd xfrl` iax `xen`d
eply ìbeqd oeyla ,"ictw `l ick dcnrd`") oilebpxza dfl df xzeel ebdp oitzeydy xiaqd
` d mixcp dpynn ,[5] eply `xnbd lra dywny itk ,iqei iax `xen`d dywn jk lr .([4]
deeyd d`pd ìde ,dil`n zpaen dpi` xvga milebpxz lcbl szeyd zekfy dler dpnny
dea` xa dax mya mixiaqn z`f znerl eply ìbeqa ; ef dl`yl daeyz oi` inlyexia .sqk
mizad iptly xvgd dpiipr mixcp dpyny cera ,mizad ixeg`ny dagxa zwqer epzpyny
.[6]
milebpxz leciba dfl df xzeel ebdp xvgd ipay ceray eply dpynd on mb wiicn xfrl` iax
ly xvga milebpxz lcbnd okle ,xvga milebpxz lcbln mixf miyp` repnl milibx eid md
m` : jytp dnn ixdy ,eixac mr mikqn iqei iax .ecia dgin `l dld m` ,dwfg el yi zlefd
`le zeyx lhp `l mè ,ok zeyrl el xzen Ð ipnf oteà xvga milebpxz lcbl zeyx lhp
rwxw zexiky oiipwa dpw èd ezwfg ici lr Ð dwfg ef ixd mipy yely jyna milrad egin
.milebpxz my lcbl zekfd z`
xvga xaecny dgpd jezn `vp m` dti yxtzn i`xen`de i`pzd xnegdy micnl epivnp
zeynyn od mzqd on : yinyz zewfga yeniy ly zeìvnd z` mèz mb df yexite ,oitzeyd
rwxwa zxg` e` ef zekf yeninl xywa wx dler wtqde ,wtqa lhen epi` zelrad mvryk
dpynd ly `pzdy jk lr driavn dpynd oeyll `ztqezd oeyl zèeyd mxa .oitzey ly
z` aigxdl ywia ,ìypd dcedi iax ,dpynd jxer mr xg` oeiv xcrda ddfp eze`y ,eply
cinrn e` milebpxz lcbna s` `l` oitzeyd xvga wx `l dcinrdle ef dkld ly mipkzd
"...xvga milebpxz ...xvga miigixe xepz zcinr mewn" miiehiad . z l e f d xvga miigx
iepy mewind wxyk ,dilran cg` ici lr xvgd levip lr mheytk mixend ,`ztqezay
miqgiiznd "...oilebpz lcbne ...xvga dnda cinrn did" miiehial epzpyna exned ,zwelgna
mdl dyr" mewna : ok lr xzi .zlefd ly exvga wifgnd xf mc`l Ð xwirae Ð mb mheytk
ick xvga wifgnd dpay bbl qgiiznd ,`ztqezay "migth dxyr deab ab [milebpxzl=]
cgà xaecny yxtl ce`n dyw ." z i a d jezl oilebpxz qipkd" iax dpy ,eilebpxz lr jkeql
ipal zeidl dkixv `l dfk dxwna : xvgay ihxtd ezia jezl oilebpxz qipkdy xvgd ipan
d`pd wx `le ,[8] d`pd ixcena xeq` xezie mby xeaqd xfril` iaxk ìdd dpynd z` cinrn eply ìbeqa `piax j` 7
.df xecn seqa ,oldl e`x ; my dpynd mzqa envr iax oeekzd d`xpk jk .sqk zeey
'nr ,(23 dxrd b ìbeq ,lirl) oiwifp inlyexi ,l"pd ; 588 'nr ,f"kyz wxei eip ,mixcp ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y e`x 8
.191
epzpyn z` dpy iaxy d`xp o`kn .dwfga jxev lk oi` `linne ,ecra akrl zekf lk xvgd
lra iax zrcl oey`xd dxwna 9.milebpxz lcbl ick ezial e` zlefd ly xvgl yletd mcà
oeeik ,mipy yely xg`l mb ok zeyrl aiig epi` la` ,milebpxzd lral xzeel ieyr xvgd
, e z i a jeza `l` zlefd ly exvg jeza `l milebpxz lcbn xf mc` m` j` .dwfg o`k oi`y
.dwfg o`k yi ,dgen epi` dlde
aexe ,iaxl encwy mi`pzd : epzpynl iax wiprdy zipllekd zxzekd ly dxyt mb dfy d`xpe
.mitzeyd xvga ,wx e` ,xwira zynyn oiyinyz zwfgy exaq ,eixg` eày mi`xen`d
akrl mileki xvgd ipa ; epevxk xvgd z` lvpl zihnehe` zekf oi` xvgd oal mb mzhiyl
,xigq èd xvga mdn cg` ly zeiekf yenin okle ,d`pa iax mya opgei iax oeylk ,"lka" eilr
zxzeka fenxl ywia iax ,z`f znerl .dwfg zekldl oezpd xace xcp iabl d`pd aygpe
zewqer dixg`ly dpynde epzpyny dpkeze dpynd oeyll dyry miceairae eply dpynd
wx zepecip mye ,mitzeyd xvga miwqer ep` f dpynn lgd wxe ,zlefl jiiyd qkpa dwfga
ly minrhn xvgd ipa x`ya rbetd xac ,xvgd xar l` mzagxde zezlce zepelg zgizt
`le ,zlefd iqkpa dwfgl zeqgiizn e±d zeipyny xidadl ick .jxcd aekire dii`x wfid
dwfg odl yiy mixac el`" zxzeka d dpyn z` iax gzt ,xvga xvg oa ly eizeiekf yenina
zelraa dkef wifgnd dizeawray dwfga epwqr dk cr : xen`l ,"dwfg odl oi`y mixac elè
iqkpa dwfga weqrl dixg`ly dpynae ef dpyna jiynp ; zlefl zkiiy dziidy rwxw lr
zelral hxt ,mitqep "mixac"a `l` dwfg zervnà zykxpd d`ln zelraa `l j` ,zlefd
ozepkl ozipy rwxwa zenieqn yeniy zeiekf : dwfg zervnà zekfl ozip mda mby ,zhlgen
,`ztqeza iehia icil mià mdy itk iax ly zexewna .dwfga zipwpd "rwxw zexiky" mb
jk lr dxen `ztqeza "...zcinr mewn" geqipd ,xen`ke ,dxqg ef zxzek ,z`f znerl
10
.ztzeynd xvga xvgd oa ly eizeiekf yeninl epeekzdy
xvga `le zlefd ly xvga epzpyn z` cinrdle el dncwy dkldd on zehql iax d`x dn
mdn cg` akrl zekf xvgd ipal oi`y xaq iax ,el encwy mi`pzl cebipay dnec ? oitzeyd
jk .laf zklyd e` milebpxz lecib ,miigx e` miixik ,xepz zcnrd jxevl xvga ynzydln
: b a `xza àa dpynn dler
; oi`veid lewne oiqpkpd lewn oyil leki ipi` : el xnele ecia zegnl leki Ð xvgay zepg
oyil leki ipi` : el xnele ecia zegnl leki epiè ; weyd jeza xkene `vei ,milk dyer la`
.zewepizd lewn `le migixd lewn `le yihtd lewn `l
mpi` la` ,xvga zepg miwdln mdn cg` akrl mileki xvgd ipa ef dpyn ly dheyt itl
d"nxd .dpynd ly heytd oeyld z` minèz mpi` el` j` ,"ziad jezl oilebpxz qipkd"l erved mixg` miyexit 9
iab d"de d"c ,`"r fp `xza àa ,dnx ci) szeyna xg`le el jiiyd zia jezl milebpxz qipkdy ina xaecny yxit
ly ziaa xaecny ,ìbeqa zegtd lkl e` ,dpyna zeyxetn oiivl jxev did i`cee ,giky epi` szeyn zia mxa .(qipkd
ìbeq ,lirl) oiwifp ,dpyn ixcq dyy ,wal` 'g .oitzey ly ìdy dpynd ly xvgd iabl ìbeqa exirdy myk ,oitzey
ly lel eppi` i`ce mzq "ziad" la` ,xvgay exag ly lela xaecny yxit ,ziad jezl d"c ,128 'nr ,(65 dxrd bl
yxtn èdy rnzyn ,354 'nr ,(25 dkld c ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y ixacn .xvgay exag
deab ab odl dyr ; dwfg odl oi` xvga oilebpxz" lirl epàdy bi a `xza àa `ztqeza dliawnd it lr dpynd z`
rnzyn epi` df yexit mb .eilebpxz z` my mwnl ick xvgd jeza zia dpay ina xaecn : "dwfg ef ixd ,migth dxyr
iax oeekzd eliè ,dpeyl z` zepyle `ztqezay `ziixad z` carl gxh dpynd jxer epixacly mb dn ,oeyld on
. " e i l e b p x z l e ezndal dvign dyr" zepyl lwpa leki did `ztqeza iepyy dnl
z`xwl wxe ,ztzeynd xvga dligz mipc `ztqeza mi`pzd : dpynd ly dfn jetd elek `ztqezd dpany ìd zn`de 10
gzt ...xepz zcinr mewn" iepy bi a `xza àa `ztqeza .llk wifgnl zkiiy dpi`y xvga oecl mixaer wxtd seq
,oitzeyd xvga xvgd ipan cg` ly xepzd zcinr mewna xaecny jk lr mixen el` zepeyle ,"einivt uxt ...xvga
epelg iab lr gzte oelg zgizta mipc fh±ci a `xza àa `ztqeza z`f znerl ; ef xvg xar l` uxtpd ezia gztae
àa ,epzpyn z`f znerl ."exag ly exvga xà el yi"y ine ,"exag ly exvg" cbpk zepg zgizt ,exag ly egzte
ly mzqd on] z i a d j e z a milebpxz lecibn gkeny itk ,exag xvga `l` oitzeyd xvga `l xen`k zwqer ,d b `xza
"exag oelg iab lr" gztpd oelg eze`y `l` cer `le .oitzeyd xvga oecl mixaer f b `xza àa dpyna wxe ,[exag
."oitzeyd xvgl" f b `xza àa dpyn itl gztp ci a `xza àa `ztqez itl
oiipry dler b ` `xza àa `ztqezn .xvga miigx e` dcear zpcq miwdln eakrl mileki
oiipra dpynd mzq lr wlg ,lìlnb oa oerny oax ,iax ly eiaè ,mi`pz zwelgna iepy df
dliawnd on dlery itke ,xvga miigx cinrdl `ly okyd z` sekl mileki oi`y xaqe df
xepzd z` mwnl xiic lkl zihnehe` zekf oi` ditly bi a `xza àa `ztqeza epzpynl
11
.df oiipra eakrl xvgd ipa x`yn rpnp dwfg xg`l wxe ,xvga miigxde
cinrdl zihnehe` zekf xvga szeyl oi` mixg` mi`pze lìlnb oerny oax zrcly `vnp
dxicbnd ,epzpyn z` cinrdl ozipe ,df oiipra eilr miakrn xvgd ipa dwfg `lle ,miigx my
zihnehe` zekf szeyl yiy xaq iax z`f znerl .oitzeyd xvga ,df oiiprl dwfgd z`
`linn ,df oiipra eakrl zexyt` xvgd ipal oi` dwfg `ll mbe ,xvga miigx e` xepz cinrdl
xy` 12.exag ly eziaa e` exvga yeniy dyerd xf mcà `l` epzpyn z` cinrdl oi`
,xvgl qpkidl mixeq` dfn df d`pd mixcend xvgd ipay dler dpnny ` d mixcp dpynl
`ly xaeqd xfril` iax zrc lr dzpyp ìdd dpyndy [8] eply ìbeqa `piax zrck d`xp
.d`pd xcena xeq` ynn ly jxr el oi`y xac lr xezie s` `l` ,jxr zeey d`pd wx
mipy yely xg`l e` xzl`l dwfg

szeya e` zlefd ly exvga wifgnd xf mcà xaecn m` zeyxetn zpiivn dpi` dpyndy myk
zewfgl yxcpd onfd wxt z` zhxtn ìd oi` jk ,oitzeyd xvga ziwlgd ezelra z` ynnnd
zwqer ,wxtd zeipyn x`y enk ,epzpyny heyt d`xp dfk hexit xcrda .zetwzd yinyzd
jyna elek qkpd ly iaxn levipa epwqr dk cry èd cigid lcaddyk 13,mipy yely zwfga
,`pc zncwn qkpd z` ykxy ocne` deedn e` qkpd lr zelrad z` el dpwnd ,mipy yely
ick ea yiy mipy yely jyna itivtq yeniy jxevl qkpa dwfga xaecn epzpyna eliè
z ` xvgd e` ziad lran ykxy ocne` e` ,jliè o`kn z`fd zekfd z` wifgnl zepwdl
14.mipey`xd on miaxe m"ayxd eyxit jk .`pc zncwn Ð envr qkpd z` `le Ð z ` f d z e k f d
zetwz zeàd zeipynae epzpyna zexèznd yinyzd zewfgy eyxit mipey`xd zvwn j`
zewfgd oia lcadd z` xiaqn `ler `xen`dy ep`vn dpde 15.ecbpzd `l milrad m` xzl`l
ziad jezl milebpxz qipkd e` mieqn yinyz myl xvga owzn dpayk Ð epzpyna zetwzd
zegnl leki oi`" : diptl jenq ày dn lr zaqen `ztqeza lìlnb oa oerny oaxe `nw `pz zwelgny ,yxtl d`xp jk 11
oi` epkyl .zewepizd lewn `le rx gix iptn `le migixd lewn `le yihtd lewn `l ,oyil leki ipi` el xnele ecia
oial my `ztqezde dpynd oia dxizqd xe`l z`fe ,"etekl oileki epkyl xne` lìlnb oa oerny oax .etekl oileki
zeliawnd it lr j` .lìlnb oa oerny oaxk ìd eply dpynde ,`nw `pz zrck my dpynd : miigx oiipra epzpyn
zepg" oiipr lr zwelgnd z` aqdl milibx ,a"r `k `xza àa ilaaae a"r bi ,b a `xza àa inlyexia ef `ziixal
a `xza àa dpyna eipt iptl oecpd ,"oi`veid lewne oiqpkpd lewn oyil leki ipi` el xnele ecia zegnl leki ,xvgay
mipeive ,331 'nr ,(25 dxrd c ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y e`x .c ` `xza àa `ztqeze b
.my mipey`xl
jetdl zexyt` el yiy ixd ok mè Ð dwlgl yexcl cg` szey leki dlecb xvga ditly e ` `xza àa dpyn mb e`xe 12
dpynd itl .xvga ewlga ynzydln eilr miakrn oi`y èd heyty d`xpe ,zihxtd exvgl xepzd zcnrd mewn z`
iax mya opgei iax xne` `"r hl ,` d mixcp inlyexiae ,mlek znkqda mitzeyd oia dphw xvg mb wlgl ozip ìdd
ax xiaqn `"r b `xza àa ilaaa ok enk .dwfg oiipwa xvgd zwelgl dpeekdy d`xpe ,"dfn df oipew oitzeyd" : i`pi
ìd ìd ef dkldy d`xpe .dwfg xvgd ipal yi dphw xvga mby ixd Ð dwfg oiipw ici lr ziyrp z`f dwelgy iy`
,oiyinyz zwfga dfn df xvga mipey miwlg mipewy df ici lr mdipia xvgd z` oiwlgn oitzeyd : dpyn ly dheyt
zyxecd ,epzpyne ,dxwn lka xvga oiyinyz zwfg yi xvgd ipaly xaq iax : xne` deed .dpan e` owzn ziipa `ll mb
.exag xvga `l` oitzeyd xvga dpi` ,dwfg wifgnl `dzy ick reaw owzn znwd
oiipwe zerwxwe zwfg : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"mipy yely" ,` ìbeqa oeica ,lirl epvni` dfd yexitd z` 13
.17 dxrd ,my mipeiv e`xe ,"zerwxwa dwfg
,`xza àa zkqnl dkld xexiaa mitqep mipeive ,mixac el` d"c ,`"r fp `xza àa `"ahixd iyecige m"ayx e`x 14
.eh 'nr ,mye ,hqw 'nr ,(32 dxrd ì ìbeq ,lirl) dkld xexiae dxexa dkld
ìbeqa oeica ,lirl mitqep mipeiv e`xe .enya ,my o"xe o"anxe ,mixac el` dpyn d"c ,`"r fp `xza àa ybin i"x e`x 15
ztqep dhiyl .16 dxrd ,"zerwxwa dwfg oiipwe zerwxwe zwfg : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"mipy yely" ,`
ziad lral aqn zeyx `ll yeniydy zegepdÎi` zcinle ,envr yinyzl m`zen yinyz lka dwfgd xeriy ditly
,"zerwxwa dwfg oiipwe zerwxw zwfg : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"mipy yely" ,` ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x Ð
.my 17 dxrda mipeive
jezn Ð dlirpe xecib `ll cala dcnrd Ð zetwz opi`y zewfgd oial Ð mdipta lrpe
xcb ,lrpyk oiwxta b dpyn itl dtwzd ,ezen xg`l xwtdd on xbd iqkpa dwfgl dèeyd
zerwxw zwfg oiipr dn : eilr dywn èdyk wcev zyy ax dxe`kl .[2±1] èdy lk uxte
millk zkxrn exag iqkpa zerwxw zwfgl ixd ? exag xvga yinyz zwfg lv` xbd iqkpa
iqkpa rwxwd lr milrak zeldpzd ly mipy yely Ð xbd iqkpa mibdepd el`n oihelgl dpey
xyt` ! [3] xzl`l swzd ,xbd iqkpa uxt e` xcb e` lrp ly inrtÎcg ilnq dyrne ,exag
xaqy meyn xbd iqkpa zerwxw zwfgl epzpynay yinyzd zewfg z` dnic `lery
wifgnd lgd eay rbxd on : xzl`l zetwz ,xbd iqkpa zewfgd enk ,epzpynay zewfgdy
.xzl`l milrad egin `l m` ,dwfg el yi dpyna zexèznd mikxca ziaa e` xvga ldpzdl
llk ewwfp `l [8±4] ilaaa eply ìbeqa dpynl mdiyexita mi`xen`d x`y ,mipt lk lr
oiyinyz zewfg mzrcly d`xpe ,epzpyn z` xiaqdl ick "uxte xcb ,lrp" zwfgl dèeydl
16
.d`xp oke .dwfg jxc exag iqkpa dkefd oick ,mipy yely opic xvga
`ler zxnin
.exag xvga yeniy dyerd xf mc` ly (a) xzl`l dwfga (`) epzpyn z` yxit `ler ,epixacl
dtwz ef dwfg ,xg` mc` ly xvgl dxe`kl dyilt ly jk lk bixg dyrna xaecny oeeikn
yely jyna qkpd ly iaxn levip" da oi` `linn ,xzl`l dtwz ef dwfgy oeeikne .xzl`l
lnqiy ilnq dyrn yexce ,rwxwd lr zelra dwiprnd mipy yely zwfg oick ,"mipy
da didz ecbpk milrad zwizyy Ð mieqn yinyz jxevl wx mpn` Ð qkpd lr zehlzyd
miilnq miyrny oeeikn .df jxevl ,ea yeniyd z` xizd e` ,qkpd z` xikydy jkl dgked
miynyn miyrn mze`y `ler xaq ezen xg`l xwtdd on xbd iqkp ziipwa eyniy xak dl`k
zewfgd oial ,zetwz opi`y ,`yixay zewfgd oia lcadd z` xiaqdl ywia jkae ,epzpyna
znerl ; dwfg da oi` xvga dnda e` miigx ,xepz ly cala dcnrd .[2] zetwzd ,`tiqay
,xbd iqkpa "xcb"l dliawn dnda e` owzn zcnrd myl exag xvga dvign ziipa z`f
17
egxai `ly ick mdilr zlcd zxibq mb zllek mzqd ony Ð exag zial milebpxz zqpkde
18
.xbd iqkpa "lrp"l dliawn Ð
xaq ,`ler enk ,iax epixacly meyn ,xzl`l zetwz dl`d zewfgdy did xeaq envr iaxy okzii ,ok it lr sè 16
mi`pzde lìlnb oa oerny oax : ìlz `da `dy xytè ,zlefd ly exvgl yletd mcà zwqer epzpynay dklddy
,mitzeyd xvga epzpyn z` ecinrd ,[8±4] eply ìbeqa laa i`xenè inlyexia xfrl` iax `xen`d oke ,iaxl encwy
`linn .eakrl mzekfe ,ok zeyrl mdilr daeg oi` j` ,xvga yeniy zeyrl dvxy mdn cg`l xzeel xvgd ipa ebdp my
oteà ef jxca xvga ynzydl zekfd z` rwxw zexiky oiipwa dpw ok` wifgndy gikedl ick dwfg zepy yely zeyexc
xak jexk df yigxz .epevxk da dyere xvgl yletd ,cgeina frep ,xf mcà ewqr `lere iax z`f znerl .reaw
zexiky oiipw mzwizya ze`xl ozip xzl`l milrad egin `l m`y okziiy oiipwd zekfa zwdaen dk dribta ezlgzda
yinyzd zewfg z` bivd dae epzpyn y`xa iax cinrdy zxzekdy xnel epilr df itl .xzl`l swzd ,dwfga rwxw
dyikxd zewfgl jyndk yinyzd zewfg z` bivdl dcrep wxtd zligzay zerwxwd zewfgl jyndk wxtd seqay
el` mb elè ,(`tiq ,b b `xza àa dpyn) dpey`xd daihga ebvedy zepexg`d zewfgd ,`weec xbd iqkpe dpzn ly
."`ler zxnin : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,oldl e`xe .xzl`l zetwz
."yxtnc ziè" mya ,dpw inp exag iqkpa d"c ,`"r fp `xza àa ,m"ayx ; xqnc oeik d"c ,`"r ap `nw àa zetqez e`x 17
zxibqe ,`weec zlc ziipa eyexit zlc lrpy exaqy meyn jk lr eywdy mixgè m"ayxd ly mzrc seql izcxi `le
`"r bp lirl oethiy repnl ick xepiva xexv zgpdl xywa xn`py itk ,"exag iqkpn ix` gixan" `l` dpi` zniiw zlc
heyt d`xpe ,dvegd e`vi `l e l y e i l e b p x z y `ceel ick zlcd z` lrep wifgnd o`k ixd .([8] ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeq)
e` mze` zgwle qpkidl mixg`n repnl ick zlcd z` lrpe eilhlhine eizenda z` qipkd m` ,xbd iqkpa dfa `veiky
ongp ax xn`y dfe .dpynay "lrp"d èd èd `l` ,cala ef `le ,dpw zenda e` milebpxz ly mzìvi z` repnl ick
hrnl à `l ,[16] "dpw Ð zezlc odl cinrde xg` àe ,xbd iqkpa milecb oixhlt dpead" dea` xa dax mya my
oze` xbq mb mzqd ony ,zezlc el cinrde elek oixhltd z` dpa oey`xd eay dxwn hrnl `l` ynn "lrp" ly dxwn
.oey`xd dpay oixhlt ly zlcd z` xbqy ipyd z` zekfl oi` okle ,zg` mrt zegtl
dpzna dyikxd zewfg jyndk epzpynay "mixac"a zewfgd z` ebivda envr iax oeekzd jkly xytè .heyt d`xp ok 18
i`cee ,"xcb"e "lrp" dwfgd oiipw z` ìltdl minèz epzpynay miyrnd ,mewn lkn .16 dxrd ,lirl e`x ; xbd iqkpae
lk' daeyzd" : giw 'nr ,(1 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,zexeqne zexewn ,ipald 'c dywdy itk ,zeywdl oi`y
dl`yd oky ,'`tiq y"ne `yix y"n' ly dl`yl jk lk dni`zn dpi` ' 'eke dpw exag iqkpa dpw xbd iqkpa eli`y
`tiqay el`l xbd iqkpay mipiipwd ly dwifd ."oica ipeyl minxebd [xewna jk] `tiqe `yixd oia milcad oiivl zyxec
.dil`n zpaene dxexa ,`yixay el`l `le ,`weec
zwfg epiidc ,`weec epzpyna exag iqkpa dwfg oia deeyn `lery oiad `l zyy ax mxa
dwfgdy oiad èd laa i`xen` x`y enky meyn z`f .xbd iqkpa dwfg oial ,oiyinyz
mè .mipey`xd aex eyxity itke ,mipy yely zwfg ìd ,exag iqkpa zewfgd x`yk ,epzpyna
xzl`l ef ixdy ,`weec oiyinyz zwfgl xbd iqkpa dwfg oia dèeydl qiqad ca` ,xacd ok
xbd iqkpa eli`y lk" ,`ler ly `xnind zyy axc àil`y `vnp .mipy yely xg`l efe
zwfg oia deeyn ,"dpw `l exag iqkpa dpw `l xbd iqkpa eli`y lke ,dpw exag iqkpa dpw
zwfg wx `l Ð exag iqkpa mipy yely zwfg oial xbd iqkpa "xzl`l uxte xcb lrp"
dl oi` efky xezae Ð ("rwxw oiipw") zelra zwfg mb `l` ("rwxw zexiky oiipw") oiyinyz
jyna) leaid zlik` : oekpd èd jtdd `l` ,mipekp mixacd oi`y cala ef `l ixd .rnyn
znerle ; xbd iqkpa dtwz dpi` ef eliè ,exag iqkpa dwfgd xwir ìd (zei`lwg zeper yely
zwfga zyxcp ìd m` mb ,dlibx mipy yely zwfga dwfg dpi` "uxte xcb ,lrp" ,z`f
.[3] epzpyn itl oiyinyz
dea` xa dax mya ongp ax zxnina zepeyld ipy

itn dtelg ìan `xnbd lra ,dpynl `ler ly eyexitl dtelg rivi envr zyy axy mewna
rvn zeynyn opi` q"ya zyy ax ly zeztwz`d aex ,okè .[4] dea` xa dax mya ongp ax
dea` xa dax itl 19.xg` `xen` ly itelg yexitl `l` ,envr zyy ax ly itelig yexitl
`l j` ,xvga ynzydln mdn cg` akrl mi`yx oitzeyd .oitzeyd xvga zwqer epzpyn
mdilr dvign e` owzn dpa m` okl .dvign e` owzn dpa ok m` `l` jk lr citwdl ebdp
jxevl xvga ynzydl zekfd z` mdn dpwy oniq ,mipy yely jyna egin `lyne ,zegnl
mipy yely jyna s` ,ìdy lk diipa `ll dnda e` xepz my cinrd m` ,z`f znerl .df
z` ynnl mileki mde ,oitzeyd cvn dreaw dnkqdl ìdy lk di`x e` oiipw o`k oi` ,xzeie
àa inlyexiay dliawna xfrl` iax yxit dfa `veik .mipy yely xg`l mb eakrl zekfd
.a"r±`"r ci ,f b `xza
zekf szeyl oi`y rnzyn dpnny ` d mixcp dpynn xfrl` iax lr iqei iax dywd inlyexia
`ll zwpren ìd m` okle ,dilr mlyl milibxy d`pda xaecne ,xvga ynzydl zihnehe`
ìbeqa mzqa zàen iqei iax ly ef ìyew .xcpd lelig meyn jka yi d`pd xcenl melyz
dea` xa daxy heyt ixd ,xacd ok mè .inlyexiay iqei iax ziiyew zrtyda ile` ,[5] eply
`xen`d iptl zeax mipy ig èd oky ,ìyewd zeawra `xnind oeyl z` dpiy `l envr
lra ly `l` ely dpi` dea` xa dax ixaca ipyd oeyldy d`xpe .iqei iax il`xyiÎux`d
."xnzi` ikd xnzi` i`" zpigaa ède ,`xnbd
i`n" dl`yl daeyzk `l i`cee ,epzpynl xywa `weec e`le ,illk oteà dkldl exn`p `ler ixacy yxit my ipald
itke ,ernynk eheyt exag iqkpae xbd iqkpa mipiipwd z` zeeydl oeekzd `ler ezrcl ."`tiq `py i`ne `yix `py
zexewnd lk ixd .`hiyt xcba md zyy ax ixace ,rnyn mey `ler ixacl oi`y `hiyt df yexitl j` .zyy ax oiady
heyt xzl`l dwfg oiipwa eliè ,leaid zlik` xwirae ,rwxwd ly iaxn levip jixvy migipn mipy yely zwfg oiipra
yely zwfga llk zekiiy opi`y zeilnq zelert od "uxte xcb ,lrp"y èd heyt ,`qib jci`n .yxcp df oi`y èd
.mipy
m` oiae xkna xaecn m` oia "uxte ,xcb ,lrp"a èdy ,zerwxwa dwfg oiipw oia oigadl yi ipald zrcly d`xp mpn`)
oiipwy zexyt`l xyà ocne` `l` ,llk oiipw dpi` zgeexd dqitzd itly ,mipy yely zwfg oial ,xbd iqkpa xaecn
,lrp"a md dwfgd ipiipw lky jkl oeekzd `lery xnel yi df itl .my oeive ,2 dxrd ,lirl e`x .`pc zncwn ygxzd
zyy ax ly `ztwz`d df itly `l` .oiwxta b dpyna xbd iqkpl xywa `weec el` mipiipw epipyy mbd ,"uxte xcb
xzl`l dwfg oiipw `le ,mipy yely zwfg mpiipry zext¥ zlikè xipn `ler ixac lr dywn zyy ax oky ,zpaen dpi`
(.xkna
zeaezk : ynga wx "...zyy ax xn` `l` ...zyy ax dl siwzn" ep`vn q"ya zyy ax ly zeztwz` dxyr ryz jezn 19
àen dprndy e` dprn oi` mixg`d lka .`"r fp oixcdpqe `"r ìw ,`"r `n `rivn àa ,`"r hw `nw àa ,a"r gt
xzqy ixg`" : giw 'nr ,my ipald ziiyewl èt` mewn oi` .zyy ax xg`ly zexecd on llk jxca ,xg` `xen` itn
i`ce eply dxwnae ."zyy ax da ltih `l dnle ,dnewna '`tiq y"ne `yix y"n' dl`yd dx`yp ,`ler z` zyy ax
drya dea` xa dax ly itelgd yexitl rcen did zyy axy okziie ,zyy axl mcw dea` xa dax ixdy ,ìyew oi`y
.`ler lr dywdy
dxnind on ze`gqep ipy eniiwy" eyexit "xnzi` ikd xnzi` i`"y yxtn ipald cec
ipy : eply dxwna dxw ezrcl jke ,"zepeyld oia rixkdl ick diyewa jk xg` eynzyde
dagxa `kd"e "opiwqr oitzeyd xvga `kd" ,dea` xa dax mya ongp ax zxnin ly migeqipd
ick [5] `wqitay ìyewa ynzyd `xnbd lrae ,liawna exqnp "opiwqr miza ixeg` ly
20
.mdipia rixkdl
ax ly `xnin ly zxeqn dziidy oin`dl dyw opc dxwna j` 21.zniiw ef drtezy wtq oi`
dagxa" epzpyn z` dcinrdy ` d mixcp dpynn ìyewl dncwy dea` xa dax mya ongp
mizad oiay szeynd ghyd xg` mewn lka oky ,mzq "oitzeyd xvg"a `le ,"miza ixeg` ly
miza ixeg` ly dagxa `kd" okl .o`k wx zxkfen "miza ixeg` ly dagx"e ,"xvg" `xwp
xe`l ,dea` xa dax mya ongp ax ly `xninl `xnbd lra ly yexitk xiihvn "opiwqr
dpyn ,`xnbd lra xne` ,ok` .inlyexiay dliawna iqei iax ziiyew it lr dywdy ìyewd
xvgd ìd [4] dea` xa dax qgiizd dil`y xvgdy zexyt`d z` zlley dheytk ` d mixcp
xaecny yxtl ozip oiicr j` ."xvg" oeyla libxd yeniyk ,oitzeyd ly ztzeynd zincwd
.[6] ea yeniyd lr micitwn zegty ,"miza ixeg` ly dagx" ,mixiicd lkl jiiyd ghya
ixeg` ly dagx" mby oeeik ,dze` ìvndy in ipira s` "ziaihwit"k dxiihvd `l ef `xnin
zkiiy dpi` ` d mixcp dpyn ly dklddy xg` beqn xvg j` ,"oitzeyd xvg" zaygp "miza
.diabl
` d mixcp dpynn ìyewl zetqep zeaeyz izy

iqei iax ixacn [5] `wqitay ìyewd z` a`y eply `xnbd lray epzxryd dpekp m`
jenq e` iqei iax inia lrt èdy okzii ,a"r±`"r ci ,f b `xza àa inlyexia dliawnay
yxit `tt ax .ef dl`yl zexiyi miqgiizn `piaxe `tt axy èt` riztn df oi` .mdixg`l
xzide xeqi` oiay lcada dceqi eply dpyna dctwddÎi` znerl mixcp dpyna dctwddy
lr micitwn xvgd ipay zexyt` oeayga zgwl ick exingd mixcp oebk xeqià : zepennl
egipd ,zepenn ly oiipr ìdy ,dwfg zriawa la` ,melyz `ll xvga mdn cg` ly yeniy
oi` ` d mixcp dpyn itl s`y yxit `piax 22.[7] cala dcnrd lr micitwn xvgd ipa oi`y
lecib lr e` my exepz zcnrd lr e` xvgl mitzeyd cg` zqipk lr micitwn xvgd ipa
dxeq`d "d`pd" aygp epi` ède ,sqk mzxenz miyxecy mixacd beqn df oiè ,my eilebpxz
23
.[8] d`pd xcena xeq` xezie s`y xaqy xfril` iax `pzd zhiyl `l` xcenl
,ely exvga lbx zqixc mb xcend lr zxqe` mixcpa dpynd oky ,`piax ly ezrck d`xp
lr yexcle ,ely exvga lbx zqixcn xvgd ipan cg` akrl mileki mitzeydy xnel dywe
zeipyn izy micinrn laa i`xen` ,okè ! ezial dyib epnn rpni df aekir oky ,melyz jk
` c mixcp dpynae e ` dlibn dpyna .xfril` iaxk xcend lr lbx zqixc zexqe`d zetqep
mda oi`y milke ,lbxd zqixc `l` lk`n epnn xcenl exagn d`pd xcend oia oi`" : epipy
,"! iypi` ictw `l `d ? lbxd zqixc" `"r g dlibn ilaaa miywn jk lr ."ytp lke` jxev
ilaaa dfa `veike ,"d`pd xcena xeq` xezie : xn`c ,xfril` iax Ð ipn `d" : uxzn àxe
.hiw 'nr ,my ,ipald 20

: dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"mipy yly" ,` ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`xe ,14±11 'rd ,my ipald ly zeiptdd e`x 21
.my 25 dxrda mipeive ,"ìbeqd seqa àxl iia` oia giyÎecd : zerwxwd zwfg zqitza ziptzd
.el` eixaca eceqiy d`xpe ,`"r clw oilege a"r br zeaezka àx ita ep`vn `xnegl xeqiè `lewl oenn ly df welig 22
.`"r dk dcpe a"r bq oihib ,`"r al zeaezk ilaaa mb `xnb ilra ixaca ynyn èd
mlyd jexrd ,hedew 'g) "xze" jxr ,jexrd oeylk ,"mxvga lbx zqixc oebk mdilr xzeel mc` ipa jxcy mixac" epiid 23
,xezie elit` d"c ,my m"ayxe ,ìd `"x d"c ,a"r fp `xza àa meyxb epax .(qx 'nr b jxk ,[51 dxrd a ìbeq ,lirl]
oeyl ,epinia ynynd oaena "xze" yxeyd : jxev jka oi` j` .ipeepgd xizeny ("dxzed") ztqez oeyln "xezie" eyxit
"eiig exzei èd oxze d"awd xne`d lk : `pipg iax xn`ck" : `"r p `nw àa jezn dler ,dctwd xqeg e` dlign
.my jexra e`x ; cere ,zeliawnae
xywa yxetna mixkfen mixacd oi`y it lr sè .dad` xa `c` ax mya a"r al mixcp
zqixc xeqi` èd èd ìdd dpyna xkfend xvgl dqipkd xeqi` mzqd on ,` d mixcp dpynl
24
.` c mixcp dpynay lbxd
iax ici lr zàen ìdy itk ,"d`pd xcena xeq` xezie elit` : xne` xfril` iax" `ziixad
iax ly ìyewd inlyexid ziibeqa .ilaal uegn driten dpi` ,a"r al mixcpa dad` xa `c`
xcenl lbxd zqixc xeqi` inlyexid itly meyn ile` ,dprn `ll zx`yp xfrl` iax lr iqei
d`xp ,ok it lr sè 25.lekd zrc lr èd ` d mixcpe ` c mixcp ,e ` dlibn dpyna xkfend
xfril` iax `weece ,mi`pz zwelgna iepy did df oiipr ditly zilaad zxeqna wtwtl oi`y
.ezhiyl wx od lbx zqixc eilr zexqe`d zeipynd lke ,d`pd xcena xeq` xezieey did xeaq
: xky eilr milhepy xaca `l` d`pd oi`y dler mixcp zkqna zeipyn dnke dnkn ixd
ok ebdp `ly mewnl dca` zayd lr xky lehil ebdpy mewn oia dpigan a c mixcp dpyn
z`xedl xky dilr elhpy `xwn z`xed oia dpigan b c mixcp dpyn ; d`pd xeqi` oiiprl
Ð dfn df eyxc xvgd ipay oin`dl dyw ,z`f znerl 26.cere ; melyz `ll dzyrpy zekld
oiipra zilaad zxeqnd `leli` mb okl .xvgl dqipk inc Ð dfn df yexcl eid mileki e`
zwelgna dfd oiiprd z` cinrdl epze` ul`n zeipynd ly oheyt did xfril` iax zhiy
daiq oi` ,df oiipra ynn ly mi`pz zwelgnl Ð zilaa mb èle Ð zecr epl yi mè ,mi`pz
27
.da wtwtl
s` mixacd z` cinrn my y"`xd .oitzeyd d"c ,a"r dn mixcp zetqeze o"x e`x ; my mipey`xd on wlg eyxity itk 24
.xfril` iaxk dpynd z` micinrn mpi`y ,`tt axe dea` xa dax ivexize eply ìbeqa ìyewd it lr ,opaxl
zcnrd oky lke ,lbx zqixc inlyexid itly xytè ,d`pd xcena xeq` xezieey micen lekd inlyexid itly xyt` 25
ziiyew recn oaei jk oiae jk oia .melyz mdilr miyxece mdilr miakrn xvgd ipay mixac md ,milebpxz lecib e` xepz
cinrdl oi` if` ,d`pd xcena xeq` xezie zercd lkl m` : dprn `ll dx`yp inlyexia xfrl` iax ixac lr iqei iax
mitzeyd ebdpy gipp m` ynn ly dxizq mdipia yie ,xg` `pz zrck ` d mixcp dpyne cg` `pz zrck epzpyn z`
.milebpxz leciba dfl df xzeel
on lke` epiè ...ziriay iptl") d c ; (oenn zètx `l la` ytp zètx ...ayei `l la` cner") c c mixcp dpyn e`x 26
.("xzen ci zqitz oda el oi` ; xeq` ci zqitz oda el yi") b d ; (zehepd on èd lke` ...ziriayae ,zehepd
ztwzynd zi`pzd dyibd ly ilaa mekiq `l` ,i`pz geqip epi` "d`pd xcena xeq` xezie" wiecnd geqipdy xyt` 27
aaxzyd xfril` iax ly enyy mb xytè .lbx zqixc d`pdd xcen lr zexqe`d zexg`d zeipynae ` d mixcp dpyna
a w r i o a xfril` iax ly eny xekf` llba `l` ,qepwxed oa xfril` iax `pzl dyibd ly i`ce qegii llba `l oiiprl
lecib oiipra dkldd la` ,lbxd zqixc oiipra my `nw `pzd lr wleg mpn` awri oa xfril` iax .` d mixcp dpyna
zxg` zexyt` .xezie ly oiipr ìd sè ,`"r hl ,` d mixcp inlyexid xirny itk ,ezhiyl i`ce dxn`p my milebpxz
ci ,f b `xza àa inlyexia zct oa xfrl` iax `xen`d ly `xnind llba oiiprl aaxzyd xfril` iax ly enyy ìd
ly oiipr èd milebpxz lecib xfrl` iaxl ixd ."oilbepxza dfl df oixzn zeidl oitzeyd ebdp : xfrl iax xn`" : `"r
.d`pd xcena xeq` xezie elit` ezhiyly `vnp .iqei iax dywdy itk ,d`pdd xcen lr èd xeq` ok it lr sè ,xezie
el` lk j` .xfrl` iax `xen`l mewna xfril` iax `pzl deqgiie ewiic `ly `l` ,laal dribd ef zxeqny xytè
itke ,ilaaa wx dxnzypy qepwxed oa xfril` iax ly zihpze` `ziixaa xaecny gipdl xzei xiaqe ,zexryd `l` opi`
.mipta eprvdy
783
(a"r gp Ð a"r fp) "d`pa iax" : ryze miyelyd ìbeqd
oi`y ,dqiakd on ueg ,df z` df oiakrn oitzey lka : d`pa 'x meyn opgei x"` .1 iax ly `xnin .`
d`pa iax meyn opgei
.dqiakd lr zefazdl l`xyi zepa ly okxc
drya miypa lkzqn oi`y df : à` xa ìig x"` Ð rxa ze`xn eipir mvere .2 dcb` yxcn .a
yiy eh bl ediryil
.dqiakd lr zecnery `tiql reiq meyn ea
iax ly `xnind ly
qep` ,`zixg` `kxc `kilc i` ! èd ryx ,`zixg` `kxc `ki`c i` ? inc ikid .3 ea oeice ,d`pa
! èd
.diytp qpinl dil irain d"tè ,`zixg` `kxc `kilc mlerl .4
? cvik g"z ly welg : d`pa iaxn opgei 'x dipin `ra .5 rax` ly dxcq .b
iax l`yy zel`y
d`pa iax z` opgei
.eizgzn d`xp exya oi`y lk .6
iax ly eizeaeyze
inzq oeic ; d`pa
? cvik g"z ly zilh .7 daeyzd z` rhew
ziyilyd
.gth eizgzn d`xp ewelg oi`y lk .8
? cvik g"z ly ogly .9
.uegan ezrahe ,wxie zexrw eilre ,i`lb yilye licb iyily ipy .10
! miptan ezrah : ìpz `de .11
.`wepi `kilc `d ,`wepi `ki`c `d : ìyw `l .12
`d ,`rny `ki`c `d : ìyw `le ,`wepi `kilc `de `d : `ni` zira iè .13
.`rny `kilc
.ìlila `d ,`nnia `d : ìyw `le ,`rny `ki`c `de `d : `ni` zira iè .14
.dze` zetiwn zexcwe ,dxecnl [` cenr gp sc] dnec ux`d mr lye .15
dngd zenia oilcpq `l` dizgz oi`y lk ? cvik minkg icinlz ly dhn .16
,minybd zenia oilrpne
.qela xve`l dnec Ð ux`d mr lye .17
xfril`l digky` ,mdxa`c `zxrnl `hn ik ,`zxrn oiivn `w ded d`pa 'x .18 jezn oey`x dyrn .c
d`pa iaxa dyely
dtpka ip`b : l"` ? mdxa` ciar `w i`n : l"` .àa inw i`wc mdxa` car ezqipk epiipry
: l"` .àa` i`w d`pa : dil `ni` lif ,l"` .diyixa dil `piirn `we dxyc ,dltknd zxrnl
d`pa iax ly `xnin
`zxrnl `hn ik .wtpe oiir ,liir .`kil `nlr i`da xvic rici rcin ,leril mc` ly eitei oiipra
dnvr ipweica ,ipweic zenca zlkzqp : dxnè lew za dzvi ,oey`xd mc`c izye ,oey`xd
zenec zexeqn
.ziniptd zcn jk dpevigd zcnk ! `zxrn ipeivl `pira `d .lkzqz l`
.dpezgzd zcn jk dpeilr zcnk ,efn dlrnl ef miza ipy : c"nle
.dng ilblb ipyl minece ,eiaiwr ipya izlkzqp : d`pa x"` .19
ipta deg ,mc` ipta sewk Ð deg ipta dxy ,mc` ipta sewk dxy ipta lkd .20
.mc` ipta sewk Ð dpiky ipta mc` ,mc` ipta sewk Ð mc`
,eda` iaxc dixtey oirn axc dixtey ,axc dixtey oirn `pdk axc dixtey .21
oirn epia` awric dixtey ,epia` awric dixtey oirn eda` 'xc dixtey
oirn oey`xd mc`c dixtey" : sqep micrd aexa> ,oey`xd mc`c dixtey
.<"dpikyc dixtey
diytz dpzn xa iaeh axc `zxrn` `hn ik ,iaky hihg dedc `yebn` èdd .22 oiipra ilaa dyrn .d
àend mixaw hehig
,`z` xcd izixg` dpyl .diway ,jpin `zehna : l"` ,iia` `z` .dipwica dyrnd zeawra
.dipwicl ìfbe `xtqn izii`c cr diway `l ,iia` `z` .dipwica diytz d`pa iaxa oey`xd
`ziag ,i`xa cgl inxbc `ziag ,i`xa cgl `xtrc `ziag : edl xn`c èdd .23 iaxa ipy dyrn .e
d`pa
xn` ,d`pa iaxc dinwl ez` .edl xn`w i`n irci eed `l ,i`xa cgl `xce`c
? iwxzqa ekl zi` .oi` ? `zeig ekl zi` .oi` : dil exn` ? `rx` ekl zi` : edl
.ekl xn`w ikd ,ikd i` .oi`
? `xeqià zripv `l i`n` : dzxal dxn` `wc edziacl drnyc `xab èdd .24 iaxa iyily dyrn .f
miizqnd d`pa
lk : edl xn` ,aiky ik .cg `l` jea`n il zile ,dl zi` ipa dxyr `zzi` jd lry zeaezk xeìza
elif : edl xn` ,d`pa iaxc dinwl ez` .ediipin idl irci `l ,`xa cgl iqkp xird ixry
,edlek elf` .`way ekiipin idl ekl ilbne i`wc cr ,oekea`c `xaw eheag
ia `vxew elk` elf` .i`dc iqkp edlek : edl xn` ,lf` `l ded dixac èdd
icdq `la iyp`n `penn witn `wc ,i`cedia cg `xab `ki` : ixn` ,`kln
ewqt ,il ded cg `car : edl dxn` edziac `lf` .edeyag edeiz` ,icin `lae
,ìixagl dia ewyne ìn dia eln `we ,dixyia elkè dikynl ehyte ,diyixl
ezip : ixn` .edl dxn` `w i`n irci `l .dixb` `le inc il iadi `w `le
: ixn` .ekl dxn` `wepxf : edl xn` ,d`pa 'xl edeixw .`nile i`cedic `nikgl
lk : `leaà aizk dedc `fg .`pic oecipe àa` aizil ,i`d ilek mikge lièd
`nlrn yipi` `z` ,dzrn `l` : edl xn` .oiic diny `l Ð oicl ixwznc oiic
dipin oiwtne oicl ixwznc oiic lk ,`l` ? dilqt ,`picl dil oinfne [a cenr gp sc]
oiic lk : ixn` i`cedic ia`q mxa ,ikd eazk .oiic diny e`l Ð oica `penn
y`xa : aizkc `fg .oiic diny e`l Ð oica `penn dipin oiwtne oicl ixwznc
,zine `xbi`n litpc ,dzrn `l` .xng `p` oiig lk y`xa ,mc `p` `zen lk
`xng dil ewyn ,zninl dikxcc on ,eze ? dilhw `nc ,zine `lwicn litpce
`p` oeeq` lk y`xa ,mc `p` oirxn lk y`xa : azknl ira ikd `l` ! iige
lk y`xa ,mc `p` oirxn lk y`xa : ixn` i`cedic ia`q mxa ,ikd eazk .xng
.oipnq erazn onz Ð xng zilc xzà ,xng `p` oeeq`
.lhp` ,bap` ,wtp` : ìwhetwc `gzit` aizk .25 lry zaezka oeic .g
ìwhetw xird ixry
? lhp` edfiè .26
.dxez ly ziriax edf .27

785 (a"r gp ± a"r fp) "d`pa iax" : ryze miyelyd ìbeqd
cenlzd zxeqn
mvere .2 .`"r bi ,d ` `xza àa ; `"r hl ,` d mixcp inlyexi .dqiak lr ...d`pa 'x meyn opgei x"` .1
ilaa .dqiakd lr zecnery drya miypa lkzqn oi`y df : à` xa ìig x"` Ð rxa ze`xn eipir
ilaa eeyd .i`lb yilye licb iyily ipy .10 .eh bl ediryi .rxa ze`xn eipir mvere .`"r ck zekn
dpeilr zcnk ,efn dlrnl ef miza ipy : c"nle .ziniptd zcn jk dpevigd zcnk .18 .`"r hl zegpn
oniq ,jl jl ,` `negpz .mc` ipta sewk dxy ipta lkd .20 .`"r bp oiaexir ilaa e`x .dpezgzd zcn jk
dax zldw ; a oniq ,k dyxt dax `xwie eeyd .dng ilblb ipyl minece ,eiaiwr ipya izlkzqp .19 .d
; ci dyxt izax `zwiqt ; b oniq ,ek ; ` oniq ,ai my ; c oniq ,c `pdk axc `zwiqt ; a oniq ,g dyxt
axc dixtey .21 .fi oniq ,zwg ,my ; b oniq ,zen ixg` ,xaea `negpz ; a oniq ,zen ixg` ,` `negpz
awric dixtey oirn eda` 'xc dixtey ,eda` iaxc dixtey oirn axc dixtey ,axc dixtey oirn `pdk
e`x .iaky hihg .22 .`"r ct `rivn àa .oey`xd mc`c dixtey oirn epia` awric dixtey ,epia`
ìn dia eln `we ,dixyia elkè dikynl ehyte ,diyixl ewqt ,il ded cg `car .24 .a"r bq zenai
`l oicl ixwznc oiic lk .hl±fl f opgei it lr dxeyad ; a"r gn dkeq ilaa eeyd .ìixagl dia ewyne
e opgei it lr dxeyad ecibpd .mc `p` `zen lk y`xa .l±eh d opgei it lr dxeyad ecibpd .oiic diny
oileg ,("`xngc `wtp`") a"r hq oihib eeyd .lhp` ,bap` ,wtp` ...xng `p` oiig lk y`xa .25±24 .fp±bp
.("rnyn ìig `wtp`") `"r cv

cg`d m`y .dqiakd on ueg : dyer exiag oi`y xvga dk`ln dyri `ly .dfl df oiakrn oitzey lka
ly okxc oi`y itl : xvga el eqaki `ly df etekl leki epi` da qakl dvex epi` 'è xvga eicba qakn
zecnery meyn zeixkp 'it` xdpa .dqiakd lr zecnery : my qakl xdpd iab lr .zefazdl l`xyi zepa
dil irai` d"t` : dkild jxc lkzqn i` .èd qep` : x"dvi envra dxbi `ly odizerexf zelbne zetigi
`ly elbx zqit cr jex` `diy .eizgzn d`xp exya oi`y lk : lkzqi `ly envr sekl .'iytp qpinl
ewelg `di `ly jk lk agx `diy ely oxehwn .minkg icinlz ly zilhe : sgi jled èdyk elbx d`xi
miyny mewn bex` licba ieyr èdy xacn dtna dqekn .licb iyily ipy : gth `l` eizgzn d`xp
: dcerqd lwlwie dtnd eklkli `ly zeqeke zexrw oigipn eilry dtn `la .ielb yily : eilr mgld
cvn uegan `l` ayei èdy cv ezeà `ly uegan dreaw `dz ea eze` oilezy ogly ly .zrahe
xifgi ,elv` ayeiy .`wepi `ki`c `d ìyw `l : el jenq èdy cv ezeà .miptan ìpzde : xg`d
wifgi `ny yginl `ki` ded ayei èdy jenqa miptan zrahd did m`y uegan zrahd `diy oglyd
iptl cnery .`rny `ki` i` : miptan `di `wepi `kil iè .eze` jetdie oglyd rprpie zraha wepizd
leki .`nnia `d : xg`d cvl cneryl ynyl wifi `ly el jenq miptan zrahd xifgi eynyne oglyd
jk zexcw daiaq oiayeiy .dxecnl .ea rbi `ly xenyl lekie edèxy itl uegan zrahd `diy exifgdl
itl .dngd zenia oilcpq `l` dizgz oi`y lk : dtnd aiaq zexrw siwne o`kne o`kn ielb gipn
oigpen eidi oilcpq ozeè minybd zenil cr oilcpqd oixnyne oilrpn oilrep hih oi`y dngd zeniay
oiwyne oilke` gipdl xeq`y itl ,milrpnd [oixnyn] minybd zenia oke .xzei `le dngd zenia odizgz
: ezhn zgz lkd gipn citwn epi`y .d"r lye : odilr dxey drx gexy iptn dhnd zgz mixg` milke
ccne dxrna qpkp did .`zxrn oiivn ded : oipin aex ea oigipny lk`nd xve`k .mela xve`l dnece
mewn dfià oiekne gztd on dab lr ueg `vei dide dkezay oikekd zqitz mewn dnke dagxe dkx`
zrwea d`nehy iptn zexdh elkìe mipdk my eqpki `ly mewn eze` oiivne dkeza mixawd oigpen
epi`c .`kil `nlr i`da xvic : dab lr xearl xzen dcbpk mixawd eid `ly dxrnd mewn x`ye .dlere
ipweica : oey`xd mc` zenck mdxa` ly ezency .ipweic zenca : qpki `ly dxy iptn gipdl jixv
ely dxrnl qpkil .`pira `de d`pa x"` : dlrn ly mlva `xapy lkzqz l` .oey`xd mc` ly .dnvr
ly .ziniptd zcn jk : da gpen mdxa`y .dpevigd zcnk jixv z` oi` lew za el dxn` : oiivl liaya
eid dilre zia dletk dzidy dltknd zxrnc .c"nle : oey`xd mc`k lecbd mc`d mdxa`y itl .mc`
.ixce`c : oey`xd mc` myy .dpezgzd zcn jk : mdxa` myy .dpeilrd zcnk : d`pa 'xl ixn`w ikd
.`xeqià : oixce`n oieyr zervne zezqke mixk .iwxzqa : micbad on oixxeby xnv oikenn ieyrd xac
dnda epiid `car .`wepxf edl xn` : 'eke il ied `car edl dxn` : `kln ial .edziac `lf` : zepfc
mikge lièd : xead on min ea ae`yl cep epnn eyre dly xerd ehiytde dy`x ewqte dze` ehgyy
mcd efg`y in .mc `p` `zen lk y`xa .xryd ab lr .`leaà : jlnd xvgc .àa` aizil i`d ilek
aex zngn ileg xwir .oirxn lk yixa `l` : od mc zngn zezin lkc xnelk .zne okzqn fiwn epi`y
meyn zixgya oizeyy qebxtq` ilk eze` xnelk .lhp` wtp` bap` : `xng ìd dètx xwire .oià oinc
epnn oilhepy ilk ezeà exeriy xnelk ,lhp` epiide bap` epiide wtp` mpeyla eze` oixew eid dètx
: dvgne dvia .dxez ly ziriaxk exeriye : micil
xivwz
ly eizeaxn cg` ,d`pa iaxa zexeywd zexeqn yng ly uaew cner ef ìbeq ceqia
: "dipa iax" miil`xyiÎux` zexewna llk jxca dpeknd ,opgei iax
s`y zncewd ìbeqa driawd ixeg`ny oeibidd z` drivn dpey`xd zxeqnd Ð `

oiipw zervnà eitzeyn da ynzydl zekfd z` zepwl jixv xvg lr zelral szey
ynzydln df z` df akrl mileki mitzeydy opgei iax mya raew d`pa iax : dwfg
miaxd zeyxa `le xvga zeyrl zekixv miypd dze` ; dqiakl hxt jxev lkl xvga
ody drya miyp lr zelkzqdd zepba oeic àen ef dkld zeawra .zeripv inrhn
.zeqaek
ly mzeldpzd oiipra d`pa iaxl opgei iax oia giyÎec zllek diipyd zxeqnd Ð a
mewin oiipra d`pa iax z`xed .dhind xeciqe ogleyd zkixr ,cebia iabl minkgd
.inipep` oeic icil liaeny dn ,`ziixa zxzeq lke`d ogley
ly mdizegexa d`pa iax ly ezelwzid lr zilaa dcb` ìd ziyilyd zxeqnd Ð b

dixg`l .oeiv znwd jxevl oexaga mdizexaw z` cecnl eèaa oey`xd mcè mdxa`
mixen`y mipey mi`xenè zea`d ,deg ,dxy ,oey`xd mc` ly miitei lr oeic àen
mr ezelwzide iqxt zexaw hhgn lr dcbè ; dnvr dpikyle dfl df minec zeidl
.iia` `xen`d mre ,diigzl mwd icedi ly ezteb
.zizcig dèevl d`pa iax rivdy xaqda zwqer ziriaxd zxeqnd Ð c
zepyxtd ; dèevae d`pa iaxa zwqerd ztqep dcb` ìd ziyingd zxeqnd Ð d
zppgzn ezy` .exvrnl dliaen dnly htyn gqepa dèevl wiprn èdy zizxivid
zxeqnay zizcigd dèevl dpeyla dnecd zizcig diipta exxgyl zepehlyd ipta
ely zepyxtd j` ,dly dywad z` zepehlyd ornl xzet d`pa iaxe ,zncewd
mkgd epexzt ,ok it lr s` .exexgyl zppgzn ìdy dcaerd z` dpeeka dxizqn
zewewgd zeaezkl mixetiy rivn èd .xird xrya oiick eiepinl sè ,exexgyl liaen
ef zxeqn .zeixewnd zeaezkd mr cgi dnegd lr zewwgp eizedbde ,xird zeneg lr
eae ,dphwd diqà ìwecetw xird zneg lr dwewg dziidy zaezka oeicl dliaen
.ìbeqd zniizqn
oteà ilaaa xz` lr gztzd ,zeliawn odl oi`y ,zexeqnd uaewy dler gezipd on
d b `xza àa dpynl xaqd zynynd dpey`xd zxeqnd dàedy xg`l ,ipbxe`
.zeripva ,dpey`xd enk ,zewqer ziyilyde diipyd zexeqnd .zncewd ìbeqle
exvep ,d`pa iax zencd lr zeilaa zecb` ,ziyingde ziriaxd ,ziyilyd zexeqnd
dcb` .dÎi oa ,dipa ,eny llba xeaib mda ynyn d`pa iax .ixvepÎihp` qenletk
l`b myn ,mepidiba xewiaa ezailv xg`l minid zyely z` dlia eyiy dprh zixvep
mixne` ,ok `l .milyexia eyi ly ezailv xz` ,`zebleba xawpy ,oey`xd mc` z`
`l ezen xg`l ea lwzpy dÎi oae ,mdxa` mr cgi ,oexaga xawp mc` : laa i`xen`
`l` ezen xg`l mepidiba exwaa `l ok dyr ède ,d`pa/dipa iax `l` eyi did
,ziyingd zxeqnd .dltknd zxrn iab lr oeiv ziipa jxevl oexagl ribdyk ,eiiga
,car ly exern ieyrd min c`pl lynp ,zepehlyd ici lr htyp d`pa iax ditly
zexeqn cbp qenlet ìd s` ,mine oii ,htyn ipiipra zeierh owize gvip xac ly eteqae
mixne` ,mkizexeqn .ely milynd on dnke eyi ly exvrn oiipra mrtd ,zeixvep
cg` ly eize`wztxdle eiigl zyaeyn dqxib `l` opi` ,mixvepl laa i`xen`
`l` ,ynn l`d ly epa epi`y ,dipa iax ,dxitql ziyilyd d`nd on eply zeblewd
.ziyingl rwx deedne ,xarn jxevl zynyn ziriaxd zxeqnd ."dÎi oa" : eny jk

oiay xarnd ztewzn zenc ,d`pa iaxa zexeywd zexeqn yng ly uaew cner ef ìbeq ceqia
ly xeviw ,dipa iax miil`xyiÎux` zexewna dpeknd Ð d`pa iax ixac .mi`xen`de mi`pzd
eax ,`xen`k bven èd eply ìbeqa 1.cg`k mii`xenè mii`pz zexewna miàen Ð edipa
: oldlck od zexeqnd yng .opgei iax ly
meyne ,[1] oitzeyd xvg oiipra d`pa iax mya opgei iax ly `xnin èd ìbeqd ly ` wlg .1
zewfgd z` ecinrd zncewd ìbeqa laa i`xen` .igkepd mewina uaewd àed jk
yinyz jxevl ztzeynd xvga wifgnd xvgd ipan cgà ,d b `xza àa ,epzpynay
zekfd z` envrl lbql ick dwfgl xvgd ipan cg` wwfp recn : dl`yd zl`yp 2.mieqn
d`pa iax mya opgei iax zxnina yi ? iwlg oteà mb Ele ,envr Fl zkiiyd xvga ynzydl
xvga ynzydln df z` df akrl mileki xvgd ipa d`pa iax itl : ef dl`yl dprn meyn
.zeripv inrhn ,uega `le ,xvga qakl zeaiig miyp oky ,dqiakl hxt ,èdy jxev lkl
oi` 3,lìlnb oa oerny oax `pzl mb zncewd ìbeqa oeica epqgii dze`y ,ef drc itl
zekfd z` zepwl eilre ,èdy jxev lkl xvga ynzydl zihnehe` zekf ccead szeyl
zepwl ozip oday mikxcd zg` od epzpynay zewfgd .xvgl eitzeyn mieqn yinyzl
.ef zekf
die`xd zebdpzdd oiipra d`pa iaxl opgei iax oia giyÎec bven ìbeqd ly b wlga .2
selige ,dhinl zgzny mivtgd xeciqae lke`d ogley zkixra ,yeala mkg cinlzl
4.[17±15 ,10±5] ux`d mr lv` ef zebdpzd
ezqipk lr xtqnd d`pa iaxa miyrn dyely oian oey`xd àen ìbeqd ly c wlga .3
ly miitei oiipra eitn `xnine ,ekezay dxeawd ingzn z` oiivl ick dltknd zxrnl
.[19±18] my xeawd oey`xd mc` zeawr
dèev ly geprit eae ,oiick eynya ,d`pa iaxa sqep dyrn àen ìbeqd ly e wlga .4
.[23] zizcig
ely oic wqt xèzn o`k mb .[24] d`pa iaxa iyily dyrn àen ìbeqd ly f wlga .5
eyxei ly ezedf z` reawl ick jlnd dnly oepbqa dleagza ynzyd eae ,oiick eynya
xg`l wx xxgeye ,zepehlyd ici lr xq`p èd jk zeawra .zny miqkp lra ly iwegd
lr opelzdl dèaa ezy` dlyny izcig lynl zepyxt Ð lìpce sqei oepbqa Ð rivdy
xird ixry lr zewewg eidy zeaFzk yely lr zexrd xirn èd exexgy xg`l .exq`n
iax ly zeiebiizqdd z` zeaFzkl etiqed eizexrd zeawra 5.ddefn dpi`y xir ,xq`p day
.micedid ipwf ,"i`cedic iaq" mya d`pa
: eay mihixtd aexl mieelp mixneg ztqed ici lr agxed df uaew
inlyexiae `"r hl ,` d mixcp inlyexia [1] eply ìbeqd y`xa d`pa iax mya opgei iax ly `xninl dliawnl hxt 1
inlyexi ; ey ,a ,` ze`wqit mixac ixtq : miàd miil`xyi±ux`d zexewna dipa iax xkfen ,`"r bi ,d ` `xza àa
,` g xifp ; c"r gr ,` b dbibg ; c"r gq ,d c ziprz ; b"r fl ,` i ,b"r l ,` c migqt ; b"r ai ,e i zay ; a"r eh ,` ` d`t
mya riten èd ,b dyxt ,glya `zlikna .dax mixiyd xiye dax `xwie ,dax ziy`xaa zenewn dnka oke ; `"r fp
.`"r f ziprz ilaaa `ziixaa miàen eixac df myae ,"d`pa iax"
oitzeyd xvg : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,ìdd ìbeqa oeicde ([8±4] ,"dcnrd" ,gl ìbeq) a"r±`"r fp ,lirl e`x 2
."exag xvg e`
xvg : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"dcnrd" ,gl ìbeq ,zncewd ìbeqa oeicd e`xe ,b ` `xza àa `ztqez e`x 3
.my 12Îe 11 zexrde "exag xvg e` oitzeyd
z` dqkn mkg cinlz m`y èd xexay meyn ,cebial xywa `le dhinle ogleyl xywa wx zbven ux`d mr zebdpzd 4
.ewelgn gthn xzeie exya z` mityegd micbaa yalzn ux`d mr ,ezilha (gthl hxt) ewelg zè ewelga exya
yxcn a wlga àen [1] xvga qakl zekfd oiipra ` wlga d`pa iax ly `xnind xg`l .1
èd s` wqerd "rxa ze`xn eipir mvere" eh bl diryi lr à` xa ìig iax `xen`d ly
.[4±3] ea oeice ,[2] dqiakd zrya zeripva jxeva
mkg cinlzl die`xd zebdpzdd oiipra d`pa iaxl opgei iax oia giyÎecd ly enevira .2
mkgd cinlz ly lke`d ogley oiipra eixaca oeic àen [17±15 ,10±5] ìbeqd ly b wlga
.[14±9]
iaxl qgeind oey`xd mc` ly eiawr xeìze dltknd zxrna d`pa iaxa dyrnd xg`l .3
miitei oiipra zetqep zexnin df wlg jynda zeàen [19±18] ìbeqd ly c wlga d`pa
xawa hhigy ieba dyrn àen d wlgae ,[21±20] mi`xenè zea`d ,oey`xd mc` ly
.[22] laaa `xen`
zeaezkd lr d`pa iax ly eizexrd zeàen eteqay ,ìbeqd ly f wlgay dyrnd zeawra .4
ìwhetw xird ixry lry zaezka oeic ìbeqd ly g wlga àen ,[24] xird ixryay
.[27±25] dphwd diqày
,ixewnd uaewl etqepy el` ode d`pa iax oiipra ixewnd uaeway el` od ,elld zexeqnd ihxt
llek epi` df uaew .ezeedzdae epiptl gpend uaewd ly eiteà oecp o`k .yexitd ipeira epecii
ici lr eitn exqnpy zexnind lk z` `l sè 6,d`pa iax oiipra ilaaay zexeqnd lk z`
? uaewd xvep jxev dfi`le cvik : dl`yd èt` zl`yp 7.opgei iax ecinlz
eply `xnbd lra ici lr o`kl àed e` ,mewnd lr o`k xvep uaewd m` xxal yi dligz
ditly zepyxtd z` qqal ick dpey`xd `xnind z` ìadl ywiay meyn xg` mewnn
dnka ep`vny oiivl yi 8.elek uaewd z` ìad jk abè ,oitzeyd xvga zwqer epzpyn
mixacd xcq z` e` ,irahd mixacd xcq z` dpiye okend on uaew ìad `xnb lray zenewn
`yepl xywznd dyrnd e` `xnind z` uaewd y`xa cinrdl ick ,zeliawna `vnpd
gztp ède ,èdy zenk xceqne irah èd uaewa mihpnl`d xcqyk ,z`f znerl 9.oecipd
dliawn oiè ,irah oteà dfn df mitrzqn mihixtd x`ye xywdl ahid xagznd hixta
,xz` lr `xnbd lra ly ezk`ln ixt èd uaewdy zpzep zrcd if` ,xg` mewna uaewl
jxc lr mitqep mihixt xyxy okn xg`le epiiprl ihpeelxd hixtd z` mcew ìady
.divìveq`d
.uaeway zexeqnd aexl zeliawn oi` eply dxwna .diipyd dixebhwl jiiy eply uaewd
10
,zwdaen dliawn dl yiy dcigid `xnind mb ìdy ,wxtd `yepl zihpeelxd `xnind
mya opgei iax ly `xninl .irah oteà dpnn mitrzqn mihixtd x`ye ,uaewd y`xa driten
: mihpnl` ipy [1] ìbeqd y`xay d`pa iax
,o`k `xnind zàdl dlird èd ,"df z` df oiakrn oitzey lka" ,`yixay llkd .1
epzpynl laa i`xen` ly zepyxtd ixeg`n zcnerd dqitzd z` dxiaqn `xninde
,leka df lr df miakrn mitzeydy oeeikn : ( [8±4] ,"dcnrd" ,gl ìbeq) zncewd ìbeqay
fq migaf ,a"r d dxf dcear ,`"r q oihib ,a"r `r zenai ,a"r dp zekxa ilaaa zeàen d`pa iax ly zetqep zexnin 6
.`"r f ziprz ilaaa zàend `ziixaa `pzd ède ,`"r giw ,`"r
iax" miqxeb micrd lk `l elld zenewnd zvwna .6 dxrd ,lirl migafe dxf dcear ,oihib ,zenai ilaal mipeivd 7
.48 'rd 215 'nr ,(1 dxrd b ìbeq ,lirl) mi`xen`d ly zizextqd dxivid lr ,qiie '` e`x ; "d`pa
.220 ,188 ,176 'nr ,my ,qiie e`x llka q"ya mivawl xywa ef dl`ya oeicl 8
,"dixagl dil xn`c èdd" ,c ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`xe .204±203 'nr ,mye ; my oeive ,67 'rd 200 'nr ,my ,qiie e`x 9
: cebi`d cenlz ,uiaepa 'n ; my 21 dxrde ,"`zicanet icinlz ici lr xnegd xeciq : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn
.286±284 'nr ,(7 dxrd b ìbeq ,lirl) rny z` oixew izni`n
.[1] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x .`"r bi ,d ` `xza àa ; `"r hl ,` d mixcp inlyexi 10
xèzny itk ,eipkyn yinyzd zekfa dkef mitzeyd on cg` day jxcd ìd dwfg
.epzpyna
lr zefazdl l`xyi zepa ly okxc oi`y ,dqiakd on ueg" : `tiqay llkd on `veid .2
ìd ìd j` ,zncewd ìbeqa e` epzpyna oecipy oiiprl zexiyi zxywzn dpi`y ,"dqiakd
.eilre d`pa iax mya ìbeqa eàedy mixnegd x`y mr `xnind ly xeaigd zcewp
.uaewa zeàend zexg`d zexeqna mb dler df `yepe ,[1] zeripva zwqer `xnind ly `tiqd
ilewiy lr zqqean daeyzde ,mkg cinlzl ie`xd welgd oiipra d`pa iax z` lèy opgei iax
oeicd gztzn ef daeyz zeawra 11.[6±5] exya z` ixnbl xizqn mkg cinlz ly welg : zeripv
zeripvd lr d`pa iax ly ezctwd .[17±7] ux`d mr lye mkg cinlz ly ezhinae epgleya
zxrna xfril`l mdxa` oiay giyÎecl rwx zynyn uaewd ly diipyde dpey`xd zexeqna
.[18] miyrnd zyely jezn oey`xd dyrnd ,d`pa iax lr ziyilyd zxeqna ,dltknd
xacd reci zeripv ipiipra d`pa iax ly ezctwd zexnly xfril`l mdxa` xne` df dyrna
akey my ,dltknd zxrnl dqipkd z` epnn repnl jxev oi` okle ,àd mlera ipin xvi oi`y
iax ly ezqipk z` rpen d"awd z`f znerl .ezy` dxy ikxa lr zinihpi` dgepza mdxa`
d`pa iaxl xeqè ,d"awd ly enlva `xap oey`xd mc`y meyn ,oey`xd mc` xawl d`pa
sebd ipiipra zeripv lr citwdl yi dfd mlera : xne` deed .d"awd ly epweic z` ze`xl
mipiipra zeripv lr df mewna citwdl yi ,z`f znerl ,àd mlera ; dpial epiay mipiiprae
dfd mlerd z` zpiit`nd ziptebd dweyzd oia dpigan ef dti dcb` .dpikyd eifl mixeywd
ef zeèaa oirk ody dxidan zra da j` ,àd mlerd z` zpiit`nd zipgexd dad`d oial
.efl
: diptl eàedy d`pa iax zexeqnl mikxc dnka xywzn [24] d`pa iaxa iyilyd dyrnd
[24] `wqitay dyrnd sè ,zeripvd oiipr èd odd zexeqnd oia xywnd hegd ,xen`k .1
drya ,zihxwqic epiid ,drepv dziid ìdy dcen dyi` : zeripvl xeywd oiipra gztp
.mixfnn md dipa zxyr jezn dryzy jkl rcen epi` dlrae ,mixg` mixab mr dt`py
in rcei epi` envr èd j` ,cala iwegd epal ezyexi z` yixene dixac z` rney lrad
.èd
rwx zynyn [18] oey`xd dyrna dltknd zxrna d`pa iax bdep day ceakd z`xi .2
dyexil miprehd zxyr lr deevn èd : iyilyd dyrna ynzyn èd day dleagzl
envr èd ixd .eia` xaw z` llgl `ly citwi xyk rxfy ercia ,mdia` xawa heagl
èd okle ,oey`xd mc` xawl qpkidln rpnpe ,dxye mdxa` xawl zeyx `la qpkp `l
iwegd oad epi` xawa heagl okeny ine ,zea` xaw ceak lr citwdl xyk rxfn dtvn
.xeawd ly
uaewd lra d`x dn .[18] oey`xd dyrnl zexiyi èt` xywzn [24] iyilyd dyrnd
? [23] izxivi oteà rxn aikyd zèev z` d`pa iax yxtn eay ipyd dyrna mdipia cixtdl
xawa mihaegd mipad miniy`n eay meyi`d z` wfgl ick wx àen ipyd dyrndy dnec
,[24] "icin `lae icdq `la iyp`n `penn witn `wc ,i`cedia cg `xab `ki`" : d`pa iax z`
zegt did df meyi` .melk ilae micr ila miyp`n oenn ìveny micedid oia cg` yi` yi
lra gxeh okle ,mnvr mipiylnd z` d`pa iax gtiw eay dyrnd lr wx qqazd eli` oin`
oi`y lk d"c ,a"r fp `xza àa ,m"ayxe meyxb epaxl qgeind : o`k oecpd seygd xyad zl`ya ewlgp mipey`xd 11
ìd dctwddy yxit ,h d zerc zekld ,m"anxd ; eilbx iley etygii `ly ,cbad jxe` lr ìd dctwddy eyxit ,exya
; 609 'nr ,(47 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) mi`xen`d zextql zeèan ,oiihyt` p"i e`xe .sewy didi `ly ,cbad iaer lr
,[8±6] ze`wqita liawnd geqipd xe`l mxa .rw 'nr ,(32 dxrd ì ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,dkld xexiae dxexa dkld
gthl cr welgd lk z` zeqkl dkixv zilhd : xèevde dfgd xefà xerd ztiyg lr ìd dctwddy yxtl sicr ile`
.welgd ici lr dqekn zeidl jixv dfd gthd mbe ,xèevl jenqd
s` `l` ,ef jxca oenn d`pa iax ìved xawd heaig ly dxwnay cala ef `ly oiivl `xnbd
`ll miyxeid oia miqkp wlig èd ipyd dyrna xhtpd ly dèevl wiprd èdy zepyxta
.èdd dxwna ecbpzd `l mnvr miyxeidy mbd ,xhtpd zpeek dziid efy ynn ly dgked
z` wtqn [18] oey`xd dyrna dxeawd zexrna d`pa iax bdep day ceakd z`xiy myk
d`pa iax wiprny zizxivid zepyxtd jk ,[24] iyilyd dyrna rivdy dleagzl rwxd
dyrna d`pa iax myèd eay meyi`l rwxd z` darn [23] ipyd dyrna rxn aikyd ixacl
.[24] iyilyd
uaewdy jk lr miriavn d`pa iax uaeway zexeqnd yng oiay elld mikeaqd mixywd lk
`xnbd lra d`x dn : zeywdl ozip ok it lr s` .zg` dywnk `xza àaa mewnd lr deedzd
seq cre o`kn zepecipd oiyinyzd zewfg oia xyw yi m`d ? o`k `weec ef dcb` ziibeq xcql
? d`pa iaxa miyrnd oial wxtd
elld zexeqnd aexa iehia icil miàd dfd mlera zeripve xcq iig ly miaihendy dnec
oteà obx`le mipky iqgia xcq hilydl àd oiyinyz zwfg ly `yepl ahid mixywzn
,mitzeye micigi ly zexvgde mizad oiay ghya miigd z` ihzqè xceqn ,izegiha ,repv
z`f xyt`l yie ,drpva dqiak lr zecitwn l`xyi zepa .miaxd zeyxl cigid zeyx oiae
lke`d ogley xeciqa ,yeala zeripve xcq lr mb micitwn minkg icinlz ; oitzeyd xvga
izaa zeripvde aehd xcqd lr micitwn mb md ; dhinl zgzne ziad jeza milkd oeqgàe
hxtd zeyxa oeiwipde xcqd lr dxiny ly ef die`x zebdpzd .znd ceak meyn ,zexawd
mbe ìbeqa d`pa iax lr zexeqna iehia icil dàd mixg`le hxtl ztzeynd zeyxae
iaxa iyilyd dyrnd seqa mb ztwzyn ,oiyinyz zewfg oiipra eply wxtd seqay zeklda
cala ef `ly ,zepehlyd mrhn xac ly eteqa obed qgia eze` dzkif die`xd ezebdpzd : d`pa
znkg ipiipra eizexrd z` ewwge ,mdilr hteyl eze` epin s` `l` `lkd on eze` exxgyy
dxrdd : yep` iqgia "aehd xcqd" opiipr od s` el` zexrd izy .xird ixry lr miig
"zetgd zwfg" ìd ìd ,oic ziaa gkedy meyi` oial cala cyg oia dpigand ,dpey`xd
mdizepekz xeìza weic dpiipry ,diipyd dxrdd .epinia iaxrnd mlera htyna zlaewnd
icil miàd die`x zebdpzde ziyi` dpiibid ipiiprl ahid zxywzn ìd s` ,oiide mcd ly
.ìbeqay zexg`d zexeqna iehia
zk`ln ìde ,o`k dzeedzd d`pa iaxa zexeywd zexeqn ly uaewd epzhiyly it lr s`
iptl elld zexeqnle mixetiql i`nvr meiw llk did `ly xne` df oi` ,eply `xnbd lra
i`nvr meiw did ,ozvwnl zegtl e` ,zexeqnd yngly d`xp .o`k mze` uaiy `xnbd lray
siqed e`/e ,d`pa iaxl miniiw mixetiqe zexeqn qgii eply `xnbd lra .ìbeqa oveaiy iptl
,oldl cenrp el` mikldn lr .epiptly uaewd z` xevil ick ,zeceqi mda cair e` zeceqi mdl
.yexitd ipeira
yexit ipeir
okxc oi`y ,dqiakd on ueg ,df z` df oiakrn oitzey lka : d`pa 'x meyn opgei x"` .1
.dqiakd lr zefazdl l`xyi zepa ly
,d ` `xza àa inlyexiae `"r hl ,` d mixcp inlyexia xen`k ep`vn ef `xninl dliawn
ici lr zeripvd lr oeice dcb`d oeeika `xnind z` zgztnd ,eply ìbeql cebipa .`"r bi
hxtd zeripv ipiipra d`pa iax ly zetqep zexeqne à` xa ìig iax ly yxcnd zàd
xzidd lr zelabn rivnd dipzn iax `xen`d mya izkld oeic ep`vn inlyexia ,ezebdpzde
: mixcp inlyexid oeyl dfe .mitzeyd znkqd `ll xvga qakl `xninay
ceak iptn dqiakd on ueg ,xvga df lr df oiakrn oitzeyd lka : dipa iax mya opgei iax
.l`xyi zepa
`l oiqakn miyp`dy mewn la` ,zeqakn miypdy mewn xn` z`c `cd : diipzn x"`
ivn `l dixagc zen` 'ca mxa ,xvgd lka ,xvga dqiakd on ueg xn` z`c `ce .`ca
ec ,dicia èd ignin dixagc zen` raxà elit` ,rteyn mewnd did m` .dicia ignin
.iabl iz` ède jty z` dil xn`
,zeqaek miypd eay mewnl laben mitzeyd xeyi` ila xvga qakl xzidd s` ,dipzn iax itl
,xvga xg` zial zekenqd zen`d rax` jeza qakln drepn dyi`d xvga mbe ,mixabd `le
mizal jenqa rwxwd z` aihxdl milelr miktypd minde zrteyn xvgd rwxwyk e`
.mixg`d
dipzn iax zxniny xyt` : jkl zeaiq dnk dpkziz .ilaaa eply ìbeqa el` zelabnl cd oi`
,mixabd `le zeqaek miypdy did heyt laaa j` ,dxqnp ìdy xytè ,laaa dxqnp `l
.ìd dgehy laa znc`y meyn ,zerteyn eid `l zexvgde
drya miypa lkzqn oi`y df : à` xa ìig x"` Ð rxa ze`xn eipir mvere .4±2
`kxc `kilc i` ! èd ryx ,`zixg` `kxc `ki`c i` ? inc ikid .dqiakd lr zecnery
.diytp qpinl dil irain d"tè ,`zixg` `kxc `kilc mlerl ! èd qep` ,`zixg`
: d`pa iax mya opgei iax ixaca mieqn qwecxt mihilan mda oeicde à` xa ìig iax ixac
ixeaiv mewna e` xdpd cil `le ,zeihxtd odizexvga dpqakz miypy zaiign mpn` zeripvd
eliè ,mixab ipirn wegxd lvene hwy mewn èvnl ozip xdpd cil ok it lr sè ,lek oirl xg`
zeqaekd cil xearl mivl`p mde xvga mixcd mixabl "`zixg` `kxc `kil" mitzeyd xvga
zaxwa zeripva qakl sicr ok it lr s`y xaq d`pa iaxy dnec .mdizan mèaae mz`va
z` ecakiy jk lr jenql dleki ìde zqaekl mixken xvga mixcd mixabd oky ,ziad
miaaezqnd mixf mixabn èd yygd my ,xdpd cil ok oi`y dn ,xyt`d zcina dzeihxt
zaeg z` lihn à` xa ìig iax ly yxcnd mr d`pa iax zxnin ly aeliyd .mewna
eizepky cil xaery drya lkzqdl `le "diytp qpinl dil irain" : `weec xabd lr zeripvd
.ezian eèaae ez`va zeqaekd
ezrahe ,wxie zexrw eilre ,i`lb yilye licb iyily ipy ? cvik g"z ly ogly .15±9
.dze` zetiwn zexcwe ,dxecnl dnec ux`d mr lye ...uegan
zegzexd zexcwd : cgi mb lke` ogleyke "dcear ghyn"k epgleya ynzyn ux`d mr
,zegzexd zexcwd on zexiyi lke` aqnde ,lke`d ogley l` leyiad zxecnn xyi zeàen
lke`d z` xceq ,z`f znerl ,mkg cinlz .zexcw ztwen dliadn dxecnl dnec ogleydy jk
enk .ogleyd lr zexiyi gpen wxid wx .lke`d ogleyl zexrwa eze` yibne 12xg` ogley lr
zgpd mewn .lke`d zgpd mewnl daiyid mewn oia dxexa dpgad mkgd cinlz lv` yi ok
,aqnd cily mewnd eliè 13,aqnd on wegx ,ogleyd on yilyk eghye ,seyg èd lke`d
14
mewin lr citwn mb mkg cinlz .bex` ca : licb dqekn ,ogleyd ly miyily ipyk qtezd
.my 183 dxrde ,60 ,45±43 'nr ,c"ryz ob znx ,dpyna ziad hedix ,meapyxiw w"g ; ` g oileg dpyn e`x 12
eaqdy cigi ly zepgleya did xaecn ixdy ,licb iyily ipy d"c ,a"r fp `xza àa m"ayxa zàend dpey`xd drck 13
dkld ly meyii ìd ogleyd rvnà èd seygd mewnd ditly my diipyd drcd .miizgtyn zepgleya `le ,mcil
.dcerqa mitzzynd lk miayei mcily milecb zepgleya ef
bdpnke ,zerelw mgl zexkik oaena "licb" yxity ,ogley d"c ,my ybin i"x e`x j` .my ,d"nx cie m"ayx ,meyxb epax 14
zegpen mgld zexkik `l` ,dtnl llk zeqgiizd oi` eyexitl .rvead ly eayen mewnl zaya ztd z` axwl eply
zexrwe wxid migpen rvead on wegxd ogleyd ly yilyd lre ,epgleyn miyily ipyk qtez oghye ,rveal aexw
i"xy d`xpe ,zerelw eid mi`xen`d inia mgld zexkiky jkl zecr oi` j` .zexcwd on odil` xaredy mgd lke`d
.epinia zebdepe einia ebdpy "zelg"d on dxeg` jilyn ybin
`ly ick 15,yeniya dpi`yk xiway xnqnd lr ogleyd z` zelzl ick zynynd zrahd
16
.mze` okqz `le lke`d xcga mi`vnpd mixg`le miaeqnl rixtz
iè .`wepi `kilc `d ,`wepi `ki`c `d : ìyw `l ! miptan ezrah : ìpz `de .14±11
iè .`rny `kilc `d ,`rny `ki`c `d : ìyw `le ,`wepi `kilc `de `d : `ni` zira
.ìlila `d ,`nnia `d : ìyw `le ,`rny `ki`c `de `d : `ni` zira
elek ìbeqd ly b wlg ixd ? [11] `wqita zàend "miptan ezrah" `ziixad ly daih dn
ogley" d`pa iax z` lèy opgei iax o`ke ,d`pa iaxe opgei iax eldipy zihxt dgiyl ycwen
lk `ziixaa iepy did liawnay okziid .[10] el dper d`pa iaxe ,[9] "cvik mkg cinlz ly
ezrahe wxie zexrw eilre ,i`lb yilye licb iyily ipy mkg cinlz ly ogley" : ìdy
,ef dgiya d`pa iax ici lr exn`py mixacl ynn ly zeliawn llk ep`vn `l ? "miptan
d`pa iax ixac z` weica èdy lk `pz dpy day `ziixa dziid dxwnay oin`dl dywe
dziid m` sè .uegan/miptan seliga ,mkg cinlz ly ogley oiipra opgei iax ecinlzl
`l` opi` el` zervdy meyn od ,xg` ogley sicrdl d`pa iax ly ezekf ixd ,z`fk `ziixa
df oiipra wgcidl `xnbd lra d`x dn 17.`pz envra did d`pa iaxy meyn ode dcb` ixac
? ef "`zaeiz"l [14±12] mipey mivexiz dyely zrvd ick cr
iax ditly `ziixa laaa dxqnp d`pa iaxl opgei iax oiay ef dgiyl liawnay heyt d`xp
wxie zexrw eilre ,i`lb yilye licb iyily ipy mkg cinlz ly ogley" : xn` envr d`pa
eply `xnbd lra dywd e n v r d ` p a i a x ixaca zexeqnd itelig lr ."miptan ezrahe
eyniyy miphw zepgley o`k mixèzny ,lirl eply yexitd xe`l .mivexiz dyely rivde
: jk mivexizd zyely z` yxtl d`xp ,cala cg` aqnl
`ly ick ,("miptan") aqnd xar l` zrahd z` zeptdl yi lke`d xcga aaezqn cliyk .1
.[12] aqnl rixtz `ly ick ,dvegd zrahd z` zeptdl yi micli xcrda ; clid z` okql
ynyd z` s` : yny yiy dxwna s` `l` ,aaezqny cli ly dxwna wx dppi` dctwdd .2
.[13] lke`d z` yibn èdy drya dvegd zrahd ziiptd ici lr okql oi`
aqnd ly zegepd z` sicrdl yi ,ynyl ax oekiq oiè oirl dielb zrahdyk ,meid zerya .3
.[14] aqnd l` zrahd z` zeptdl yi dlila wxe ,ynyd zegiha lr
e` miceg da oi`y dlebr zraha xaecn ixdy ,zegihad lr dctwdd z` oiadl dyw zvw
oiadl dyw ,eitb z` e` ey`x z` zrahl qipkdl dqpiyk okzqi cliy okzii m` s` .zeevw
eid minrtly dler a ai milk dpynny meapyxiw oxw deg dxird dpde .ynyl oekiqd z`
ogleyd z` zelzl d`xpk yniy èd sè ,zrah mewna ,ee e` ,"ilwpe`" ogleyd dvwa reaw
`ziixaay "zrah"d s`y did xeaq eply `xnbd lra `nye 18.yeniya epi`yk xiwd lr
dztiyga yiy xaq okle ,ilwpe` zxeva ,dgezt zrah dziid opgei iaxl d`pa iax ixacae
.dpkq meyn yny e` cli itlk dpeeikae
car xfril`l digky` ,mdxa`c `zxrnl `hn ik ,`zxrn oiivn `w ded d`pa 'x .18
`we dxyc dtpka ip`b : l"` ? mdxa` ciar `w i`n : l"` .àa inw i`wc mdxa`
xvic rici rcin ,leril : l"` .àa` i`w d`pa : dil `ni` lif ,l"` .diyixa dil `piirn
; 13 'nr ,` wlg ,ipy jxk ,h"txz aia` lz ,cenlzd zeipencw ,qiexw 'y ; ezrahe d"c ,a"r fp `xza àa m"ayx e`x 15
,(12 dxrd ,lirl) meapyxiw ; J. Tabory, “The Household Table in Roman Palestine”, AJS Review 4 (1979), p. 214
.42 'nr
.el` ze`wqitl yexitd ipeire ,[14±11] ze`wqit ,oldl e`x 16
.1 dxrd ,lirl mipeiv e`x 17
.42 'nr ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) meapyxiw 18
lew za dzvi ,oey`xd mc`c `zxrnl `hn ik .wtpe oiir ,liir .`kil `nlr i`da
! `zxrn ipeivl `pira `d .lkzqz l` dnvr ipweica ,ipweic zenca zlkzqp : dxnè
zcn jk dpeilr zcnk ,efn dlrnl ef miza ipy : c"nle .ziniptd zcn jk dpevigd zcnk
.dpezgzd
z`hazn "ytpd zex`yid" ditly dqitzd oky ,laaa eceqiy d`xp .zeliawn oi` df xetiql
epl zxken ,mzen iptl eldipy miigd oirk ,mdizexawa miig gxe` mildpn mizndy jka
envr xawa iyep`d meiwd jynd z` eyibcd laaay xyt` 19.miilaa zexewnn xwira
sè ,dyecwd dnc`d z` `nhnd dyrnk dxeawl ecbpzdy ,mixhqèxefd cbp qenletk
20
.[22] `wqitay dyrna ep`vny itk ,zetebd z` mdn ìvedl ick micedid ixawa ehhig
dkldd z` zyy`n ,zeend xg`ly miigd miygxzn eay ,"le`y" èd èd xawdy driawd
.zinnrd drceza rwxwa dxeaw zaiignd
21
xdih i`gei xa oerny iax ditly zxeqnd .dcbà wdaen ilaa aihen èd zexrnd oeiv s`
(mipdk : ilaad itl) mixyk micedil xyt`¦ jkae ,zexaw iab lr diepa dziidy ,dixah z`
zexewnd itl .`"r cl Ð a"r bl zay ilaaa od miil`xyiÎux` zexewna od driten ,da xecl
Ð e oniq ,hr dyxt dax ziy`xae c"r gl ,` h ziriay inlyexi mdipia Ð miil`xyiÎux`d
,xg` mewna mze` xawe ziqp dwipkha mdizexawn miznd z` ìved i`gei xa oerny iax
rpniy ,zexawd oeiva i`gei xa oerny iax wtzqd ilaaa dliawna .xird z` xdhl ick
èd .eply dyrna d`pa iax ici lr zexrnd oeiv ly dxhnd efe 22,zrcen `l ze`nhid
dkfiy ick yiwl yix mv ditly zxeqnd ,dfa `veik 23.dltknd zxrn ,oey`xd xawa ligzn
àa ilaaay dliawna zkted ,a"r al ,b h mi`lk inlyexia ,melga ìig iax z` ze`xl
,ìig iax ly dxeawd zxrn z` oiivl yiwl yix ywia ditly zxeqnl `"r dt `rivn
one oepbqd on rtyed my `xnbd lray jk lr oncixt i"y x"en cnr xake ,eipirn dnlrpy
24.eply ìbeqd ly mipkzd
wgxd zenypd zexaer eil`y mewnk àd mlerd z` eqtz l`xyi ux` inkg .`"r hi ± a"r gi zekxa ilaa ,lynl ,e`x 19
e`x ; zeqitzd izy ly èdy lk aeliy e` ,èal cizrl zenc` ilr miznd eigi day dtewzk e` ,sebd zxeaw mewnn
oiwifp ,dpyn ixcq dyy ,wal` 'g ; fix±bix 'nr ,`"iyz wxei eip ,ozp iaxc zeaè zea` zezkqnl èan ,oiihylwpit `"`
ynn ly miigk zeend xg`l miigd z` exìz `l md j` ; my mipeive ,455±454 'nr ,(65 dxrd bl ìbeq ,lirl)
S. Lieberman, “The After Life in Early Rabbinic Literature”, Texts and Studies, New York 1974, .xawa mildpznd
my ìady zexewna ahid oiirnd la` ,df oiiprl miilaa zexewnl miil`xyiÎux` zexewn oia oigan epi` ,pp. 246–251
mlera miznd mditle ,zenc` ilr miigl minec zeend xg`ly miigd mditly miil`xyiÎux` zexewn mpyiy d`xi
.epnhp eay xawa ygxzn zeend xg`l df meiwy zeyxetn mda xn`p `l la` ,dfd mlera mdilr xn`p dn mircei àd
ìd dnypd `l` ,micxtp minvr ipy mpi` dnypde sebd ditly `xwna le`yd zqitzl dnec zilaad dyibdy d`xp
ztewza df oiipra zepen`d ly dti mekiql) le`ya zxg` e` ef zpekzna mikynp el` miige ,mcà znrtnd miigd gex
Îux`d dyibd eliè ,(763±754 'nr ,b"kyz milyexi ,c zi`xwn dictelwivp` ,"zen" ,mhypeil `"y e`x `xwnd
oewiqwl : jeza ,"ytpd zxez" ,xeìl` 'x e`x) ytpl seb oia dinehekic ly zipeeid dqitzd on xzei zrtyen zil`xyi
.(535±534 'nr ,b"pyz aia` lz ,xeltÎqcpn 'te odk `"` zkixra ,eppnfa zicedid zeaxzd
M. Boyce, A History of Zoroastrianism, vol. 3, Leiden 1991, p. 415 ; e`xe ; [22] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x 20
G. Herman, “ ‘Bury My Coffin Deep!’ : Zoroastrian Exhumation in Jewish and Christian Sources”, in : Tiferet
onxdy zextqe ,leYisrael : Jubilee Volume in Honor of Israel Francus, eds. J. Roth et al., New York 2010, pp. 31–59
.12 'rd 34 'nr ,my dil` oiivn
,oncixt i"y e`x ; mi`pzd zextqa xak byenl dax zizkld zeqgiizd dpyi la` , d c b ` a ilaa aihen èd zexrn oeiv 21
,b"pyz milyexie wxei eip ,oncixt i"y zkixra ,onxail le`yl oexkfd xtq : jeza ,"ilaad cenlza zixehqidd dcb`l"
.my mipeive ,104 'rd 139 'nr
ywia ,30±29 'nr ,(a"nyz) ak `xczw ,"zxeqne dixehqd : dixah ly dxedihe mizn zenvr ,i`gei xa oerny 'x" ,oiel 'i 22
it lr s` .jtdl `le ,ilaaay zexaw oeiv oiipra zilpeivxd zxeqnd ly gezit inlyexiay zipeincd zxeqna ze`xl
ely zxewial envr z` syg èd df oerihay d`xp ,cala df oerih lr qqazn epi` zxeqnd zeclez ly ely xefgydy
milawzn mdl e`xpy zxeqnd ly miaikxnd z` mipeyd mixwegd exga dk cr" : el encwy mixwegd ixac lr envr
.(10 'nr ,my) "...zrcd lr xzeia
`xza àa zetqez e`x ; xeaicl mcwy ,mdxa` lye ,ieb didy ,mc` ly mdizexaw oiivl jxevd iabl eywd mipey`xd 23
mdivexiz e`x ; cere ,d`pa iax d"c ,my o"xde `"ahixd iyecig ; oiivc `d d"c ,my o"anxd iyecig ; oiivn d"c ,`"r gp
.my
.[21] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`xe .my 106 dxrde ,139 'nr ,(21 dxrd ,lirl) oncixt 24
eply ìbeqa igkepd enewina dfd dyrnd z` o`k uaiy eply `xnbd lra ,lirl eprhy itk
oial [1] `wqita dfd mlera miyp ly zeripv lr d`pa iax ly ezctwd oia cibpdl ick
le`yay ze`xdle ,df dyrna àd mlera dpial epiay mipiipra zeripv lr dctwddÎi`
ywia ok enk .d"awd ly epweic zii`x iptn zerphvd lr zipgex dctwda ztlgen ef dctwd
,iyilyd dyrna iwegd oad zedf z` zelbl ick d`pa iax ynzyd eay libxzdy ze`xdl
znd ceak lr d`pa iax ly ezctwda eceqi ,eia` xawa heagi `l df oay ezgpd lr zqqaend
.zeyx ila ,zexaw oeiv zeevn jxevl elit` ,mcè mdxa` ixawl qpkidl eaexiqe
jezn `vp m` df xetiq o`k uayl `xnbd lra ly ezxiga z` xiaqdl mileki el` milewiy
.oi`n yi xetiqd zxivi z` xiaqdl ick ea yi m` wtq la` ,ok iptl xak miiw did èdy dgpd
eply ìbeqa uaeyy iptl cer laaa xagzd èd la` ,ilaa mpn` èd df xetiqy d`xp okl
.`xnbd lra ici lr
mb ,eply xetiqa caln ,driten dltknd zxrna xawp oey`xd mc` ditly zxeqnd ,dpde
zxeqnae ,a oniq ,gp dyxt dax ziy`xaa "rax` zixw" myl epzipy miyexitd cgà
xcy il`xyiÎux` `xen` ,wgvi iaxl `"r bi dheq ilaaae `"r bp oiaexir ilaaa zqgeind
.laaa zeax mipy
dnc`d dgwlp epnny mewna xawp oey`xd mc` dnecwd zicedid zxeqnd itl j`
ly ezailv mewny draw zixvepd zxeqnd s` .milyexia ycwnd mewn epiidc 25,ezìxal
.oey`xd mc` ly ezlebleb ly dxeawd mewn èdy meyn jk `xwp ,`zebleb dpeknd ,eyi
zea` ixaca z`hazn oey`xd mc` ly ezxeaw mewn mr alvd mewn iedif ly zeaiygd
: azek qpbixe` .mehqeqixk opgeie qpbixe` Ð diiqpkd
my"y ick ,my xawp mc` ly eteby mixqen mixardy izricil àed ,`zebleb oiipra
26
,"eigi lkd eyiae" diigzl mc` mwei jk "mc` meyn mizn mleky
: azek mehqeqixk opgeie
mc`y mixne` yi .(fh hi opgei) zleblebd mewn xnelk ,`zeblb `xwpd mewnd cr àie
zavn) oei`texhd z` mb eyi aivd ,zeend hly eay df mewna ,mye ,my xawpe zn
27.zeend zevixr lr epegvpl oei`texhk alvd z` e`yepa `vi èd ik .(oegvpd
L. Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, e`xe ; e n (dyn oefg) ipeeid gqepd ; a dn ,ipihld gqepd ,dege mc` iig 25
Philadelphia 1946, vol. 5, pp. 125–127 ; vol. 6, pp. 440–441 ; I.M. Gafni, ‘ “Pre-Histories’ of Jerusalem in Hellenistic,
xird ef `l' " ,xip 'x .Jewish and Christian Literature”, Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 1 (1987), pp. 5–22
iig" ly iedifd lr zwleg ,9 'rd 7 'nr ,(q"yz) dq oeiv ,"ixeqd jexa xtqa zininyd milyexi : 'dizewg miitk lr xy`
M. de Jonge and J. Tromp, The Life of Adam and Eve and zeawrae ,ziad inia eizeceqiy icedi xeaigk "dege mc`
ìd okl ."p"dql 'cd±'ad ze`nd on ixvep xeaig"a xaecny zraew ,Related Literature, Sheffield 1997, pp. 67–77
tnexhe dbpei dc ly mzcnr j` .zicedi zxeqn ìd milyexia xawp oey`xd mc` ditly zxeqndy jkl zygkzn
M. de Jonge, lv` mekiqd oke ,77±76 ,68 'nr ,my e`x) ce`n mixidf mdly migeqipde ,zirnynÎcg zeidln dwegx
“The Christian Origin of the Greek Life of Adam and Eve”, in : Literature on Adam and Eve : Collected Essays,
M.E. lv` mixwegd ly zecnrde zeiecrd zxiwq e`x ; zwelgna diepy mzcnr dxwn lkae ,(Leiden 2000, p. 363
ezty oiipra o`kl e` o`kl zrxkn di`x xcrda .Stone, A History of the Literature of Adam and Eve, Atlanta 1992
qgiil ozip m` dl`ya dielz ixvep e` icedi xeaiga xaecn m` driawdy dnec ,e`ven onf e` xeaigd ly zixewnd
ily myexd .zixvep dnbn e` ibelehqixk fnx mey mda oi`y dpyid zixad on zeienc lr miiyxcn mixeaig mixvepl
.df oaena "dnyl dxez"a micedi wx ewqr dycgd zrl cry èd
iptbe bxeavpiby xexa d`xp ,icedi xeaig `le ixvep xeaig ok` èd ecxyy migqepa "dege mc` iig" xeaigd m` mb j`
meyn z`f .ipyd ziad inin zicedi zxeqn ìd milyexia xawp oey`xd mc` ditly mipc ep` day zxeqnde ,miwcev
qgiin ,ef zxeqn xikfny wdaen oteà ixvepk ddefnd oey`xd ixvepd ,ziyilyd d`nd oa qpibixe` diiqpkd a`y
.dàd dxrdae ,jenqa oldl al fk iznl eyexitn dàend e`x .mixarl dze`
xewnd on rhwa jk .J.P. Migne, Patrologia Graeca, vol. 13, p. 1777, n. 89 zxecdn e`x ; al fk iznl yexit ,qpibixe` 26
ipihl mebxza wx zexecd jyna xnzyd el fk ± bi fh iznl qpibixe` ly eyexit .my 89 dxrda àend ci azkn ipeeid
.52 'rd 20 'nr ,(25 dxrd ,lirl) iptb ; my ,dipin e`x ."mixqen mixardy" milind ehnyed epnne ,(my miptd gqep)
.dt ,opgei it lr dxeyad lr zeyxc ,mehqeqixk opgei 27
xxFr
¥ L`FA¤ z`xwl© § ¦ Ll§ dfbx
¨ § ¨ zgYn
© © ¦ lF`W"
§ ,h ci ediryil zixvepd zepyxtl dxeyw ef zxeqn
,df weqtl zixvepd zepyxtd itl ."miFb ¦ ikln
¥ § © lM
Ÿ mzF`qMn
¨ § ¦ ¦ miwd
¦ ¥ ux`
¤ ¨ icEYrÎlM
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icil dà ef zepyxt .diigzl miznd z` miwdl ick le`yl giynd zcixi lr àip ediryi
`gqta eziigz oial yecwd iyiy meia eyi ly ezailv oia ditly dnecw zixvep dpenà iehia
dà ef zxeqn .ocr obl mìadle ,mixgè oey`xd mc` z` epnn le`bl ick le`yl cxi èd
28
,fi±fh miwxt ,qencewip it lr dxeyad mya ziyingd d`nd on xeaiga wdaen iehia icil
30 29
.mehqeqixk opgeil ode qpbixe`l od zxken dziid ìd j`
,dxitql ziriaxde ziyilyd ze`na èt` dgztzd ezailv mr dle`y cxi eyiy oeirxd
dege mc` ditly zxeqndy 31iptb ediryi ly ezrvd zi`xp .mi`xen`d ztewzl zeliawnd
lr zxeqnl silgzk dgztzd ,wgvi iax `xen`l ilaaa zqgeind ,dltknd zxrna exawp
iedifa e`x el`y xg`l ,mixvepd zrcn ìvedl ick z`fe ,milyexia oey`xd mc` zxeaw
ediryi ly ezèapy mzprhl qiqa eyi ly ezailv mewn mr oey`xd mc` ly ezxeaw mewn
.eyia dniiwzd
zixvepÎihp` dxih`qe zexvpd mr zexkidy jk lr zepexg`d mipya mixwegd eriavd dpde

d`pa iax oiipra eply zxeqndy rivdl ozip `nye 32,`weec ilaad cenlza z`vnp swid zax
,dltknd zxrna oey`xd mc` ly ezxeaw oiipra wgvi iax dbdy mixacl jyndk dgztzd
mewnn dle`y cxi ,mkzqitz itl l`d ly epa ,eyiy mzayg mixvepd mz` m` : xen`l
,ocr obl eìade myn eze` lhpe alvl zgzny exawn oey`xd mc` z` le`bl ick ezailv
,"'d oa" `le ; milyexia `le ,oexaga xawp oey`xd mc` ,lek ziy`x .ok xacd oi`y ercz
qpkidl ywiay èd ("d"i-oa") dipa iax mya il`xyiÎux` `pz `l` ,exawl qpkp ,mkzhiyl
mbe .miizkld mikxvl exaw z` cecnl ick `l` ,riyenk myn eze` sehgl ick `l Ð exawl
,riyene l`k envr z` qtzy eyil cebipay meyn ,xac ly eteqa d`pa/dipa iax rpnp dfn
.d"awd ly epweic ,oey`xd mc` lr lkzqdl elit` oken did `l ezeripva d`pa iax
mc`y wgvi iax rawy xg`l ,dltknd zxrna dipa iax xetiq laaa xvep df rwx lry d`xp
iaxl eqegii zè xetiqd z` xikd eply `xnbd lra .milyexia `le oexaga xawp oey`xd
epxkfdy minrhd on ,eply ìbeqa miàend d`pa iax iyrn uaewa eze` aliye d`pa/dipa
.lirl
ipweica ,ipweic zenca zlkzqp : dxnè lew za dzvi ,oey`xd mc`c `zxrnl `hn ik
.lkzqz l` dnvr
d`pa iax ixdy ,xetiqd on rnzyn jke 33,mdxa` epiid "ipweic zenc"y yxit meyxb epax
epicia dxnzyp `l mxa .dxye mdxa` ,xfril`l hxt dltknd zxrna zexg` zeienc ybt `l
dpey dna oiadl dywe ,d"awd ly "epweic zenc"l zcgein dwif mdxa`l yi ditly zxeqn
,zeixvepd zeiqpkd on zeax ly "oin`n ip`"a dpen`d ixwirn cgà xaecn epini cr .bi fi qenicewip it lr dxeyad 28
,uxè miny `xea ,leki lekd a`d ,midelà oin`n ip`" : migilyd gqep ,Symbolum Apostolicum zipihla dpeknd
zn ,alvp ; qeh`lit qeihpet inia laq ; dlezad mixnl clep ; ycewd gexn dxedy ,eppec` ,ecigi epa ,giynd reyiae
."...dninyd dlre iyilyd meia miznd oian mw ,dle`y cxi .xawpe
eidy el` z` aiyd ...zenypd oia xc ...my eidy dl` z` rpkyl qc`dl cxi èd..." : 43 ,a ,qeqlw cbp ,qpibixe` 29
"envrl mipken
dze` xxin èd .dnvr le`yd z` iaya gwle dle`y cxi èd .zeend z` rla znd" : `gqtl dyxc ,mehqeqixk opgei 30
miwd
¦ ¥ ux`
¤ ¨ icEYrÎlM
¥ © ¨ mi`tx
¦ ¨ § Ll§ xxFr
¥ L`FA
¤ z`xwl
© § ¦ Ll§ dfbx
¨ § ¨ zgYn
© © ¦ lF`W"§ : ediryi àip jk lre .dxya z` rlayk
! dxdehy meyn Ð dfbx ! brll dnyedy meyn Ð dfbx ! dlheay meyn Ð dfbx .(h ci ediryi) "miFb ¦ ikln
¥ § © lM
Ÿ mzF`qMn
¨ § ¦ ¦
zn sè ,diigzl mw eyi ! milyen miigde ,diigzl mw eyi ...! miwifà dxywpy meyn Ð dfbx ! dffapy meyn Ð dfbx
."! exawa x`yp `l
.14±13 'nr ,(25 dxrd ,lirl) iptb e`x 31
.my 10 dxrda mipeive ,560 'nr ,(11 dxrd g ìbeq ,lirl) lilgde daxre alel : cebi`d cenlz ,uiaepa 'n e`x 32
.ipweic zenca d"c ,`"r gp `xza àa meyxb epax 33
eclep md s`y ,miig mc` ipaa ezelkzqdn znd mdxa` zenca d`pa iax ly ezelkzqd
yxit jk meyny d`xp .oey`xd mc`l cr mdizea` zeaè mdizea` ly mzencae mnlva
.d`pa iax ybt eze` mb mzqd one ,dltknd zxrna xawp èd s`y 34,awril dpeekdy m"ayx
35
,oncixt i"y d`xdy itk ,ynn midel`d ipt md eipty zenewn dnka ep`vn awri iabl
"oey`xd mc`c dixtey oirn epia` awric dixtey" yxetna xn`p day `xnin zàen oldle
,"ipweic" lewd za ici lr dpekn èd okle ,midel` mlva `xap oey`xd mc` m`y `vnp .[21]
."ipweic zenc" èd awriy ixd ,oey`xd mc` ly eitei oirn èd awri ly eiteie
.zeyxetn zxkfen dpi` awri lr d`pa iax ly ezelkzqd ixdy ,ok yxtl dyw oiicr j`
`weec e`le ,llka "iyep`d oind ipaa zlkzqp" oaena "ipweic zenca zlkzqp" yxtl yi `nye
"epweic zenc"a eiig jyna lkzqd ,mc`d ipa lkk ,d`pa iax .dltknd zxrnl jzqipk mr
envra `xapy (b d ziy`xa) oey`xd mc` ly "enlvk ezenca" eclepy mc` ipaa ,d"awd ly
ly "epweic" ,envr oey`xd mc` lr lkzqdl el xeq` j` ,(fk ` ziy`xa) "midl` mlv"a
36
.ynn d"awd
.dng ilblb ipyl minece ,eiaiwr ipya izlkzqp : d`pa x"` .19
: iel iax ,d`pa iax ly exec oal qgeind il`xyiÎux` iyxcn aihen lr zqqean ef zxeqn
zilaad dcb`d gezit zeawray dnec 37."dng lblb ddkn oey`xd mc` ly eaiwr getz"
lr zelkzqdd xeqi` llba jkn ezripne oey`xd mc` xawl qpkidl epeiqip ,d`pa iax lr
jxc lr ,oey`xd mc` ly eiawrn myxzdy ink eply ìbeqa hhevn èd ,d"awd ly epweic
.(df oaena el dnec mipt lk lre ,epnn zegt `l xdef i`ce dng lblb ddkny dn) xnege lwd
dqipk d`pa iaxl dqgiiy zixewnd zilaad zxeqnd on wlga xaecn mr hilgdl dyw
.eply ìbeqd lra ly ezk`ln ixta e` 38,dltknd zxrnl
Ð mc` ipta deg ,mc` ipta sewk Ð deg ipta dxy ,mc` ipta sewk dxy ipta lkd .20
.mc` ipta sewk Ð dpiky ipta mc` ,mc` ipta sewk
itk d`pa iax ixac jynda xaecny d`xp .xg` mewn meya dliawn oi` df inipep` rhwl
mdiably ,"dng ilblb ipyl minece ,eiaiwr ipya izlkzqp" : [19] `wqita miàen mdy
azky ixvepÎihp` qenlet ,dltkd zxrna d`pa iaxa ixewnd dyrnd on wlg md m` epwtzqp
.ipweic zenca d"c ,my m"ayx 34

eply ìbeqd on zeàen .jliè 117 'nr cgeinae ,152±89 'nr ,(f"qyz) ak `xciq ,"zipaze zenc ,mlv" ,oncixt i"y 35
.m"ayx it lr awri mr "ipweic zenc" z` ddfn oncixt my 128 'nrae ,130±127 'nra my zepecip
zenc"y yxtp m` oia ."ipweic zenc" oey`xd mc` i`v`v e`xap eay mlvd dpekn my mby ,a"r eh ohw cren ilaa eeyd 36
oia cebipd z` zlvpn ef dcb` ,llka iyep`d oind ìdy yxtp m` oiae awri ìdy yxtp m` oia ,mdxa` ìd "ipweic
mixg`d zenewnd lka .oeincl oeinc ,ipyn oeinc epiid "oweic zenc" eli`k ,milin wgyn myl "ipweic zenc"l "ipweic"
hq `nei ilaa) melga ritend wicvd oerny ly ezenc : cala cg` oeinca xaecn riten "oweic zenc" iehiad mday
,my) dlecbd zqpk iyp` ipta dritend jlnd cec zenc ; (a"r ev oixcdpq) dakxn lr dwewgd xvpckeap zenc ; (`"r
oinipa iptn dtwzydy awri ly ezenc ; (zeliawne h oniq ,ayie ` `negpz) sqeil dlbzdy awri ly ezenc ; (a"r cw
eikon,) "oipewi`" zipeeid dlinl liawna envr ipta mb miilaa zexewna riten "oweic" .(i oniq ,uwn ` `negpz)
yxtl rivd ,2 'rd 281 'nr ,a"kyz wxei eip ,zay ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y .("ohw mlv" ,"mlv ,zenc" ,eikonion
,a"r eh ohw crena mb ileè eply xywda mi`zny dn ,ily oipewi`d ly zencd ,"ipwei ly zenc" oaena "ipweic zenc"
heyt d`xpe .miil`xyiÎux` zexewna mzq "oipewi`"l liawna ilaaa èal libxd letkd oeyld z` xiaqn epi` j`
.miilaal zxken dziid `ly ,"oweic" e` "owei" zipeeid on zxfbpd dlind z` xiaqdl ick el` zexewnl dtqep "zenc"y
'nr ,(35 dxrd ,lirl) oncixt ."ly" oaena "-c" ziligzd `ll "owei" dziid zixewnd dxevdy xyt` ,xacd ok m`
,"ze`pweid"/"ze`pwei`d"l dyaey ,"ze`pewi`d" ,eikon zipeeid dlind ly zzxaernd miaxd zxevy rivd ,139±138
swzydy dn ,j-k minrtl dlind y`xay c"ei ze`d d`hea day ,"ze`pwei" ,recii ila dxev dxfbp dpexg` dxevd one
.246 dxrda my oncixt ìady ditxbeilaiad mb d`xe .cigia "oweic" myne ,"ze`pweic" dxeva ihpetd innrd aizka
; b oniq ,ek ; ` oniq ,ai my ; c oniq ,c `pdk axc `zwiqt ; a oniq ,g dyxt dax zldw ; a oniq ,k dyxt dax `xwie 37
zvwna .fi oniq ,zwg ,my ; b oniq ,zen ixg` xaea `negpz ; a oniq ,zen ixg` ` `negpz ; ci dyxt izax `zwiqt
.yiwl oa oerny iax ici lr mixgàe ,ìqpn oa oerny iax `pzd mya iel iax ici lr zàen zxeqnd elld zexewnd
.[18] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,lirl e`x 38
jxer ly d`vnda xaecn `ny e` ,eply ìbeqd xeaigl mcwy mi`xen`d ztewzn ilaa icedi
: jk [20±19] ze`wqit dpyxtzz d`pa iax ixac ly svx xeza ,jk oiae jk oia .eply ìbeqd
x`zn ip` ,dng ilblbl minece ce`n md mitiy mbde ,oey`xd mc` ly eizeawr z` izi`x
z` izi`x oke .mc`d itil ziqgi sewd itik èd dpikyd ly diiteil ziqgi df iteiy invrl
dxy ly diiteil oicd èd .mc` ly iteil ziqgi sewd itik èd ,èd ax ik mbd ,diiteie ,deg
daebz oirk z`f .dxy ly diiteil ziqgi mlek mc`d ipa ly miiteie ,deg ly diiteil ziqgi
mc` ,"epweic" oial d"awd ly "epweic zenc" oia dpigady lewd za ixacl d`pa iax ly
.oey`xd
iax ixdy ,`weec dpikyde mc` ,deg ,dxy ly xekf`d z` xiaqdl leki mixacd ly df yexit
recn oiadl dyw ,z`f mr cgi .deege mcè dxye mdxa` ly mdizexawa wx xiiq d`pa
itl ixdy ,deeg ly dny xekf` z` mb xiaqdl dywe ,dniyxd on mdxa` ly eny hnyed
.dege mc` xawl qpkidl eilr xq`p mxha mc` ly eiawr z` ze`xl d`pa iax witqd xteqnd
miitelg mixaqd ly dxcqa `l` ,[19] `wqita d`pa iax ixac jynda xaecnd oi` `nye
zenc" lr lkzqdy xg`l "ipweic" lr lkzqdl d`pa iax lr zxqe`d [18] `wqitay lew zal
sewd oia d`xna lcadk èd "ipweic" znerl "ipweic zenc"y xiaqn `xnbd lra ."ipweic
eilr xq`p in lre ,d`pa iax d`x eze`y ,d"awd ly "epweic zenc" ,"sewd" did in .mc`l
dxawp deg mzqd one ,mcè dxye mdxa` ly dxeawd zexrna xiiq èd cg` cvn ? lkzqdl
: zeàd zeiexyt`d z` o`k rivn `xnbd lray jk ,mc` cvl
,"ipweic zenc" ,mc` ipa lr lkzqdl libx dz` ,xnelk ; mc` ipta sewk dxy iptl lkd .1
it lr s` ,dze` zi`x day zinihpi`d dgepza epn` dxy lr lkzqdl jl did `l la`
jpi` dz` ."`kil `nlr i`da xvic rici rcin" dprha mdxa` ici lr qpkidl zpnfedy
"z` d`xn zti dy` ik" xn`p dilry ,epn` dxy ly diiteie ,`nlr i`da ipnf xwan `l`
jl did `l okle ,ynn "ipweic" ìd ,(ci ai ziy`xa) "c`n ìd dti ik"e (ì ai ziy`xa)
.dilr lkzqdl
ze`xle dxye mdxa` xawl qpkidl mpn` jl xzed ,xnelk ; mc` ipta sewk deg ipta dxy .2
zti dxy oky ,qpkidl jl xeq` dege mc` ly dxrnl la` ,zinihpi` dgepza dxy z`
lr mb enk ,deg lr eliè ,mc`d ipa x`yk ,"ipweic zenc" `l` dpi` z`f lka d`xnd
xeqè ynn "ipweic" md okle ,"mze` `xa dawpe xkf ,eze` `xa midl` mlva" xn`p ,mc`
mc` ly dfa `le deg ly dnya hwp ef drcly xytè .mda lkzqdle o`kl qpkidl jl
xq`p mxha mc` ly eiawra lkzqdl witqd ok` d`pa iax [19] `wqita eixacly meyn
.qpkidl eilr
oey`xd mc` ly dxeawd zxrnl qpkidl jl xeq` ,xnelk ; mc` ipta sewk mc` ipta deg .3
,ynn mlva `xapy ,envr mc` llba `l` ,ipweic zence mc`d lkk ìdy ,deg llba `l
.ipweic èdy
la` ,oey`xd mc` ly eilbx zetka zlkzqd ,xnelk ; mc` ipta sewk dpiky ipta mc` .4
z` mb d`xz `ny dxrnd jezl qpkiz l` .ynn ipweic ,dnvr dpikya zelkzqdk df oi`
.ynn "ipweic" ,mc` ly eipt
,lewd za yexitl zepey zervda xaecn ok` mè ,xzeia miwegc elld miyexitd zvwn j`
"ipweic" miiehial zexiyi qgiizdl mewna sewd lyna `xnbd lra hwp recn oiadl dyw
zeiencd zg` z` deeydy iyxcn aihen s` `nye .xidadl ywia mze`y "ipweic zenc"e
eze` uaiy eply `xnbd lrae ,eply ìbeqd zeedzdl dncw mc`l diipyd zè sewl elld
: lewd za ixac z` aqdl ozip odilr mby oepbq ezeà zexg` zeiencl zeqgiizd siqede o`k
."lkzqz l` dnvr ipweica ,ipweic zenca izlkzqp"
dixtey ,eda` iaxc dixtey oirn axc dixtey ,axc dixtey oirn `pdk axc dixtey .21
,oey`xd mc`c dixtey oirn epia` awric dixtey ,epia` awric dixtey oirn eda` 'xc
.dpikyc dixtey oirn oey`xd mc`c dixtey
zxeqnd lr zeywdl icke ,"xn xn`" oeyla ,`"r ct `rivn àa ilaaa mb riten df rhw
z` a`y my `xnbd lray èd heyt .ef dniyxa lelk epi`y opgei iax ly eitei oiipra
ilaaay dcb`d zaihga miax mihpnl` oncixt i"y x"en d`xdy itke ,xg` mewnn zxeqnd
,eply ìbeqa ixewn df rhwy èt` zpzep zrcd 39.eply ìbeqd on ea`yp f wxt `rivn àa
lewd zal sqep itelg yexit wtql ick `xnbd lra ici lr o`k àed èdy xyt` ok mè
mitewd dpi` "ipweic zenc" : [20] `wqita epyexit itl ervedy el` caln ,[19] `wqitay
mzqd ony ,awri ìd "ipweic zenc" ; deg e` ,dxy e` ,dlek zeyep`d epiidc ,ìdd `wqitay
ecnvedy mirhwd x`y enk .m"ayx yxity itke Ð dltknd zxrna d`pa iax lwzp ea s`
i`nvr meiw el didy rhwa xaecn m` zrcl dyw [20±19] dltknd zxrna d`pa iax zcb`l
.eply `xnbd lra ly d`vnda e` ,ìbeqa eveaiy iptl
,awri z` wx dxewna dllk ìd m` le`yl epilr ,dnvr dniyxd ly `vend zl`yl xarn
ax ,`pdk ax z` mb e` ,[19] `wqitay lew zal yexit meyn mzxkfà yiy ,dpikyde mc`
zexg` zeniyxl oiiv èd : xg` mewna x"en cnr dniyxa mzllkd zaiq lry ,eda` iaxe
,"akxend sprl onidn cnrn wiprdl" ick zewizr zeniyxl zeieeykr zeienc eakxed oday
40
.l`xyi ikln zniyx lr ztxv ikln zlyey zakxde mipeilbpeeà eyi iqegii oebk
èd eda` iax ixdy ,zg` zaa dtqep `l zakxend dniyxd mby d`xp eply dxwna mxa
,cer `le .ax ,eaxe `pdk ax iptl ,dligza zepnidl el dide ,mixkfend mi`xen`d oian xirvd
e` Ð etexive ,dniyxay cigid il`xyiÎux`d èd eda` iax ,x"en my xirdy itk `l`
zia ly zepexhnd itn dkf eay izeklnd gayd z` mèz Ð dniyxa dligzkln ezllkd
: `"r ci oixcdpq ilaa it lr xqiwd
dax : dil oiixyne xqiw iac `zipexhn iwtp ,xqiw ial `zaiznn iz` ded ik eda` iax
.mlyl jiizn jixa ,`xedpc `pivea ,dizne`c `pxacn ,dinrc
mc` ,epia` awri z` mb zllekd dniyxa ezllkd zpaen miieb ita zegazyd ly df xywda
xewna .l`xyi uxà d`vene ,eply ìbeql dncw ef dniyxy d`xp okl .dpikyde oey`xd
,eply ilaad `xnbd lra .dpikyde oey`xd mc` ,epia` awri ,eda` iax z` wx dllk ìd
z` dniyxd zligza siqed ,lew zal zepyxt ynyzy ick ìbeql z`fd `wqitd z` siqedy
.axe `pdk ax ,miilaad ipy ly mdizeny
diytz dpzn xa iaeh axc `zxrn` `hn ik ,iaky hihg dedc `yebn` èdd .22
diytz ,`z` xcd izixg` dpyl .diway ,jpin `zehna : l"` ,iia` `z` .dipwica
.dipwicl ìfbe `xtqn izii`c cr diway `l ,iia` `z` .dipwica
mixhqèxef ly hehig ly drtezd dpecip mday ilaaa zenewn dyingn cg` èd df xetiq
41
,rwxwd ènihl yyg jezn rwxwa dxeawd z` dlqt zixhqèxefd zcd .micedi ixawa

.131±130 'nr ,(35 dxrd ,lirl) oncixt 40
jk lr yperk micedid lr dày dxfbk l`xyi ixawa mixhqèxefd hehig qtzp my ,a"r bq zenai ilaa md mixg`d 41
ozp iax `pzd ly `ziixa ; mdipa zepeer llba milaeqd zea` ly dnbecke ,mixhqèxefd ly "mci` meia migny" mdy
dèev ; znl dxtk ly aeh oniq ìd ,dig ici lr xawd on ezxixb e` ,znd zxeawÎi` ditly `"r fn oixcdpqa zàend
qeq ici lr exawn xxbii èal cizrly yygn ,epex` z` winrdl (a"r gv oixcdpq ilaa) `nqiw oa iqei iax `pzd ly
l`ppg epax zqxib zeawra ,onxd ici lr miyxtznd ,`"r e dvia ilaaa aeh meia dxeaw oiipra `piax ixace ,miicnd ly
."ixag `ki`c `pci`d" miieb zxfrl wwcfdl `l ick dxeawd z` zegcl xzidk ,mixg` mixweg ly mzcnre
on zeiecrl ycwend onxd ixt'b ly exn`na .aeh dyrn rwxwd on zeteb z`veda dz`xe
zcay xaqen mixhqèxef ici lr rwxwd on zeteb z`vedl miixvep zexewnne ilaad
xyw `ll mdizexawn dncà exawpy mizn z`vedl dax zeaiyg zqgein zixhqèxefd
zxdhpe zicedi e` zixvep dteb da dxawp m` mb z`nhp ux`dy oeeikn ,zizcd mzedfl
42
.xawd on dz`veda
d`pa iax dyrna oeicl jynda ,o`k dfd dyrnd z` uayl eply `xnbd lra ly dhlgdd
dcaerd ìd d`pa iaxa dyrnl df dyrn oia dcigid dwifd ixd .ddenz ,dltknd zxrna
zeawra ok zeyrln seqal erpnpe ,mixawa hhgl eywia `yebn`d ode d`pa iax ody
d`x dn .znd icia `yebn`d ly epwf zqitze d`pa iax ly dxwna lew za : ziqp zeaxrzd
,mpeiv zeevn myl ,d`pa iax icia zexawd zcicn z` ,fnxa mb ele ,zeeydl eply `xnbd lra
iaeig dyrn mpn` èdy ,mdn miznd z`ved myl l`xyi ixawa `yben`d ly hehigd mr
! epzpigan xeng `hg la` zixhqèxef dpigan
lr dienq zxewia meyn ef zeiyxt zekinqa yiy jkl al my `l `xnbd lray xnel dyw
gayl `xnbd lra ly dnbnd z` ixnbl mixzeq elè ,eceaka zegit zegtl e` ,d`pa iax
wlzqdy ,d`pa iax ly ezebdpzd z` cibpdl ywiay xyt` .zeripv ly ztenk d`pa iax z`
ddfd) mc` ly exaw z` cecnl jxev oi`y el xxazde lew za rnyy xg`l cin xawd on
qpa ,el fnxp xaky xg`l xawl xfgy `yebn`d ly zebdpzdd mr (mdxa` ly dfl eizecina
43.ievx epi` edyrny ,mizn ziigz ly
`ziag ,i`xa cgl inxbc `ziag ,i`xa cgl `xtrc `ziag : edl xn`c èdd .23
zi` : edl xn` ,d`pa iaxc dinwl ez` .edl xn`w i`n irci eed `l ,i`xa cgl `xce`c
ikd ,ikd i` .oi` ? iwxzqa ekl zi` .oi` ? `zeig ekl zi` .oi` : dil exn` ? `rx` ekl
.ekl xn`w
z` xiaqdl ick miyrnd uaewl eply `xnbd lra ici lr sqep df dyrny d`xp ,xen`k
oeyl z` yxtn d`pa iax 44.[24] àd dyrna d`pa iax lr xawa mihaegd zpyldl rwxd
llkd on wlgyk ,dinipehn e` dkecwpiq ly zizextqd dwipkha yeniyk znd ly dèevd
dyelyl eiqkp z` wlig rxn aikyd .hixtl xeywd byen bviin hixt e` ,llkd z` bviin
miqkpd ibeq zyely z` dpkn èd 46.oa lkl cg` beq yixede 45,micae zenda ,zerwxw : mibeq
oeibidd zpigan .xnv iken ly ziage zenvr ly ziag ,rwxw ly ziag : "zeiag" elld
.rxd oirl yyg jezn mkxrn zehirnnd zevilna eiqkpl fnx a`dy gipdl xiaq ,dlilray
: xn`p a"r p migqt ilaaa mpn`
.mlerl dkxa oniq dèx epi` mipwpwae mipwa xkzynd : opax epz
47
.[`yia] `pir eda `hly ,edifgt` yitpc oeik ? `nrh i`n
.37±36 'nr ,(20 dxrd ,lirl) onxd 42

miznd z` ìved i`gei xa oerny iax ditly zil`xyiÎux`d zxeqnd lr dienq zxewia o`k yiy ìd zxg` zexyt` 43
,lirle ,e oniq ,hr dyxt dax ziy`xae c"r gl ,` h ziriay inlyexi e`x ; dixah z` xdhl ick qp jxc mdizexawn
oerny iax ,`"r cl ± a"r bl zay ilaaa xqnpy itk .eply `xnbd lra xne` ,did jk `l .[18] `wqitl yexitd ipeir
dyrn èdy ,zexawd on miznd z` ìved `l j` mdizecin z` oiivl ick zexawl qpkp ,d`pa iax enk ,i`gei xa
exawn oey`xd mc` zle`b oiipra miixvepd zexewnd it lr ,ixvepd eyi dyrnae [22] eply ìbeqa xqnpy itk ,`yebn`
.(34±32 zexrd ,lirl e`x)
."dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecnd seq ,lirl e`x 44
,iwxzqa d"c ,`"r gp `xza àa ,meyxb epax yxity itk ,migihye mirvnk miynynd mica drnyn ef ziqxt dlin 45
M. Sokoloff, A Dictionary e`x .`"r bq zenai ilaaa `wxzqa/`nilb cebipd on gken jk .my m"ayx yexitk micba `le
.my mipeive ,"`wxzqia" jxr ,(32 dxrd a ìbeq ,lirl) of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, p. 204
dcbà xqnpy itk lade oiw ici lr mlerd zwelgn ef jxca dyexid zwelgl oeirxd z` a`y eply `xnbd lray xyt` 46
."oilhlhind cgè zerwxwd z` lhp cg` ,mlerd wlgpe èa : exn`" : f oniq ,ak dyxt dax ziy`xaa zàend
.38±34 'nr ,(19 dxrd i ìbeq ,lirl) ebdpy mewn : cebi`d cenlz ,zinr '` e`x ,llka rxd oir zrtez lre ,df rhw lr 47
z` jyen mda xgeqde 48,milecb milkn md mipwpwe mipw : iqgi oiipr ìd rxd oiry d`xp j`
`weec cala zeiag yely ickl micbae xwae o`v ,zerwxw mevnv mxa .rxd oira okzqne ald
,m`zda dyexid z` ewlgie fnxd z` epiai eicliy deeiw a`de ,rxd oir zrtez z` mvnvn
.mdl yixedy miqkpd swid z` mi`pwn mixfl zelbl jxhviy ilan
jd ? `xeqià zripv `l i`n` : dzxal dxn` `wc edziacl drnyc `xab èdd .24
cgl iqkp lk : edl xn` ,aiky ik .cg `l` jea`n il zile ,dl zi` ipa dxyr `zzi`
,oekea`c `xaw eheag elif : edl xn` ,d`pa iaxc dinwl ez` .ediipin idl irci `l ,`xa
: edl xn` ,lf` `l ded dixac èdd ,edlek elf` .`way ekiipin idl ekl ilbne i`wc cr
witn `wc ,i`cedia cg `xab `ki` : ixn` ,`kln ia `vxew elk` elf` .i`dc iqkp edlek
`car : edl dxn` edziac `lf` .edeyag edeiz` ,icin `lae icdq `la iyp`n `penn
dia ewyne ìn dia eln `we ,dixyia elkè dikynl ehyte ,diyixl ewqt ,il ded cg
ezip : ixn` .edl dxn` `w i`n irci `l .dixb` `le inc il iadi `w `le ,ìixagl
lièd : ixn` .ekl dxn` `wepxf : edl xn` ,d`pa 'xl edeixw .`nile i`cedic `nikgl
ixwznc oiic lk : `leaà aizk dedc `fg .`pic oecipe àa` aizil ,i`d ilek mikge
,`picl dil oinfne `nlrn yipi` `z` ,dzrn `l` : edl xn` .oiic diny `l Ð oicl
eazk .oiic diny e`l Ð oica `penn dipin oiwtne oicl ixwznc oiic lk ,`l` ? dilqt
e`l Ð oica `penn dipin oiwtne oicl ixwznc oiic lk : ixn` i`cedic ia`q mxa ,ikd
,dzrn `l` .xng `p` oiig lk y`xa ,mc `p` `zen lk y`xa : aizkc `fg .oiic diny
ewyn ,zninl dikxcc on ,eze ? dilhw `nc ,zine `lwicn litpce ,zine `xbi`n litpc
`p` oeeq` lk y`xa ,mc `p` oirxn lk y`xa : azknl ira ikd `l` ! iige `xng dil
oeeq` lk y`xa ,mc `p` oirxn lk y`xa : ixn` i`cedic ia`q mxa ,ikd eazk .xng
.oipnq erazn onz Ð xng zilc xzà ,xng `p`
d`pa iax ly exq`n xetiq ; izn`d

¦ yxeid ielib xetiq : zepvq yelyn akxen df dyrn
oiipra xird iyp`l d`pa iax oia oeicd xetiqe ,ezy` ixac z` xiaqdy xg`l exexgye
dnly htyn ly i`xwnd xetiqd z` xikfn oey`xd xetiqd .xird ixry lry zeaezkd
oexzt zeawra xq`nn sqei ly exexgy xetiq z` xikfn ipyd xetiqd .(bk±fh b ` mikln)
zepyxtd z` xikfn zeaezka oeicd xetiq .(`n±n miwxt ziy`xa) drxt ixye drxt zenelg
(`) èd s` jexkd ,(fk±dk d lìpc) xv`yla zcerqa xiwd lr zaezkl lìpc wiprdy
iax siqedy itk ,("xiqg zgkzyde ìpf`na `zliwz Ð lwz") zaezkay el`l milin ztqeda
"`pn `pn" znerl ,zepyxta "`pn") zeaezka "ddbd"a (a)e ,dpey`xd zaezkl milin d`pa
.diipyd zaezka `pn iax dibdy itk ,(zaezka "oiqxte" znerl ,zepyxta "qxt" ; zaezka
miyrnd ipya iehia icil miàd znd ceake zeripv ly mi`yepl zxywzn dpey`xd dpvqd
.die`x zebdpzde zeripv xen`k èdy ,llka uaewd `yeple [23 ,18] d`pa iaxa mipey`xd
oveaiy zpigan od o`vene opkez z`tn od zeax zeidz zexxern zepexg`d zepvqd izy j`
,iwegd oad ly iedifd xetiql exywp od zeaiqp eliàe cvik le`yl ie`xd one ,eply uaewa
.eply uaewa ovayl eply `xnbd lra d`x dne
: seq cre dligzn ddenz ,xq`nd on d`pa iax ly exexgy xetiq ,diipyd dpvqd
did `l melk ? dlyny lynd zervnà xq`nd on exxgyl d`pa iax zy` dztiv cvik .1
,zxtqn ìdy xetiqd itl ixd ? exexgy z` ywale enya d`pa iax z` zedfl xzei liri
? df oiipra zepehlyd l` dziipt lirez dne ,miigd oia epi` xak "car"d
iax j` .ixet`hn oteà "enc z` ekty"y ,d`pa iax èd card lyna lynpd dxe`kl .2
diwyd ilk e` min zng epiidc ,"`wepxf" : zg` dlina zepehlyl lynd z` yxtn d`pa
."edifgt`" mewna "edigtp" qexbl rivn ,38 'nr ,(my) zinr 48

ly zepyxtd `ll mb ,lek ziy`x ? ef zepyxta lired dn ? recn 49.dnda xern ieyrd
min ezy miapbdy zeyxetn dxn` ìd : xer ieyrd ilkl dqgiizd ezy`y xexa d`pa iax
xzeid lkl "ekl dxn` `wepxf" d`pa iax ixacn oiadl miieyr zepehlyd .card ly exern
enc zkity ly xeng ryt lr zppelzn dpi` (ezyà xaecny mircei mpi` md) dyi`dy
riiqn epi` dipa iax .dzgiahe d n d a zapb ly ziqgi lw ryt lr `l` , y n n c a r ly
iax ly ezy` dztiv cvik ,lynd iabl epl`yy myk .dnvr rytd znelrz oexzta mdl
dtiv cvik ,d`pa iax ly oexztd iabl le`yl yi jk ,dlra z` xxgyl lirei èdy d`pa
.ezy` ly lynl rivdy zepyxtd ici lr epiipr z` mcwl envr èd
on d`pa iax z` zepehlyd exxgy recn : dl`yd zl`yp ,zencewd zel`yd izy xe`l .3
dk ielib ea oiè ,lynd on jk lk wegx epi` lynpd ixd ? mdilr oiicl edepine xq`nd
wepxf ziiyra miapbd zeixfk` lr edz zepehlydy ,xen`k ,xyt` .dnkg ly miyxn
lecb dk iehia jka yi melk j` .dnda ly xera xaecny yxit d`pa iaxe ,car ly exern
oenn z`ved oiipra d`pa iax cbp ybedy meyi`d azk z` wegnl ie`x eizeawray dnkgl
llba xird ixry lry zeaezkd z` dibdle ,xird ze`kxra oiicl ezepnl ,oick `ly
? eizexrd
opi` ,dyrna dpexg`d dpvqd ,xird ixry lry zeaezkd lr d`pa iax ly eizexrd s` .4
oeyla hewpl ,lilkdl miixeaiv zenewna miwewgd minbzt ly mkxc ixd .jk lk zepaen
oiic lk" mbztd .xzi hexitle weicl mdn dtvn epi` cg` s` .zeìvnd z` hytle dviln
xaecny oiadl lwpa ozipe ,ahid lvlhvne ,rlewe xvw èd "oiic diny e`l oicl ixwznc
d`pa iax ly ezxrd .yxetna mixn`p mixacd oi` m` mb ,oica dgked ezny`y oiica
.zipxhpwe zihpct èt` zrnyp
mb ixd ,ezny` dgkedy iptl oicl razpy in z` mb elqt xird dze` iyp`y gipp m` s` .5
`lye xeaivd lr laewn ,rva `pey `di oiicdy dyixc ep`vn "i`cedic iaq" ly zexewna
xaca rbep envr èdyk ,df oiipra mdilr welgl d`pa iax ly ezeywrzde 50,ea ecygi
.ddenz Ð oick `ly oenn z`ved lr xq`pe cygp envr èd ixdy Ð
innr mbzta .zipxhpwe zihpct zi`xp diipyd zaezkl d`pa iax rivdy ddbdd s` .6
lk" miiehiad ,"xng `p` oiig lk y`xae ,mc `p` `zen lk y`xa" enk zeìxaa wqerd
iehiade zeizeìxa zeaiqn zeenl qgiizn "`zen lk" iehiad : zeviln md "oiig lk"e "`zen
zeyxetn qgiizi mbztdy d`pa iax ly ezeywrzd .miìxa miigl qgiizn "oiig lk"
yega mbtk èt` zxiihvn ,"miig"l mewna "zetexz"le ,"zeen"l mewna "zelgn"l
.envr mbzta mbtk `le ,axd ly izextqd
zxrna d`pa iax ly dyrnd enky dgpd jezn `vp m` opexzt lr dpèaz dl`d zel`yd
uegn oceqi [24] d`pa iax ly iyilyd dyrna ziyilyde diipyd zepvqd s` [18] dltknd
eyil cbp lwyn oirk ,"d±i oa" ,d`pa/dipa iax yniy eay ixvepÎihp` qenleta ,eply uaewl
qenletl ze`nbec izy ep`vn a"r gn dkeq ilaaa dpde .l`d ly epa ea e`x mixvepdy
: min c`pl jetdl oeyy mya oin cizr oditly ixvepÎihp`
`pticr `p` : dgnyl oeyy dil xn` .dgny diny cge oeyy diny cg ,ipin ixz edpd
: aizkc ,jpin `pticr `p` : oeyyl dgny dil xn` .'ebe ebiyi dgnye oeyy : aizkc ,jpin
: aizkc ,`wpeext jeieye jeway `nei cg : dgnyl oeyy dil xn` .micedil oeyye dgny
.my mipeive ,"`wepxf" jxr ,421 'nr ,(45 dxrd ,lirl) seleweq e`x 49
zereay ilaaa zàend `ziixaae k dyxt mihtyn `zlikna f bk zenya "wgxz xwy xacn"l zeyxcd ,lynl ,e`x 50
ilaaay `ziixaa àend mdnr ayei in erci ok m` `l` oica miayei eid `ly zrcd iiwp bdpn eeyde ; `"r `l ± a"r l
.`"r bk oixcdpq
mza`ye : aizkc ,ìn ja elne jeway `nei cg : oeyyl dgny dil xn` .e`vz dgnya ik
.oeyya min
,iz`c `nlrl min il elnzc ezicizr : eda` iaxl oeyy dinyc `pin èdd dil xn`
aizkc `zyd .zxn`wck ,"oeyyl" aizk ded i` : dil xn` .oeyya min mza`ye : aizkc
.ìn dia opilne `ceb dil opieyn `xab èddc dikyn ,"oeyya"
df mya yeniya eceqi el` miyrna "oeyy" mydy jk lr epcnr èdd rhwl eply yexita
51
,"jixagn oeyy ony jidl` midl` jgyn ok lr" : g dn xenfn it lr ,envr eyil iepikk
el` miweqta 52.fl±dl f opgeia envr eyi ixac lr qqean min c`pl jetdi oeyyy mei`de
dnk yi .zekeqd bga ycwna daèyd zia zgny zxbqna eyi xn`y mixac lr xteqn
mbxzl yi ,my epyexita epgkedy itk mle` 53,el` miweqtl miixyt` miyexite miweqit
54
: oldlck
dzye ,il` jl `nv lk ied : xn`l `xwie reyi cenrie ,bga lecbd oexg`d meia idie [fl]
xaic z`fk j` [hl] .miig min ilgp elfi eaxwn : aezkd xaicy itk .ia oin`nd lk [gl]
x`tzp mxha ycwd gex dpzip mxh ik ,lehil ea mipin`nd micizr xy` gexd lr
.reyi
ekl" mewna mle` ,"[minl ekl] `nv lk ied" : ` dp ediryin daèyd zia zgnya hhiv eyi
ly ilelind oaend it lr ."ia oin`n lk dzye ,il` jl" : dfxtxta weqtd z` miiq "minl
oeekzd eyi mle` ,miig min ilgp elfi eaxwny eixacn rnzyd eyi ly dfxtxtde ` dp ediryi
.eziigze ezen xg`l mipin`nd epnn elhiiy gexl
milihny oealrd : èal cizrl min mi`nvd ezyi epnny giynd èd el` miyrna "oeyy"
èd ,min c`pl jetdl oeyy cizr eitly ,a"r gn dkeqa miyrna eda` iaxe dgny exag ea
gl weqta mirneyl qgiin envr eyiy fl f opgeia eyi ixacl zilelind zepyxtl m`zda
.min milfep epnny c`pk eyi xèzn day zixvepÎihp` dxih`ql qiqa dktd ef zepyxt .my
ìbeqa d`pa iax ly ezy` ly lynl rwxd èd df qenlety d`xp ,my epazky itke
55.eply
,ey`x z` ekzg ,car dpnn eapby dlra z` exq`y zepehlyl zxtqn d`pa iax ly ezy`
dl enliy `le ,mixagd z` ea ewyde min exer z` e`lin ,exya z` elk` ,exer z` ehiytd
xiaqde d`pa iax ày cr ,xaecn dna epiad `l zepehlyd .exky z` `l sè ekxr z` `l
min c`p exern eyr miapbde ,icb e` dy `l` epi` "car"d ,xnelk ; "`wepxf"a xaecny mdl
ienic 56,'d cark (`) eyi ly mivetpd miienicl mifnx yi el` miienicay d`xp .diwyd ilk e`
(a)Îe ,mgiyn ly xeìzk mixvepd ici lr eyxtzdy 57ìapd ediryi ly zeèap dnka eceqiy
.gqtd oaxwa eceqiy ienic 58,midel`d dyk
,"eixagn" onya gynp giynd jlnd : df oaena yxtzd weqtd ,my epixacl .400±398 'nr ,(32 dxrd ,lirl) uiaepa 51
,dkxev lk dxexa dpi` df weqtay "oeyy" dlind cnrn .onya dgiyn ici lr eixag ipt lr zeticr el zpzip ,xnelk
Ð oeyy Ð ony jidl` midl` jgyn ok lr ,ryx `pyze wcv zad`" : giynd ly enyk deyxit mixvepy d`xpe
ipiirnn oe yy a min mza`ye" weqtd zeawra xzid oia mgiyn ly enyk mixvepd ici lr yxtzd oeyy myd ."jixagn
"oeyy" : enyl mixekf` ipy llek df weqty yxtl ozip ,mixvepd giyn ly eny èd oeyy m` ; (b ai ediryi) "d re yi d
,d`p 'ye lhxald 'n e`x mgiyn ly eny ìd b ai ediryia "dreyi" dlind ditly zepyxtd lr .zleawza ,"dreyi"e
dcb`d ,yxcnd zextq xwga miycg mihaid : dpeil oeibid : jeza ,"mipind zaeyze zipyxt dxihq : dreyid ipiirn"
.197±179 'nr ,f"qyz milyexi ,mwexÎofg 'be mieal` 'i ,oeqpiel 'i zkixra ,heitde
.my ,d`pe lhxald mb iiptl exirdy itk 52
.my mipeive ,my 8 dxrde ,181 'nr ,my ,d`pe lhxald e`x 53
.16±15 zexrd 399 'nr ,(32 dxrd ,lirl) uiaepa e`x 54
.400 'nr ,my ,uiaepa 55
.fk c ; ek ,bi b migilyd iyrn lynl e`x 56
.ai bp ± bi ap ; h±c p ; e±` hn ; c±` an ediryi 57
.el ,hk ` opgei lynl e`x 58
zicedi dxih`q `l` ,`weec ezyè d`pa iaxl df xetiq oia xyw did `l xewnay xyt`
miig min xewnl jetdi èd ditly fk±dk f opgeia eyi ly dxin` dze` oeayg lr ztqep
l`xyin eapb mlerd zene` : a"r gn dkeq ilaaay miyrnd oepbqa ,`nv lk dzyi epnny
did `l df cary xxazd la` ,mizey md epnny mind c`pl edektde mdly card z`
.dy `l`
da yi `ny yyg dide ,icn zipivxk dqtzp ef dxih`q s`y d`xp xzei xge`n alya j`
xzei xge`n alyay d`xp okl .dcbp dxih`q e` qenlet `le ixvepd aihxpa d`ced meyn
yexitd ipeira .eyi lr mewna d`pa iax lr dze` eaqde zixewnd dxih`qd z` eazky¦
myn le`bl ick le`yl eyi ly ezcixi dyrn z` eazky¦ laa icediy epi`x lirl [18] `wqitl
.ixewnd xetiqd z` brll miyl ick ,("d-i-oa") dipa iaxa eyi z` exinde oey`xd mc` z`
zixih`q zicedi `qxib exewna didy ,"`wepxf"d dyrn z` laa icedi eazky¦ d`xpd lkk jk
`l aezkyd itl .mixvepd ezyi dpnny min zngl ezkitde ezailv ,eyi ly exq`n xetiql
ick alvpe zepehlyd ici lr xq`py ,mixvepd zhiyl oaxwd dye 'd car ,eyi df did
,zepehlyd ici lr xq`py ("d-i-oa") dipa iax `l` ,miig min epnn ezyi ea mipin`ndy
zng ziiyre (envr d`pa iax ly zepyxtd itl ,dy e`) car zapbl exq`n z` dznic ezyè
.exern min
xird ly ze`kxra hteyk eiepin ,d`pa iax ly exexgy : xetiqd jynday mirexi`d
qenlet ly miceairk md s` mixiihvn ,xird ixryay zeaezkd lr xirdy zexrdde
d opgei) minid zixgà zeyep`d z` hetyl eyi xen` eziigze ezailv xg`l .ixvepÎihp`
meyn ,ycewd gex ici lr hteyk lqtiiy 59,dfd mlerd xy ly enewn z` qetzi èd ; (fk±dk
.(`l ai opgei mb e`xe ,ì fh opgei) htynl cnrei envr èdy
hteyl d`pa iax jted jk ,eziigze alvd on exexgy xg`l mlerd hteyl jted eyiy myk
lihn Ð "oiic diny e`l oicl ixwznc oiic lk" Ð xird xryay zaezkd j` .exexgy mr
oiic lk" : "`xqgin ixeqg"d jxca mbztd z` yxtl jixv d`pa iaxe ,df iepina itec dxe`kl
llkd ef "zicenlz" zepyxt itl ."oiic diny e`l Ð oica `penn dipin oiwtne Ð oicl ixwznc
xg`l eze` exxgy `l` ,oica oenn epnn eìved `l ixdy ,d`pa iax lr legl jixv epi`
.dlyny lynde ezy` zeaxrzd
zxynl dpeniy oreh èd z`f lkae ,bxedl `vede oica ryxed s` eyi ,d`pa iaxl cebipa j`
"oicl ixwznc oiic lk"l zqgiiznd zixewnd zaezkd itl oia .minid zixgà mlerd htey
eyi ,oica ryxend oiica wx xaecn ditly ef zaezkl d`pa iax wiprdy zepyxtd itl oiae
"dfd mlerd xy" iabl oreh envr eyiy dprhd z`y `l` ,cala ef `le ."oiic diny e`l"
èdy meyn oicl leqt dfd mlerd xyy mlerd z` cnlze èaz ycewd gexy ,ì fh opgeia
itlk oerhl ozip Ð eply xetiqa xird ixry lr zaezkl dnecd dprh Ð htynl cner envr
.envr eyi
lry dpey`xd zaezkl d`pa iax wiprny zepyxtle ezyè d`pa iax dyrnl df rwx zrvd
ly mincew mialya mceqi xetiqd ihxt aex : lirl epiywdy zeiyewd z` zxziin xird ixry
dipa/d`pa iax ly eny aeaxy `ll dligz Ð ixvepÎihp` qenlet yniy xetiqdyk ,ezeedzd
.dpexg`d ezpekzna dyrna ahid mialzyn mpi` okle Ð xetiql
xnel oi`y ,xird ixry lry diipyd zaezkl d`pa iax ly zihpctd dxrdd s`y d`xpe
y`xa ,mc `p` oirxn lk y`xa" `l` ,"xng `p` oiig lk y`xa ,mc `p` `zen lk y`xa"
eicinlzl gihade oiil enc z` dnic eyi ixd .ixvepÎihp` qenleta dceqi ,"xng `p` oeeq` lk
.ohya xaecn ,zgeexd zepyxtd itl 59

opgeia eyi xne` jk .miig mdl wiprie mkeza rnhii dfe 60,encl jetdi ycewd zcerqa oiidy
: ep±bp e
mzizye mc`d oa xya z` elk`z `l m` ,mkl xn` ip` on` on` : reyi mdil` xnìe (bp)
,mler iig el yi inc z` dzeyde ixya z` lke`d (cp) .mkaxwa miig mkl oi` ,enc z`
lke`d (ep) .iewy èd znà ince ,lk` èd znà ixya ik (dp) .oexg`d meia epniw` ipè
.ea ipè ia oili èd inc z` dzeye ixya z`
`ll mb eyi ly dqitzd cbp qenlet meyn da yi diipyd zaezkd mb ,dpey`xd zaezkd enk
èd oiide zinn mcd ,daxc` ; zeigdl ick mcl jetdl jixv epi` oii : d`pa iax zdbd
: qenlet lr qenlet siqedl ywan d`pa iax ipyd dxwna jk ,oey`xd dxwna enke 61.digny
m` mb ,zeend lre miigd lr mi`xg` oiie mcy rnzyn zixewnd zaezkay iheitd geqipd on
: d`pa iax xne` ,oekp epi` df mb j` .eyi dyry itk mdipia aaxrle df mr df mzedfl oi`
ibeq lk `weec e`le ,zelgn icil ìan mcd `l` ,llk miign mpiè mizinn mpi` oiide mcd
mqw iewiy eppi` oky lke Ð miig wiprn gxkda epi` j` ,zetexzl y`x ynyn oiide ,zeend
.cp e opgeia ycewd zcerq oii iabl eyi orhy itk ,mler iig icil ìand
j` .eply ìbeqa mveaiy iptl ,mzegztzd ialye ,eiwlg lr dfd xetiqd `venl rbepa df lk
z` aigxdl xen`k ywia èd : mixetiqd ly el` mihaida oiiprzd `l eply `xnbd lra
aehd xcqa oiipr d`pa iax dlbn mday mixetiq ztqed ici lr d`pa iax oiipra ely uaewd
ly `xninae mizad zwfg wxt seq ly zeipyna iehia icil miàd mi`yep ,die`x zebdpzdae
.eply ìbeqd y`xay xvga mitzeyd zeiekf oiipra d`pa iax mya opgei iax
ly ziriax edf ? lhp` edfiè .lhp` ,bap` ,wtp` : ìwhetwc `gzit` aizk .27±25
.dxez
`xnbd lra ìan [24] d`pa iax xetiqa ddefn izlad xird ixry lry zeaezkd xekf` ab`
ly dixqiw xirl ìd dpeekd .ìwhetw ixry lry zaezkd iabl zecr eply ilaad
miigd znkgl cebipa .dphwd diqày ("ìwhetw") ìwectw ux` zxia 62,ìwectw
zewewg eid ìwhetw zxia ixry lr ,d`pa iax ly exir ixry lr dwewg dziidy ziqenletd
empakÎd : gtp zecin mb eyniyy diizy ilkl miiepik ,zepey zety yelya milin yely
zipnx`d on dl`yedy zncewd dlina d`xpk eceqiy) inx`/iqxtd "`bap`"d 63,ipnx`d
65lh`p zxeva ziaxrl dxcgy dlin ,ipeeid antlionÎd ,"lhp`"de 64(zinx`l dkxce ziqxtl
lra zaezkd lr dxrda 66.ef mr ef elld zecind yely z` ddfn zaezkd ,m"ayxd itl .[25]
.dk ì miizpixewd l` dpey`xd zxbi`d ; k ak qwel ; ck±bk ci qewxn ; gk±fk ek izn 60

wexit ly i l i l y jild èdy ,oeawix e` geli` ,"qiqtq" oia mipeeid epigady dpgadd ly iheit geqip ìd ef zaezk 61
mc gl` .xg` xac xevil ick mixneg wexit ly i a e i g jild èdy ,mixneg selig e` mfileahn ,"qiqtt" oial ,mixneg
dqiqz ,dfa `veik .ef ziètx zpenqzl ifreld iepikk epini cr zynyn "qiqtq" dlinde ,qiqtql ziqlwd dnbecd èd
G. Majno, “The Ancient Riddle of SEPSIS”, Journal of e`x .qiqttl ziqlwd dnbecd ìd divhpnxt e` ziledekl`
d`xpe ,dn`zda ,qiqtte qiqtq milnqn oiie mcy `vnp .my mipeive ,Infectious Diseases 163/5 (1991), pp. 937–945
iedifd cbp dwizrd zra miip`bt micneln ly ircn qenletk xzid oia dyniy zaezkay mbzta mdipia dpgaddy
.enc oial oiid oia eyi ddify
("ìiwhetw ly oixqiwl izkldy dyrn : ozp iax xn` ,ipz") c"r f ,e e zenai inlyexi : zeliawnd cnvn gkeny itk 62
did xird ly wizrd dny .("ìwhetw zpicnl izkld zg` mrt aey ...ozp iax xn` ,ìpzc") `"r clw zay ilaae
ly zbfna iziidyk ozp 'x 'n`" ep`vn ,g eh zay `ztqeza ,ozp iaxa dyrn eze`l ziyily dliawnae ,dwfn
."ìwhetw
."2 `wtp`"e "1 `wtp`" mikxr ,146 'nr ,(45 dxrd ,lirl) seleweq e`x 63
."`bap`"e "bap`" mikxr ,143±142 'nr ,my ,seleweq e`x 64
."lhp`" jxr ,144 'nr ,my ,seleweq e`x 65
miiepik od milind lk : onvr milind ly zeibelenih`d on gken ok .`gzit` aizk d"c ,a"r gp `xza àa m"ayx e`x 66
d"c ,my ,zetqezde meyxb epaxl qgeind .(df xecn seq ,oldl e`x ; ziriaxn xzei daxd liknd) lecb diizy ilkl
myxn oirk ìd zaezkde ,dètxl ezyy (oiia ledn qebxtq`) qebxtq`d dwyn my md "wtp`"e "bap`"y eyxit ,bap`
ly ziriax" ,zicedid dklda ynynd [beld] ziriax xeriy mr lhp`d z` ddfn `xnbd
.[27±26] "dxez
xird ixry lry zeaezkd iabl rcind s`y d`xpe ,dcb` did [24] d`pa iax dyrn
zeaezkd ly zixewnd zernyna eply oeica ,okè .ixehqid ceqi el oi` ddy day ziaihwitd
xzid oia eyniyy minbzt l`k odil` epqgiizd ìbeqa evaey mxha oda yeniyde odd
zra ìdy lk xir ixry lr zewewg eidy zeaezkk `weec e`l j` ,ixvepÎihp` qenleta
zn`l xyt` iè ,ecxy `l mi`xen`d ztewzn ìwectw ly dixqiw xird ixry mb .dwizrd
lray èd myexd ,ok it lr sè ."lhp` ,wtp` ,bap`" zaezkd oiipra ìbeqay rcind z`
: zeàd zeaiqd on z`fe ,ìwhetwc `gzit` zaezkd z` epiiva enez itl gy `xnbd
dxqnpe dgztzd dilr dricidy oin`dl dywe ,ynn ly izextq jxr oi` ef zaezkl .1
`gzit` aizk" : mixqnp mixacd day jxcd s` .ixehqid ceqi `ll dcbà aihenk
zfnex ,dfa `veik e` "...aizk dedc `fg ,ìwhetwl rlwi` ipelt" mewna ,"...ìwhetwc
dze`y zi`nvr zxeqna `le ,iyi` rci jezn xqen `xnbd lray mixaca xaecny jkl
.ìbeqa uaiy
dlind zibelenih` dpigan .mixg` zexewnn oikeniq dl yi ef mr ef elld zecind iedif .2

oiyeciw ilaa itle ,empak zipnx`d dcind ly dnyn dgztzd zinxà e` ziqxta "bap`"
daygp dpey`xdyk ,ef cvl ef "wtp`"e "`bap`" milina eynzyd s` laa icedi `"r r
dcind mr "wtp`"d ddef mdiniay ecird mipe`bd ."zinnr" dlin diipyde "ddeab" dlin
ixewnd epaeny ,ipeeid antlionÎd èd `ld 67,lhpÎl` ly dpyn zxev ,"lhxÎl`" ziaxrd
d`xpk ziriaxd mr z`fd dcind z` ddfnd `xnbd lra ly ztqezd ,z`f znerl ."ilc"
zinx`d dlinde ef zaezka "lhp`" zipeeid dlind oia axiry jka dceqie ,dpekp dppi`
ax oiwz`" : `"r fw oileg ilaaa xn`pd mr zaezkd z` xywe ,miici zlihpl ilk ,"`lhp"
zynyn "`lhp" dlindy oeeikn .miici zlihp jxevl "`zriax za `lhp cewt xdpn awri
dxf dcear ,`"r cn zay ilaa ,lynl ,e`x) ziagd on oii "zlihp"l zynynd skl iepik mb
zlihpl zynynd `lhpdy mbd ,"`lhp"d mr "lhp`"d z` eply `xnbd lra ddif ,(a"r gp
Ð miici zlihpl zynynd "`lhp"l dxeyw dpiè ,zitivtq dcin zlra dpi` ziagd on oii
`lhpl ziriax zcin owiz cewt xdpn awri ax 68.qek dzxev diipyde sk dzxev dpey`xd
zecind lr jkn cenll oi`y i`cee ,`weec zicedid dkldd it lr miici zlihpl zynynd
cenll ozip ,antlion zipeeia ,"lhp`" dlind on .lhpè wtp` ,bap` zepeknd oiid zeqek e`
."dxez ly ziriax"n daxda zelecbe ,ilc ly zecin el`y xen`k
zbven "dxez ly ziriax" s`y xtql mewn did ,dcb` dligzkln zxeqnd dziid eli` .3
rcind z` siqedl jxev did `le ,[25] "lhp` ,bap` ,wtp`"l ddf dcink xird ixry lr
.[27±26] ìxhe `lwyk ,wtqa xen`k lhend ,dfd
jeza miàd mixgeqy ick ,xird ixrya zeinewnd zecind z` wewgl ebdp miax zenewna .4
zcin oeniq z` ze`xl ozip ,lynl ,meid cr .zeinewnd zecind itl epzie e`yi mixryd
hc`hylecex zexiira mipyid diixird ipiipaa inewnd owzd itl (Elle, ell ) "dn`"d
69
.cplhewq ,oxiwxhta inewnd (mercat cross) weyd cenr lre ,dipnxba bieeype`xae
dyniy ok` "`wtp`" dlind .ziriax exeriyy ,(miici zlihp ilk) "`lhp" oeyl ,"lhp`" xeriya mzezyl rivnd iètx
`wtpè bap`y dler `"r r oiyeciw ilaane Ð qebxtq`l `l mbe Ð befn `le ig oiil iepik `"r cv oileg ilaa itl
jtdl `le) diizyd ilk ly enya eceqi oiil iepikd ,jenqa oldl yxtpy itk j` ,oii oaena laaa micedid z` eyniy
.70 dxrd ,oldl e`xe .(my zetqezd ilra erivdy itk
."1 `wtp`" jxr ,146 'nr ,(45 dxrd ,lirl) seleweq lv` diiptd e`x 67
."`lhp" jxr ,745 'nr ,(45 dxrd ,lirl) seleweq e`x 68
dictiwie ; (hc`hylecex) German Obsolete Units of Measurement jxr ,zilbp`d dictwieea mixeìze zepenz e`x 69
.(oxiwxht) Ell jxr ,zilbp`d dictiwie ; (bieeype`xa) Braunschweiger Elle jxr ,zipnxbd
daxrzd dzxiane ,dipnx`le qxtl xzeia daexwd zinexd diwpiaextd dziid ìwectw .5
mr miqgid lr dgwite ,zinex zeqg zpicn ,dipnx` zeklna dyrpa zihpfiad dixtni`d
epiite` ziyingd d`nde ziriaxd d`nd seq j` .dngln ickl zetekz ehdlzdy qxt
miinrt odipia ewlig s` elè ,ziqxtd zip`qqd dixtni`l zihpfiad dixtni`d oia melya
seq ,ìdd dtewzay gipdl èt` wegx df oi` .428 zpya aeye 387 zpya ,dipnx` z`
z` ddfnd zaezk ìwectw ly dxiad xir zneg lr dziid ,laaa mi`xen`d ztewz
zecinde zeipnx`d zecind ,ziqxtd dixtnià eyniyy zeiqxtÎzeinx`d zecind
.xira ehlyy mnvr mi`nexd z` eyniyy zeipeeid
z` sxvl `xnbd lra d`x dn : dl`yd zl`yp j` .z`fd zxeqnd zepinà èt` wtwtl oi`
ep`vn mpn` ? eply ìbeql ,ziriaxd oiipra ely dxrdde ,z`fd zaezkd oiipra dricid
ixry lr zeax zeaezk eid i`ce j` ,d`pa iax lr oexg`d xetiqa xird ixry lr zeaezk
? `weec dfd rcind z` eply ìbeql siqedl eply `xnbd lra d`x dne ,wizrd mlera mixr
zedfl dà zaezkdy oiad `l eply `xnbd lray oiivl yi ,z`fd dl`yd lr dprp mxha
exikd laa i`xen`y ,epi`xy itk ,xkip `"r r oiyeciw ilaan .ef mr ef elld gtpd zecin z`
,"deab"d gpena hwp ongp ax : ziriaxn zelecb zecin ody ,"wtp`"e "bap`" milind z` aexwn
heyt d`xp okl ."wtp`" ,innrd gpena ynzydl el didy el aiyd dcedi ax eliè ,"bap`"
ly ziriax" lr `le ,ilc lceba oii zeqek lr zexen el` miliny rci eply `xnbd lray
"dxez ly ziriax ef" aiyne ,[26] "lhp` edfi`" cala "lhp`"d lr lèy `xnbd lra ."dxez
xen`k èd ixewnd epiipry `"r fw oileg ilaaa cewt xdpn awri ax zpwz it lr z`fe ,[27]
itk ,zelecb zecin od "wtp`"e "bap`" m` .oiid qek ,"lhp`"d `le ,miici zlihp ly "`lhp"d
dpi` zaezkd zernyny xexa ,ziriaxde ezhiyl "lhp`"d mr zedf opiè ,rci i`ce èdy
.xgqd zepwz jxevl elld zeqekd ly zecind oia zedfl
ìwhetw xird ixry lry "lhp` ,wtp` ,bap`" zaezka d`x eply `xnbd lray èt` d`xp
eyniyy milecb milk ly zenya mceqi "wtp`"e "bap`" zenyd ,epi`xy itk .oiil lld xiy
.befn `le ig oii ,weic xzile ,envr oiil zetcxp milin mb eyniy milind izy j` .oii ziizyl
: my xiaqn `xnbd lrae ,"`bifn `xng"l "`wtp`" oia `"r cv oileg ilaaa àx oigan jk
axe ,ongp ax lv` gx`zd dcedi axy xteqn `"r r oiyeciw ilaaa ."rnyn ìig `wtp`"
enewna ynzydle df deab oeyln rpnidl el rivn dlde ,"`bap` xn izyil" el rivd ongp
"bap`" milind `l` ,xwir qekd e` dcind `ly xexa ef dgiya ."wtp`" zinnrd dlina
dwynl iepik eply dtya zynyn "ziqek" dlindy itk 70,envr oiil iepik eyniy "wtp`"e
.sixg
ybend oiil lld xiy èd "lhp` ,wtp` ,bap`" zaezkdy ayg eply `xnbd lray èt` d`xp
ok mè .xira zecind z` owzl dcrepy zaezk `le ,miphwe milecb ,mipey milkn milka
lry "xng `p` oiig lk y`xa" zaezkd oia d`xy dwifd z` oiadl ozip lwpay ixd ,xacd
dziidy "lhp` ,wtp` ,bap`" zixehqidd zaezkd oial [24] d`pa iax ly dcbà xird zneg
: el` mixra oiid zeaiygl zecr zeaezkd izya d`x èd .[25] ìwhetw xird ixry lr dwewg
oiig lk y`xa" xne` envr oiid day ziheitd zaezka oiid z` ecaik d`pa iax ly exir iyp`
zeqek ly zeny xird ixry lr eazk ìwhetw ly zegt micnelnd diayez mb j` ,"xng `p`
.df dwynl dkxrd ze`k ,oii
àa zetqez e`x .qekd jezay oiile qekd zcinl ,qekl elld miiepika miyeniyd oiay qgiil xywa ehalzd mixwegd 70
zxrd ; "bap`" jxr ,137±136 'nr ,` jxk ,(51 dxrd a ìbeq ,lirl) mlyd jexrd ,hedew 'g ; abp` d"c ,a"r gp `xza
S. Shaked, “Between Iranian and ; "bap`" jxr ,35 'nr ,(61 dxrd cl ìbeq ,lirl) mlyd jexrd zetqeza xbiib 'c
Aramaic : Iranian Words Concerning Food in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic”, Irano-Judaica 5 (2003), pp. 128–129,
.66 dxrd ,lirl mb e`xe .my mitqep mipeive ,71Îe 68±66 zexrd ,lirl epievy seleweq ly oelinl zeiptdde
811
(`"r hp Ð a"r gp) "afxn" : mirax`d ìbeqd
<'ipzn>
el oi` ixvnd mleq .dwfg dl yi dligfnd .dwfg enewnl yie ,dwfg el oi` afxnd
.dwfg dl yi Ð zixevle ,dwfg dl oi` zixvnd oelg .dwfg el yi Ð ixevle ,dwfg
dcedi iax ; dkezl qpkil leki mc` ly ey`x oi`y lk ? zixvnd oelg ìd efi`
ixd Ð dkezl qpkil leki mc` ly ey`x oi`y it lr s` ,oaln dl yi m` : xne`
.dwfg ef
<'nb>
? dwfg enewnl yie dwfg el oi` afxnd i`n .1 xexia zl`y .`

ly `yixl xywa
`xza àa ,epzpyn
yie ,zg` gexn Ð dwfg el oi` afxnd : xn`w ikd ,lèny xn` dcedi ax xn` .2
zeaeyz yelye ,e b
.zegex izyn Ð dwfg enewnl zei`xen`
enewnl yie ,exvwn jex` did m`y Ð dwfg el oi` afxnd : xn` `pipg iax .3
.exwer epi` exwerl à m`y Ð dwfg
,dpea eizgz zepal dvex m`y Ð dwfg el oi` afxnd : xn` à` xa dinxi ax .4
.exwer epi` exwerl à m`y Ð dwfg enewnl yie
Ð izxz jpd xn`c o`nl `nlya ; dwfg dl yi dligfnd : opz [` cenr hp sc] .5 daeyzd lr ìyew .a
jyndn ziyilyd
? dpin dil `wtp i`n ,dpea eizgz zepal dvx m`y xn`c o`nl `l` ,xity uexize ,epzpyn
.i`ziy` rxzizc il `gip `l : dil xn`c ,opiwqr oipa ly dligfna `kd .6
bbd lra àe ,exag xvgl min glwnd xepiv : lèny xn` dcedi ax xn` .7 lèny ly `xnin .b
ax ici lr zàend
icic xvg jl zipw z`c ikid ik : dil xn`c ,eilr akrn xvgd lra Ð enzeql dkldd iwqte ,dcedi
.jxbi`c ìn il ipw inp icicl ,ìn dia `cynl ux` i`xen` ly
oiipr ezeà l`xyi
iaxl diliiy lf` .akrn epi` : xn` `ng 'x ,akrn : xn` ìrye` iax ,xnzi` .8
dxdna `l yleynd hegde : `ng xa inx dilr ixw .akrn : edl xn` ,`qia
.`qia iax ly epa `ng iax ly epa ìrye` iax df Ð wzpi
cenlzd zxeqn
iax ly epa ...yleynd hegde : `ng xa inx dilr ixw .8 .a"r ci ,g b `xza àa inlyexi eeyd .3±1
.ai c zldw .wzpi dxdna `l yleynd hegde .a"r aq zeaezk ilaa .`qia

ick lecb xepiv seqa eze` oilezy zen` yly e` mizy enk ohw xepiv epiid .dwfg el oi` afxnd `wqit
e` einin glwl afxn eze`l exifgdl oileki lecb xepivd seqa ielzyke .lzekd on wegxa einin eglwiy
oiktey m` xvga dwfg el oi` .xn`w ikd : xn`w i`n 'nba yxtn .dwfg enewnl yie : l`nyl e` oinil
cv dfi`l ezehdl zeyx el oiè lièd xninl `ki`c ,cg` cvl xicz iehp èd m` exiag xvgl einin
'an dwfg enewnl el yie : eilr akrl leki dvxiy izniè .my edelz a"dra ,xvg lra zeyxa dvxiy
einin zkityl enewnl el yiy xexa df cvl minrte df cvl minrt exifgn afxnd lra mè xnelk .zegex
ly cg` y`xa cg` afxn `l` dlz `lyk .zg` gexn xvga dwfg el oi` xn`c `ki` : xvga dwfg
.`pipg 'xe : dwfg enewnl yie eizegex izyn epiid xvgl oxifgde oiy`x ipyn oiafxn ipy dlz la` xepiv
lawne dpea ,afxnd zgz oipa .zepal à m`y : afxnl xvwl xvg lra lekiy .dwfg el oi` : 'ipznl uxzn
epi` afxnl exwerle epipa diabdl dvex m`y xewrl à m`y .dwfg enewnl yie : dvexy dnk einin
itl dwfg el yi exiag xvgl min zglwn m` ziad lk cbpk gpeny lecb xepv epiid .dligfnd : i`yx
jex` did m`ye zg` gexn dwfg el oi` afxnlc .xity : i`nw ipyil .ixz ipdl `nlya : dlecb ìdy
dil `wtp i`n : afxn ly .eizgz zepal à m`y c"nl `l` : dwfg dl yiy dligfna k"`yn ,exvwn
on dieyry .oipa ly dligfna `kd : epipa ly jeza ely einin èd lawn `lde dligfnd lral .dpin
jpipa rbi m`y .i`ziy` rxzizc il `gip `l : dligfnd lra .dil xn`c opiwqr : ciq one mipa`
icicl : lzekd elwlwie dligfna my edzyi z`vle glwl minl geix didi `l mè .dze` lwlwi dligfnl
'x : df enzeql `ly el .akrn xne` ìrye` iax : ikxv odn zeyrle olawl .jxbi`c ìnn il ipw
: el iyily èdy epiwf `qia 'x xn`y enk akrnc xn`y ìrye`
813 (`"r hp ± a"r gp) "afxn" : mirax`d ìbeqd
xivwz
fwpnd xepiva xaecn .dwfg enewnl yi la` dwfg afxnl oi` e b `xza àa dpyn itl
.dxexa dpi` dpynay dpgadd j` ,okyd ly exvg xar l` bbd on minybd in z`
Ð daifrn ditly `ziixa zàen ; ìbeqa mi`xen` ici lr mirven mixaqd dyely
; dwfg dl yi Ð okyd xvg xar l` mind z` fwpl ick bbd agexl cnvend retiy
el wtiqy afxnd z` fifdl bbd lran repnl leki xvgd lra m` miwelg mi`xenè
repnl lkei epi`y miwqet mixg` mi`xenè lènyyk ,dwfg zepy yely xg`l min
.z`f
: midf hrnk dpynay dpgadl mi`xen` ici lr mirvend iyilyde ipyd mixaqdd
jxca eizgz zepal e` ,afxnd mxf z` zxg` oeekl xvgd lral miyxn mdipy
.dwfg zepy yely xg`l lilk exiqdl eilr mixqe` la` ,mxfd oeeika iepiy dkixvnd
`ziixaae bi a `xza àa `ztqeza zeliawn xe`l ,dpynd z` yxtl d`xp jk
.a"r ci ,g b `xza àa inlyexia zàend
,zegex izye ,dwfg dl oi`y ,zg` gex oia oigan ,lènyl qgeind ,oey`xd xaqdd
rven ycg yexit .miywen mleke ,ef dpgadl erved miyexit dnk .dwfg odl yiy
lra mditly ìbeqd seqa eixac xe`l lèny ixac z` oiadl yi eitle yexitd seba
yexitd itl .dwfgd zepy xg`l epkyl min wtiqy xepivd z` xiqdln repn bbd
jyna epnn epdp zegexd izyn mipkyd m` dwfg yi afxnly oreh lèny ,rvend
.xzei e` mipy yely

dpyna iyewd
,"ce`n dyw dpyn ìde" ,"dwfg enewnl yie ,dwfg el oi` afxnd" ,e b `xza àa ,epzpyn itl
zewfga zewqer mizad zwfg wxt seqay zeipynd x`ye epzpyn 1.onxail le`y azky itk
mewna df yeniy .mieqn jxevl 2,el jiiy epi`y mewna wifgnd ly cinzn yeniy ,yinyz
ynzydle jiyndl zekfd z` wifgnl dpwn 3xzei e` mipy yely jyna milrad z`gn `ll
dn : "enewn"l "afxn" oia epigada `pzd oeekzd dnl oiadl dyw ,z`f xe`l .df jxevl mewna
? envr afxnd z` epnn xiqdl jixv èd la` ,afxnd mewn lr dwfg el yi m` wifgnd lired
`l` ("enewn") rwxw lr zelra zewiprn opi` ody yinyz zewfg ly oaihn ixd : cere z`f
epiid if` ,"enewn"l "afxn" oia oigadl mewn did llka m` okle Ð rwxw dzeà yeniy zeiekf
: epiidc ; enewnl `le ,dwfg didz afxnly : epzpynay efn dketd didz dklddy mitvn
,xagd cvn d`gn `ll ,exag xvgl miktyp mindy oteà mipy yely jyna afxn zavd
dpwn dpi` j` ,df afxn jxc xvgl minybd in z` mixfdl jiyndl zekfd z` wifgnl dwiprn
jke ,xaqd èt` zyxec epzpynay dketdd dkldd .xvga mind zkity mewn lr zelra el
.[1] "dwfg enewnl yie dwfg el oi` afxnd i`n" ,eply ìbeqd y`xa `xnbd lra dywn
mya dcedi ax ly èd oey`xd yexitd .ef ziywen dkldl ìbeqa mirven miyexit dyely
epi` df xaqd .[2] "zegex izyn dwfg enewnl yie ,zg` gexn dwfg el oi` afxnd" : lèny
ly yexitd caln 4.jenqa oldl cenrl dqpp drnyn lre ,dnvr dpynd oeyln xzei xexa
envr afxnly rivn `pipg iax .ziywend dkldl mitqep miyexit ipy ìbeqa mirven lèny
e` exvga xg` mewnl ektyii mindy ick exvwl leki xvgd lray df oaena ,dwfg oi`
,dwfg yi ef xvgl dpetd bbd ly ecva afxnd mewin mvrl ,z`f znerl .dzegt zeiaiqphpià
exvgl dpet epi`y ziad ly xg` cvl ezxard e` eweliq z` yexcl leki epi` xvgd lrae
dwfg oi` 5mixg` mixnegn e` qxgn ,urn ieyrd ,envr afxnly yxtn à` xa dinxi iax .[3]
ly ezrc oirk ède ,enewna zepal ick exvwl Ð eizgz zepal leki xvgd lray df oaena
yexcl leki epi` xvgd lrae ,dwfg xvgd xieeà afxnd ly enewnl yi la` 6,`pipg iax
bbd ly ecv jxe`l iepad retiy epiidc Ð "oiipa ly dligfn"l ,z`f znerl .[4] ixnbl exwrl
xvgd lrae ,dwfg yi Ð 7bbd lry mind dil` mixaren ekxce okyd ly xvgd xar l` dpetd
oewizl mleq my aivdl bbd lral xyt`l ick dligfnd on zen` rax` wigxdl aiig
.192 'nr ,(23 dxrd b ìbeq ,lirl) oiwifp inlyexi ,onxail 'y 1
e` exag xvg : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"dcnrd" ,gl ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x .icrla oteà el jiiy epi`y e` 2
èd myn ,wifgnd ly ihxtd ezia bb lry afxna zwqer epzpyny eyxit mipey`xd lk ,mipt lk lr ."oitzeyd xvg
.my 10 dxrda epazky dn e`x ; d`xp oke .exag xvg jezl miktyp mindyk exag xvg ly xiee`d jezl jynp
yely xg`l e` xzl`l dwfg : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"dcnrd" ,gl ìbeqa oeica ,lirl epazky dn e`x 3
."mipy
lèny mya dcedi ax ly `xninde dpynl lèny mya dcedi ax yexit : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,oldl e`x 4
."ìbeqd seqa
zinexd dtewzd on qxgn zexepiv ly dpenz e`xe ; aqz 'nr ,b"iyz milyexi ,cenlzd zextqa qxgd ilk ,cpxa 'i e`x 5
.164 'nr ,g"qyz milyexi ,oilitz `vend : cebi`d cenlz ,onlehq '` lv`
m`y d"c ,a"r gp `xza àa ,`"ahixd ; dligfnd opz d"c ,`"r hp `xza àal zvaewn dhiya àen ,c"a`xd yexitk 6
,my meyxb epaxl qgeind ,z`f znerl .433 'nr ,(65 dxrd bl ìbeq ,lirl) oiwifp ,dpyn ixcq dyy ,wal` 'g ; dvx
oaena "eizgz zepal" eyxit ,dvex m`y d"c ,my m"ayxe ,à` xa dinxi 'x d"c ,my l`ppg epax ,zepal à m`y d"c
,`hiyt md el` mixacy eyexitl dyw j` ,afxna rbet epi`y ynn afxnl zgzn jenp oiipa ziipa epiidc ,"eizgzn"
el oi` afxnd" oeyla epzpyn ly `pzd hwp recne ,enewna `le afxna `l bbd lra ly ezwfga dribt llk o`k oiè
diipal cebipay dler [6] `wqitn : cere z`f ? llk ea rebtl ilan eizgz zepal xzeny dziid ezpeek lk m` "dwfg
epi`y jenp oiipa ziipa eyexit "zgz" m` .oiipad zeceqi z` xrxrz ìd ik ,dxeq` dligfn "zgz" diipa ,afxn "zgz"
cvik oiadl lw ,z`f znerl .ziad zeceqi z` xrxrz dligfnl zgzn diipa cvik oiadl dyw ,dligfna e` afxna rbep
.oiipad zeceqi z` xrxrz dnewna zepal ick dligfnd on wlg zqixd
.[6±5] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x 7
ìdy ,dligfnd z` xvwl zekf xvgd lral oi`y oky lke ,(d a `xza àa dpyn) dligfnd
.[6±5] elek ziade dligfnd ly zeaivid z` zxrxrnd jxca ,envr ziad on wlg
inlyexia dliawnde mipey`xd itl lèny mya dcedi ax ly xaqdd

,dwfg el oi` afxnd" ,dpynay ziywend dkldd z` lèny mya yxit dcedi ax ,xen`k
enewnl yie ,zg` gexn dwfg el oi` afxnd" ,zegt `l ziywen oeyla ,"dwfg enewnl yie
: miyexit dnkl ekf el` lèny ixac .[2] "zegex izyn dwfg
,oey`xd yexitd itl 8.meyxb epaxl qgeind yexita mirven lèny ixacl mixaqd ipy .1
,bbd ly cv ezeà ("zegex izy") mewnl mewnn mrt s` afxnd z` fifd `l bbd lra m`
z`f .ebbn minybd in z` dkezl jetyl exag xvga yinyz zwfg el yiy dgked oi`
mind z` jetyl xvgd lran zeyx lhp bbd lray gipdl xzei xiaq el` zeaiqpay meyn
zekfd z` envrl xney xvgd lrae ,ef zekf dpw `l la` ,xvg dze` jeza mieqn mewnl
z` mrtl mrtn fifn bbd lrayk ,z`f znerl .mipy yely xg`l mb ,zr lka eilr akrl
miktyp minybdy jk ,exag xvgl dpetd bbd ly cv eze` jxe`l mewnl mewnn afxnd
el yiy exag xvga bdep èd day zeiytega giken èd ,ef xvga xg` mewnl mrt lk
akrl leki exag oi` aey mipy yely xg`le ,dpeeikl minyb in geliw jxevl ef xvga dwfg
.eilr
oia dppi` dpgadd j` ,oey`xd yexitl dnec meyxb epaxl qgeina àend ipyd yexitd .2
cg` afxn oia `l` ,eze` fifn bbd lray cg` afxnl eze` fifn bbd lra oi`y cg` afxn
o`k oi` ,exag xvga mieqn mewnl xicz glewd cg` afxn bbd lral yi m` .miafxn ipyl
,z`f znerl .zeyx zlihp ly aiign `l xeciqa xaecny gipdl xzei xiaq oky ,dwfg
,onfa ea exag xvga mipey zenewn ipyl mind z` mikteyd miafxn ipy bbd lra oiwzdyk
yi mipy yely xg`le ,minyb in geliw jxevl dlek xvgd lr zehlzyd jka yiy ixd
.eilr akrn exag oi` aeye ,df yinyzl dwfg el
xiardl bbd lra z` gixkdl zr lka leki xvgd lray eyxit 9zetqezd ilrae m"ayx .3
,mipy yely xg`l mb ,exvgl dpetd bbd ly cv eze` jxe`l mewnl mewnn afxnd z`
m` ,z`f znerl .("zg` gexl dwfg") afxnd ly wiecnd mewind iabl dwfg bbd lral oiè
bbd cv jxe` lkl eniiwl `le ,oihelgl afxnd z` xewrl bbd lran ywan xvgd lra
cva afxnd zavd iabl zillk dwfg bbd lral yie ,ok zeyrl zekf el oi` ,ef xvgl dpetd
lewiy itl ,df ("gex") mewna e` ziad ly cv ezeà df ("gex") mewna e` ,ziad ly df
.("zegex izyl dwfg") xvgd lra ly ezrc
lra ,xnelk ; "zg` gexl dwfg el oi`" 10,sqei epax mya my zetqeza àend yexitd itl .4
lk ,afxnd zieef iepiy ici lr exvga xg` mewnl geliwd z` oeekl epnn yexcl lkei xvgd
lra ,xnelk ; "zegex izyl dwfg el yi" la` ,bbd y`x lr mewn ezeà x`yp afxnd cer
dpetd ebb lzek lr mewnl mewnn envr afxnd z` xiardl epnn yexcl leki epi` xvgd
.exvgl
: dpynl xaqdk ode lèny ixacl xaqdk od miywen elld miyexitd lk
,"gex" dlina lèny ly yeniyd èd lèny ly epeyl zpigan elld miyexita iyewd .1
,el` miyexita ynynd oaena `l la` ,"cv" oeyl mb ynyl dleki ìd ."oeeik" dyexity
.enewnl el yie d"c ,a"r gp `xza àa ,meyxb epaxl qgeind 8

.afxnd d"c ,my zetqez ; dwfg enewnl yi la` d"ce zg` gexn dwfg el oi` d"c ,a"r gp `xza àa m"ayx 9
.my zetqez 10
df cvl df miza ipy o`k mixèzn .bbd ly mieqn cv jxe`l afxnd ly wiecnd mewind
ilra ipy oia zwlegn mizad oiay xvgdyk Ð ipyd ly egxfnn cg` ,dnbecd jxevl Ð
,ipyd ziad oeeikl jynp iaxrnd ziad ly bbd on mifwpzn mind eay afxnde ,mizad
mb ,xacd ok m` .igxfnd ziad ly exvgl afxnd jxc mikynp minybd ine ,dgxfn epiidc
e` afxnd ,cg` `le miafxn ipy mpyiyk e` ,bbd y`x lr mewnl mewnn xaren afxndyk
oaena) "gex" dze`l mipete ,bbd ly zigxfnd (cv oaena) "gex"d on cinz mi`vei miafxnd
ly igxfnd cvd ly igxfnÎoetvd dvwa enewinn xaren afxnd xzeid lkl .gxfn : (oeeik
egexa mi`vnp mdipy : "zegex izy" mpi` elld zeevwd ipy j` .igxfnÎmexcd dvwl bbd
.gxfn gexl mipet mdipye ,ziad ly zigxfnd
dpynay dpgadl mled yexit eixaca lèny d`x cvik elld miyexitd itl oiadl dyw .2
àend oey`xd yexitd itl .dwfg el yiy ,afxnd ly "enewn"l ,dwfg el oi`y ,"afxn" oia
,dwfgd zepy jyna mewnl mewnn afxnd z` wifgnd fifd `l m` ,meyxb epaxl qgeina
dwfg el yi ,mewnl mewnn afxnd z` wifgnd fifd mè ,enewna `le afxna `l dwfg el oi`
,envr afxna dwfg el yiy oky lke ,exag xvg epiidc ,afxnd on mind zkity mewna
afxn in zkity jxevl xvga wifgnd ,my àend ipyd yexitd itl ! icrla oteà el jiiyd
,mewna wifgn jkae ,bbd ly igxfnd cvd ly zepitd izya miafxn ipy oiwzn dpekpd jxca
mikiiyd ,mnvr miafxna dwfg el yiy oky lke ,mind miktyp dil`y exag xvga epiidc
,sqei epax ly yexitd itl oke ,zetqezd ilrae m"ayx ly yexitd itl ! icrla oteà el
zekf epiidc ,envr afxna dwfg bbd lral yi : dketd zeidl dkixv dpynay dkldd
,zr lka el aizkdl leki xvgd lra : enewn lr dwfg el oi` j` ,ìdy lk jxca eniiwl
.xvga mind zkity mewn zè bbd y`x lr afxnd zavd mewn z` ,mipy yely xg`l mb
epax itl eliè ,icrla oteà afxnd mewn z` raew xvgd lra zetqezde m"ayxd itl
ipy itl ,mipt lk lr .iwlg oteà afxnd mewn z` raew xvgd lra l`ppg epaxe sqei
dpi`y e` ,zlaben afxnd ly enewna ezwfge ,envr afxna dwfg bbd lral yi miyexitd
! dpynd oeyl jetida Ð llk zniiw
zetqezd ilrae m"ayxd yexity d`xp ,lèny ixacl el` miyexita elld miiywd s` lr
: xn`p ,a"r ci ,g b `xza àa inlyexia .inlyexiay dliawna riizqdl leki
.dwfg el oi` afxnd

.ea aigxdle jix`dl : xn` yiwl yix
.gexd dze` lkl : xn` opgei iax
lr opgei iax ixac zè ,ilaaay `pipg iax ixac it lr yiwl yix ixac z` eyxit miyxtnd
yix .d`xp oke 11.zetqezd ilrae m"ayxc àil` ilaaay lèny mya dcedi ax ixac it
z x e v z` zepyl leki xvgd lra .envr afxnd xepiva dwfg bbd lral oi`y xne` yiwl
mind mxf z` zqeel ick z`fe ,eznkqd `lle ,bbd lra ly dwfg zepy yely xg`l mb afxnd
yely xg`l : afxnd ly enewin mvra dwfg bbd lral yi j` ,eilk e` eizexea ,exvg jezl
jiyndl bbd lran repnl leki epi` xvgd lra ,xvgd lra cvn d`gn `ll afxnd meiw zepy
oi`y xne` opgei iax .ezxev z` zepyl leki èdy mbd ,ebba df mewna èdy lk afxn aivdl
mewnl afxnd z` xiardl epnn yexcl leki xvgd lrae ,"gexd dze` lkl" dwfg bbd lral
12.bbd ly cv ezeà afxnd mewin iabl zillk dwfg el yi la` ,ebb ly cv ezeà xg`
.(1 dxrd ,lirl) onxail ; xn` l"x d"c ,my f"acix ; jix`dl d"c ,g b `xza àal miptd d`xn e`x 11
zàend d a `xza àa dpynn ìd dpey`xd .opgei iax zcnr zaehl zei`x izy ìan inlyexia ìbeqd lra 12
dwfg el oi` afxnd : dzeekce ,gexd eze` lk : xnin jl zi` .zen` drax` zeyx dl yi dligfnd : opipzde" : dfxtxta
; "mleqd z` swef `diy ick ,zen` rax` dligfnd on lzekd ...z` oiwigxn" ìd dpynd oeyl ."gexd dze` lkl
z` xiarnd bbd dvwa retiy ,exag bb lry dligfnd seqn zen` rax` jez ezia lzek z` zepal okyl xeq` ,xnelk
xieeà zen` rax` lr dwfg bbd lral yi okle ,bbd ly zg` gex jxe` lkl zpwzen dligfnd dpde .bbd on minybd in
dwfg bbd lral oi` eitly ,opgei iax ly df ,dpynl xaqd ep`vn ok` inlyexiay `vnp
,ziad ly cv ezeà dvxiy mewn lka afxnd z` aivdl jiyndl xnelk ,gexd dze` lkl
lèny ixac yexitk ède ,ziad ly cv ezeà afxnd zavd iabl zillk dwfg el yi la`
oeyll ddf epi` inlyexia opgei iax ixac oeyl j` .zetqezd ilrae m"ayx itl ilaaa
,"gexd dze` lkl [dwfg el oi` afxnd]" `l` xn` `l opgei iax .ilaaa lèny ixac
,z`f znerl .gex dzeà cala enewnl `l` ,gexd dze` lkl dwfg el oi`y ìd dpeekde
izyl dwfg enewnl yie ,zg` gexl dwfg el oi` afxnd" ,lèny mya dcedi ax ly epeyl
zenewn ipy oaena "zegex izy" yxtl evl`p ilaad iyxtn .ipyxc xne` oiicr ,[2] "zegex
df yexit ,xen`ke ,zigxfnÎmexcd dpitde bbd ly zigxfnÎoetvd dpitd oebk ,gex ezeà
.xiaq epi`
lèny mya dcedi ax ly xaqdd yexita dycg drvd

mya dcedi ax ly `xnind xe`l dpynl lèny mya dcedi ax ly eyexit z` yxtl d`xp
: [7] ìbeqd jynda zàend lèny
lra Ð enzeql bbd lra àe ,exag xvgl min glwnd xepiv : lèny xn` dcedi ax xn`
inp icicl ,ìn dia `cynl icic xvg jl zipw z`c ikid ik : dil xn`c ,eilr akrn xvgd
.jxbi`c ìn il ipw
lra : xvgd lrae bbd lra ly ziccd dwfg ìd afxna dwfgd ,lèny ly el` mixac itl
j` ,exag xvgl miktype xepivd jezl mifwepn ebb z` mitivnd mindy jkn dpdp mpn` bbd
miiehiad z` yxtl yi el` mixac it lry d`xpe .afxnd on miglewd mind on dpdp mb exag
.bbd zegex `le ,afxnd zegex Ð dpynl lèny ly eyexita "zegex izy"e "zg` gex"
exag j` ,ebbn d`ld mind fewipn dpdp bbd lra m` ,xnelk ,"zg` gexn dwfg el oi` afxnd"
o`k oi` ,mda ynzydl ick milk jezl mze` sqe` epiè ,exvg jezl mind geliwn dpdp epi`
mind fewipn dpdp bbd lra mipy yely jyna m` ,"zegex izyn dwfg enewnl yie" ; dwfg
milk e` zexea jezl miktypd mnvr mind on dpdp xvgd lra mipy oze` lkae ,ebbn d`ld
znkqd `ll afxnd z` xewrl zexyt` mdn cg` s`l oiè ,ztzeyn dwfg o`k yi ,exvgay
.ipyd
itly dyw zvw ,bbd ly `le ,afxnd ly cv eyexit lèny ixaca "gex"y ,epyexitl
eze`l epeekzd `le ,"zg` gexl" xn` lènye ,"gexd dze` lkl" xn` opgei iax inlyexid
drnyn ok` ,yiwl yix ly ef ,inlyexia zxg`d drcdy dcaerd xe`l cgeina z`f .xac
oi` "zegex izyl `le ...zg` gexl"e `wr `c j` .[3] `pipg iax ly ef ,ilaaa dzliawnk
hrnl à èd `l` ,"zegex izy" hrnl à epi` "gex dze` lkl" ; "gexd dze` lkl" eyexit
opgei iaxe lèny ly miyexitd oiay oeincdy gipdl dyw ,ipy cvn ."gexd dze` lkn zegt"
ux`l ribd dpynl lèny mya dcedi ax ly yexitdy d`xp okl .mixwn sexiv èd dpynl
el oi` afxnd" ,yexitd ly oey`xd ivgd wx xqnp l`xyi uxà : zrhewn dxeva l`xyi
xg`l ,xnelk ,"dwfg dl yi dligfnd" epzpyn jynda epipy dpde .ezia jxe` lkl dligfnd dvwa laebd exag xvg
lkl dligfnd z` miiwl jiyndl zekfd z` bbd lra dpw xvgd lra cvn d`gn `ll dligfnd meiw zepy yely
dligfnd on `veid xepivd Ð afxnd oia dcibpn dpynd mè .exag xvga agx ghy ipt lr miktyp mindy mbd ,dkxe`
lkl dwfg yi dligfnly zraewe ,dnvr dligfnd oial Ð exag xvga mieqn mewnl mind mxf z` oeekl ick bbd on e`
bbd lran yexcl leki xvgd lray ìd zernynd ,z`fk dwfg oi` afxnle dcenv ìd eil`y bbd ly cvd jxe`
.oihelgl bbd ly cv eze`n afxnd z` xewrl epnn ywal leki epi`y mbd ,bbd ly cv ezeà afxnd mewin z` zepyl
."dwfg enewnl yie dwfg el oi` afxnd" dpynay dkldd z` opgei iax yxit ok
egeliw mewn .dwfg el yi xvga afxnd mewn : ok ipze" : `ziixan ìd dpynl opgei iax yexit zaehl diipyd di`xd
dwfg el oi` la` ,exag xvga afxnd mewin mvr iabl dwfg bbd lral yi : opgei iax ixack epiide ,"dwfg el oi` xvga
epnn yxec epi` cer lk ,exvga mind jty mewn z` zepyl epnn yexcl leki exage ,exag xvga egeliw mewn iabl
.exvga laebd bbd ly cvd on afxnd z` oihelgl xewrl
ycgn yxit opgei iax ."zegex izyl dwfg enewnl yie" ipyd ivgd `ll ,"zg` gexl dwfg
."gexd dze` lkl" oaena oey`xd wlgd z`
dwfg dpekn recn : dnvr dpynd oeyln lèny ixaca mipey`xd iyexit lr epiywd lirl
,envr "afxnd" ly dwfg Ð bbd ly cv ezeà afxnd ly wiecnd mewinl Ð "zg` gex"l
,bbd ly cv eze` ly mi`vgd ipy ipt lr zrxzynd dwfg epiidc ,"zegex izyl dwfg" eliè
lr dxen "afxn" oeyld : ok zeywdl oi` eply yexitd lr j` ? afxnd "mewn" ly dwfg dpekn
xvgd lrae ,"dwfg el oi` afxnd" ,cala afxn xeza .`cixb fewip irvn`k xepivd ly ecewtz
enewnl yi mxa .mipy yely xg`l mb ,zr lka exwrl ywal leki exvga mind jtyn laeqd
yely jyna m` .dwfg Ð bba xepivd zavd mewn ly divwpet èdy ,mind jty mewn Ð
dfe zg` gexn einin efwpziy ick df ,afxnd mewinn cgi mb bbd lrae xvgd lra epdp mipy
igkepd mewind lr mdipyl ztzeyn dwfg dpyi if` ,diipyd gexd on min xewn el didiy ick
d`gn `ll mipy yely exary xg`l dfd xeciqd z` zepyl leki mdn cg` oiè ,afxnd ly
.èdy lk cvn
dizeliawne epzpyn ly dheytl

mixg`d miyexitd on xzei mèz lèny mya dcedi ax ixaca eprvdy yexitdy it lr s`
mya dcedi ax ly diipyd `xnind zè dnvr `xnind oeyl z` ,dpynd oeyl z` ervedy
el oi` afxnd" dpyyk envr epzpyn ly `pzd oeekzd jkl m` wtq ,ìbeqa zàend lèny
dinxi iaxe `pipg iax rivdl micizry yexitl oeekzdy xzei d`xp ."dwfg enewnl yie ,dwfg
afxna etilgdl leki xvgd lrae ,df afxnl dwfg oi` : inlyexia yiwl yixe ilaaa à` xa
mewnl dwfg yi la` ,enewna zepal ick exvwl e` mind zxib` ikxevl xzei mi`znd xg`
fwpl jiyni èdy lk afxny jk lr cenrl leki bbd lra dwfg zepy yely xg`le ,afxnd
.exag xvga mewn eze` xar l` ebbn mind z`
: epzpynn ef `wqitl zi`pzd zextqa exnzyp zeliawn izy
mewn .dwfg el yi xvga afxnd mewn : ok ipze" : xn`p a"r ci ,g b `xza àa inlyexia .1
inlyexia `xnbd lra zrc lr ahid zyxtzn ef `ziixa ."dwfg el oi` xvga egeliw
afxn bbd lr mwnl zekfd mvr eyexit "xvga afxnd mewn"yk ,my opgei iax zhiya
xvga itivtq mewnl mxfd z` oeekl zekfd eyexit "xvga egeliw mewn"e ,ef xvgl dpetd
13
.exag
le`y ."dwfg el yi egeliw mewn .dwfg el oi` xepiv" : iepy ci a `xza àa `ztqeza .2
rivd dheytk `ztqeza : zepey mikxc izya `ztqezay `ziixad z` yxit onxail
eyexita j` 14.migpen iepiya ,`ztqezay ef ìd ìd inlyexiay `ziixady onxail
`ziixad eliè ,"zxg` zxeqn" yi `ztqezly rivde ea xfg oiwifp inlyexil
epi`xy itke ,opgei iax xzei xge`n rivdy itk epzpyn z` zyxtn inlyexiay
15.lirl
d`xp "egeliw mewn" oiipra inlyexiay `ziixal `ztqezd oia zyxetnd dxizqd xe`l ,okè
oday zepeyld yely oia deeyp dad .gepina iepiy wx `le ,zxg` zxeqn o`k yiy heyt
: epzpynay zi`pzd dkldd dxnzyp

.354 'nr ,(25 dxrd c ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y 14
.193±192 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) onxail 15
a"r ci ,g b `xza àa inlyexi bi a `xza àa `ztqez e b `xza àa dpyn
.dwfg el oi` xepiv ,dwfg el oi` afxnd

.dwfg el yi xvga afxnd mewn dwfg enewnl yie
.dwfg el oi` xvga egeliw mewn dwfg el yi egeliw mewn
diepy dpexg`dyk ,zekld yely epiptl yiy d`xp dlaha mixacd zrvd jxcn gkeny itk
.inlyexiay `ziixaa miàen eixacy `pzl `ztqeza miàen eixacy `pzd oia zwelgna
dkld ,"dwfg el oi` xepiv" e` "dwfg el oi` afxnd" iehial xzeia xiaqd yexitd ,xen`k
yiwl yixe ilaaa à` xa dinxi iaxe `pipg iax yexit èd ,`ztqezae dpyna wx zàend
xieeà `vnp ipyd edvw j` ,ebb lr bbd lra ici lr owzedy xepiv e` afxna xaecn : inlyexia
,ezxev z` zepyl leki xvgd lrae ,envr dfd afxnd lr dwfg bbd lral oi` .exag ly xvgd
lkeiy ick e` ,exvga minybd in zxibà ahid eze` ynyiy ick epevxk eaigxdl e` ekix`dl
ewlql yxec xvgd lra mè ,"dwfg el yi" ,ef xvga ,"afxnd mewn" mvr j` .enewna zepal
.ef dyixcl zepridl jixv bbd lra oi` mipy yely xg`l
lkl zniiwd Ð afxnd mewna dwfgde Ð dkldd itl zniiw dpi`y Ð envr afxna dwfgd
znerl .ezpwzd mewnae oiwzdy afxna ,afxnd z` oiwzdy bbd lra ly zewfg od ,zercd
mind on dpdpd xvgd lra ly dwfgd ìd afxnd ly "egeliw mewn"a dwfgdy d`xp z`f
`pipg iax mi`xen`de ,`ng iaxe `qia iax mi`pzd ewlgp eply ìbeqd itl .exvgl miktypd
`vnpd afxnd dvw epiidc ,afxnd ly egeliw mewna dwfg xvgd lral yi m` ,lènye
yely xg`l mb `ny e` ,dfd xeciqd jyndl zetvl ezekf mipy yely xeark m`d : ezeyxa
minl dyib xvgd lran repnle bbd ly df cvn oihelgl afxnd z` wlql bbd lra leki mipy
Ð mind zxib` zpigan zegt el gepy ,exag xvga xg` mewnl mind z` oeekl e` Ð elld
oke ,[7] mind geliw mewna dwfg xvgd lral yiy xaq lèny ? xvgd lra ly eznkqd `ll
wlg ,ìrye` iax ly eiaè `qia iax ly epa ,`ng iax j` ,`qia iax eaqe ìrye` iax exaq
.[8] eci lr `le bbd lra ici lr owzedy df afxna dwfg mey xvgd lral oi`y xaqe ,mdilr
xeaq `ztqezay `ziixad ly `pzd : ef zwelgn ztwzyn epiptly zeziixaa s`y d`xpe
xvga afxnd mewna dwfg bbd lral yiy myky ,lèny `xen`de ìrye` iax ,`qia iaxk
`ziixad ly `pzd ,z`f znerl .exag afxn ly geliwd mewna dwfg xvgd lral yi jk ,exag
dpi` exag bb lr ecxiy minybd inn xvgd lra z`pdy `qia xa `ng iaxk xeaq inlyexiay
dwfgd .dwfg zepy yely xg`l mb el` mina zekf mey el oiè ,afxnd ly ièel xvez `l`
epevxae df xeciqa jiyni epevxa .dligzkln afxnd z` oiwzdy bbd lra ly ìd dcigid
.xvgd lraa aygzdl ilan ,eplhai
oiipra dcnr hewpl dvx `ly meyn ezpynn lilk ziyilyd dkldd z` hinyd iaxy dnec
oi` bbd lral : cala ef dwfgae ,bbd lra ly dwfga èt` cwnzd èd .zwelgna iepyd df
lral yi la` ,mipy yely xg`l mb exvwl e` etilgdl leki xvgd lrae ,envr afxna dwfg
zekf xvgd lral oi` mipy yely xg`le ,exag xvg xieeà afxnd mewin mvr lr dwfg bbd
.xg` mewnl exiardl e` afxnd z` wlql epnn yexcle df xeciq lhal
oeyla iax hwp ,xvgd lra zwfga `le ,afxna bbd lra zwfga xaecny xidadl icky d`xpe
xepivd : irnynÎec èd "xepiv" oeyld .`ztqeza ep`vny itk ,"xepiv" oeyla `le ,"afxn"
iptn "xepiv" oeyla hwp `ztqezay `ziixad ly `pzd .min zwtq`l od fewipl od ynyn
mewna xvgd lra zwfg oial afxnk eynya xepiva bbd lra ly ezwfg oia zeeydl dvxy
izya hwp df mewnae ,xepiva xvgd lra zwfgl llk qgiizdl `ly ywia iax j` ,egeliw
lr dxend afxn oeyla ynzydl el gep did df jxevl .xepiva bbd lra zwfg opiipry zekld
,exag ly xvgd xieeà ely afxnd mewina dwfg yi bbd lral : mind fewipa xepivd ciwtz
.dwfg zepy yely xg`l mb ,envr afxnd zxev z` zepyl exagn repnl leki èd oi` j`
yexit ipeir
o`nl `l` ,xity Ð izxz jpd xn`c o`nl `nlya ; dwfg dl yi dligfnd : opz .6±5
,opiwqr oipa ly dligfna `kd ? dpin dil `wtp i`n ,dpea eizgz zepal dvx m`y xn`c
.i`ziy` rxzizc il `gip `l : dil xn`c
ìd dligfn ,"dpyna iyewd : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecnd seqa ,lirl eply yexitd itl
jxe`l dpapd rteyn ghyn e` ,bbd ly jynd èdy retiya xaecn 16; "oiipa ly" dxcbda
iax yxit jk .okyd xvg oeeikl bbd lr micxeid minybd in miyleb epnne bbd ly cg`d ecv
d`xp 19.cpxa ryedie 18onxail le`y ekld eizeawrae 17,"lgfn" jxr ,jexrd lra ozp
e` ,dligfn ea oi`y bba dligfnl silgz èd ,bbd on `veid xepivd ,afxnd df yexitly
.mind z` zqeel ick dligfnd ly retiyd zizgzl micenv eid miafxny
lecb xepiv zxeva ìd dligfnd ezrcly `l` ,eteqa dligfnl cenv afxndy xaq m"ayxd
ok m` `l` ,dligfnd zevw ipyn miktyp mind .bbd dvw jxe`l gpend dlrnln gezt
m` ,afxnd z` oeekl ozip fè ,mind z` oeekl ick ,mdipya e` cg`d dvwa afxn mipiwzn
oky ,zegt d`xp df yexit 20.okyd xvg xar l` ,dligfnl dxyi zieefa mè dligfnd jyndk
èdy lk oiipa zepal leki xvgd lra cvik oiadl dyw mbe ,oiipa ly xepiv oiincl dyw
ly exvgy oiincl dyw sè ,ekxe`l bbd dvwl cenvd xepiv eze` ly zFiy`d z` xrxriy
mb afxnd enky d`xp okl .ekxe` lkl zial dcenvd ef dligfn ly dvwl cr dribn okyd
drck ,okyd xvg oeeikl retiya zcxeie zkynp ìd j` ,bbl cg`d dcvn dcenv dligfnd
.dpey`xd
enzeql bbd lra àe ,exag xvgl min glwnd xepiv : lèny xn` dcedi ax xn` .8±7
,ìn dia `cynl icic xvg jl zipw z`c ikid ik : dil xn`c ,eilr akrn xvgd lra Ð
epi` : xn` `ng 'x ,akrn : xn` ìrye` iax ,xnzi` .jxbi`c ìn il ipw inp icicl
yleynd hegde : `ng xa inx dilr ixw .akrn : edl xn` ,`qia iaxl diliiy lf` .akrn
.`qia iax ly epa `ng iax ly epa ìrye` iax df Ð wzpi dxdna `l
qgiizn epzpyna afxnd ly "enewn"y oeirxd z` lèny mya ìad dcedi ax ,xen`k
bbd lra ici lr owzed èdy mbd ,afxna bbd lrale xvgd lral yiy zeiccdd zeiekfl
ìbeqd jldn" xecna ,lirl epi`xy itk .[2] dwqitay mdixac z` epyxit jke ,cala
`xza àa ,eply ìbeql inlyexiay dliawna dcedzl ekf `l el` lèny ixac ,"dizecleze
a wlg ,` jxk ,cenlzd zeipencw ,qiexw 'y mb e`xe) i`ziy` rxzizc d"c ,`"r hp `xza àa ,m"ayxa ipyd yexitk 16
.jenqa oldl e`x .xepivk dligfnd ly dzxev z` qtz m"ayxy `l` ,(328±327 'nr ,[16 dxrd n ìbeq ,lirl]
s` yxit a"r hv oiaexira i"yx ."lgfn" jxr ,100 'nr ,d jxk ,(51 dxrd a ìbeq ,lirl) mlyd jexrd ,hedew 'g e`x 17
,lzekl cenva bbl zgzn dn`k zpwzen `l` envr bbd ly jynd dpi` ìd ezrcly `l` ,retiy ìd dligfndy èd
.xvgd xar l` milgef md myne ,dligfnd `l` bbd on mind z` mipeekn miafxne
.431 'nr ,a"kyz wxei eip ,oiaexir ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y 18
dxve dlrnln dagx ìd ezrcl : dligfnd ly dzencl mitqep mieew xiivn s`y ,bqz 'nr ,(5 dxrd ,lirl) cpxa e`x 19
xepivd enk ,ezizgza xerw ghyna `l` oeqklà gpend ixnbl gehy scna xaecnd oiè ,retiyd dvwa ,dhnln xzei
mind z` dpeeike ,retiya `le ,dhnl dlrnln ziad lzekl cenva minrtl dgped dligfnd cpxa zrcl .afxnd e`
enk ,okyd xvg oeeikl ,retiya dgped ìd minrtle ,envr bbd lral mikiiyd ziad cvly zexea xar l` bbd on
.eply ìbeqa oecipd dxwna
; bbd dvwa gpend xepiv zxeva ìd dligfndy xaq m"anxd mb .dligfnd d"ce afxnd d"c ,a"r gp `xza àa m"ayx 20
.7 'rd 164 'nr ,(5 dxrd ,lirl) onlheq mb e`x .g b `xza àa dpynl eyexit e`x
,o`k lèny ixacl dliawnk llk jxca yxtznd ,my opgei iax ly eyexit sè ,a"r ci ,g b
dribdy lèny ixaca drehw zxeqnl opgei iax ly dagxda xaecn xzeid lkle ,xg` epiipr
.ixewnd dpaena dpaed `le l`xyi ux`l
on ,ok it lr sè .inlyexia ìbeqa iehia icil èt` dà `l epzpynl lèny ly zepyxtd
dpynl lèny mya dcedi ax ly ef zepyxt zqqazn dilry dklddy dler eply ìbeqd
enzql leki epi` bbd lra sè ,xvgd lrae bbd lra ly ziccd dwfg ìd afxna dwfgd ditle
iax `pzd sè ,l`xyi uxà zxken dziid ,[7] xvgd lra znkqd `ll mipy yely xg`l
iax ly eiaè `qia iax ly epa ,`ng iax z`f znerl .ok exaq ìrye` iax eckpe `qia
lr .enzql e` afxnd z` xewrl bbd lran repnl leki xvgd lra oi`y xaq ,ìrye`
."wzpi dxdna `l yleynd hegde" weqtd z` `xew `ng xa inx mzyely
: dcb` ly xywda mye ,a"r aq zeaezk ilaaae o`k miriten `ng xa inx ly el` eixac
il akri` : l"` ,i`gei oa y"xc dileld idliya ax ial lif`w ded i`pikg oa dippg iax
iliay epzyi` iz`c cr .ax iaa ipy ixq ixz aizi lf` .dil àkri` `l ,jcda iz`c cr
: dl exw eedc `ziax ìddl rny ,`xdpc `ceb` aizi lf` .dizial lfinl rci `le `znc
.dxza lf` ,ocic `ziax i`d ,n"y : xn` .lifip `ze jzlew iln ,i`pikg za ,i`pikg za
: eiptl xn` .dgex gxt dal ieq ,dizifg dpir lc ,`gnw dldp `w edziac àizi ded
.diige dlr ingx `ra ? dxky df ef diipr ,r"yax
ciarck ciari` `l : xn` ,`z` ik .`yxcn iaa ipy ixq ixz aizi lif` `qia xa `ng iax
`w ded ,dinw aizi dixa ìrye` 'x `z` .dizial gly ,`yxcna aizi liir ,i`pikg oa
ded `kd ièd i` : xn` ,dizrc ylg ,dizrny iccgzn `wc `fg ,`zrny dil li`yn
,ira `w `zzrny dil`ynl ,xaq èd .dinw mw ,dixa lr ,dizial lr .i`d ik rxf il
hegd : `ng xa inx dilr ixw ? `xa inwn mi`wc à` `ki` in : edziac dil dxn`
.`qia xa `ng iax ly epa ìrye` 'x df Ð wzpi dxdna `l yleynd
ìbeqay xywda `le ìdd dcb`l xywa `l mxewna exn`p `l `ng xa inx ixacy d`xp
dcbà j` ,`ng xa inx ixacl xzei mi`zn mpn` ìdd dcb`d ly illkd xywdd .eply
iazk aexae qetcae ,mkg cinlz didy jkl zecr mey oiè ,llk riten epi` `qia iax ìdd
."`qia xa `ng iax" `l` ,"`qia iaxa `ng iax" dpekn epi` elit` `ng iax epa cid
epa ly ,ely dkld iwqt miàene ,mkg cinlzk riten `qia iax ,z`f znerl ,eply ìbeqa
xa inx mdilr `xw `weec df xywday xnel dyw okle ,zwelgn mdipia yi j` .eckp lye
`ng xa inxy d`xp okl .(ai c zldw) "wzpi dxdna `l ylynd
ª hegde" : weqtd z` `ng
od mixacd z` ecinvdy md `xnbd ilrae ,df xywda `le df xywda `l mixacd z` xn`
.zeaezka dcb`l ode eply ìbeql
825
(`"r hp) "ixvnd mleq" : zgè mirax`d ìbeqd
.dwfg el oi` ixvnd mleq
? ixvnd mleq inc ikid .1 dpyna iehial yexit
.oiweeg drax` el oi`y lk : i`pi 'x iac ixn` .2

cenlzd zxeqn
.a"r ci ,g b `xza àa ; b"r e ,f b zay inlyexi eeyd ; a"r fr oiaexir ilaa .2±1

: zelrn .oiweeg 'c el oi`y
xivwz
e` xg` ly xvga egipd eilra m` dwfg el yi ixev mleq ,e b `xza àa dpyn itl
fifdl yi oexg`d z` .dwfg el oi` ixvn mleq j` ,dilr zelraa szey èdy xvga
dxcbdd z` dìan eply ìbeqd .mipy yely xg`l mb xvgd ilra zyixc it lr
mzqd on .mialy drax`n zegt el yiy mleqa xaecn ; ixvn mleql i`pi iax ly
.xzei e` mialy drax` ixev mleql
zay inlyexia xnzyp i`pi iax ixac exn`p eay ixewnd xywddy dler gezipd on
.zaya lhlhiny ohw (ayen mr sxtxy) qepexz ly dxcbda xaecn my ,b"r e ,f b
àa inlyexia okè ,zewfg ipiiprl i`pi iax ixac z` aqdy in yi my inlyexid itl
ixvnd mleql xyw `ll j` ,dwfgl xywa miàen mixacd a"r ci ,g b `xza
did i`pi iaxy ewiqd ,z`f znerl ,a"r fr oiaexir ilaaae eply ìbeqa .epzpynay
,zaya lhlhind qepexzd z` yxit day jxck epzpyna ixvnd mleqd z` yxtn
.df xywda i`pi iax ixac z` miìane

m` ,xnelk ; "dwfg el yi Ð ixevle ,dwfg el oi` ixvnd mleq" ,e b `xza àa ,epzpyn itl
eziaa mipewiz owzny drya eilr cenrl ick epky xvga ixvn mleq cinrdl bdp mc`
,z`f znerl .dwfg zepy yely xg`l mb ok zeyrl jiyndl zekfd z` envrl dpw `l ,jenqd
envrl dpw ,exag cvn d`gn `ll ,mipy yely jyna exag xvga ixev mleq cinrnd mc`
zegt e` ixevd on xzei ohw ixvnd mleqdy rnzyn dpynd on .ok zeyrl jiyndl zekfd z`
ztewzn zenc Ð i`pi iax ly yxcnd ziaa .yxetn epi` mdipia lcadd j` ,epnn reaw
mleql : mleqa yiy mialyd xtqna èd lcaddy eyxit Ð mi`xen`l mi`pzd oia xarnd
eliè ,[2±1] 1zebxcn e` mleq ly mialy drnyny dlin Ð miweeg drax`n zegt yi ixvn
.xzei e` miweeg drax` yi ixev mleql
lzek ,a f oiaexir dpyn itl .a"r fr oiaexir ilaaa mb iehia icil à i`pi iax iac ly df yexit
,zexvg iaexir ipya oze` aiign zecenv zexvg izy oia wiqtnd migth dxyr deab èdy
`ziixa itl .zexvg aexir jxevl zg` xvg zeaygp od migth dxyrn jenp èd m` j`
hrnn reaw oteà migth dxyr ea yiy lzekl cenvd mleq ,a"r fr oiaexir ilaaa zàend
,reawd ixev mleqa df lk j` .mleqd y`xn daebd z` miccene ,zizkld dpigan edaeb z`
: reaw epi`y ixvn mleqa `le
lk : i`pi iax iac ixn` ? ixvnd mleq inc ikid .hrnn ixevde hrnn epi` ixvnd mleq
ixvnd mleqc `nrh i`n : iy` axl àxc dixa `g` ax dil xn` .miweeg drax` el oi`y
xn` `pepnd ax xn` `c` xa `g` ax xn`c `d jl riny `l : dil xn` ? hrnn `lc
,ikd i` .hrnn epi` Ð zaya lhipy xac lke ,zaya lhipy xac dil dedc meyn : ax
.eraew ecaek mzd ? inp ixev elit`
ixvn mleq oia dpgadl xywa mxewna exn`p `l i`pi iax iac ixacy xkip inlyexid on j`
,thronos zipeeia ,"qepexz"l xywa `l` ,oiaexir oiipra `ziixaa e` epzpynay ixev mleql
: xn`p ,b"r e ,f b zay inlyexia .zebxcna eil` milery ayen
.elhlhl xeq` 2qe[p]xz : opgei iax mya diig xa à iax

.xzen : in` iax ixed
.oecia dgnn ded `le àex `xcq eb dil oilhlhn oel ing dinxi iax
...mleqk jlide okin ,`qkk dyly cr : oixn` i`pi iax ziac

.zxn`zi` zay oiiprl : iax mya `ped iax
.zxn`zi` zewfg oiiprl : i`pi iax ziac mya diwfg
.zxn`z` d`neh oiiprl : i`pi iax ziac meyn dqei iax
milery daben `qik èd qepexzd .qepexz ly mibeq ipy oia i`pi iax iac mipigan inlyexia
j` ,hteyd qk e` zekln qka xaecn llk jxca ; mleqd ialy oirk mialy e` zebxcna eil`
,zebxcna e` mialya eilr milery daben sxtxy oaena eply xywda zynyn dlindy d`xp
iax iac .zaya elhlhl xeq` e` xzen m` ewlgp mi`xen`d 3.qetihl od daiyil od ynyne
` ìbeq ,lirl) M. Sokoloff, A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, p. 435 e`x dizeiernyne dlind `venl 1
.my mipeive ,"`weeg" jxr ,(32 dxrd
,lirl) S. Krauss, Griechische und Lateinische Lehnwoerter im Talmud, Midrasch und Targum, v. 2, pp. 592–593 e`x 2
,eheytk inlyexi ,onxail 'y ; 282±281 'nr ,g jxk ,(51 dxrd a ìbeq ,lirl) mlyd jexrd ,hedew 'g ; (8 dxrd f ìbeq
."qekxz" : epiptl .89 ,13 'nr ,g"qyz milyexie wxei eip
ìbeq ,lirl) dpyna ziad hedix ,meapyxiw w"g ly dzrvd oial qepexz dlind yexita z`fd drvdd oia xyw oi` 3
`ll) sxtxy threnus,Îk ,ì oniq ,gq dyxt dax ziy`xaa "qepexz" dlind z` èxwl ,113±109 'nr ,(12 dxrd hl
ycwend dly xeaiga zay inlyexia ìbeqay bxecnd "qepexz"l zqgiizn dpi` meapyxiw .thronos mewna ,(zebxcn
.mi`pzd zextqle dpynl xwira
el yiyk j` ,`qikk epic zebxcn e` mialy dyelyn zegt qepexzl yi xy`ky eraw i`pi
: zay oiiprl md s` exn`p el` mixacy 4mixne` yi .mleqk epic ,dlrne mialy dyely
,lhip epi` miweeg dyelyn xzei ea yiy mleq ; `qikk lhip miweeg dyely cr ea yiy qepexz
qepexz : o`k ilaaa xqnpy itk epiide ,zewfg oiiprl exn`p mixacdy xn` diwfg .mleqk epice
ezcnrda oi` `linne ,mewnl mewnn lhlhind `qikk epic zegt e` mialy dyely el yiy
,mleqk epic mialy dyelyn xzei el yi m` j` .mipy yely xg`l mb ,dwfg okyd xvga
oiiprl exn`p mixacdy yxit iqei iax .mewna zeriawa eze` micinrn minrtly meyn
mè ,afa qxcn z`neh `nhind `qikk epic zegt e` mialy dyely ea yiy qepexz : d`neh
.ef d`neh lawn epiè ,mleqk epic mialy dyelyn xzei ea yi
epigadyk ixev mleql ixvn mleq oia dpigand epzpyn lr llk eayg `l i`pi iax iacy xkip
miynzyn mnvr md oky ,zebxcnd e` mialyd xtqn it lr deab qepexzl jenp qepexz oia
mipigane Ð eply ìbeqay dxcbdd itl ixev mleq Ð deab mleq oaena mzq "mleq" dlina
inlyexil mb zay inlyexin exared mixacd j` .ixvn mleq oial epia `le ,`qik oial epia
dfe .qepexza oeica xaecny ,ixewnd xywdd z` oiivl ilan ,a"r ci ,g b `xza àa ,epzpynl
: `xza àa inlyexid oeyl
.<"`qkk" : l"v> `qka oiweer dyly cr : ixn` i`pi iax iac
.zxn`zi` z`neh oiiprl : i`pi 'x iac mya `l iax xn`
.zxn`z` zewfg oiiprl : i`pi iac iax mya diwfg iax
.zxn`zi` zay oiiprl : i`pi iax iac mya iqei iax
i`pi iax iacy diwfg iax ly drvdd llba ,hexit ila ,mpeylk eàed mixacdy èd myexd
q e p e x z y xen`k dziid mixacd ly zixewnd zernynd .zewfg oiiprl mixacd z` exn`
oiweer/oiweeg dyelyn xzei el yiy q e p e x z e ,dwfg el oi` oiweer/oiweeg dyely cr el yiy
ozipy ayg `l mixacd z` ìady `xza àa inlyexia `xnbd lra mby xyt` .dwfg el yi
oiipra dkldd z` ìade 5,epzpyna ixev mleqe ixvn mleq ly zexcbdd oiiprl jkn wiicl
mleq oirk owzn zcnrday dwfga diwfg iax zrcl zwqer ìd s`y meyn ,dnyl qepexz
xywdd z` dpeeka hinyd `xza àa inlyexia `xnbd lray mb xyt` j` .okyd xvga
yexit mb qepexzd oiipra i`pi iax iac zrcn wiicl ozipy xaqy meyn mixacd ly ixewnd
epzpyn itl dwfg el oi`y ixvnd mleqd : ynn zenleq ly mibeq ipy oia dpigand ,epzpynl
dwfg el yiy ixevd mleqde ,dwfg el oi`y qepexzd oick ,zegt e` miweeg dyely lra èd
.dwfg el yiy qepexzd oick ,xzei e` miweeg drax` lra èd
,`xza àa inlyexia fnxp ile`y ,qepexz oiipra i`pi iax iac ixacn dfd weicd ,mipt lk lr
xywdd lilk hnypy cala ef `l ilaaa .oiaexir ilaaae ilaaa eply ìbeqa yxetn jtd
lr zeyxetn eaqed mixacdy `l` ,qepexza oeicd ,i`pi iax iac ixac exn`p eay ixewnd
6.ixev mleql ixvn mleq oia zi`pzd dpgadd
mixacl `zniwe` rivd ìypd dcedi iaxy xnel dyw j` ,iax mya `ped iax ici lr miàen mixacd epiptly migqepa 4
mya iqei iax" mya miàen mixacd ,a"r ci ,g b `xza àa inlyexia dliawna .i`pi iax ly yxcnd ziaa exn`py
.jenqa oldl dàen e`x ; "i`pi iax iac
yiy ce`n okzii ,dwfg oiiprl (`) : zeaiq izyn ,ynn ly mleq ixdk mleqk ynynd `qik ixd `l : igxkd epi` df weic 5
epi`y mbd ,df mewna bixg epi`y ,xvga gpend ohw mleq oial ,enewn df oi`y ,xvga gpend ohw `qik oia oigadl
èdy d`xpe ,qetihl sqep aly oirk ynynd mialyd zyelyn dlrnl ayen yi ohw qepexzl (a) .my reaw gxkda
xzei e` mialy drax` ea yiy qepexzy exaq i`pi iax iacy xyt` okl .i`pi iax iac ly mialyd xetqna lelk epi`
.xg` èd dcind dpw mleq iabl la` ,enewna reaw aygp
dpgadd z` hxtle mzedfl egxh `l okl ,mdizenya dl`d zenleqd z` exikd l`xyi ux` i`xenè mi`pzdy d`xpe 6
dnlrp ìdy itk) mdipirn dnlrp zenleqd oia dpgadde ,elld migpena eynzyd `l ,z`f znerl ,laaa ; mdipia
elzp okle ,(380 'nr ,c"txz dpie±oilxa ,a wlg ,` jxk ,cenlzd zeipencw ,qiexw 'y e`x Ð epini cr mixwegd ipirn
.i`pi iax iac ixaca
833
(`"r hp) "zixvnd oelg" : miizye mirax`d ìbeqd
.'ek dwfg dl oi` zixvnd oelg
? yxtnc oelg iab `py i`ne ,yxtn `lc mleq iab `py i`n .1 oepbq iabl dl`y .`
daeyze ,epzpyn
.`tiqa dcedi iax ibelti` ira `wc meyn .2
rax`n dlrnl ; zegnl lekie ,dwfg el yi Ð zen` 'cn dhnl : `xif iax xn` .3 mi`xen` zwelgn .a
; zegnl leki epiè ,dwfg el oi` Ð zen`
.zegnl lekie ,dwfg el oi` Ð zen` rax`n dlrnl elit` : xn` `rli` iaxe .4
! oitek oi` : xaq xne ,oitek : xaq xnc ,ibltin `w mecq zcn lr oiteka ,`nil .5 mixaqd ipy .b
zwelgnl
`tiyxy zazenc oipnif : dil xn`c ,`kd ip`ye ,oitek Ð `nlr ilekc ,`l .6
.zifg `we zniiwe ,jzez
: dil xn` ,lnn xa à` iaxc dinwl dixcy ,in` 'xc dinwl `z`c èdd .7 dkld wqt .c
.`rli` iaxk dil ciar
.dwfg el yi èdy lk 'it` ,dxe`le : lèny xn` .8 lèny ly `xnin .d

dkldd z` dliabnd
epzpynay
cenlzd zxeqn
`rli` iaxe .4 .("mleq" ,`n ìbeq) df cenra lirl e`xe ; e b `xza àa ,epzpyn .yxtn `lc mleq iab .1
àa ; c"r ai ,b ai zenai inlyexi eeyd .zegnl lekie ,dwfg el oi` Ð zen` rax`n dlrnl elit` : xn`
,a"r ai `xza àa ,`"r bw zeaezk ,`"r hn oiaexir ilaa .mecq zcn lr oitek .5 .a"r ci ,g b `xza
iaxk dil ciar : dil xn` ,lnn xa à` iaxc dinwl dixcy ,in` 'xc dnwl `z`c èdd .7 .`"r gqw
inlyexi cbpd .dwfg el yi èdy lk 'it` ,dxe`le : lèny xn` .8 .c"r ai ,b ai zenai inlyexi .`rli`
.dxe`d z` qipkdl `l` ziyrp `l aihqi`l dgezt ìdy oelg : i`pa oixnc...") a"r ci ,i b `xza àa
.("d`nehd z` dìan dpi` ,dwfg dl oi`y oeikn

.yxtnw `lc mleq iab y"n : xvga rtyny dizgzn dty enk exiag xvga oaln el yi m` : dwfg el oi`
xvga oelg `ki` i` .zen` 'cn dhnl xnè i`w 'ipznc dcedi 'xc` .xn` `xif 'x : mleq edfi` 'ipzna
zen` 'cn dlrnl iè : dwfg el yi dgin `l iè ,di`x wfid meyn .zegnl lekie dwfg el yi : exiag
el oi` jkld .dil wifn `lc lièd i`d zegnl leki oi`y iptn .dwfg el oi` : di`x wfid `kilc .i`w
el oi` zen` 'cn dlrnl 'it` xn` `rli` 'xe : lign `l la` ,wzy jkl zegnl leki oi`y iptn ,dwfg
oi`y xac .mecq zcn lr oiteka : dvxiy izn el akrle .zegnl lekie : dil wifn `lc wizy jklc .dwfg
oi`y xn`w ikdle ,akri `ly oitek xaq `xif 'xc .zen` 'cn dlrnl oelg oebk ,exiagl lirene el wifn
.oitekc xn` `rli` 'x 'itè .`nlr ilekc : oitek oi`c xaqw ,zegnl leki xaq `rli` 'xe ,zegnl leki
.zifge : oelg icdl zniiwc cr .jzez icin zazenc oipnif dil xn`c zegnl lekic xn` i`n` ikd i`
'cn dlrnl exiag xvga oelg el didy .in` 'xc dinwl `z`c èdd : ixivgay dn melk lkzqze i`pin
xnelk .dwfg ef ixd èdy lk 'it` dxe`le lèny xn` : zegnl lekie dwfg el oi`c .`rli` 'xk : zen`
oi`y ,èdy lk 'it` ,dgin `le exiag ipta dxe` jxevl zen` 'cn dlrnl exiag xvga oelg gzt m`
: eilr lit`dl `le dnzeql xvg lra leki oiè ,dwfg ìed ,oaln el oi`y it lr sè ,ea qpkp mc` y`x
835 (`"r hp) "zixvnd oelg" : miizye mirax`d ìbeqd
xivwz
oelg oial ,xiwa gztpd xeg `l` epi`y ,ixvn oelg oia dpigan e b `xza àa dpyn
z` .zxbqn el yiy meyn oiae xzei lecb èdy meyn oia xzei reaw èdy ,ixev
.ipyd z` ok `l j` ,mipy yely xg`l mb oky ly d`gn lbxl mezql yi oey`xd
oelgd m` mb zegnl leki okydy oecpa mi`xen` zwelgn xg`l rixkn in` iax
ly ezia jezl ekxc lkzqdl lkei dxicd lra oi`y xiwa deab jk lk mewna mwenn
dkld wqt àen seqal .ok dyrie sxtxy lr cenri èdy yyg jezn z`fe ,okyd
zcinl e` elcebl xyw `ll dwfg el yi ziad z` xi`dl ieyrd oelgy lèny ly
.ezeriaw
m"ayxd eyxity itk ,ixev oelgl qgiizn in` iax ly dkldd wqty dler gezipd on
.mixgè

oelgl ixev oelg oiae ixvn mleql ixev mleq oia dwfg oiiprl dpigan ,e b `xza àa ,epzpyn
: ixvn
Ð zixevle ,dwfg dl oi` zixvnd oelg .dwfg el yi Ð ixevle ,dwfg el oi` ixvnd mleq
iax ; dkezl qpkil leki mc` ly ey`x oi`y lk ? zixvnd oelg ìd efi` .dwfg dl yi
ixd Ð dkezl qpkil leki mc` ly ey`x oi`y it lr s` ,oaln dl yi m` : xne` dcedi
.dwfg ef
iax iac ly xaqdl ekxvp zncewd ìbeqae ,mleqd ibeq ipy oia lcadd z` xiaqn epi` `pzd
èd okle ,mialy drax`n zegt ixvn mleql : mialyd xtqna èd lcadd eitly 1i`pi
el yiy ixev mleqa ok oi`y dn ,zeriawl oniq mieqn mewna ezavda oiè zelwa lhlhin
oelgl ixvn oelg oia dpgadd ,z`f znerl .([2] ,"mleq" ,`n ìbeq) xzei e` mialy drax`
oi` okl ,ea qpkidl leki epi` mc`d y`xe ohw èd ixvn oelg : dnvr dpyna zyxetn ixev
mb ,zr lka eznizq z` yexcl leki 2oelgd meiw mvrn drbtp ezeihxty okyde ,zeriaw ea
qpkidl leki mc`d y`xy lecb ixev oelgl ,z`f znerl 3.d`gn `ll mipy yely xg`l
,eniiwl jiyndl zekfd z` oelgd lra dpw d`gn `ll mipy yely xg`le ,zeriaw yi ekezl
,mdizecina epi` zepelgd oia lcaddy xeaq dcedi iax .eznizq z` yexcl leki okyd oiè
d`gn `ll mipy yely xg`l ; zipehkhikx` zxbqn ,"oaln" yi ixev oelgl : maevira `l`
4
.eznizq z` yexcl leki okyd oi` dfk avern oelg gkepl
gxh `lyk ixev oelgl ixvn oelg oia dpgadd z` `pzd hxit recn lèy eply `xnbd lra
meyn oelgd oiipra hxit `pzdy aiyn èd .ixev mleql ixvn mleq oia lcadd z` xiaqdl
zcnrl `nw `pzd zcnr oia lcadd z` xidadl dvx ède ,dpgadd lr wleg dcedi iaxy
eziaa oelg gzetd zia lra oiipra mi`xen` zwelgn zàen okn xg`l .[2±1] dcedi iax
,[3] el` zeaiqpa zegnl leki epi` epky `xif iax zrcl : ziad rwxwn zen`n rax`n dlrnl
lnn xa à` iax ecinlzl dxed in` iax 5.[4] zegnl leki okyd `rli` iax zrcl eliè
.[7] `rli` iaxk dyrnl dkld weqtl
,qepexz oiiprl mxewna exn`p i`pi iax iac ixacy dler ,"dkldne ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,ìdd ìbeqa eply oeicd on 1
.my epiir ; eppiiprl mdn wiic `xnbd lrae ,zebxcn mr `qik
wfidl èd yygde ,exag xvgl dpetd oelga zewqer dlek ìbeqde epzpyny mipey`xd aex eazk oke ,zehyta d`xp jk 2
llk dwfg oi` ,mipey`xd zvwn ici lr dkldl zàend ,daeyza s"ixd zhiy itl j` ; [6] `wqitn gkeny itk ,dii`x
dklda oeice zeàen ,mipeiv e`x .dii`x wfid ea oi`y oelga eply ìbeqd z` yxtl ewgcp mde ,dii`x wfid ly dxwna
jldn" xecn ,"zepelg" ,dn ìbeqa oeica ,oldle ,arw 'nr ,(32 dxrd ì ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,dkld xexiae dxexa
."dizecleze ìbeqd
,lirl epazky dn e`x ; mipy yely zwfg ìd oiyinyz zwfg mb ditly ,epvni` dze`y ,mipey`xd aex zhiyl jk 3
mixaeqd zrcl ."mipy yely xg`l e` xzl`l dwfg : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"dcnrd" ,gl ìbeqa oeica
lynl e`x ; yinyz zwfga xaecn ixdy ,zicin ìd s` oelg zwfgy gipdl yi zeicin zewfg od oiyinyz zewfgy
dlrnl l"f c"a`xd oeyl dfe d"c ,`"r hp `xza àa ,zvaewn dhiya àen) c"a`xd j` .e f mipky zekld ,m"anx
dpic oelg zwfgy z`f lka xeaq ,mei miyely xg`l e` xzl`l opd oiyinyz zewfgy xeaq èd mby s` ,(zen` rax`n
,(2 dxrd ,lirl) dkld xexiae dxexa dkld e`xe ,dpgadd mrh my epiir .mipy yely xg`l `l` dpiè oiipw zwfgk
.crw 'nr
egilvd `l mixwegd ,my mipeive ,380 'nr ,(16 dxrd n ìbeq ,lirl) a wlg ,` jxk ,cenlzd zeipencw ,qiexw 'y itl 4
zepelg oia dwifd lr `l mbe ,(dcedi iax ixack m` `nw `pz ixack m`) dpgadd ly zixewnd zernynd lr cenrl
.mixvn ux`l mixbqenn `le miphw zepelg oiae xev xirl mixbqenn e` milecb
mdipy : ziad rwxwn zen` rax`n dlrnl mwennd oelgl xywa zxg` dkld `rli` iaxe `xif iax mixqen `gxe` ab` 5
wx mipy yely xg`l zixyt` oelga dwfg ; [4±3] mipy yely xeark mb ,df oelga dwfg ziad lral oi`y minikqn
dwfg el oi`y ,ixvn oelg iabl exn`p el` mixac m` ewlgp mipey`xd .[3] ziad rwxwn zen` rax` jez mwennd oelga
ok mè ,epzpyn itl dwfg el yiy ,ixev oelg iabl e` ,xiwd daeba mwennd oelga zwqer epzpyn ok mè ,epzpyn itl
my ,[7±3] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl oeice mipeiv e`x .ziad rwxwn zen` rax` jez mwennd oelga zwqer epzpyn
dl yiy d`xp ,zegnl xvgd lran repnl ick zigxkd dpi` ef dwfg `xif iax zrcly oeeikn .dpey`xd drck eprxkd
.[3] `wqita yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x ; zxg` zernyn
zeihxta dribt mey oi`y minikqn `rli` iaxe `xif iaxy zexyt`d z` lwey `xnbd lra
epgp` m`d : "mecq zcn lr oitek" zl`ya ewlgpye ,ziad daeba gztpd oelga xvgd lra ly
xeaq `xif iax ? jkn miwefip mpi` mnvr mdyk ,mdipkyn d`pd repnl miyp`l mixyt`n
mecq yi`k bdpzdl i`yx xvgd lrae ,mitek oi`y xeaq `rli` iax ,df oebka mitek ok`y
lra .[5] df oelgn llk wefip epi` envr èdy mbd ,eziaa oelg geztln exag z` akrle
dribtl zexyt` yi xiwd daeba gztpd oelga mby meyn ,z`fd zexyt`d z` dgec `xnbd
exag iyrna oelgd jxc lkzqdl ick sxtxy lr cenrl leki oelgd lra : okyd ly zeihxta
oi`y dyelw zexytà xaecny ayeg `rli` iax eliè ,ef zexyt`n yyeg `xif iax .xvga
.[6] diptn yeygl
dpi` ohw oelgl dwfg oi`y epzpynay dkldd ditly lèny ly `xnin zàen ìbeqd seqa
,zial ynyd xe` qpkp ekxcy cigid gztd èd oelgd m` : dxe`l ieyrd ohw oelga dtwz
6.[8] eizecinl xyw `ll ,mipy yely xg`l dwfg ea yi
yexit ipeir
zen` rax`n dlrnl ; zegnl lekie ,dwfg el yi Ð zen` 'cn dhnl : `xif iax xn` .7±3
oi` Ð zen` rax`n dlrnl elit` : xn` `rli` iaxe ; zegnl leki epiè ,dwfg el oi` Ð
,lnn xa à` iaxc dinwl dixcy ,in` 'xc dinwl `z`c èdd ...zegnl lekie ,dwfg el
.`rli` iaxk dil ciar : dil xn`
el oi` epzpyn itly ,zixvnd oelga exn`p `rli` iaxe `xif iax ixac m` ewlgp mipey`xd
: dwfg el yi epzpyn itly ,zixevd oelga e` ,dwfg
itl dwfg el yiy ,ixev oelga exn`p `rli` iaxe `xif iax ixacy eyxit 7mixgè m"ayx .1
zen` rax` jez mwennd oelga epzpyn z` micinrn `rli` iaxe `xif iax .epzpyn
e` ohw) ixvn èd m` j` ,dwfg el yi (xbqenn e` lecb) ixev èd m` : ziad rwxwn
èd m` mb dwfg el oi` ziad daeba mwenn oelgd m` mxa .dwfg el oi` (xbqennÎizla
z` repnl leki xvgd lra m` `rli` iaxe `xif iax ewlgpe Ð xbqenn e` lecb Ð ixev
lnn xa à` iaxl dxed in` iax ,df yexit itl .[4±3] 8eznizq z` yexcl e` ezgizt
ly ezgizt z` repnl leki xvgd lray ,ixev oelga `rli` iaxk dyrnl dkld weqtl
.[7] daebl iepa èd m` s` epky ziaa ixev oelg
el oi`y ,ixvn oelga exn`p `rli` iaxe `xif iax ixacy eyxit 9mixgè zetqezd ilra .2
,ziad daeba mwennd oelga epzpyn z` micinrn `rli` iaxe `xif iax .epzpyn itl dwfg
èdyk dwfg el yi (xbqenn e` lecb) ixev èd m` .rwxwd on zen` rax`n dlrnl
mwenn èdyk dwfg el oi` (xbqennÎizla e` ohw) ixvn èd m` j` ,ziad daeba mwenn
èlnk olek xeriy ,dfn miptl df migzt dyng eid" : a"r ci ,i b `xza àa inlyexid ixac lr wleg lènyy d`xpe 6
dl oi`y oeikn .dxe`d z` qipkdl `l` ziyrp `l aihqi`l dgezt ìdy oelg : i`pa oixnc o`nl `riiqn `ce .gcwn
'y e`x ziyyd d`na l`xyi uxà inexd wega dliawnle ef ziywen ìbeq yexitl ."d`nehd z` dìan dpi` ,dwfg
,(23 dxrd b ìbeq ,lirl) oiwifp inlyexi ,l"pd ; 344±339 'nr ,`"pyz milyexi ,l`xyi ux` zxeza mixwgn ,onxail
.196±195 'nr
l`ppg epax iyexita l`ppg epiax ixacn zeàend oke ; `xif x"` d"c ,`"r hp `xza àa ,`"ayxd iyecige m"ayx e`x 7
dhiya miàend c"a`xd ixace ,`px±hnx 'nr ,(6 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) odk 'i zkixra ,`xza àa ,eyxcn ziae
.`xif iax xn` `xnb d"c ,`"r hp `xza àa ,zvaewn
z` repnl zekf xvgd lral yi if` ,dwfg df oelgl oi` mipy yely xg`l mb m` : ddenz `xif iax zcnr dxe`kl 8
.[3] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x ! ok iptl oky lke ,mipy yely xg`l elit` eznizq z` yexcl e` ezgizt
.f f mipky zekld m"anx ; `xif iax xn` d"c ,my o"anx ; dhnl d"c ,`"r hp `xza àa zetqez e`x 9
èd m` mb dwfg el yi ziad rwxwn zen` rax` jez mwenn oelgd m` mxa .ziad daeba
z` repnl leki xvgd lra m` ewlgp `rli` iaxe `xif iax .xbqennÎizlae ohw ,ixvn
mirc ininz mdy it lr s` ,daebl gztpy ixvn oelg ly eznizq z` yexcl e` ezgizt
lnn xa à` iaxl dxed in` iax ,df yexit itl .[4±3] epzpyna iepyy itk ,dwfg el oi`y
ly ezgizt z` repnl leki xvgd lray ,ixvn oelga `rli` iaxk dyrnl dkld weqtl
ziad lral oi`y it lr s` z`fe ,ziad daeba mwenn èd m` s` epky ziaa ixvn oelg
.[7] df oelga dwfg
zegkedd z` exzq zercd on zg` lk ilra ,o`kle o`kl mipey`xd ici lr eàed zeax zeprh
zrck heyt d`xp ,ok it lr s` 10.o`kl e` o`kl xexa rxkd oiè ,zxg`d drcd ilra ly
meyn z`f ,ixvn oelga `le ixev oelga exn`p `rli` iaxe `xif iax ixacy dinirce m"ayxd
.zen` rax`n zegt daxd mdy 11ziad rwxwn migth dxyr zeaiaqa mwenn mzq oelgy
zepelga `l` dpi` ixvn oelgl ixev oelg oia epzpynay dpgaddy èt` xnel ce`n dyw
ly df mewin ; el` zepelga xaecny dyxit `le dnzq epzpyne ,ziad daeba minwennd
d`xp okl .zeyxetn z`f oiivl el did epzpyn ly `pzd oeekzd jkl mè ,bixg èd oelgd
dwfg el oi` ixvn oelg ditly ,epzpynay dkldd z` ecinrd `rli` iaxe `xif iaxy heyt
oecl eywiae ,ziad rwxwn zen` rax` jez mwennd libx oelga ,dwfg el yi ixev oelge
.m"ayxd zrck ,ziad daeba bixg oteà minwennd zepelga dwfgd zl`ya
mb ecinrd eizeawrae ,zenai inlyexid on zetqezd ilra zhiyl di`x ìad o"anxd mxa
ilra zrck ,ixev oelga ilaaa `rli` iaxe `xif iax ixac z` miipir dti lrae dyn ipt lra
: c"r ai ,b ai zenai ,inlyexid oeyl dfe 12.o"anxde zetqezd
? zen` rax`n dlrnl oitzeyd xvgl zixvn oelg geztl edn ...ini` 'x inew `ra à 'x
irac o`n : xn` ok ,`qp iax xn` ? ietà `nlra dxie` mezql : oixn` op` ok ,dil xn`
.dil oirny `l jaey oink `zia carin
,ini` iax z` lèy èd .[7] eply ìbeqay lnn xa à` iax èd èd ,o"anxd itl ,à iax
.mitzeyd xvgl dpetd ziad daeba ixvn oelg geztl xzen m` ,[7] eply ìbeqay in` iax
ohw oelg elit` geztl zia lral dyxp `l m` ixdy ,ok zeyrl xzen i`ceey wqet in` iax
epivnp ,xvgay mitzeyd ly zeihxta dribtd z` xyt`y dnk cr mvnvnd ,ziad daeba
aiyd in` iax ,`qp iax itl .eiptn mleray xiee`d lk z` mezql eilry ziad lral mixne`
oi` ,zepelg ea oi`y ,mipei jaeyl epky ly ziad z` jetdl ywrzny in : dxethna 13el
.el mirney
oelga epc lnn xa à` iaxe in` iaxy yxetna inlyexia xn`py jk lr riavn o"anxd
dkld weqtl lnn xa à` iaxl dxen in` iax eply ìbeqa mè ,ziad daeba mwennd zixvn
ilaaa eply ìbeqd sè ,epiptl cg` dyrn if` ,ziad daeba mwennd oelg oiipra `rli` iaxk
ini` iax inlyexid itl oky ,"zvw my edetilgd" ,o"anxd azek ,mpn` .zixvn oelga zwqer
,y"`xd zeklde ,`xif iax xn` d"c ,`"r hp `xza àa ,`"ahixd iyecig mbe ,9Îe 7 zexrd ,lirlc mipeivd caln ,e`x 10
.br oniq b wxt `xza àa
.381 'nr ,(4 dxrd ,lirl) qiexw ; zeliawne i f oiaexir `ztqez e`x 11
iax xn` d"c ,g b `xza àal miptd d`xna dyn ipt lra ; `xif iax xn` d"c ,`"r hp `xza àa ,o"anxd iyecig 12
zexyt`k) rivd s` my miptd d`xna dyn ipt lra .zen` 'cn dlrnl d"c ,`"r hp `xza àal miipir dti ; diryed
inlyexia .zenai inlyexia oeic eze` lr epzpynl inlyexid ziibeqa ìryed iax ixac z` aqdl (miizy jezn zg`
dpde ."eakrn zen` drax`n dlrnl 'it` ,ze[b]ba la` ,xvga `l` exn` `l : diryed iax xn`" : xn`p `xza àa
in` iax ixac lr mixacd z` aqdl ywia miptd d`xna dyn ipt lrae ,xkfen epi` "zen` drax`n dlrnl" epzpyna
oteà ynzyn xvgd lra m`y xne` ìryed iax ; "? ietà `nlra dxie` mezql : oixn` op` ok" ,zenai inlyexia
.epky ly ziad daeba ixvn oelg zgizt mb repnl ezekf if` ,xvga miyrp llk jxcay mikxvl ebba xicz
.my 814 dxrde ,760 'nr ,(15 dxrd bl ìbeq ,lirl) miinlyexi zepeyl xve` ,qiqr 'n e`x 13
in` iax ilaaa eliè ,df oebka oelg geztl ziad lran mirpen oi`y xaqy ,`xif iaxk wqt
oelg geztl ziad lran repnl mileki mipkydy ,`rli` iaxk weqtl lnn xa à` iaxl dxed
o"anxd zrcl dgiken ixvn oelga epcy inlyexia yxetny dcaerd mvr j` .[7] ziad daeba
.ixvn oelga èd ilaaa oeicd mby
,ezrcl .ilaaae inlyexia in` iax ly dkldd wqt oiay dxizql oexzt rivd s` `"ahixd
weqtl lnn xa à` iaxl dxede lnn xa à` iax ipta oecl raezd z` in` iax gly ilaaa
on repnl leki raezd oi`y `xif iaxk xaq ,envr in` iax ,èdy meyn ,[7] `rli` iaxk
mxa 14.raezd z` afk`l dvx `l ède ,inlyexia xn`py itk ,oelgd z` geztl razpd
; in` iax ly zyxetn d`xed itl wqet lnn xa à` iax seq seq ixd : ddenz ef zebdpzd
èdy dkldd cbp weqtl lnn xa à` iax ecinlzl zeyxetn dxei in` iaxy okzii melk
dheytk eply ìbeqd z` yxtl èd dxizql xzeia heytd oexztdy d`xp ? eze` cnil envr
xa à` iaxe in` iax ,`rli` iax ,`xif iax miwqer eply ìbeqa : dheytk ìdd ìbeqd zè
ziad lran repnl leki xvgd lray ,`rli` iaxk in` iax xaq ixev oelga .ixev oelga lnn
zeawra .ilaaa lnn xa à` iaxl dxed jke ,ezia daeba mb llkeyne lecb oelg geztl
yxetny itk ,ixvn oelga mb oicd èd m` in` iax z` lnn xa à` iax l`y ef d`xed
rpnp mè ,ziad daeba ixev oelg geztl epnn eprpn xaky el aiyd in` iaxe ,zenai inlyexia
,ezial qpkidln mlerd xiee` lk z` meqgp dyrnl ziad daeba ixvn oelg mb geztl epnn
dgkeddy `vnp .epkyn z`f yexcl zekf mc` meyl oi` oaenke ,jaeyl ezia z` jetdpe
ìbeqa `rli` iaxe `xif iaxy dinirce m"ayxd zhiy zaehl `weec ìd zenai inlyexin
.ixvn oelga ewqr `rli` iaxe `xif iaxy zetqezd zhiyl `le ,ixev oelga ewqr ilaaa eply
.zegnl leki epiè ,dwfg el oi` Ð zen` rax`n dlrnl... : `xif iax xn` .3
leki epi` epky m` df oelga dwfg ziad lral oi`y okzii cvik : ziywen `xif iax ly ef dkld
mixgè m"ayx ! zicin ezwfg `l` ,dwfg el yiy cala ef `l ixd ? egzetln eilr akrl
xacd heyt oky Ð mipy yely xg`l oelga wifgdl zekfd dpi` zxaecnd dwfgdy 15eyxit
zen`d raxà dwfg `l` Ð ef zekf miiwl ick dwfga jxev oi` zegnl leki epi` okyd m`y
rax` ,ocbpk oia ohnln oia olrnln oia ,zepelgd" ,c a `xza àa dpyn itl .oelgl uegny
,okyd oelgl zgzn e` lrn zen` rax` jez ribn ey`xy lzek zepal xeq` xnelk ,"zen`
yie ,exag ly oelgd jeza uivdle eilr oryidl e` eilr cenrl lzekd lra lkei `ly ick
qpkpd xe`d e` xiee`d z` meqgi `ly ick ,okyd oelgn zen` rax` elek lzekd z` wigxdl
zen` rax` jez mwennd oelga `l` epi` df lk ,`rli` iaxe `xif iax zrcl .okyd oelg jxc
repnl leki epi` oelgd lrae ,z`fk dwfg el oi` ziad daeba mwennd oelg la` ,ziad rwxwn
yely xg`l mb ,epelg xar l` eztyn uivdl ozipy e` epelg z` mqegd lzek zepal epkyn
16
.mipy
.my ,miptd d`xna hexit xzia e`xe .m"ayx zqxib d"c ,`"r hp `xza àa ,`"ahixd iyecig 14
eizeklda y"`xd j` .`xif iax xn` d"c ,my ybin i"x iyecig ; zen` 'cn dlrnl d"c ,`"r hp `xza àa m"ayx 15
,ecbpk zepaln rpnp oi`y df oiprl epiid dwfg el oi`c ixn`c ipd lkc yxtn izi`xe" : azk ,br oniq ,b wxt `xza àal
el xnì `l dnl dwfg el oi`c oeik : il xazqin `le .wifgd xaky oeik ,di`x wfid iptn xezql etekl leki oi` la`
oi`" zen` rax`n dlrnl oiipra `xif iax zhiy z` yxti cvik oiadl dywe ."? dipin wfid dil zi` oipnifc oeik ,xezq
.(dàd dxrda e`x) epzpyn jynda fifl xywa xn`pd z` oke ,"zegnl leki epiè dwfg el
dwfg el oi` gthn zegt ...fifd" ,e b `xza àa ,epzpyn jynda ep`vn ,"zegnl leki epiè dwfg el oi`" ,sexiv eze` 16
zegnl leki epi` fifd lray yxtl `ped ax ul`p ([2±1] ,"gthn zegt" ,cn ìbeq) a"r hp ,oldl ."zegnl leki epiè
zegnl leki xvgd lra ,fifa dwfg fifd lral oi` m`y `ped axl heyt la` ,fifd dvwa miilc zelzl ywand epkya
,fifd lraa zegnl leki xvgd lra oi`y my mb yxtn dcedi ax j` .mipy yely xg`l mbe ,cin eweliq z` yexcle
zepal leki xvgd lray yxtl epilr my mb .oelgd oiipra o`k `xif iax ixack ,miywen eixace ,dwfg el oi`y it lr s`
xecn ,"gthn zegt" ,cn ìbeqa oeicd ,oldl e`xe .fifl fifd lra ly dyibd z` mqeg lzekdy mbd ,fifd cbpk lzek
."dizecleze ìbeqd jldn"
843
(a"r±`"r hp) "fif" : yelye mirax`d ìbeqd
<'ipzn>
,dwfg el oi` Ð gthn zegt ; zegnl lekie [a cenr hp sc] ,dwfg el yi Ð gth cr ,fifd
.zegnl leki oiè
<'nb>
gtha wifgd : ipn iax xn` awri iax xn` dl ixnè ,ipn iax xn` iq` iax xn` .1 Îux` `xnin .`
zil`xyi
.'ca wifgd
? xn`w i`n .2 iia` ly xaqd .a

`xninl
.rax` agexa wifgd ,rax` jyna gth agex wifgd : w"d ,iia` xn` .3
cenlzd zxeqn
.a"r ci ,h b `xza àa inlyexi eeyd .3±1

xeriyk xvga .dwfg el yi : gth cr exiag xvgl elzekn `vei fif mc`l el yi m`y .gth cr fifd `wqit
akrle .zegnl lekiy iptn : gth xeriyk fif da ìvedl egipn did `l xvga dwfg el yiy `lnl`y .gth
oiè ,aeyg epi`y ,xvga .dwfg el oi` èd gthn zegt mè .gth fif exivga ìvei `ly exiaga mc`
: dil ztki` i`n jka dwfg el oi`y oeiky .gthn zegt exivga ìvei `ly xvgd lra ecia .zegnl leki
.'c agexa xvga dwfg el yi ,'c ekx` jynae gth agx fif exiag xvga el yiy ,gtha wifgd xn`w ikd
lk cbpk xvga dwfg el yiy recia dfk aeyg fifa xvg lra ea dgin `ly oeiky lzekd lk jxe` cbpk
: fif eze` agexa lzekd
845 (a"r±`"r hp) "fif" : yelye mirax`d ìbeqd
xivwz
jezl ziad on jynpd Ð dxew Ð fif cbp zegnl leki oky e b `xza àa dpyn itl
èd m` ; mipy yely xg`l dwfg dfd fifl yi j` ,gthn jex` èd m` exvg xiee`
miàen mdixacy l`xyi ux` i`xen` itl .llk ecbp zegnl leki epi` gthn ohw
yely xg`l xzei e` gth ea yiy fifd z` xi`ydl ozipy cala ef `l ,eply ìbeqa
ìd dpeekdy xiaqn iia` .migth drax` cr elicbdl elit` ozip `l` ,dwfg zepy
.jxe`l ezkynd ici lr okyd ly xvgd xiee`l dyiltd zlcbdl `l la` ,agexl
dwqr zixewn `xnindy zcnln a"r ci ,h b `xza àa inlyexia dliawnl dèeyd
,ipexwr oteà exvg xiee` jezl dyiltd z` okyd laiwy rbxa : agexa `le jxeà
yxite ,z`fd driawd z` lawl dywzd iia` .dpyn§ epi` dxewd ly wiecnd jxe`d
.agex oiiprl `xnind z` ycgn

gthn dkex` ìde okyd xvg jezl ziad on z`veid ("fif") dhila ,e b `xza àa ,epzpyn itl
iax ly `xnin zàen eply ìbeqa .dwfg dl oi` Ð gthn dxvw ìd m` j` ,dwfg dl yi Ð
mixac ly mheyt itl .[1] "'ca wifgd gtha wifgd" ditle ,awri iax e` iq` iax ici lr ipn
`ll ,mipy yely jyna exag xvg xar l` gth jxeà fif ezian ìved ziad lra m` ,el`
z`gn gkepl s` okn xg`l fifd z` miiwl i`yx èdy cala ef `l ,xvgd lra cvn d`gn
`l` ,dpeekd ef `ly xiaqn iia` 1.mitqep migth dyelya ekix`dl mb el xzen `l` ,okyd
,migth drax` did ekxeè ,gth did mipyd yely jyna fifd agex m`y oiivl ywia ipn iax
eizeciny jk ,eze` raxle ,xvgd lra znkqd `ll migth dyelya eaigxdl leki fifd lra
2
.[3±2] drax` lr migth drax` dpiidz
wnera zccnp dwfgdy meyn ,mheytk ipn iax ixac z` yxtl okzii `ly xaq iia`y d`xp
gth ly dyiltl xvgd lra znkqd .fifd jxe` epiidc ,okyd ly exvg xiee` jezl dyiltd
,iia` xaeq ,ipy cvn .xzei dwenr dyiltl eznkqd lr riavdl ick da oi` exvg xiee` jezl
lr citwn epi` okydy jk lr driavn xvga cg` mewna migth drax` ly dyiltl dnkqd
.xvgd agexa dyiltd swidl xyw `ll ,migth drax` ly dyilt
xyw `ll ,ipexwr oiipr ìd fifa dwfgy xaq ipn iaxy okzii .zgken dpi` ef zepyxt mxa
,ilnipind wnerd ,exag xvg xieeà gth wner ly dwfg fifd lral yiy rbxae ,fifd zecinl
rnzyn jk .ekix`dl s` el xzen `l` ,ìdd xvga dfd fifd z` miiwl el xzeny cala ef `l
ipn iax ly dkldd zàen my ,a"r ci ,h b `xza àa inlyexia eply ìbeql dliawnd on
: i`pi iax mya
.'ek dwfg el yi gth cr fif

.dnk jeynl dnk elit` z` eìven ,gth `veid fif : i`pi iax mya `l iax
agex oiiprl wgeca yxtl iia` gilvd mze`y ,ilaaa eply ìbeqa ipn iax ixac gqepl cebipa
md : mipt izyl mirnzyn mpi` inlyexia i`pi iax mya `l¨ iax ixac ,ekxe` oiiprl `le fifd
ly xvgd xiee`l xzei dwenr dyilt epiidc ,jxe`l ,ezkiyne fifd z`vedl yexita miqgiizn
dzeà xaecne ,ilaaa Ð 4i`pi iax ly ecinlz Ð ipn iax mb oeekzd jkly d`xpe 3.okyd
iax ,eicinlz icinlz ici lr ,`pn iax ,i`pi iax cinlz itn xqnp èd ilaaay `l` ,`xnind
.awri axe iq`
wifgd l"f ybin i"xd oeyl dfe d"c ,my zvaewn dhiya àen) ybin i"x ; xn`w i`n d"c ,a"r hp `xza àa m"ayx e`x 1
.gtha wifgd d"c ,my `"ahixd iyecig ; (gtha
epi` fifd lra iia` itly miyxtn my `"ahixde (my ybin i"xa àen) l`ppg epax .my ,ybin i"xe m"ayxd yexitl jk 2
.fifd icv ipyn oeeik lka mitqep migth dyely jez zepal xvgd lran repnl lkei èd j` ,fifd z` aigxdl i`yx
eìven") jxe`l fifd z`ved z` mb xizd i`pi iaxy yxit èdy `l` ,eìven d"c ,xz` lr dyn ipt lra yexitk 3
,ezia z` wlega d"c seq ,my eixac jynda mxa .dnk jeynl d"c ,my e`x ; ("dnk jeynl") ezagxd z` mbe ("dnk
ìbeqa iia` ixacl mixacd z` mi`zdl ick z`fe ,"i`w eagex` dnk elit` z` eìvn yxtl yi inp i`" rivd èd
iax ixac oia oeincd s` lry ,193 'nr ,(23 dxrd b ìbeq ,lirl) oiwifp inlyexi ,onxail 'y ly eyexit mb e`xe .eply
dwfg dl oi` gthn zegt" ,dpyna dàd `wqitd lr i`pi iax ixac z` aqdl xga ilaaa ipn iax ixacl inlyexia i`pi
xne` i`pi iaxy yxit onxail ."dwfg dl yi gth cr fifd" ,inlyexia zpievnd `wqitd lr mewna ,"zegnl lkei epiè
oia xyw oi` df yexitl .zegnl leki epi` xvgd lrae ,dvexy migth dnk ekix`dl leki èd gth fifd agexa oi` m`y
zrcly zexyt`d z` lawl dywzd ,iia` enk ,onxail mby d`xpe .ilaaa ipn iax ixacl inlyexia i`pi iax ixac
,`l e` ok ly zipexwr dl`y ìd (gth jxe` ly ilnipind oeixhixwd lr dperd) fifa dwfgd el` l`xyi ux` i`xen`
.mipyd yely jyna okyd xvgl dyiltd wnerl zlaben dpi` dwfgd okle
.884 'nr ,b jxk ,(2 dxrd d ìbeq ,lirl) mi`xenè mi`pz zeclez ,o`niid '` ; a"r `q dcp ilaa e`x 4
849
(a"r hp) "gthn zegt" : raxè mirax`d ìbeqd
.zegnl leki epiè ,dwfg el oi` Ð gthn zegt
bbd lraa xvgd lra la` ,xvgd lraa bbd lra `l` epy `l : `ped ax xn` .1 mi`xen` zwelgn .`
dpynd yexita
; zegnl leki
.zegnl leki epi` bbd lraa xvg lra elit` : xn` dcedi axe .2
! wfid diny e`l : xaq xne ,wfid diny : xaq xnc ,ibltinw di`x wfida ,`nil .3 mixaqd ipy .a
zwelgnl
,ifg `l `zyinyzl : dil xn`c ,`kd ip`ye ,wfid diny Ð `nlr ilekc ,`l .4
oipnif : l"` ? jciè .dia `pilze i`t` `pxcdn ,icin dia `lznl ? ifg i`nl
.zzirac
cenlzd zxeqn
`xza àa ilaaa e`x .wfid diny e`l : xaq xne ,wfid diny : xaq xnc ,ibltinw di`x wfida `nil .3
.`"r b Ð a"r a

miyi `ly xvgd lral akrl bbd lra leki oi`y .xvg lraa bbd lra `l` : zegnl leki oi`y .epy `l
leki bbd lraa xvg lra la` : dwfg el oi` xaky el jixv èd m` gthn zegt fif elzekay xega
xvg lra akrn ikdl .wfid diny : `ped ax .xaq xn : elzeka exivga gthn zegt fif ìvei `ly .zegnl
[lkzqi] eilr dlzi e` lag ea xeywiy gthn zegt fif ezeà ynzyie ebb y`xn dgyiy ab`y bbd lral
`l yinyzl : xvg lral bbd lra .dil xn`c `kd ip`ye : wfid diny e`l xaq i"xe : xvga epnn melk
dia `pilz ik : utg mey .dia ilzinl `l` ifg `le : eilr cenrl ie`x oi`y gthn zegt fif èdd .ifg
ielz `di `ly .zzirac oipnif : xn` xvg lra .jciè : jxivga lkzq` `le .`pilze i`t` `pxcdn icin
: ixivga lkzqz ikd abè zpiirne dti fifa xeyw e`
xivwz
zeqgiizdk fif oiipra e b `xza àa dpyna dkldd z` epyxit zncewd ìbeqa
xvgd lra èd zegnl lelrd okyd ; dcenv ìd eil`y ziad lral zkiiyd dxewl
yexitd itl ; `ped axl qgein ef ìbeqa itelg yexit .zylet dxewd exiee` jezly
dlznk eze` ynyiy ick xvgd lra ici lr okyd ly xiwl dcnved dxewd dfd
,mipy yely jez zegnl jixvy df èd ziad lra .exvg xieeà mda `veike miilcl
xeaq dcedi ax z`f znerl .gthn dkex` ìd dxewd m` wx ok zeyrl leki ède
.mipeeikd ipya zetwz dwfgde d`gndy
leki bbd lra m` zwelgnk ,laxeqn oteà mdipia zwelgnd z` xiaqn cenlzd
èdy fif lr edyn zelzl bbl ezelra xvgd lra ly hxtd zrpva rebtl divpheta
zrven zitelg drvd .ilaaay drvdd z` xiaqdl miywzn mipyxtd .gthn xvw
.dpynd oeyl zernyna ewlgp mi`xen`d ditle yexitd seba

leki epiè dwfg el oi` ,gthn zegt ; dwfg el yi gth cr ,fifd" ,e b `xza àa ,epzpyn itl
fif ìvend ziad lra ly ezwfga xaecny epyxit ,"fif" ,bn ìbeqa oeica ,lirl ."zegnl
zvw gthn zegt èdy fifa dkldd j` .d`xp oke ,exag xvg xar l` ebbn e` ezia lzekn
dfi` ? "dwfg el oi`" epipy dnl ,bbd lraa zegnl leki epi` xvgd lra m` : df yexitl dyw
fifd z` xi`ydl icin oteà i`kf bbd lra dwfg `ll mb ixd ? mipy yely zwfga yi jxev
1.enewna
xvgd lra la` ,xvgd lraa bbd lra `l` epy `l" : `ped ax raw dfd iyewd llbay d`xpe
xg`l mbe ,cin fifd zxqd z` yexcl leki xvgd lra ,xnelk ; [1] "zegnl leki bbd lraa
dppi` "zegnl leki epiè" dpyna epipy diably d`gnd .dwfg el oi` ixdy ,mipy yely
dvwa ynzyn xvgd lra m` ,xvgd lraa bbd lra z`gn `l` ,bbd lraa xvgd lra z`gn
eizgz e` elen dpea e` 2,mda `veike miilc eilr zelzl dlznk exvg xieeà xaerd fifd
oi`y oeeikn 4.enewna zepal ick fifd z` xwer e` 3,eil` dyibd z` fifd lran zrpend jxca
i`kf mb xvgd lra ,zr lka eweliq z` yexcl leki xvgd lrae ,fifa dwfg bbd lral
wleg dcedi ax mxa .bbd lra znkqd `ll eil` dyibd z` meqgl e` fifd dvwa ynzydl
fifa dwfg el oi`y ,bbd lraa xvgd lra z`gna zwqer dlek dpyndy raewe `ped ax lr
dcedi axly d`xp .[2] ezxqd z` yexcle zegnl leki epi` epkyy mbd ,ezia bbn ìvedy
dvwn zen` rax` jez zepal xvgd lran repnl leki epi` bbd lray eyexit "dwfg el oi`"
leki epi` xvgd lray eyexit "zegnl leki epi`" eliè ,ea yeniyd z` rpnzy jxca fifd
5
.fifd weliq z` yexcl
dgni xvgd lray zexyt`l xyà dcedi axe `ped ax zwelgny dligz rivn `xnbd lra
aygp èd m` ,zeihxta dribt epiidc ,"di`x wfid" zl`ya dielz epky ly xvwd fifd cbp
lkzqi bbd lray èd yygd .`"r b Ð `"r a `xza àa ilaaa oecipd oiipr Ð e`l m` wfid
xvgd lra ly ezekfe ,wfidl zaygp ef zexyt` `ped axl .fifd lr ezelra exag xvg jezl
lral oi` okle ,wfid epi` dii`x wfid dcedi ax zrcl eliè ,ef zexyt` bbd lran repnl
raewe ef zexyt` dgec `xnbd lra j` .[3] eziaa dfk fif oiwzdl epkyn repnl zekf xvgd
j` ,zwelgnd z` ok yxtl mewn did ea ynzydle fifd lr zelrl zexyt` dziid eli`y
wfid dcedi axl ax s`y yxtl ozip Ð diilzl `l` ynyn epi`y ohw fifa xaecny oeeikn
exvgl abd z` dptiy xvgd lral gihadl leki bbd lra df dxwna j` ,wfid aygp dii`x
`xnbd lra itl xeaq ,z`f znerl ,`ped ax .fifd lr mixac zelzl ick bbl dlery drya
zexnl okle ,leti `ny ,bbd dvwl eabyk bbd dvwl axwzdl cget bbd lra minrtly
`ly ce`n okzii bbd dvw xar l` dpten eaby drya fifd lr eivtg z` zelzl ezghad
.[4] okyd xvg jezl lkzqie ef dghada cenri
diilrd mr ygxzn dii`xd wfid dxe`kl .`xnbd lra ly dl`d zervdd z` oiadl dyw
lr dler bbd lrayk dii`x wfidl miyyeg oi` recn .fifa yeniy ick jez `weec e`le ,bbl
bbd aiaq dwrny lèny mya ongp ax xiaqn a"r a `xza àa ilaaa ? mixg` mikxvl bbd
deab dwrn el oiyer exiag xvgl jenqd bb : lèny xn` ongp ax xn`" : dii`x wfid rpen
,dwfg el oi` Ð zen` rax`n dlrnl" : ziad daeba gztpd oelg oiipra `xif iax ly dkldd iabl epl`y dl`y dze` 1
`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,ìdd ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x .([3] ,"zixvnd oelg" ,an ìbeq ; `"r hp ,lirl) "zegnl leki epiè
.[3]
.xvgd lraa d"c ,a"r hp `xza àa ,m"ayx yxit jk 2
.a d mipky zekld ,m"anxd yxit jk 3
.epy `l d"c ,a"r hp `xza àal eiyeciga `"ahixd yxit jk 4
.lirl 1 dxrda oeiv e`x ; oelgd oipra `xif iax zxninl xywa lirl epyxity itke 5
zieef oxw jxc qpkp èd fifa ynzyn bbd lra xy`ky yxtl epilry d`xpe ."zen` rax`
,dwrna uixg jxc zelzl ywan èdy utgd mr eci z` hiyen e` 6,dwrnl xarn bbd dvwl
eyyg recn oiadl dyw ,oekp df xeìz m` j` .fifd xar l` eci z` oeekl ick dvegd lkzqne
ipiipra cexh jk lk bbd lrayk ,fifa utgd ziilz ly zexetqd zeipyd jynl dii`x wfidl
zegihad oiipra uexiz bbd lral yiy rbxay yxtn m"ayx .eipta zcnerd dniynae zegiha
lkzqdl ick zepncfdd z` lvpi èd ,fifa yeniyd zrya xvgl eipt z` zaqd z` wicvnd
eab z` aqdl cgtn èdy meyn ok dyer èdy orhie xwyie ,daiq `ll exag xvg jezl
.wegc oiiprde ,ìbeqa xkfen epi` df lk j` 7.fifa yeniyd zrya bbd dvwl
jxev oiè ,dcedi axe `ped ax zwelgnl `xnbd lra rivdy mixaqda jxev oi` epixacl mxa
eyyg dcedi ax `le `ped ax `ly d`xp .dii`x wfidl o`k mdizehiy oia xyw yiy gipdl
itk 8.eipiipra cexh èd ixdy ,èdy lk jxevl ebb lr dler zia lrayk dii`x wfidl
eid dpynl mipeyd mdiyexit z` mrivda dcedi axe `ped ax ly miripnd ,lirl epyxity
driawd : gthn zegt fifl xywa epzpyna epipyy zekldd izy oia gzn yi .miipyxt miripn
zegt fifay raw `pzdy jkn cxhed `ped ax ."zegnl leki epi`"y driawde "dwfg el oi`"y
ìved okl .zegnl zexyt` xvgd lral oi` ik ,dwfga jxev oi` `linn m` dwfg oi` gthn
wxe ,mipy yely jez zegnl leki xvgd lray rawe oheytn "zegnl leki epi`" milind z`
leki epiè" milind z` ycgn yxtl ul`p èd .fifa dwfg bbd lral yi mipy yely xg`l
cbp e` ,fifa xvgd lra ly eyeniy cbp zegnl leki epi`y ,bbd lra lr oze` aqdle "zegnl
.eil` dyibd z` znqeg e` fifd z` zxwerd fifd zaxwa xvgd lra ly diipa
lelry in : oheytk "zegnl leki epiè" milind z` yxtl sicrd ,z`f znerl ,dcedi ax
xvga e` exag xvga zewfga mipeicd lka ixdy ,xvgd lra èd ok zeyrl leki epiè zegnl
xiee`l ylety in cbp dgend df èd xvgd lra mizad zwfg wxt seqay zeipyna oitzeyd
ycgn yxtl èt` xga dcedi ax .xvg dze` jezl lkzqdl zexyt` envrl lbqn e` exvg
fif meiwa cinzdl zexyt` bbd lral oi`y dpeekd oi` Ð "dwfg el oi`" milind z` `weec
xvgd lra znkqdl llk wewf èd oi` oky ,xvgd lra cvn d`gn `ll mipy yely xeark
yely xg`l `le mipy yely jez `l ,zegnl leki xvgd lra oi`y epraw xak ; df oiipra
.mipy yely xeark fifd cbpk zepal xvgd lran repnl zekfd ìd zxaecnd dwfgd .mipy
leki epi` bbd lrae ,mrt s` fifd weliq z` yexcl leki epi` xvgd lra .zniiw dpi` ef dwfg
.eil` bbd lra ly dyibd z` znqegd jxca fifd zaxwa zepal xvgd lran repnl
.elitè d"c ,a"r hp `xza àa zetqez e`x 6

.`kd ip`ye d"c ,a"r hp `xza àa m"ayx 7
àa ilaaa inzqd oeicdy xaqy ,a 'nr ,(1 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,zexeqne zexewn ,ipald 'c ixack `ly 8
mi`xen`y ,eply `xnbd lra ly zipey`xd drvdde ,dcedi axe `ped ax zwelgn exewna did `"r b ± `"r a `xza
,xac ly ezn`l
¦ ."`xnbc `nzqn" `l` dpi`y [4] diipyd drvdd znerl ,dpekpd ìd ,[3] dii`x wfida ewlgp el`
.dpekp gxkda dpi` odn zg` s` epixacle ,"`xnbc `nzqn" od zervdd izy
857
(`"r q Ð a"r hp) "zepelg" : ynge mirax`d ìbeqd
<'ipzn>
xvga dpgzti `l Ð zxg` xvga zia gwl .oitzeyd xvgl eizepelg mc` gzti `l
Ð dvx m` `l` ,oitzeyd xvgl dpgzti `l Ð ezia iab lr diilr dpa .oitzeyd
.ezia jezl dgzete ,ezia iab lr diilr dpeae ,ezian miptl xcgd z` dpea
<`xnb>
! `l inp exiag xvgl elit` ? oitzeyd xvgl ìxi` i`n .1 ,epzpyn lr ìyew .`
,f b `xza àa
uexize
: l"`c oitzeyd xvgl la` ,`lc exag xvgl ìrain `l ,xn`w ìrain `l .2
cr : dil xn`c ol rnyn `w ,xvga i`pin irephv` zira `w `d seq seq
irephv` `pira inp ziaa 'it` `zyd ,jpin irephv` `pira ded xvga `pci`d
.jpin
l`rnyi 'x iptl àe ,oitzeyd xvgl eipelg gzty cg` mcà dyrn : x"z .3 Îux` zwelgn .a
ztewzn zil`xyi
zrbi : xn` ,ìig iax iptl àe ; zwfgd ,ipa ,zwfgd : el xn` ,iqei iax xa mi`pzd oia xarnd
.mezqe rbi ,zgzte zeawra ,mi`xen`l
didy dyrn
ieyr mc` oi`y ,dwfg ied xzl`l Ð mezqle [` cenr q sc] : ongp ax xn` .4 ongp ax ly dxrd .b
dyrnd zeawra
.wzeye eipta exe` minzeqy
cenlzd zxeqn
,"dprh" ,ai ìbeq) `"r `n ,lirl e`x .zwfgd ,ipa ,zwfgd : el xn` ,iqei iax xa l`rnyi 'x iptl àe .3
iax xn`") a"r ci ,i b `xza àa inlyexi eeyd .mezqe rbi ,zgzte zrbi : xn` ,ìig iax iptl àe .([2]
.("oinia ...`g` xa awri

my oitzey x`yl oi` m` da zetzey el yiy xvga .oitzeyd xvgl eizepelg mc` gzti `l `wqit
.`lc exiag xvgl ìran `l : di`x wfid meyn geztl i`yx oi` cigi ly .exiag xvgl 'it` : zepelg
zira `d seq seq dil xn` ivn `d : da wlg el yiy .oitzey xvgl la` : da wlg el oi`c meyn
szeyd l"` ivnc l"nw : oigezt izepelgyk jnvr rpvd jk xvga `veie qpkp ip`yk .i`pin irephvi`
jixv iziid `l ziaa ziidyke ,jnn rpvdl jixv iziid xvga dz`yk zepelgd zgizt mcew .`pci`d cr
.oitzeyd xvgl ...gzty : jizepelg iptn xvga jnn rpvdl ip` jixv ziaa dz`yk 'it` eiykr .rpvdl
oelg mc`l yi m`y .mezqle ongp ax xn` : mipy 'b cr dwfg oi`y .mezqe rbi jl : egin aeye egin `le
.dwfg ied xzl`l : oelg lra .xzl`l dgin `l m` : mipta enzeqe ecbpk xvg lra dpeae exiag xvga
: enzeql xvg lral
859 (`"r q ± a"r hp) "zepelg" : ynge mirax`d ìbeqd
xivwz
eply ìbeqa .ztzeyn xvgl dpetd ziaa oelg geztl xeq` f b `xza àa dpyn itl
,carica oelgd z` miiwl ozipy iqei iaxa l`rnyi iax xne` day `ziixa zàen
lra lry xneè eilr wleg ìig iax .oelgd zgizt zrya migen mipkyd ok m` `l`
wqet ongp ax `xen`d .migen mipkyd m` eze` gzty xg`l mb eze` mezql oelgd
mpi` md ,cin dgen epi` oelgd lrae ,eze` minqege oelgd cbpk mipea mipkyd m`y
.dniqgd z` xxgyl mikixv
o"anxd .a"r ci ,i b `xza àa inlyexia dliawnl ìbeqd zieeyen yexitd seba
j` ,mipy yely xg`l elit` ,dwfg oi` dii`x wfidly inlyexid on gikedl dqip
.oekp df oi`y d`xn eply gezipd

.oitzeyd xvg oeeikl ziad zepelg z` geztl xeq` dligzkl ,f b `xza àa ,epzpyn itl
dnbeca hwp epzpyn ly `pzde ,exag xvg xar l` oelg geztl oicd èdy xiaqn `xnbd lra
mi`vnp mdyk dfl df miteyg xvgd ipay it lr s` : yecig da yiy meyn oitzeyd xvg ly
l` oelg zgizta yi ,ztzeynd xvgd xar l` oelg gzti mdn cg`y ilan mb cgia xvga
eze`yk wx `l dii`x wfidl yeygl mikixv md dzrny meyn ,dii`x wfid meyn xvgd xar
.[2±1] eziaa `vnp èdyk mb `l` ,xvga xaer zia lra
dyrn zeawra `ziixaa ìig iaxe iqei iaxa l`rnyi iax ewlgp ,carica .dligzkl df lk
iax : oelgd zgizt zrya eipky egin `le ,oitzeyd xvg xar l` zepelg gzty cgà ,didy
ìig iax eliè ,oelgd z` mezql jxev oiè ,xzl`l dwfg o`k yiy wqt iqei iaxa l`rnyi
mezqle gexhl oelgd lra lr ,onf xg`l xvgd ipa eginy oeeikne ,xzl`l dwfg o`k oi`y wqt
,mipy yely xg`l ixev oelga dwfg el yi mzqd on j` .[3] eze` gzte gxhy myk oelgd z`
enzqe xvgd ipa eà m`y ongp ax xirn jk lr .e a `xza àa ,zncewd dpyna epipyy itk
Ð 1xvga ecbpk epay df ici lr d`xpk Ð xzeie mipy yely ea wifgdy ixevd oelgd z` el
yexcl e` aey egzetl el xeqè ,mezqd oelga dwfg mdl yi ,xzl`l oelgd lra dgin `le
.[4] epay meqgnd zxqd z`
,ai ìbeq) `"r `n ,lirl ongp ax ici lr zxkfen eply ìbeqa iqei iaxa l`rnyi iax zcnr
: ([2] ,"dprh"
: l"` ,ongp axc dinwl `z` ; dixagc dirxà `ceb xcd lf` ,dirxà `wcia lwy opr ax
.l"vk> iqei iaxa l`rnyi 'xe dcedi 'xk ? o`nk : dil xn` ! il iwifg` `de .xcd lif
`zkld zil ? dwfg ied xzl`l eipta lk : ixn`c <"iqei iaxa" milind zexqg miqetca
z` ,ìd zerha dlign : dil xn` ! i`cda `ceba riiqe `z`c ,lig` `de : l"` ! ediizeek
.rci ded `l inp èd ,zrci ded `l z`c ikid ik ,zcar `l zrci ded i` jteb
`l zkiiy xzl`l dwfgd oiipra iqei iaxa l`rnyi iax zcnry xeaq ongp axy dcaerd on
mb iqei iaxa l`rnyi iax zrcl oicd èd `l` ,llka oiyinyz zwfga e` oelg zwfga wx
xvnd lzek ly ycgn davdd xg`l epky ly rwxwa opr ax zwfgk ,ynn zerwxw zwfga
: mixac dnk cenll ozip ,oethiy zeawra
ìd oiyinyz zwfg m` ewlgp mipey`xd ,"dcnrd" ,gl ìbeqa oeica ,lirl epxkfdy itk .1
aex zrck d`xp ongp ax ixacn .zerwxw zwfg enk mipy yely ly dwfg e` xzl`l dwfg
ly ezcnr .mipy yely zwfg ìd oiyinyz zwfgy ,df xeaiga epvni` dze`y ,mipey`xd
,dbixg dcnrk zqtzp ,"zwfgd ,ipa ,zwfgd" oelgd lral xn`y ,iqei iaxa l`rnyi iax
.xzl`l ìd s` oiyinyz zwfg okle ,xzl`l ìd zerwxw zwfg ditle
elki mdy xvgd ipa exaq m` sè ,dii`x wfidl dwfg oi`y ewqt mixgè o"anxd ,s"ixd .2
mzrc z` zepyl mileki md ,mipy yely jyna egin `le ,xvgl geztd oelg mr zeigl
ongp ax m`y d`xp j` 2.dii`x wfid leaql mileki md oi`y mipy yely xg`l mb reawle
xvgl e` exag xvgl oelg gzetd iqei iaxa l`rnyi iax zrcly df dyrnn wiqd
.f f mipky zekld m"anx ; mezqle d"c ,`"r q `xza àa `"ahixd iyecige m"ayx e`x 1
seq cr ,my envr o"anxd ixace ,oizipzn opzc `d d"c ,`"r hp `xza àa o"anxa miàend daeyza s"ixd ixac e`x 2
.erw 'nr ,(32 dxrd ì ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,dkld xexiae dxexa dklda mitqep mipeiv e`xe ; èdd cenra eixac
oelg" ,an ìbeqae oiwxta e dpyna mipecipd dwfg mdl yiy xvgl mipetd zepelgdy miyxtn ef dyiba miccvnd
zegtly gken ,[6] `wqit ,ìdd ìbeqa xn`pd on j` .dii`x wfidn mda yegl oi`y zepelg md ,`"r hp lirl ,"zixvnd
oeica epazky dne ,brw±arw 'nr ,my ,dkld xexiae dxexa dkld e`x .dii`x wfid ly oiipr o`k yi mi`xen`d zvwnl
.my 2 dxrde ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,ìdd ìbeqa
861 (`"r q ± a"r hp) "zepelg" : ynge mirax`d ìbeqd
ax itl ezenk dkldy Ð ìig iax zrcl s`y xaq èd if` ,xzl`l dwfg el yi oitzeyd
el yi oitzeyd xvgl e` exag xvgl dii`x wfid meyn ea yiy ixev oelg gzetd Ð ongp
,xvgd ipa znkqd `ll dligzkl ok zeyrl el xeq`y it lr s` ,mipy yely xg`l dwfg
."dwfg el yi ixevde ,dwfg el oi` ixvnd oelg" : oiwxta e dpyn jnq lr lirl epyxity itke
iaxa l`rnyi iax cbp ongp ax ly dkldd wqtl eyexita ,lirle 3o`k m"ayxd azk ok
4
.iqei
inlyexid ziibeqa ep`vn ìig iaxe iqei iaxa l`rnyi iax iptl ày dyrnl dliawn
i"k gqepe qetcd gqep z` o`k ìap ; oecpd rhwa ze`qxibde miyeaiyd eax .epzpynl
gqepd icr jnq lr 5onxail le`y ly eizedbd lr qqeand ihwlw` gqep mcvle ,lìxewq`
: a"r ci ,i b `xza àa ,inlyexid oeyl dfe 6.mipey`xd iazka zeàen jnq lre
dben gqep lìxewq` i"k gqep divpe qetc gqep
: onz oiipze `g` xa awri iax xn` onz iipze `g` xa awri 'x ('x) 'n` onz ipz `g` xa awri iax xn`
exiag xvga oelg gzetd exvga oelg gzetd exivg lzeka oelg gzetd
,exiag cnrna exiag cnrna exiag cnrna
xne` iax 'e` 'x zen` rax`
.oinia lerp l`nya zgzt oinia lere l`nya zgzt oinia lrep l`nya zget
,my cner didy jnvr rbd my cner <di>{è}dy jnvr rbd my cner didy jnvr rbd
.irlz iira `pied : dil xnin liki irl ziira `pied dil xnin liki
,zexexv dil hiyen did zexexv el hiyen did
dpied jgbn : dil xnin èd leki dpied jgbn dil xnin èd leki `pied jgbn dil xnin liki
.dxaeb oidà dxaeb oidà `xab eà
mixacdy mb xn`p j` ,iax mya eply ìbeqay ìig iax ixac z` xqen `g` xa awri iax
ìig iax ly zxeqnd zàen day eply ìbeqa yxetny itke ,`ziixa xeza ilaaa exqnp
oitzeyd xvgl oelg geztl xeqi`dy xn` iax ,`g` xa awri iax itl .[3] "opax epz" oeyla
z`f .ok zeyrl eilr oelgd z` mezql epnn raez exag mè ,exag xvga mb jiiy epzpynay
oerhl leki èd : zexexv zhyeda el xfr e` wzy ède ,xagd cnrna gztp oelgd m` elit`
.èeyl gxeh eze` ze`xl dvxe oelgd lraa lzidy
7
,mzenk dkldy ,ilaaa ìig iaxe inlyexia iax itly inlyexid on gikedl ywia o"anxd
,"izea` ly xne` df" ,d ìbeq) a"r dl ,lirly meyn ,dii`x wfid ly dxwna llk dwfg oi`
lirl j` .xzl`l dwfg el yi edcya wifgdl exagl riiqn dcyd lra m`y xne` àx ,([49]
zwfge zerwxw zwfg Ð zewfgd lk ditly dcnra epccive 8zxg` jxca àx ixac z` epyxit
,ìig iaxl e` ,inlyexid itl ,iaxl did heyty d`xpe .mipy yely ly zewfg od Ð oiyinyz
wifgd `l oelgd lrae ,oelgd zgizt xg`l jenq zygxzn oic ziaa driazdy ,ilaad itl
xexiae dxexa dklda zeiptde mipeiv e`x .mipey`xd aex mixaeq jke ; mezqe rbi jl d"c ,a"r hp `xza àa m"ayx 3
,dgin `le oelg my did `l eli`k ziad lzek z` ewilgde oinivtd z` xvgd ipa evxt m`y oky lke .my ,dkld
.dwfg mzwfg
,dii`x wfida dwfg yiy èd s` wqet ,e f mipky zekld ,m"anxd .dkld oi` d"ce i"xk d"c ,`"r `n `xza àa m"ayx 4
oelgd lran yxc ède ,jkl mikqn ìig iax s` ezrcl .xzl`l ìd ,ezhiyl oiyinyzd zewfg lkk ,ef dwfg ezrcle
.(e d ,my) dwfg oi` df oebkae ,ezgiztl minikqn md oi`y egeeve ecnr xvgd ipay meyn wx eze` mezql
.195±194 'nr ,(23 dxrd b ìbeq ,lirl) oiwifp inlyexi ,onxail 'y 5
o"anxd iyexit ,miidqxelt 'i oke ,my onxail lv` zeàene mipeiv e`x ; (2 dxrd ,lirl) o"anxd iyeciga xwira xaecn 6
.fpw±cpw 'nr ,h"qyz milyexi ,oiwifp ,inlyexil
.ipica ongp axk dklde ,lirl epàdy ([2] ,"dprh" ,ai ìbeq) `"r `n ,lirl ongp ax ixack 7
.[53±41] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,"izea` ly xne` df" ,d ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 8
eid m` wtq mipy yely xg`l cr ez`gna xvgd oa oiznd eli` .mipy yely jyna oelga
.eze` mezql oelgd lral mixen ìig iax e` iax
di`x ìadl ozip ,[4] "dwfg ied xzl`l ,mezqle" ,eply ìbeqd seqa ongp ax zxninn s`
xaecn ixd .oitzeyd xvgl oelg zgizt oebk ,dii`x wfid ly dxwna mipy yely zwfg yiy
o"anxde s"ixd zrck mè ,ztzeynd xvgl dpetd mdn cg` ly oelg enzqy xvgd ipaa
ède ,mipy yely xg`l elit` mezql mileki mdy èd heyt ,llk dwfg oi` df oebk oelgay
ax ixac 9.oelgd znizqa xvgd ipa ly "mzwfg" zl`yl xyw `ll ,aey geztl i`yx epi`
miywan eiykre ,ezgizt mr oelga wifgd oelgd lray dgpd jezn `vp m` wx mixazqn ongp
.oelgd znizqa wifgdl xvgd ipa
ìig iax ixacn oiad ongp ax .ìig iax ixacl jyndk migqepn ongp ax ixac `l` ,cer `le
xaq iqei iaxa l`rnyi iaxl cebipay `l` ,oitzeyd xvgl oelg zgizta dwfg yi caricay
gqpn ongp ax okl .d`gn `ll mipy yely xg`l wx `l` ,xzl`l dpi` ef dwfgy ìig iax
raewe iqei iaxa l`rnyi iax lr wleg ìig iax mpn` : [3] ìig iax ixac jyndk [4] eixac z`
,mezql" la` ,mipy yely xg`l wx `l` xzl`l dpi` oitzeyd xvgl oelg zgizta dwfgdy
oelg geztl wfgeny in .[4] "wzeye eipta exe` minzeqy ieyr mc` oi`y .dwfg ied xzl`l
,dgin `le oelgd z` el minzeqe ,(mipy yely eipta egin `le ok dyry oebk) oitzeyd xvgl
mzwfg okl .eziaay xe`d lr xezie `le 10,ok zeyrl mzekfy d`ced meyn ezwizya yi
.xzl`l
m"anxd zhiy lr ìyew ongp ax ixaca yiy heyt d`xpe .erw 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) dkld xexiae dxexa dkld e`x 9
ongp axy [4] "mezqle" geqipd on èd heyt ; migeev xvgd ipa oi`y dxwna xzl`l dwfg el yi dgizta s`y yxity
.mipy yely xg`l `l` dwfg dpi`y ,"geztl"e ,dwfg ied xzl`lc ,"mezql" oia oigan
.my ,dkld xexiae dxexa dklde ,mezqle d"c ,`"r q `xza àa m"ayx e`x 10
865
(`"r q) "zxg` xvga" : yye mirax`d ìbeqd
.oitzeyd xvgl epgzti `l Ð zxg` xvga zia gwl
.jxcd z` mdilr daxny iptn ? `nrh i`n .1 dkldl wenip .`

epzpynay
lr diilr dpeae ,ezian miptl xcgd z` dpea Ð dvx m` `l` : `tiq `ni` .2 wenipd lr ìyew .a
,dpynd jyndn
! jxcd z` eilr daxn `lde ; ezia iab `tiql ycg yexite
zeawra dpynd ly
ìyewd
? diilr i`ne ,mipyl <cid iazk lka jk> excg wlgy ? xcg i`n : `ped ax xn` .3
.i`zt`
cenlzd zxeqn
oili`") a"r bi ,b a `xza àa inlyexi ; c ` `xza àa `ztqez e`x .jxcd z` mdilr daxny iptn .1
i`n .3 .f b `xza àa ,epzpyn .ezia iab lr ...dvx m` `l` .2 .("jxcd z` epilr oiaxn ...ìilh oitlnc
ci ,h b `xza àa inlyexi ; c ` `xza àa `ztqez e`x .i`zt` ? diilr i`ne ,mipya ewlgy ? xcg
.(my i dkldl jiiy ,"ezia z` wlega : diryed <l"vk> xa ozp") a"r

zqixc oitzeyd lr daxny iptn .oitzeyd xvgl gzti `l zxg` xvga zia : oitzeyd on cg` .gwl
dxkeyl dvexe .ezia iab lr diilr dpa : okl mcew my did `ly dn zia ezeà oixc eidiy oze` ly lbx
: 'nba yxtn .'ek dvex m` `l` : jxcd mdilr daxny iptn oitzeyd xvga gzt dl gzti `l dxic zial
it lr s` oixeic da miyne okl mcew my dzid `ly dn diilr dpea `zydc .jxcd lr daxn `lde
diilr `l : xn`wc diilrd zè .xcgd z` dpea i`n `l` : mikxcd mdilr daxn ezia jeza dgzety
u"iclt` oixewy .`zt` : xn`wc .diilr i`ne : xcg iexw oevigd wlge .mipyl excg wlgy `l` ynn
mykc ,zxn` ivn `l mikxcd mdilr daxn `lde zxn` iè .dxicl xg`d xkeye iniptd wlg epiide
jk ,xvga e`vi `lye eqpki `ly oakrl oileki eid `l mixg` oitzeyd on xzei dfl zia ipa el eid m`y
oileki oi` ,cg`d wlga oixeic qipkde mipyl ewlge didy enk didy `l` ,xzei oipa dpa `ly oeik eiykr
: eakrl
xivwz
zepal e` ,zxg` xvg xar l` ziaa zixeg` zlc geztl oi` f b `xza àa dpyn itl
ztqep dxic zepal xzen j` ,xvgl dlyn dyib dl yiy dxic dae ziaa ztqep dnew
on zexiyi `le ,ezia jezn ìd dil` dyibdy ezial ztqep dnew e` ,ezia jeza
igkepd ghyd zwelg ìd zxzend zebdpzddy eply ìbeqa xiaqn `ped ax .xvgd
ilan ,dxicd jeza rivi e` inipt xiw ziipa ici lr zexic izyl ely dxicd ly
.dxicd ly llekd ghyl siqedl
(`) : zeàd zepwqnd zeler gezipd on .m"ayxd ly èd `ped ax ixac ly df yexit
mya ,a"r ci ,i±h b `xza àa inlyexia dàedy dkldl dliawn `ped ax zxnin
ax ly eyexit (a) .inlyexid gqepa zelw dibdl jxev yiy `l` ,diryed xa ozp
`xza àa `ztqezl dèeyd jezn dlred dheytk dzernynn bxegd dpynl `ped
cenva ztqep dxic zepal leki ziad lra dpynd ly ixewnd yexitd itl .c `
agxnl dyibd cer lk ,llekd ghyl siqen èd jka m` mb ,dilrn e` ezxicl
eywia miyxtnd zvwn (b) .zixewnd ziy`xd zlcd jxc ìd zexicd izyn ixeaivd
ax eitly eixacl m"ayxd ly eyexity xazqn j` ,`ped ax zcnr z` mb ok yxtl
.oekpd èd didy enk x`yii llekd ghydy yxec `ped

diilr dpa .oitzeyd xvgl epgzti `l Ð zxg` xvga zia gwl" ,f b `xza àa ,epzpyn itl
jixv xvgl zegztp mdizezlcy mizad xtqn ."oitzeyd xvgl dpgzti `l Ð ezia iab lr
èdd zial geztle dkenqd xvga sqep zia zepwl xvga szeyl xeq` okle ,reaw x`yidl
.ipey`xd eixebn mewn ìdy xvgd jxc epnn e`vie eil` eqpkii eixiicy jk ,zixeg` zlc
zebxcn e` mleq dpnn cixedle ef xvgay ezia lr diilr zepal xvgd oal xeq` ,ok enk
diipa ztqez dpyi mixwnd ipya 1.xvgd jxc dpnn e`vie dil` eqpkii diilrd ixiicy ick
dze`l migztpd miza ieaixy xiaqn `xnbd lra .ef xvg jez l` gztpd xcg e` zia ly
xvga zetitvl mxeb èdy jka mixg`d xvgd ipal xvgd jeza "jxcd z` daxn" xvg
2
.[1]
`l`" : xvgd jezl zegztpd zexicd ieaix lr zeivìxe izy zerven dpynd ly `tiqa j`
itl ."ezia jezl dgzete ,ezia iab lr diilr dpeae ,ezian miptl xcgd z` dpea Ð dvx m`
epi` ziad lra .ixewnd zial ynn diipa ztqezl dpeekd oi`y yxtn `ped ax 3,m"ayxd
oebka s` oky ,ezia jezl zgztpd bb ziilr siqedl e` ezia ixeg`n ztqep dxic zepal leki
ly ziy`xd zlcd jxc mdizexicl eqpkii el` mpn` ; xvga mikldnd mixiic siqen èd df
dpynd zexicl eid eli` znxbp dziidy xvga zetitv dze`l enxbi seq seq j` ,ziad
ipyl excg e` ezia llg z` wlgny ina zwqer epzpyn ,`ped ax zrcl .[2] odlyn migzt
opi` ziad llg ly zecind df dxwna .ziad llg jeza 4rivi dpea e` ,dfn miptl df ,mixcg
zeaxdl xzen ixd ,ziad jeza miinipt mixcg mixkeyd mitqep mixiic mpyi mè ,zepzyn
eli` ziad ipa miqtez eidy xvgae ziaa mewn eze` z` miqtez md .ziad llg jeza mixeic
jxcd z` mdilr daxn èdy dprh xvgd ipal oi` okl .xzei dlecb dgtyna xaecn did
.d`xp oke .[3]
: ìbeqd xeìaa exn`p zetqep zehiy yely ,m"ayxd yexit caln
bedp mlerd lka ixdy ,diipa siqenyk xvga mixiic zeaxdl xeq`y jk lr dnz ixi`nd .1
mixiicl xikydle ,ziad ixeg`n sqep oiipa e` ynn ly diilr oebk ,diipa zetqez zepal
zeaad lky 5c"a`xd it lr èt` yxit èd .ziad lra ly ezia jezl migztpd mixcg
ezrcl .zexvgd izyl egzetl ywane zxg` xvga zia gwly ina zewqer epzpyna
mb miiw df yyge ,diipyd xvgd ipa lkl jxc xeviw ynyi "xybnd" ziady èd yygd
.ezial gztpd sqep ziaa e` ezial zgztpd bb ziilra zexvgd oia xybd z` dpea m`
m` èd zexvgd izyl zgztpd diipa ztqez e` diilr zepal el xzen day dcigid jxcd
z` zeyrl efri `l diipyd xvgd iyp` df oebka ; ezia jeza miinipt mixcga z`f dyri
6
.mdly xvgl ribdl ick ìxcptw ezia
ziad oia xagnd (xebq zebxcn mxb) lel zepal xzen ditly ,jenqa oldl zàend ,c ` `xza àa `ztqez e`x j` 1
.ziad jxc xvgl diilra mixiicde ziad ipa e`vi xac ly eteqay oeeik ,diilrl
lbxd zqixc daxn" : 332 'nr ,(25 dxrd c ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y e`xe ,yxtl d`xp jk 2
.iehial mixg` miyexit ly zeàene zeiptd mb mye ,"mc` ipa ly
.my ,onxail lv` ef dhiya miccvnl mitqep mipeiv e`xe .i`n d"c ,`"r q `xza àa m"ayx e`x 3
dpi` dibelenih`d .` c `xza àa dpynay "rivi" dlind z` yxtl zynyn "`zt`" dlind my ,`"r q oldl e`x 4
; `q 'nr ,(54 dxrd a ìbeq ,lirl) mlyd jexrd zetqez ,qiexw 'y lv` zeiptde zervd e`x ; dkxev lk dxexa
'nra oke ,"1 `zt`" jxr ,(32 dxrd a ìbeq ,lirl) M. Sokoloff, A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, p. 159
."`zpt ,`zpt`" jxr ,my 157
l"fe d"c ,`xza àa zvaewn dhiya àen ,c"a`x) "ezian iptl zxg`d xvgd ezeà xcgd dpea la`" : c"a`xd oeyl 5
.333±332 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) onxail azky dn e`xe .(zxg` xvga zia gwl l"f c"a`xd
.a"r hp `xza àa ,dxigad zia 6
mixc md m` elit` ,xvga mixiic zeaxdl zexyt`d mvr lr dnz ,z`f znerl ,dpei epax .2
yxit èd ! jxcd z` xvgd ipa lr daxn seq seq jk mb ixd .ziad lra ly ezia llg jeza
okle ,zcxtp dqipk mr dxic wx `l` ,zia jeza xcg xekyl mibdep mpi` mixiicy èt`
oky ,jxcd z` xvgd ipa lr daxiy yyg oi` miipyl ezia llg z` wlgn ziad lra m`
7
.oeqg`l eynyi el` miinipt mixcg .mixiic el eidi `l
bb ziilr zepale ziad ghy lr siqedl xzen ìbeqd zpwqnl mb `"ahixd zrcl .3
mixcgd cer lk oky ,ezia jezl gztpd ezia ixeg`n zia e` ezia jezl zgztpd
8
."jxcd ieaix" `xwp df oi` xvgd on zcxtp dqipk mdl oiè ezia jezl migztp mitqepd
oeekzn ,"i`zt` ? diilr i`ne ,miipyl ewlgy ? xcg i`n" exnà ,`ped axy yxtn èd
bb ziilr oice ,miipyl ewligy zia llg oick ezia jezl gztpd sqepd ziad oicy xnel
eixiic ,ezia jezl migztp el`y oeeik .ziad llg jeza dpay rivi oick ezial dtqepy
ipal jxcd ieaix meyn migxe` zqpkda oi`y myke ,ziad lra ly migxe`l miaygp
lra ly eziaa dyrnl mixxebznd el` mixiic iabl dprh xvgd ipal oi` jk ,xvgd
.ziad
ziad lra siqed `l cer lky ,ìady wenipd sè ,m"ayx zrck ìd ìbeqd zehyt ,xen`k
miqtez md ziyrn dpigan s` oky ,xzeia xiaq ,ziad ipa oick mixiicd oic ezia llgl gtp
zecenvd dxkydl zexic ziad lra dpay rbxa j` .miilìvphet zia ipa ly mnewn z`
zexicl dyibd m` oia ,jxcd z` xvgd ipa lr miaxnd mixf minxebk miaygp eixiic ,ezial
itke ,zcxtp dqipk odl yi m` oiae ziad lra ly ezia jxc ìd xvgd ziivg xg`l el`
.[2] `wqita 9`ped ax dywdy
ax ly mxec oa ,diryed xa ozp mya epzpyn lr inlyexid ziibeqa mb driten `ped ax zrc
`xen`d ly enyy `l` 10,opgei iax lv` cnle l`xyi ux`l laan dlry `cqg axe dcedi
z` o`k ìap .inlyexia zncewd dkldd seqa zerha ewzred eixace epiptly migqepa yaey
wlgdyk 11,onxail le`y rivny dbend gqepd mcvle ,lìxewq` i"k gqep cvl qetcd gqep
: ybcen eply ìbeql rbepd
.dpea la` d"c ,`"r q `xza àa ,dpei epaxc zeilr 7

àa ly c wxtl eizeklda s"ixd dyrnl dkld ewqt oke .yxit o"anxd la` d"c ,`"r q `xza àa `"ahixd iyecig 8
`"ayxe rivn ipixde d"c ,a"r hp `xza àal eiyeciga o"anx ; g d mipky zekld ,m"anx ; (`"r bl s"ixd itc) `xza
,(2 dxrd ,lirl) ,onxail lv` mitqep mipeiv e`xe .oizrnyc `yexite d"ce xcg i`n d"c ,`"r q `xza àal eiyeciga
.333 'nr
ok xn`p `l m` mb ,"dl wxtn ède dl aizen èd"y gipdl yi ,el` oebk `xen` zaeyze zinzq dl`yay d`xp 9
lk" ,bl ìbeqa oeicd ; my mipeive ,5 dxrd "zexceb" ,f ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x ; zenewn dnka eprvdy itke ,zeyxetn
lr z`xwpy lk : dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"oiwiqtn" ,dl ìbeqa oeicd ; [41] `wqitl yexitd ipeir seq ,"èdy
.[3] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,"xac ivg" ,el ìbeqa oeicd ; "eny
.954 'nr ,b jxk ,(2 dxrd d ìbeq ,lirl) mi`xenè mi`pz zeclez ,o`niid '` e`x 10
,333 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) dheytk `ztqez ,l"pd ; 193 'nr ,(23 dxrd b ìbeq ,lirl) oiwifp inlyexi ,onxail 'y e`x 11
.my oeive ,my 29 dxrde
dbend gqepd ,i±h b `xza àa inlyexi ,i±h b `xza àa inlyexi
lìxewq` i"k gqep ,a"r ci divpe qetc gqep ,a"r ci
h h h dkld
.dwfg el yi gth cr fifd .dwfg el yi gth cr fifd 'ek dwfg el yi gth cr fif
iipi 'x mya `l 'x iipi 'x mya `l 'x i`pi iax mya `l iax
gth cr `veid fif gth cr `veid fif gth `veid fif
dnk elit` z` eìven dnk elit` z` eìven dnk elit` z` eìven
.dnk jeynl .dnk jeynl dnk jeynl
'n` diryed 'x mya ozp 'x diryed iax ozp

ezia z` wlega ezia z` wlega
i i i dkld
eizepelg mc` gzti `l 'ek eizepelg mc` gzti `l
.oitzeyd xvgl
dg` xa awri 'x 'n`
`l zxg` xvga zia gwl `l zxg` xvga zia gwl

.'eke oitzeyd xvgl epgzti .'eke oitzeyd xvgl epgzti
miptl xcgd z` dpea la` miptl xcgd z` dpea la`
.'eke ezian .'eke ezian
diryed xa ozp
ezia z` wlega
xvgl eizepelg mc` gzti `l

.oitzeyd
gzt cbpk gzt xn z` `kd cbpk gzt xnz` dkd gzt cbpk gzt xn z` `kd
xzen xzen xzen
wlega" epzpyna 'eke "ezian miptl xcgd z` dpea la`" `wqitd z` yxit diryed xa ozp
ztqez `ll ,zinipt dwelg ezia z` wleg ziad lrayk 12.ilaaa `ped ax zrck ,"ezia z`
mb ,jxcd z` mdilr daxn èdy dprh xvgd ipal oi` if` ,mixiicl zcxtp dqipk `lle diipa
ezia jeza gx`l ezekf `linny oeeik ,mixiicl diilrd e` iniptd xcgd z` xkey èd m`
.df oiiprl ziad ipae migxe`d oick mixiicd oice ,dvxiy micli dnk ciledle
ezial diipa ztqez siqenyk mb ,dpynd ly dheyt itly d`xp j` .`ped ax itl df lk
siqed `l cer lk ,zegnl mileki mixiicd oi` ,ezia jezl gztpd ixeg` zia e` diilr zxeva
`xza àa `ztqeza yxetn jk .xvgd jezl migztpd migzt epiidc ,zecxtp zeqipk mixiicl
:c `
iptn ,eici lr akrl oileki ,oitzeyd xvgl dgztl ywane miaxd zeyxa zepg el yi
z` ea zexwdle ewlgl ywane oitzeyd xvga zia el yi .jxcd z` odilr daxny
miaxd zeyxa bb el yi .jxcd z` odilr daxny iptn ,eici lr akrl oileki ,zewepizd
daxny iptn ,eici lr akrl oileki ,oitzeyd xvgl dgzetl diilr eiab lr zepal ywane
.ezia jezl dgzete lel el dyer ? dyer èd cvik .jxcd z` odilr
ipa lr daxn miaxd zeyxay zepgl oitzeyd xvg jeza zixeg` zlc zgizt ,`ztqezd itl
zia ly zinipt dwelg s` .mdly xvgd jxc mb zepgl eqpkii zegewld oky ,jxcd z` xvgd
.333 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) dheytk `ztqez ,onxail e`x .`weec m"ayxc àilè 12
sqepd xcga xtq zia miwdl ywan ziad lra m` ,jxcd z` xvgd ipa lr daxn mixcg ipyl
xvgd jxc oax zial eqpkii zewepizd oky ,zg` dqipk wx yi m` elit` z`fe ,eziaa
dpea èd m` j` ; jxcd z` xvgd ipa lr daxn ìd s` zcxtp dqipk mr diilr .ztzeynd
akrl mileki xvgd ipa oi` ,ezia jxc wx diilrl elri mixiicdy ick (13"lel") zebxcn xcg
.epzpyn ly dheytk ìde .eilr
,`ztqezd it lr z`fe ,epzpyn ly dheytk dyrnl dkld wqt `"ahixd ,lirl epi`xy itk
`ped ax zpwqn z` xiaqdl wgcp s` `"ahixd ,xen`k 14.`"ayxde o"anxd ,s"ixd ewqt oke
xnel oeekzd `ped ax s` ezrcl ; epzpyn ly dheyte `ztqezd it lr [3] eply ìbeqa
mileki xvgd ipa oiè ,ziad llg ly zinipt dwelgk dpic zcxtp dqipk `ll diipa ztqezy
zcxtp dqipk `ll mixcgd z` xikyny jka jxcd z` mdilr daxn èd m` mb eilr akrl
`ly dxwnl dpynay dkldd z` liabn `ped axy xzei d`xp ,xen`k j` .mitqep mixiicl
.m"ayx yexitk ,ziad llg ly llekd gtpl siqed
.my mipeive ,333 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) dheytk `ztqez ,onxail e`x 13
.7 dxrd ,lirl mipeiv e`x 14
875
(`"r q) "cbpk" : raye mirax`d ìbeqd
<'ipzn>
`l Ð ohw did ; oelg cbpk oelge gzt cbpk gzt oitzeyd xvgl mc` gzti `l
oelge gzt cbpk gzt x"dxl èd gzet la` .mipy epyri `l Ð cg` ,lecb epyri
.mipy eze` dyer Ð cgè ,lecb eze` dyer Ð ohw did ; oelg cbpk
<'nb>
? ilin ipdpn .1 dkldl xewn

yxcnn epzpynay
a ck xacnal dcb`
dn ,eihayl okey l`xyi z` `xie eipir z` mrla `yie : `xw xn`c ,opgei x"` .2
dxyzy elld oie`x : xn` ,dfl df oipeekn mdild` igzt oi`y d`x ? d`x
.dpiky mdilr
cenlzd zxeqn
mdild` igzt oi`y d`x ? d`x dn .a ck xacna .eihayl okey l`xyi z` `xie eipir z` mrla `yie .2
.a ck xacna ,ozpeil qgeind mebxzd e`x .dfl df oipeekn

: di`x wfid iptn .df cbpk df oipeekn eid `ly `wqit
xivwz
zia ly gzt e` oelg len zial gzt e` oelg geztl oi` f b `xza àa dpyn itl
a ck xacnal yxcn ìan opgei iax eply ìbeqa .ztzeynd xvgl xarn okyd
zeklde eply dpynay dklda eceqi yxcndy xexa j` ,z`fd dkldd ly xewnk
dèxd zxeqnd zeclezl mixefgy dnk mirven yexitd seba .jtdl `le ,zenec
.dpynay dkldl xewn yxcna

,mitzeyd xvga oelg len oelg e` gzt len gzt geztl xeq` ,f b `xza àa ,epzpyn itl
oelge gzt cbpk gzt oitzeyd xvgl mc` gzti `l" : miaxd zeyxa ok zeyrl xzen j`
èd lcadd ."oelg cbpk oelge gzt cbpk gzt miaxd zeyxl èd gzet la` ...oelg cbpk
jk lk micitwn oi` ,ea mixaer mihrny ,mitzeyd xvgl migezt egzte eizepelgy ziaay
dyrpd z` ze`xl lkei df oebka exag oelg cbpk oeekn epelgy ine ,ziad jeza zeripvd lr
jeza rphvdl libx xak miaxd zeyxl migezt `linn eizepelgy in ,z`f znerl .ziad jeza
cbpk oeekn èd m` mb ,el wifn epi` miaxd zeyx ly ipyd dcvny okyd oelgy jk ,ezia
1.epelg
ck xacnal opgei iax ly dyxcn gzt len gzt geztl xeqi`l qiqa `ven eply `xnbd lra
oipeekn mdild` igzt oi`y d`x ? d`x dn .eihayl okey l`xyi z` `xie" : mrla oiipra ,a
Ð 'ek elld oiie`x xn`" yxit m"ayx 2."dpiky mdilr dxyzy elld oie`x : xn` .df cbpk df
seq z` yxc opgei iaxy eyxit zetqezd ilra j` 3."wiicw jild` eaeh dn mzd aizkcn
ly eheytk mrla lr `le 4,l`xyi lr epiid "eilr"yk ,"midl-` gex eilr idze" : weqtd
'n`" ixg` siqend ,bxeand i"k zqxib itl envr cenlza yxetn zetqezd ilra zrck .`xwn
d`xp j` ,"midl` gex eilr idze 'py" milind z` "mdilr dpiky dxyzy elld oiie`x
.yexit ztqez od el` miliny
: xn`" : xz` lr s"ixd zeklda xen`d mr mb bxeand i"k zqxib z` xyw 5dnly dxez lra
: xz` lr y"`xd zekldae 6,"midl` gex eilr idze cin ,dpiky odilr dxyzy elld oiie`x
.oekpd èd jtdd j` 7."midl` gex eilr idze ,odilr dpiky dxyzy elld oiie`x : xn`..."
z` d`x mrla : mrla lr "eilr" dlind z` eaqdy xkip y"`xde s"ixd lv` mixacd gqepn
ède ,"xn`py" qxeb bxeand i"k ,z`f znerl ."midl` gex eilr idze" (cin)e ,d`xy dn
.o`k zetqezd ilra ixack
iax `xen`d ; jtdl `le ,mrla lr ely dyxca epzpyn lr qqazd opgei iaxy heyt d`xp
cbpk df mipeekn mdigzt oi`y èd eini cre dyn inin awri ilde` z` oiit`y dny rci opgei
dyxca ze`xl eply `xnbd lra ywia cvik èt` oiadl dyw ! epzpyna epipy jky meyn ,df
: miàd mipezpd xe`l cgeina ,dpynay dkldl xewn ef
àa dpyna zekldd aex enk ,minkg zepwz opiipr eply wxtd seq zeipynay zekldd lk .1
`weecy reawle llkd on ef dkld ìvedl ywia eply `xnbd lray xnel dywe ,`xza
.`ziixe`c ìd
.daegk `le ,gayl mikef md dilry l`xyi ly daeh dlrnk mixacd z` bivn mrla .2
.([5] ,"irephv`" ,gn ìbeq) `"r q ,oldl e`x 1

oky mday miaehd milde`d z` ddfnd opgei iax ita xg` iyxcn aihen a"r dw oixcdpq ilaaa ep`vn ef dyxc cvl 2
ywia ,eala did dn cnl dz` ryx eze` ly ezkxan : opgei iax xn`" : zeyxcn izae zeiqpk iza mr mrla itl l`xyi
mebxza ep`vn elld miaihend ipyl cd ."...awri jild` eah dn Ð zeyxcn izae zeiqpk iza mdl edi `ly xnel
,oediyxcn izaa oedihayl oiixy l`xyi zi `nge iepir zi mrla swfe" : a ck xacnal ozpeil qgeind il`xyiÎux`d
oi` ,weqtl df mebxzl hxt j` ," 'd mcw on dèap gex idelr zxye ,oedixag irxz liaw elk oipeekn oedirxz oeed `le
.eply ìbeqa zàend opgei iax zyxcl dliawn
.oiie`x xn` d"c ,`"r q `xza àa m"ayx 3
.oie`x d"c ,`"r q `xza àa zetqez 4
.bi ze` hw 'nr ,a"pyz milyexi ,an jxk ,dnly dxez yneg e`x 5
.(a"r al s"ixd itc) xz` lr ,`xza àa s"ix 6
.er oniq ,b wxt ,`xza àa y"`x 7
xnel dyw mbe ,l`xyil dkld wqt mrlay xnel eply `xnbd lra ly ezpeek oi`y xexa .3
ceqi dyniy opgei iax `xen`d ly dyxcy ihqipexkp` oteà raew eply `xnbd lray
.epzpyna `pzd ixacl
: ìbeqa "ilin ipdpn" dl`yd zpada zeiexyt` izy rivdl d`xp
dyxcd zàdl xybk "ilin ipdpn" gpena o`k ynzyd `xnbd lray ìd zg` zexyt` .1
.epzpynay dkldl xewnd md dyxcd e` weqtdy gxkda oeekzd `le ,opgei iax ly
migzet `xnb ilra : mixg` zenewna mb "ilin ipdpn" iehiaa dfd yeniyd z` ep`vn
miynzyne ,dpynay dkldl ìdy lk dwif lra dcb` yxcna dpynay dkld lr ìbeq
dkldl ynn ly xewn epi` yxcnd okez m` mb ,dyxcd zrvd jxevl "ilin ipdpn" iehiaa
oiqpkzn xnyn ezeày l`xyie" : epipy a c ziprz dpyna .dnec oeirx ly iehia `l`
dxezd zìxw iabl epipy e b dlibn dpyna sè ,"ziy`xa dyrna oixewe odixrl
`l dlibna dliawnae `"r fk ziprz ilaaa xn`p jk lr ."ziy`xa dyrna ,zecnrna"
: `"r
`l m` xn`py ,uxè miny eniiwzp `l zecnrn `lnl` : in` iax xn` ? ilin ipdpn
ik rc` dna midl` 'd xnìe aizke ,izny `l uxè miny zewg dlile mnei izixa
l`xyi melye qg `ny ! mler ly epeax : èd jexa yecwd iptl mdxa` xn` ,dpyxi`
: eiptl xn` .e`l : el xn` ? dbltd xecke leand xeck mdl dyer dzè jiptl mi`heg
8
.'ebe zylyn dlbr il dgw : el xn` ? rc` dna ,mler ly epeax
dkldl xewn ote` meya zynyn dpi` in` iax ly dyxcd ,"ilin ipdpn" dl`yd s` lr
itk ,dkldl wenip dyxca ze`xl ozip xzeid lkl .zecnrna ziy`xa dyrn mi`xewy
ynyn "ilin ipdpn"y d`xpe ,"zecnrn lv` ziy`xa oiipr dn .ilin ipdpn" : my i"yx yxtny
.dxewne dkld ly dpi` odipia dwifdyk mb ,dcb` yxcne dkld zecinva mibivnyk
z` iq` iax lèy my ,`"r cl oixcdpq ilaaa ep`vn "ilin ipdpn" gpena dfa `veik yeniy
mipiicd ixteq m`d Ð "edn ,ze`xwn ipyn cg` mrh mipy exn`" mipiic ipy m` ,opgei iax
ìbeqa xn`p jk lre ."cg` `l` odl oipen oi`" el aiyn opgei iax ? ze`xwnd ipy z` miazek
: my
Ð midl`l fr ik izrny ef mizy midl` xac zg` : `xw xn`c : iia` xn` ? ilin ipdpn
: `pz l`rnyi iax iac .ze`xwn dnkn `vei cg` mrh oiè ,minrh dnkl `vei cg` `xwn
dnkl `vei cg` `xwn s` Ð zevevip dnkl wlgzn df yiht dn ,rlq uvti yihtke
.minrh
,"ze`xwn dnkn `vei cg` mrh oi`" yxcnd itl .dkldl xewn iia` itay yxcnd oi` o`k mb
miazek oi`y `l` ,ze`xwn dnkn `vi ok` cg` mrh eay dxwn lr zxacn dkldd eliè
mrh oi` weqtd itly oeeikn : dkldl wenip dyxca ze`xl ozip xzeid lkl .mdn cg` `l`
el szeynd mrhd z` qqal mipiicd cg` ìady `xwndy ixd ,ze`xwn dnkn `vei cg`
s` o`k ynyn "ilin ipdpn" gpend ,mipt lk lr .eze` aezkl oi` okle ,oekp epi` ipyd oiicle
.dkldl xewn zynyn dpi` dyxcdy it lr
illkd byenl xewnk eply `xnbd lra ici lr zbven ok` opgei iax ly dyxcdy okzii .2
èd l`ci`d
¥ ile` ? zlefd ly zeihxta dribtn rpnidl ie`xy epl oiipn : dii`x wfid ly
10
oi`veie ,zg` dkeqa ayil miie`x l`xyi lky ep`vny itke 9,mig` l`xyi lka ze`xl
.`"r `l dlibn ilaa ,dplie qetc it lr gqepd 8

.b oniq ,`yp a `negpz ; ` oniq ,`yp ` `negpz e`x 9
.a"r fk dkeq ilaa e`x 10
l`xyi lkl qgiizdl ie`x okle ,dfa `veike 12,cg` mewnl mal z` oipeekne 11,cg` gqta
ipa ipta mb mdn rpnidl ie`x xg` l`xyi ipta mdn rpnidl ie`xy mixace ,dgtyn ipak
m` : opgei iax mya in` iax ly dyxcd z` eply `xnbd lra ìan df rwx lr ? dgtyn
ie`xy ixd ,df cbpk df mipeekn mpi` mdilde` igzty jk lr l`xyi z` gaiy mrla
xvga oelg cbpk oelge gzt cbpk gzt migzet oi`y minkg epwiz df jnq lre ,jkn rpnidl
.oitzeyd
dkldd ditly zxg` dqitzn ìvedl epzpynay dkldl xewnk dàed ef dyxcy xytè
`l` ,dii`x wfidl oiipr dpi` miiw gzt ly ezagxd e` sqep gzt zgizt zlqetd epzpynay
ditly zxg` dklda elld zekldd ceqiy `ng xa inx rivn dàd ìbeqa .xvga zeiekfl
ernyn cg` ziaa migzt ieaixe ,ezia zifga xvga zen` raxà dkef xvgd ipan cg` lk
wfid oiiprl epzpyn z` yxtne ef zexyt` dgec àx .ziad lra dkef eay xvga ghyd ieaix
y`xn xidadl ick ìdd ìbeql eply ìbeqd z` micwd `xnbd lray okziie 13,dii`x
opgei iax mya in` iax ly dyxca iehia icil àd zeripvd jxra oceqi epzpynay zeklddy
14
.mrla ixacl
.a"r gr migqt ilaa e`x 11

.a"r l zekxa ilaa e`x 12
."dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,ìdd ìbeqa oeicde ,[4±1] ,"irephv`" ,gn ìbeq ,`"r q oldl e`x 13
.àx `xen`d `l` epi` "ilin ipdpn" oeyla epzpynl opgei iax mya in` iax zyxc z` cinvdy df `xnb lra `nye 14
ixaca dceqi my zinzqd [5] `wqit s`y rivp ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"irephv`" ,gn ìbeqa oeica ,oldl
zàda mixacd z` gzet àxyk ,àxl `ng xa inx oia my oeicl zinzq dgizt deedn eply ìbeqd mby xytè ,àx
ux` zxez ,xec 'v e`x opgei iax zxezl àx oia dwifd lr .dpynay dkldl ceqik opgei iax mya in` iax ly dyxcd
ezxewiae ecenil ikxc : `ng xa inx ,odk y"a e`x ,hxta eppiiprle ; 78±11 'nr ,(2 dxrd bl ìbeq ,lirl) laaa l`xyi
oeicd ,oldl df oiiprl epazky dn e`xe ; my mitqep mipeive ,219 'rd 75 'nr ,q"yz ob znx ,(xnb zcear) àx ly
.my 5 dxrdae ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"irephv`" ,gn ìbeqa
883
(`"r q) "irephv`" : dpenye mirax`d ìbeqd
xa diieyil `l 'c xa : xninl `ng xa inx xaq .lecb epyri `l Ð ohw did .1 inx ly zepeiqip .`
z` liabdl `ng xa
xity Ð drax` xa diieyil izxz xa la` ,xvga ìpnz liwy `wc ,ìpnz ,epzpynay zekldd
; inc àx ici lr mziigce
`l dax `gzita ,jpin irephv`l `pivn `xhef `gzita : l"` ivn ,àx l"` .2
.jpin irephv` `pivn
ixz diieyil `l irax` xa : xninl `ng xa inx xaq .mipy epyri `l Ð cg` .3
irax` irax` ipa diieyil ipnz xa la` ,xvga ipnz liwy `wc ,izxz izxz ipa
; inc xity Ð
`pivn `l ixza ,jpin irephv` `pivn `gzit cga : dil xn` ivn ,àx l"` .4
.jpin irephv`
ipan irephv` zira `d seq seq : l"`c ,gzt cbpk gzt x"dxl èd gzet la` .5 dkldl xaqd .a
èdy ,epzpynay
.x"dx ixac jynd d`xpk
`ng xa inxl àx
cenlzd zxeqn
.`"r ì `xza àa ,a"r b dkeq ilaa e`x .xvga ipnz liwy `wc ...xvga ìpnz liwy `wc .3±1

dieyil : zen` .ixz xa la` : migzt 'a xeriy dia `ki`c xvga zen` .'g liwy `wc : gztd .ohw did m`
.zen` 'gn zegt èdy gzt lkk zen` 'c `l` liwy `l seq seqc .inc xity : agex zen` .rax` xa
wlgp `ly it lr s` 'g ea èdye .zen` 'c el yi gzt lkl migzt ipyl owlge 'gn zegt gztd mè
ilwy `l seq seqc .inc xity : migzt ixz .dieyil .zen` 'g el yiy .ipnz xa la` : zen` 'g yi mipyl
ynzyn ip`y .jpin irephvi`c `pivn `gzit cga dil xn` ivn : `xwirnck xvga zen` 'g `l`
gzt x"dxl èd gzet la` : gezt ipyd lerp cg`dyky .irephvi` `pivn `l igzt ixza : lerp èdyk
: 'ek seq seq l"`c gzt cbpk
885 (`"r q) "irephv`" : dpenye mirax`d ìbeqd
xivwz
,ztzeynd xvgl dpetd oelg e` gzt aigxdl e` geztl oi` f b `xza àa dpyn itl
dpd eply ìbeqd .miaxd zeyxl dpetd oelg e` gzt aigxdl e` geztl xzen j`
zetwzydk z`fd dkldd z` yxtl dqip `ng xa inx .`ng xa inxl àx oia giyÎec
zeawrae ,mdly ziad zifga zen` rax` ly ghyl xvgd ixiicl yiy zekfd ly
xvga ghyd zlcbdl liaez gztd zlcbdy dxwnl dkldd z` liabdl z`f
,zeripvl mipkyd zekf dpiipr ef dkldy eznerl oreh àx .dl dkef gztd aigxny
.xvgd ghya mdizeiekf zrwtd `le
mikxvl xvgd ghy zrwtd ly oiiprk dpynd z` yxtl `ng xa inx ly epeiqip
lr xeqi`d z` xiaqn èdy meyn xzid oia ; zeaiq dnkn iziira èd miihxt
dkldd iwqty d`xd odk 'y wxa .oelg zagxd lr xeqi`d z` `l j` ,gzt zagxd
stex oecipd dxwnl micwzd oia xywd m` mb ,minicwz lr miqqean `ng xa inx ly
.zxg` jxca eply ìbeqd z` yxtn envr odk ik m` ,ocic oecipa mb d`xp jk .xzeia

migztpd zepelge migztl xywa zekld yely : zekld yy dpen ,f b `xza àa ,epzpyn
: miaxd zeyxl migztpa odiketide ,xvgl
; oelg cbpk oelge gzt cbpk gzt oitzeyd xvgl mc` gzti `l .1
,lecb epyri `l Ð ohw did .2
.mipy epyri `l Ð cg` .3
; oelg cbpk oelge gzt cbpk gzt x"dxl èd gzet la` .4
,lecb eze` dyer Ð ohw did .5
.mipy eze` dyer Ð cgè .6
zilnxet dpigan deedn ,"irephv`" ,gn ìbeqk epxcbd eze`y xnegd ,zigkepd ezpekzna
zephwd zeibeqd yely ; epzpynn dpey dklda zgzet odn zg` lky zecxtp zeibeq yely
dàena epybcd oze`y epzpyna ziriaxde ziyilyd ,diipyd `wqitd lr zeaqen elld
did" ,epzpynay diipyd dkldd lr zaqend ìbeq zeaikxn ìbeqa [2±1] ze`wqit .lirlc
cg`" ,ziyilyd dkldd lr zaqend ìbeq zeaikxn [4±3] ze`wqit ; "lecb epyri `l Ð ohw
ziriaxd dkldd lr zaqend dnvr ipta ìbeq ìd [5] `wqit eliè ,"mipy epyri `l Ð
ok it lr sè ."oelg cbpk oelge gzt cbpk gzt miaxd zeyxa èd gzet la`" : epzpynay
`ng xa inx oia cg` giyÎeca xaecny oeeik ,zg` ìbeqk elld zecigid yelya mipc epgp`
xacd .mi`xen`d ipy oia jynznd giyÎeca oeicl xneg zeedn dpynd ze`wqityk ,àxl
[5] `wqitl mb `l` ,àxe `ng xa inxl zeyxetn zeqgeind ,[4±1] ze`wqit iabl wx `l oekp
ipta epzpynl àx rivdy zepyxtd jyndk ,oldl d`xpy itk ,zxiihvn j` mzqa zàend
.`ng xa inx
miiw gzt zagxd ,xvgl oelg e` gzt zgizt lr zexqe` epzpyn ly zepey`xd zeaad yely
ly mzgizta ziad lra ly ezpeeky 1xaq `ng xa inx .miiwd gztl sqepa gzt ztqede
dkld jnq lr z`fe ,dnvr xvgd ly xzei lecb wlg lr hlzydl ìd mzagxde el` migzt
cr xvgd z` oiwleg oi`" : epipy e ` `xza àa dpyna .`"r ì `xza àa ilaaa zàend
wlgl dvex mitzeyd xvga cg` szey m` ,xnelk ; "dfl zen` raxè dfl zen` rax` `diy
lk m` wx z`f yexcl leki èd ,mdnr seziya da ynzydl mewna mitzeyd oia xvgd z`
dpi` efn dphw xvg la` ,zen` rax` lr zen` rax` ly ghy lawi xvgd ipan cg`
: `"r ì `xza àa ilaaa xn`p jk lr .xvgd ipa lk jkl enikqd ok m` `l` zwlgzn
z` miwleg oi` : ikd inp ìpz .migzt lyn ueg ,exn`y zen` rax` : opgei x"` iq` x"`
zen` rax` : opz op` `de ; dfl zen` dpenye dfl zen` dpeny da `diy cr Ð xvgd
...dpin rny ,iq` iaxck n"y `l` ! dfl zen` raxè dfl
gzt lkl zen` rax` oipzep : xn` `cqg axe ; digzt itl zwlgzn xvg : `ped ax xn`
.deya oiwleg x`yde ,gzte
ipy dfle cg` gzt dfl did ; zen` rax` odl yi xvgay migzt : `cqg axc dizeek ìpz
dpeny lhep migzt ipy el yiy dfe ,zen` rax` lhep cg` gzt el yiy df Ð migzt
cbpk zen` dpeny lhep Ð zen` dpeny agx gzt dfl did ; deya oiwleg x`yde ,zen`
.xvga zen` raxè gztd
,49±48 'nr ,(14 dxrd fn ìbeq ,lirl) (xnb zcear) àx ly ezxewiae ecenil ikxc : `ng xa inx ,odk y"a zrck d`xp 1
,ezcnr yeaib ick jez àx mr ggey èd mda ynyn "xninl `ng xa inx xaq" iehiady mixg`d mixwnae o`ky
e` siqedl mb xeq` epzpyn itly jk lr riavd àxy oiincl lw eply dxwna : ezerh lr eze` cinrd àxe
zkiiy dpi`y ,xvgd lr zehlzyda `le ,zeihxt lr dxinya e` dii`x wfida zwqer epzpyny o`kne ,oelg aigxdl
.zepelga
887 (`"r q) "irephv`" : dpenye mirax`d ìbeqd
xvgd jxeà zen` dpeny lhep : xn`w ikd ,iia` xn` ? ediizciar i`n xvga zen` rax`
.xvgd agexa zen` raxè
lr dklyd ziad igzt xtqnl yiy md mirc ininz mi`xen`de mi`pzd lk : xne` deed
,`cqg axe opgei iax mya in` iax itl oke ,my ìbeqa zàend `ziixad itl .xvgd zwelg
ax itl .mdiza igzt zifgay zeraexnd zen`d raxà zeicrla zeiekf milawn ziad ilra
ziaa migzt ieaix ly zeilklkd zeklydd ,df oiipra `cqg ax lr wlegd `xen`d ,`ped
`l` ,migztd xtqn itl wlgzn mizad zifgay xvgay wlgd wx `l : xzei s` zelecb cg`
.digzt itl zwlgzn xvgd lk
epi` oitzeyd xvgl gzt geztl xeqi`d eply dpynay yxtl `ng xa inx ywia z`f xe`l
ziad lra eziaa gzt ztqed ici lry oeeik ,ynn zerwxw lfb ly `l` 2dii`x wfid ly oiipr
dkldd z` liabdl `ng xa inx ywia z`f xe`l .mitzeyd xvga xzei lecb wlg lr hlzyn
la` ,rwxwd lr zehlzyd meyn ezagxd e` gzt ztqeda yi mday mixwnl epzpynay
dkfn did ohwd gztd mby oeeik ,dleqt dpi` zen` rax` ickl zen` izy ly gzt zagxd
agexa gzt levitl oicd ède ,[1] ziad zifga zeraexn zen` rax` ly ghya ziad lra z`
lawn ziad lra did jk oiae jk oiay oeeik ,zen` rax` agexa migzt ipyl zen` dpeny
.[3] xvga zeraexn zen` dpeny
`ziixaay zekldde epzpynay dkldd oiay oeincd zexnly `ng xa inxl xird àx
e` migzt ieaixl yi ok`y zeilklkd zeklydd zexnle ,`"r ì `xza àaa zàend
xeqi`d okle ,dii`x wfida `l` jka xeyw epi` epzpyna xeqi`d ,xvgd zwelg lr mzagxd
"rphvdl" xzei dyw .e`l m` oiae xvga sqep ghya ziad lra z` dkfn dagxdd m` oia lg
e` ohw gzt gkepl xy`n [4] migzt ipy e` [2] lecb gzt gkepl Ð zeihxtd lr xenyl Ð
z`fe ,mdilr siqedl e` ziad igzt z` aigxdl zeyx ziad lral oi` jk meyne ,cigi gzt
.xvga ghy lr zehlzydd zl`yl xyw `ll
xa inx .miaxd zeyxl migeztd oelg e` gzta zekiiy opi` elld zeklddy jkl daiqd mb ef
xvga migztly jka oenh miaxd zeyxe oitzeyd xvg oia lcaddy d`xpk ayg `ng
`linn miaxd zeyxl dpetd zia gzty cera ,xvgd lr zelrad lr zeklyd yi mitzeyd
oi` miaxd zeyxl gztpd gzt zagxdl .miaxd zeyxa rwxwa ziad lra z` dkfn epi`
zrpvl ìd s` dxeyw dpgadl daiqdy xirn àx j` .dxeq` dppi` okle ,zeilklk zeklyd
e` gzte ,miayde mixaerd ipta rphvdl jixv `linn miaxd zeyxa laeb eziay in : hxtd
.[5] df oipra cixen epiè dlrn epi` ezia jezl lkzqdl ozip mdny sqep oelg
`l` dpi` digzt itl xvgd zwelg ly dkldd ixd : zedenz `ng xa inx ly zexaqd
rci i`ce `ng xa inx : zepelgae migzta zwqer epzpyn eliè ,zepelga `le migzta
,dii`x wfida `l` xvgd lr zehlzyda xeyw epi` eaigxdl e` oelg siqedl xeqi`dy
ghy lr zehlzydd m` mby oiadl jixv `ng xa inx did o`kn .gztl mb oicd èd `linne
ìd ,mdilr dtqed e` ziad igzt zagxd z` xeq`l daiq ìd xvgd ipa znkqd `ll xvga
izy zegtl yiy gipdl epilre ,zepelga zkiiy dpi`y oeeik ,zicrlad daiqd dppi` i`ce
gztd zagxdl oi`yk mb `linne ,xvga ghy lr zehlzyde dii`x wfid : xeqi`l zeaiq
oelg zagxdy myk ,dxeq` ìdy oiadl jixv `ng xa inx did xvgd zwelg lr zeklyd
dagxd èd dii`x wfide mixab ipta miyp ly dtiygn zerpnid ìd zeripvyk ,dii`x wfidl zeripv oia mipigan yi 2
`xza àa ,dkld xexiae dxexa dkld e`x .zelkzqda ynn ly xeqi` oi`yk mb ,zeihxtd lr dxiny ickl byend ly
.my oeive ,217 'rd 74 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) xnb zcear ,odk ; my mipeive ,grw±frw 'nr ,(32 dxrd ì ìbeq ,lirl)
"irephv`l" dlina ynzyd àx eliè ,`xnbd ilra ly gpen èd "di`x wfid" .ef dpgadl ynn ly dgked oi` j`
.exvga e` eziaa èdyk mc`d ly zeihxtd lr xenyl jxevd lr miriavn mdipye ,`weec miypa xaecny oiivl ilan
.my 8 dxrde ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"gthn zegt" ,cn ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl epazky dn e`xe
`ng xa inxly d`xp j` 3! mitzeyd oia xvgd zwelg lr zeklyd dl oi`y it lr s` dxeq`
yxtl sicrd èdy ,xvga ynn ly dlfbl qgia gipf jk lk èd zeripvde dii`xd wfid oiipr
lfbl oiiprke ,cala gztd lr zeaqenk zeyxetn xkfen oelgd oi` oday epzpyn ly zeaad z`
zagxde ,epzpyna eztqed e` gzt zagxd eipir cbpl d`x èd .dii`x wfidl `le zerwxw
.mi`yepd ipy oia xyw cine ,xvgd zwelg aiaq icenlzd oeicae `ziixaa eztqed e` gzt
inx ly zizkldd daiygd z` zepiit`n zeihtyn zeibelp` 4,odk dnly wxa d`xdy itk
cvn dtekz zxewial dkef èd jk lre ,ekxev lk wven epi` dèeydl qiqadyk mb `ng xa
dkldd z` zencl oeiqipd hdlae ,dpynd ihxta `ng xa inx wiic `l o`k mby d`xp .àx
epzpyny jkn mlrzd ,"gzte gzt lkl zen` rax` oipzep" ,`cqg ax ly dkldl epzpynay
5.ezerh lr eze` cinrde àx ày cr ,oelga mb zwqer
cbpk oelge gzt cbpk gzt" yexita zexikfnd ,dpynay ziriaxde dpey`xd dkldd oia wlig `ng xa inxy xyt` 3
ly dheyt itl ,oaenk .el` milin zexqg oday ,dpynay ziyiyde ziyingd ,ziyilyd ,diipyd zekldd oial ,"oelg
j` ,oelgd lr od gztd lr od miaqen el` zeklday "eze` dyer"e "epyri" ,"cg` did" ,"ohw did" miiehiad dpyn
.oelgd lr `le ,cala gztd lr mze` aqdl ick "oelg"e "gzt" mvrd zeny xcrd z` lvpl xaq `ng xa inxy xyt`
z` wx dìad `xnbde ,eil`n oaen oiiprd epixacl j` ,oelgd oiipra `ng xa inxl zeyxetn xirn epi` àx ìbeqa
d`xp j` .ezwcva `ng xa inx z` rpkyl ick ìady zegkedd z` `le dpyna epipyy dnl àx ly itelgd wenipd
gzt" opiipr dpyna elld zeaady yxit àx sè ,df oiipra wcv `ng xa inxy àx ly ezwizyn ewiqd miwqetdy
el` zekld eìady ,c cpw htyn oyeg jexr ogly ; i d mipky zekld ,m"anx e`x ."oelg cbpk oelg" `le "gzt cbpk
.oelgl xywa od gztl xywa od el` zekld ìady cpw htyn oyeg xehl cebipa z`fe Ð oelg oiiprl `le gzt oiiprl
.zwelgn o`k oiè ,oelgl oicd èd jexr oglyd itl mby zehyta epiad ,g"wq ,my j"yde ,f"hwq ,my r"nqd mxa
,"àx znerl `ng xa inx : cenlza zeizwiqte zeipyxt zeibelp`" ,l"pd ; 78±42 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) xnb zcear ,odk 4
.184±149 'nr ,(g"qyz) dk l`xyi ipic
opc dxwna .zeizwiqte zeipyxt zeibelp` jexrl ick yxcpd oeincd beqa àxe `ng xa inx ewlgpy d`xn ,my ,odk 5
dze`y ìd epzprh ,ok it lr sè .edpyn it lr cg` xewn yxtl oeiqip `l` dibelp` it lr dkld weqtl oeiqip oi`
.epzpyna oelgd xekf`n mlrzdl el dnxb my x`zn odky zeihtyn zeibelp` itlk `ng xa inx ly "zilxail" dyib
oiiprl yxcp epi` èd) miinihibl md dpynl miyexitd ipy ,ezrcl : xg` oteà eply ìbeqd z` yxtn envr odk
zen`d rax` oiipra `cqg ax epzege eax zhiy lr zqqean `ng xa inx ly zepyxtde ,(3 dxrd ,lirl e`xe ; oelgd
dà ìdy itk opgei iax zhiy lr zqqean àx ly zepyxtd eliè ,(`"r ì `xza àa) xvga gzt lkl zepwend
zcear ,odk e`x .([2] ,"cbpk" ,fn ìbeq ,`"r q ,lirl) zncewd ìbeqa zàend mrla ixac lr ely dyxca iehia icil
èd mb didy s` ,àxe ,epzge `cqg ax cinlz did `ng xa inxy jk lr riavn odk .75±73 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) xnb
ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl ; 219 'rd 75 'nr ,my ,odk e`x) opgei iax zxezl zcgein dwif el dziid ,`cqg ax ly ozge cinlz
.(14 dxrd ,"cbpk" ,fn
ax ixack ,xvgd zwelg oiipra zeklyd ziaa gzt ztqedl yiy rci àx s`y xexa : d`xp epi` mixacd ly df xeìz
iax Ð zeripve dii`x wfida eceqi oelgde gztd zgizt xeqi` zercd lkl .df lkl xyw oi` epzpynly `l` ,`cqg
,epzpyn lr zqqeand ,opgei iax ly dyxcd z` ìad `xnbd lra my epixacle ,epzpyn lr ezyxc z` qqia opgei
mb ,mipt lk lr .envr àx `l` did `l df `xnb lray xytè ,`ng xa inx zrcn ìvedl ick ,ef dpynl "xewn"k
.1 dxrd ,lirl e`x ; opc dxwna ea xfg `ng xa inx odk zrcl
891
(`"r q) "llg" : ryze mirax`d ìbeqd
<'ipzn>
dlbr `dzy ick xizn `"x ; zexrne oigiy ,zexea ,x"dx zgz llg oiyer oi`
qpek Ð dvx m` `l` ,x"dxl ze`xhfefbe oifif oiìven oi` .mipa` dperhe zkldn
.dzwfga ef ixd Ð ze`xhfefbe oifif dae xvg gwl .ìvene ely jezl
<`xnb>
.dizrc` e`le zigtnc oipnif ? opaxe .1 `pzd zhiyl wenip

epzpyna `nw
cenlzd zxeqn
.a"r fk `xza àa ilaa .dizrc` e`le zigtnc oipnif ? opaxe .1

ieqkd `lde `nrh i`n ixq`c .opaxe : 'ek dlbr `dzy ick wfg ieqk epqkiy calae .xizn `"xe `wqit
.ze`xhfefb : y"pexai .oifif : rerx `diy i`dc dizrc` e`le ekezn rilziy .zgtinc oipnifc ixaq : wfg
oi`veiy ze`xhfefbe oifif dae xvg gwl : dil ilgnilc iccd iab x"dx ipa lk ediipzilc .x"dxl : zexew
: uewl jixv oiè .dzwfga ef ixd x"dxl
xivwz
zgzn llg xetgl xqe` `nw `pz : mi`pz zwelgn epipy g b `xza àa dpyna
xfril` iaxe ,xtegd ly ihxtd eghya elek `vnp xead gzt m` mb ,miaxd zeyxl
ipt z` wegyl ilan miaxd zeyxa xearl dleki mipa` dperhd dlbr cer lk xizn
iax mr mikqn `nw `pzy xiaqn eply ìbeqd lra .llgd jezl letile ghyd
ezedfl ozip cer lk icizr wfpl yeygl oiè ,zipexwr zxzen z`f dxitgy xfril`
ilan onfd mr ewgyii ghyd ipty `nw `pzd yyg df dxwna la` ,y`xn
.jkl mircen eidi miaye mixaerdy
itk ,opgei iaxc àil` dpynd z` yxtn eply `xnbd lray epi`xd yexitd seba
itl ; yiwl yix mya my àen xg` yexit .a"r fk `xza àa ilaaa zàen ezrcy
xyw `ll ,icizr wfpl yygn ,z`fk dxitgl zipexwr cbpzn `nw `pzd yiwl yix
epi` dheytk zwelgnd yexit j` .df beqn wfp y`xn zedfl didi xyt` m` dl`yl
: c"r bq ,` ` mixekia inlyexia àeny itk `l` ,df ixack `le df ixack `l
.ghyd iptl zgzn dnc`d z` zllek rwxw lr zelra m` ewlgp epzpyna mi`pzd
miaxd zeyxa lelk epi` envr llgd ezrcly meyn dxitgd z` xizn xfril` iax
zllek miaxd zeyx lr miaxd zelray xeaqe eilr wleg `nw `pz ; llkd zelraay
miaxl jiiyd ghyd iptl zgzn xetgd llgde ,ghyd iptl zgzny dnc`d z` mb
yiwl yixe opgei iax zwelgn cvik epi`xd yexitd seba .xtegd icia èd lefb
.dfd ixewnd yexitd on dgztzd

llgyk ,ezeyxay dncà xea xtega minkge xfril` iax ewlgp ,g b `xza àa ,epzpyna
i`pza ,xizn xfril` iax .mixqe` Ð `nw `pz Ð minkgd : miaxd zeyxl zgzn hytzn xead
.dizgzn xertd llgd zexnl miaxd zeyxa ghyd ipt lr jldl dleki mipa` dperh dlbry
meyn miaxd zeyx znc`l zgzn dxitga oi` minkgd zrcl s`y xiaqn eply `xnbd lra
mdy meyn xfril` iax lr miwleg md .xtegd ly ezeyxa èd xead gzt cer lk ,lfb
ghyd ipt ,xeal lrn ghyd ipt lr jldl dleki mipa` zperh dlbr zrk m` mby miyyeg
xead llg z` mezqi `l èd ; [1] jkl rcen didi xead lray ilan onfd mr wgyidl milelr
.llgd jezl letile ghyd ipt z` uextl dlelr miaxd zeyxa zxaerd dcak dlbre ,onfa
.cizra ghyd ipt zwigyl yyeg epi` ,z`f znerl ,xfril` iax
.dilr wleg yiwl yixe ,opgei iaxl a"r fk `xza àa ilaaa zqgein zwelgnl ef zepyxt
xaer lnbd `diy ick ,uvew ,miaxd zeyxl dhep èdy oli`" : epipy ci a `xza àa dpyna
: a"r fk ,ilaaa xn`p jk lr ."eakexe
xfril` iaxe ,diepy zwelgna : l"x xn` ? opilf` `zydc `pcne` xza oiwfpac `pz o`n
xizn xfril` iax ; zexrne oigiy ,zexea ,miaxd zeyx zgz llg oiyer oi` : opzc ; ìd
oipnif Ð mzd ,opax `niz elit` : xn` opgei iax .mipa` dperhe zkldn dlbr `dzy icka
.dil uiiw `w `nw `nw Ð `kd la` ,dizrc` e`le zigtnc
`pcne` xza" epzpyna xaeqd ,xfril` iax mr ìdd dpynd ly `pzd z` ddfn yiwl yix
z` xewrl jxev oiè ,zrk miaxd zeyxl mihepd mitprd zvivwa ic okl ; "opilf` `zydc
iax zrcl .cizra miaxd zeyx oeeikl aey genvl mitprd on repnl ick enewnn elek oli`d
Ð cren ceran eze` repnl ozip m` icizr wfpl miyyeg xfril` iax `le minkgd `l ,opgei
uiiw `w `nw `nw") elcbiykl cg` cg` mitprd z` uevwl ozipy ,oli`d ly dxwna oebk
,eply dxwna `l` minkge xfril` iax ewlgp `l .mdipy zrc lr ìd my dpynde Ð ("dil
zcinl rcen xead lra didi `l okle ,oirl ielb epi` miaxd zeyx ly ghyd ipta zgtdy
.wfpd ygxzi mxha da lthl lkei `le dwigyd
"opilf` `zydc `pcne` xza oiwfpa" xfril` iax zrcl wxy xeaq ,z`f znerl ,yiwl yix
jixvy mixeaqe dxwn lka icizr wfpl miyyeg minkgd ezrcl ; icizr wfpl miyyeg oiè
,dripnl ozip okle oirl ielb didiy wfpa xaecn m` oia ,cizra wifdl dlelry dlertn rpnidl
wfpa xaecn m` oiae ,miaxd zeyxa miaye mixaerd z` okqnd oteà oli`d itpr zginv oebk
zagxd zeawra miaxd zeyxa ghyd ipta zgtd oebk ,dripnl ozip izlae oird on ienq didiy
.miaxd zeyxl zgzn l` xead llg
oiè ,"opilf` `zydc `pcne` xza" llk jxca minkgd zrcl s`y xeaq my opgei iax ,xen`k
.dze` repnl lekie cren ceran dpkql rceezi ilìvphetd wifnd m` icizr wfpl miyyeg
ghyd ipt ly dwigyl rcen didi `l xead lray meyn wx icizr wfpl miyyeg eply dxwna
`xnbd lra ."dizrc` e`le zigtinc opnif" Ð onfa dpkqd z` repnl rci `le ,miaxd zeyxa
; epzpynl icrla xaqdk dpeylk opgei iax zcnr z` ìade my opgei iax zrck rixkd eply
ztqez ila ,"zigtnc oipnif" minkgd itly xiaqn eply `xnbd lra did yiwl yixk xaq eli`
miaygzn opaxle ,"oipilf` `zydc `pcne` xza" xfril` iaxly oeeik ,"dizrc` `le" milind
ceran df wfp repnl ilìvphetd wifnd ly ezleki zcinl xyw `ll ,icizr wfp ocneà mb
.cren
iax ly dfe yiwl yix ly df Ð epzpyna minkgde xfril` iax zwelgnl elld miyexitd ipy
: ixnbl zxg` dl`ya minkge xfril` iax ewlgp inlyexid itl .ilaaa wx miàen Ð opgei
`vnp xead gzt cer lk ,miaxd zeyx llg xar l` exea z` aigxdl zekfd ziad lral yi m`
l` xead llg zagxde ,miaxl zkiiy miaxd zeyxl zgzny dnc`d mb `ny e` ,ezeyxa
inlyexia driten dpi` inlyexid ly df zepyxt .lfb meyn dxeq` miaxd zeyxl zgzn
ab` jxc dilr micnel ep` j` ,epzpynl xywa `le ci a `xza àa dpynl xywa `l ,oiwifp
: epipy a±` ` mixekia dpyna .mixekia inlyexia ìbeqn
: oiìan opi`y el` .oiìan opi`y yie ; oixew `le oiìan ,oixewe mixeka oiìan yi [`]
jezn e` cigi ly jezn jixand oke ,miax ly e` cigi ly jezl jixade ely jezl rhepd
,rvnà miaxd jxce cigid jxce ely jezl jixade ely jezl rhepd .ely jezl miax ly
.ìan dfk : xne` dcedi iax .ìan epi` df ixd
oilecibd lk eidiy cr ,"jznc` ixeka ziy`x" : xn`py meyn ? ìan epi` mrh dfi`n [a]
...jznc`n
ely jezl jixade ely jezl rhepd" s`y ,dcedi iax zrcly rnzyn a dpynay mrhd on
s` ,"jznc`n" md milecibd lk ezrcl df oebka mb ,"ìan ...rvnà miaxd jxce cigid jxce
mikiiy miaxd zeyx ly ghyd ipt wx ,xacd ok mè .miaxd zeyxl zgzn mixaer mdy it lr
: xn`p ,c"r bq ,` ` mixekia inlyexia .miaxl
zeyx zgz llg oiyer oi` : onz opipzc ,xfril iaxk dcei iaxc ìiz` : ini` iax xn`
.mipa` dperhe zkldn dlbr `dzy ick ,xizn xfril iax .zexrne oigiy zexea miaxd
zeyx zgz `kd xn` dcei iax jk ,ely miaxd zeyx zgz onz xn` xfril iaxc dnk
.ely miaxd
! `xwie ìai ,xfril iaxk oi` : ira wgvi ax xa lèny iax

ely ode ok zeyrl xizn xfril 'xy wgvi ax xa lèny iax xaq xaqin : iqei iax xn`
.dkf oda mcewd lke ok zeyrl xizn xfril iax `l` ,mlerl
mdipy : epzpyna xfril` iax zrck ` ` mixekia dpyna dcedi iax zrcy yxtn ini` iax
iax lèy ,xacd ok m` .miaxd zeyxn wlg dpi` miaxd zeyxl zgzny dnc`dy mixeaq
lk ixd ? "`xewe ìan" epi` miaxd zeyx jxc milecib jixand dnl ,wgvi ax xa lèny
zeyxl zgzny dnc`d z` envrl gtiq èd oky ,el zkiiy da milcb milecibdy dnc`d
iaxy xiaqn iqei iax .dcedi iaxe xfril` iax zrcl miaxd zeyxn wlg dpi` ìd ixde miaxd
lral zkiiy mpn` miaxd zeyxl zgzny dnc`d : dfd oiipra drh wgvi ax xa lèny
,ipnf oteà xzida eze` lvpn èdy xwtd ghya xaecn : mlerl `l j` ,dzr zrl milecibd
lk `l` ,mlerl ely qkp dpi` miaxd zeyxl zgzny dnc`d j` ,mixekia ìan èd okle
.`xew epi` okle ,dkef ea mcewd
opgei iax erivdy miyexitd on ce`n dpey epzpyna minkge xfril` iax zwelgnl ef zepyxt
mixeaq minkg : zipexwr ìd dl`yd inlyexia iqei iaxe ini` iax itl ; ilaaa yiwl yixe
xeg xret epi` m` mb my xetgl cigil xeqè ,miaxl zkiiy miaxd zeyxl zgzny dnc`dy
dncn ,z`f znerl ,ilaad .dkef ea mcewd lke ,xwtda xaecny xeaq xfril` iax ; ghyd ipta
oi` mixwnd ipya : miaxd zeyxl mihepd oli`d itprl miaxd zeyxl zgzny xead llg z`
zeyxa cigid yeniy ici lr mxbpd ilìvphet wfp `l` ,cigid zeyxl xwtd ghy ly "getiq"
aygzdl jixvy ilìvphetd wfpd beq zl`ya ewlgp minkge xfril` iax ilaad itl .miaxd
.ef dl`yl zeyib izy mirivn yiwl yixe opgei iaxe ,y`xn ea
mi`pzd zwelgn ly zixewnd zernynd z` oekp l` ztwyn inlyexiay zepyxtdy d`xp

mixiihvn mixekia inlyexia iqei iaxe wgvi ax xa lèny iax ,ini` iax ixac .epzpyna
a"r fk `xza àa ilaaa yiwl yixe opgei iax zwelgn ,z`f znerl ; zeihpze` zexnink
iax ixac ly oirxb mda xnyp m` mbe ,cenlzd ly dkixrd icaexl ipiite`d oeyla zàen
,ini`/in` iaxy xexa ,mipt lk lr 1.ceair exar mixacdy heyt d`xp ,mnvr yiwl yixe opgei
yiwl yixe opgei iax ixac z` xikd `l ,yiwl yix ly exage opgei iax ly wdaend ecinlz
zl`ya ewlgp minkge xfril` iaxy mixekia inlyexia rivdyk ilaaa miàen mdy itk
.miaxd zeyxl zgzny dnc`d lr zelrad
`xza àa dpynay zekldd yely lke f b `xza àa dpyn ly `tiqay dkldd : cere z`f
: miaxd zeyxa zlaebd cigid zeyxa zewqer g b
,lecb eze` dyer Ð ohw did ; oelg cbpk oelge gzt cbpk gzt x"dxl èd gzet la`... [f]
.mipy eze` dyer Ð cgè
zkldn dlbr `dzy ick xizn `"x ; zexrne oigiy ,zexea ,x"dx zgz llg oiyer oi` [g]
.mipa` dperhe
.ìvene ely jezl qpek Ð dvx m` `l` ,x"dxl ze`xhfefbe oifif oiìven oi`
.dzwfga ef ixd Ð ze`xhfefbe oifif dae xvg gwl
dpiè ,cala zeripv e` dii`x wfid dpiipr ,zepelgde migztd oiipra ,f dpyn ly `tiqd
miaaxrzn g dpynay zekldd yelya j` .miaxd zeyx lr zelrad zl`yl llk dxeyw
oiipra ,mipc ep` day dkldd xg`l : zelraa zexeywd zel`y mr wfpa mixeywd milewiy
miakexl ilìvphet wfp yi mpn` .miaxd zeyxl ze`xhfefbe oifif z`ved dpecip ,xead llg
mifif z`ved mvr ,df lewiy icrla mb j` ,el` minvra lwzidl micizry miaxd zeyxa
,oiwxta e dpyna epipyy itk ,ez`gnÎià e` eznkqda minieqn mixwna dielz zlefd zeyxl
itk ,"dlign ipa" mpi` miaxdy jka xeyw miaxd zeyxl mifif z`ved lr xeqi`dy d`xpe
.([1] ,"miaxd zeyxl" ,p ìbeq) `"r q ,oldl ,ilaaa in` iax xne`y
cigid zeyxa egzty xea ly llg aigxdl xeq` minkgd zrcl : opc dxwna oicd èdy d`xpe
md .cigil `le miaxl zkiiy miaxd zeyxl zgzny dnc`dy oeeik ,miaxd zeyxl zgzn l`
iax .hlgen xeqià mzhiyl xaecny oeeik ,xacay ilìvphetd wfpd zl`yl miyxcp mpi`
znc`l zgzn l` ihxt xea ly llgd z` aigxdl xzen zipexwr dpigany xaeq xfril`
yi j` .xwtd ìde ,miaxl zkiiy dpi` miaxd zeyxl zgzny dnc`d oky ,miaxd zeyx
xeaq dfd oiipra : miaxd zeyxl zgzn dxitga miaxl ilìvphetd wfpd ìde ,zipyn dl`y
ipt lr xearl dleki mipa` z`ln dlbr cer lke ,"opilf` `zydc `pcne` xza" xfril` iax
.miaxd zeyxl zgzn dxitg lr xeqi` oi` ,ghyd
zcnerd ,opgei iaxe yiwl yix oia zixewnd zwelgnd z` xfgyl d`xp o`k epzpwqn xe`le
xfril` iax zrcly epzpynn wiqd yiwl yix : jk ,a"r fk `xza àa ilaaay ceaird ixeg`n
znerl ,opgei iax .icizr wfpa mb aygzdl jixv minkg zrcle ,opilf` `zydc `pcne` xza
a `xza àa dpyne ,"opilf` `zydc `pcne` xza" micen epzpyna minkgd s`y xeaq ,z`f
eyygy meyn `l miaxd zeyxa ghyd ipt zgz dxitgd z` exq` md .lekd ixac ìd ci
lr exq` okle ,miaxl zkiiy miaxd zeyxl zgzny dnc`dy exaqy meyn `l` ,icizr wfpl
iax ly ecinlz yxity itke ,miaxd zeyx xar l` xead llg z` aigxdl ezeyxa xea gzetd
.c"r bq ,` ` mixekia inlyexia ,ini` iax ,opgei
.df xecn seqa ,oldl e`x zixewnd zwelgnd xefgyl drvdl 1

899
(a"r±`"r q) "miaxd zeyxl" : miyingd ìbeqd
.'eke ze`xhfefbe oifif oiìven oi`
dedc `fif dil ded inp `xab èdde ,dèanl witp dedc `fif dil ded in` 'x .1 oic zia iyrn ipy .`
miil`xyiÎux`
lif : l"` ,in` 'xc dinwl `z` ; x"dx ipa dilr iakrn `w eed ,x"dxl witn
oilgn dèan ipa ,witn dèanl icic ! dil zi` inp xn `de : dil xn` .uew
? jab lign o`n ,witn miaxd zeyxl jcic ,iàb
oli` inp dil dedc `xab èdd ded ,miaxd zeyxl dhepd oli` dil ded i`pi 'x .2
dinwl `z` ; dielir iakrn `w eed miaxd zeyx ipõa ez` ,miaxd zeyxl dhepd
èddl diivw xcy ìlila .xgnl `ze `pci`d lif [a cenr q sc] : l"` ,i`pi 'xc
lif : l"` ! dil zi` inp xn `d : l"` .uew lif : l"` ,dinwl `z` xgnl .dicic
.z` uewz `l icic uew `l i` ,jcic uew icic uew i` ,ifg
? xaq i`n seqale xaq i`n `xwirn .3 lr zel`y izy .a

,ipyd dyrnd
zeaeyze
xcy ,iakrn `wc `fgc oeik ,dileha iazic x"dx ipal edl `gip : xaq `xwirn .4
.diivw
! icic uew` xcde jcic uew lif : dil `nile .5
heyw k"gè jnvr heyw Ð eyewe eyyewzd : xn`c ,yiwl yix c meyn .6
.mixg`
cenlzd zxeqn
zeyxl dhepd oli` dil ded i`pi 'x .2 .a"r ci ,i b `xza àa inlyexi e`x .iàb oilgn dèan ipa .1
,bi a `xza àa inlyexi .z` uewz `l icic uew `l i` ,jcic uew icic uew i` ,ifg lif : l"` ...miaxd
heyw k"gè jnvr heyw Ð eyewe eyyewzd : xn`c ,yiwl yixc meyn .6 .b ,mihtey ` `negpz ; b"r bi
dki` ; a"r dq ,` a ziprz inlyexi eeyd ; `"r hi ,`"r gi oixcdpq ,a"r fw `rivn àa ilaa .mixg`
.` a diptv .eyewe eyyewzd .`n oniq ,b dyxt dax

: eakexe lnbl oiwifn eitepy x"dx ipa .dielir iakrn eed : ilgn ivne edpip micigic .dèan ipa il oilgn
: ewzy icic `xwi meyne edl `gip `lc n"y xn` i`dl .iakrnc ifgc oeik
901 (a"r±`"r q) "miaxd zeyxl" : miyingd ìbeqd
xivwz
mipiipra oecl mipiicd eywazd mday oic zia iyrn ipy ly uaew dpd ef ìbeq
riavn oey`xd dxwna .razpd ly efl dnec dziid mdly ziyi`d zebdpzddyk
cbp wqete ,razpd ly ef oial ely ziyi`d zeldpzdd oia lcad lr ,in` iax ,oiicd
razpd on yxec fè ,ely zebdpzdd z` i`pi iax oiicd owzn ipyd dxwna .razpd
.i`pi iax ly zebdpzdd z` xiaqn ipyd dxwnd lr aqend xvw oeic .eizeawra zkll
oial ely zeldpzdd oia in` iax oigady dpgadd j` ,zeliawn oi` oey`xd dyrnl
ze`vnp ipyd dyrnl zeliawn .a"r ci ,i b `xza àa inlyexia zfnxp razpd ly ef
dler gezipd on .b oniq ,mihtey ` `negpzae ,b"r bi ,ci a `xza àa inlyexia
iaxa `le ozpei iaxa wqr ède ,inlyexiay df èd zixewnd ezpekzna xetiqdy
miiepiy mr ,`negpza `vnp xetiqd ly ipy leblb .icedi did `l razpde ,i`pi
dyrnd .(icedi did `l razpdy jkl xkf oi`y èd mday aeygd) miizernyn
enya ozpei iax ly eny slged eae ,xetiqd ly iyilyd leblbd èd eply ìbeqay
`xza àa dpyn ly okezl en`zed dyrnd ihxte ,i`pi iax ,xzei xkend exec oa ly
.g b

zgzet eply ìbeqd ."miaxd zeyxl ze`xhfefbe oifif oiìven oi`" ,g b `xza àa ,epzpyn itl
1
,dil` zegztp zexvgdy dagxd ,ieand xar `l` ezian hlead fif did in` iaxl : dyrna
in` iax ,epzpynay dkldl m`zda : miaxd zeyxl hlead fif el didy mc` oicl eiptl àe
fif la` ,eilr el elgn ieand ipay aiyd ely fifd iabl l`ypyk .fifd z` cixedl epnn yxc
mixaerd llkl zkiiy miaxd zeyx oky ,dlignl ozip epi` miaxd zeyx xar l` `veid
zeyxl dhepd oli` el did : i`pi iaxa dnec dyrn àen df dyrn zeawra .[1] miayde
mc` oicl eiptl àe ,"eakexe xaer lnbd `diy ick ,uvew" ci a `xza àa dpyn itly ,miaxd
zeyrl oicd lral dxed zxgnle ,dlila envr ely oli`d z` uvw i`pi iax : ddf avna xg`
: wecal el xn` i`pi iaxe ,dfk oli` yi envr i`pi iaxl mby jk lr opelzd oicd lra .eplià ok
uvw `l i`pi iaxy dxiaqn `xnbd .[2] ely z` mb uevwl oicd lra lr ,ely z` uvw èd m`
oicd lra ly epli` lr eppelzdyk ; lvd on mipdp miaxdy xaqy meyn ok iptl epli` z`
ely z` uevwl micwd èd .[4±3] ely oli`d z` uvwe avnd on mivexn mpi`y i`pi iax oiad
heyw Ð eyewe eyyewzd" : ` a diptvl yiwl yix ly dyxc zeawra exag oic z` wqty iptl
.[6±5] "mixg` heyw jk xgè jnvr
,a"r ci ,i b `xza àa inlyexia `l¨ iax j` ,inlyexia dliawn oi` [1] in` iax lr xetiql
oi`" : oiwxta f dpyn itl .in` iaxl ilaaa zqgeind miaxd zeyxl iean oia dpgadl fnex
gzt cbpk gzt x"dxl èd gzet la` ...oelg cbpk oelge gzt cbpk gzt oitzeyd xvgl oigzet
ieand oic ,oey`xd itl 2: xg` i`pz xewn lr i`pz xewnn dywn inlyexid ."oelg cbpk oelge
migzete ,miaxd zeyx oick ieand oic ,ipyd itl ; gzt cbpk gzt ea migzet oiè ,xvgd oick
mileki ieand ipa ; "zeyx ozp `lya o`k ,zeyx ozpya o`k" : uxzn `l iax .gzt cbpk gzt ea
repnl e` ,ieand xar l` dfa `veik e` fif jix`dl e` gzt geztl zeyx ziad lral wiprdl
mikldnd miitivtq miyp` eaiaq mixxebzny ,yletn epi`y ieana df lk j` .ok zeyrl epnn
lekde ,xeaivd llkl zkiiy ìdy oeeik ,dpey oicd miaxd zeyxa .dlign ipa mdy ,ekeza
e` gzt el yiy iny meyn ,miaxd zeyxa xzen "gzt cbpk gzt" mpn` 3.da xearl mileki
: dketd didz dkldd fif ly dxwna j` ,ely zeihxtd lr xzie xak miaxd zeyxl dpetd oelg
zeyx xar l` fifd zkx`d ,el legnl milekiy miitivtq miyp` mpi` miaxd zeyx ipay oeeikn
.dxeq` didz miaxd
inex oic lrae ozpei iax lr xteqn èd mye ,inlyexia dliawn yi [2] i`pi iax lr xetiql
: b"r bi ,ci a `xza àa inlyexid oeyl dfe .icediÎ`l
,yletn iean .icicl d"c ,`"r q `xza àa ,`"ahixd iyecig e`x .cala cg` cvn geztd ,yletn epi`y ieanl dpeekd 1
zay `ztqez e`x) miaxd zeyx èd ,zxg` xirl ef xirne xird jeza mewnl mewnn miaxd zkildl eicv ipyn geztd
.`"r ai `xza àa ilaa e`x ; ea zecgein zeiekf ieand ipal oiè ,(zeliawne a `
,zeaeyza `"ayxde c"a`xde ,`zyd opihwp d"c ,a"r gi `xza àal eiyeciga o"anxd .xaecn zexewn elià xexa `l 2
el` zeaeyzl mipeiv e`x ; xaecn `ztqeza dkld efià ehxit `l j` ,dpynd lr `ztqezd on ìyewa xaecny eyxit
iyexit ,miidqxelt 'i ; 193 'nr ,(23 dxrd b ìbeq ,lirl) oiwifp inlyexi ,onxail 'y lv` zepey zeiexytà oeice
eiyeciga ,`"ahixd zrck xzei d`xp .my 3 dxrde ,bpw±apw 'nr ,(6 dxrd dn ìbeq ,lirl) oiwifp ,inlyexil o"anxd
weicn miywn inlyexiay ,inlyexi d"c ,a"r q `xza àa ,o"xde ; yletn epi`y iean oiiprle d"c ,`"r q `xza àal
epi`y ieanay rnyn ,oitzeyd xvga gzt cbpk gzt geztl zxqe` `yixd : `tiqd on weic lr f dpyn ly `yixd on
ixacn mb rnyn df yexitk .xeq` yletn epi`y ieanay rnyn ,miaxd zeyxa ok zeyrl dxizn `tiqd ; xzen yletn
.gzet la` d"c ,`"r q `xza àal eiyeciga `"ayxd
miaxd mby mixeaqd mipey`x mb mpyi j` .dzwfga ef ixd d"c ,`"r q `xza àa m"ayx ; `"r ai `xza ilaa e`x 3
,hrw 'nr ,(32 dxrd ì ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,dkld xexiae dxexa dkld e`x ; zenieqn zeaiqpa legnl mileki
.my mipeive
903 (a"r±`"r q) "miaxd zeyxl" : miyingd ìbeqd
ozpei iaxl dede .`ziaae `lwga dixibn dede iinex cg onz dede ,zeàh oi`c ded ozpei 'x
.`xtva oeze oelf` : oel xn` ok` 4,iienew `pic oicd `z` .diinex èdc eb dhp oli` cg
`pic jìd inge 5,icic oipne` lhan `p` xgnl .`pic wtp `l ipiba : diinex èdd xn`
ozpei iax gly `ynx iztà .yp xa èd zil diytp oi`c `le `nr lk oi`c ded oi` ; wtp
: dil xn` .diabl dipic lra uxw `xtva .diinex eb dhpc dn uew wet : xn` ,dixbp xza
icic dnk ,dizi ing wet : dil xn` ? dn jcic : diinex dil xn` .dicic eb dhpc dn uew lif
.i`cedic oeddl` jexa : xn` .dizing wtp .jicic car
zeyx xar l` `le ,mixg` ly zeihxtd mdizexvg xar l` ehpy zeplià xaecn inlyexia
lign epi`y oica mixg` oecie zeriava bdpzi ozpei iaxy dtiv icediÎ`ld oicd lra .miaxd
epnn ywiay iptl ely epli` z` uvw `l` ok dyr `l ozpei iaxy jkn myxzd èd .envr lr
.micedid idelÎ` z` jxiae ,ok zeyrl
,b oniq ,mihtey `negpza .laal l`xyi ux`n lblbzdy cg` dyrna xaecny wtq oi`
: dfipb rhwa riten èdy itk gqepd z` ìap .xetiqd ly ixar gqep ep`vn
zxg` dcy jezl zehep eitpre edcy jeza rehp oli` el didy xfrl` oa ozpei 'xa dyrn
,ily dcy jezl dhep df yi` ly epli`y el xn` eiptl lawe cg` mc` à .xg` mc`ly
oicde ,mwqet z` cin jiptl mià ody mihtynd lk 'x lk el 'n[` ,xg]nl èae jl el 'n`
cin ? ozpei iax dyr dn .xgnl èaz zè jl jl izxn` xak el ['n` ,e]a xg`n z` ily
ez` à .xg` mc`ly dcy jezl dhepe edcy jeza didy oli[`d z` u]vwe milret gly
xn` ,eze` uewl jixv exiag dcy jezl dhep epli` didy eze`[l] xn` ,eiptl oecl xgnl
jk ily dèx z`y myk d`xe `v el 'n` ,ipelt dcy jezl dhep jly oli`d dnl[e 'x] el
6.zelqtly xac hteya `di `ly mixheye mihtey 'n` jkitl ,jly [dy]r
iax dpeknd ìig iax ly ecinlz `xen`d èd 7,xfrl` oa ozpei iaxa xaecn df yxcna mb
ly edcy jezl mihepd zeplià xaecn df yxcna mbe ,i`pi iaxa `le 8,inlyexia mzq ozpei
,inlyexiay dyrnl dnec xetiqd ly leblbd dl`d mipiipra .miaxd zeyxl `le ,xg` mc`
`vnp .ilaaa xkfen df oi`y itk ,icediÎ`l did oicd lray xkfen `l `negpzay xetiqa j`
: xetiqd zegztzda mialy dyely mpyiy
; inlyexia xewnd .1
xnyp j` ,l`xyi idelÎ` z` gaynd iebd aihen hnyed my ,`negpzay oey`xd leblbd .2
zeyxl mihepd zeplià ,ixewnd dyrnde ,xfrl` oa ozpei iax ,oiicd ly ixewnd eny
; cigid
iax exec oa ,xzei xken il`xyiÎux` `xenà ozpei iax slged eay ,eply ìbeqa leblbd .3
dhepd oli`" ,ci a `xza àa dpyna zeyxetn oecipd `yepl m`zed envr dyrnde ,i`pi
9."eakexe xaer lnbd `diy ick ,uvew miaxd zeyxl
."oiic cg iinew `z`" : qetca .lìxewq` i"ka jk 4

,184±183 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) onxail .dceard on dyteg mei gw` ,izk`lnn lhaz` : dpeekd .lìxewq` i"ka jk 5
ly xeviw ,ele zipeei) "ily meid z` lhan ip`" oaena yexitd eze` ,"icicn eli` lhan `p`" : qetcd zqxib z` sicrn
.jd epiid zernynd zpigane ,(helios
.131±130 'nr ,(47 dxrd ci ìbeq ,lirl) ` jxk ,(bxeavpib 'l jxr) xhky ifpb 6
zeiyrnd xtqa ritend dyrnd gqep ly xzei xge`n leblbae ,"xfril` oa `pipg iax"l eny yaey epiptly `negpza 7
."xfrl` oa opgei 'x"l df my yaey ,111 'nr ,g"kyz wxei eip ,xhqb dyn xicddy
,"(ìig 'xc ecinlz) ozpei 'x" jxr ,701±698 'nr ,a jxk ,(2 dxrd d ìbeq ,lirl) mi`xenè mi`pz zeclez ,oniid '` e`x 8
.my mipeive ,183 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) onxail e`xe ,"dxiad yi` xfrl` oa ozpei 'x" jxre "dxiad yi` ozpei 'x" jxr
`le cigid zeyxl mihepd zeplià wqer xetiqdy mbd ,ef dpynl cenlza àen xetiqd inlyexia xaky oiivl ie`x 9
.miaxd zeyxl
igkepd exywdl xetiqd z` mi`zdl ick miaxd zeyxl cigid zeyxn xared yigxzdy d`xp
.[1] fifa in` iax dyrn zrtydae ,miaxd zeyxl `veid fif dpiipry epzpynl xywa ,ilaaa
okl .in` iax xne`y itk ,miaxd on dlign ywal xyt` i` ,xen`k : iyew dxvi ef daqd j`
itpr z` xi`yd recn ,xnelk Ð [3] "xaqw i`n `xwirn" i`pi iax lr `xnbd lra dywd
driawd s` lry uxiz èd .dlign ipa mpi` miaxdy rciyk miaxd zeyxl mihepd epli`
,epli` cily miaxd zeyxay zeitivtqd zeaiqpay i`pi iax xaq ci a `xza àa dpynay
oicd lra ipta egne eày cr ,elvn mipdp mdy meyn miaxd mr aihn `weec oli`d mewin
.[4] ipyd
`l"y micnel epnne ,"mixheye mihtey" weqtd riten `negpzay dyrnd ly leblbd seqa
xhyy myk : xhy oeyl "mixheye" dlind z` eyxcy d`xp ."zelqt ly xac mihteyl `di
dl`ya ef dyxc dtlged ilaaa .leqt `ll zeidl jixv hteyd jk ,zelqt ea oi` xyk
: [6±5] `xnbd lra ly daeyze
Ð eyewe eyyewzd : xn`c ,yiwl yixc meyn ! icic uew` xcde jcic uew lif : dil `nile
.mixg` heyw k"gè jnvr heyw
dpeekd oi` ."ehywe ehywzd" oeyl "eyewe eyyewzd" yxc yiwl yix ,`xnbd lra ixacl
yexcz jk xgè ,jnvra izn` ¦ did : zinxà "heyw" ,zn`l `l` ,eply oaena zehywzdl
oixcdpq ilaaae a"r fw `rivn àa ilaaa mb yiwl yix mya zàen ef dyxc .mixg`n zn`
oniq ,b dyxt dax dkià dliawnae ,a"r±`"r dq ,` a ziprz inlyexia j` .`"r hi ,`"r gi
ok yxc èdy xn`pe 10,opgei iax ly ecinlz ,diyì iax `xen`l zqgein dyxcd ,`n
oeyl eilr xtqny in mdipia yiy migkepd ipta law èd : ce`n zeitivtq zeaiqpa ziprza
.eixac z` ernyyk mdl eklde ecnr iq` iaxe in` iax ,à` xa ìig iaxe ,opgei iax ipta rxd
eprvdy itke ,opgei iax ly xzei xken cinlz ,yiwl yix ly enya ilaaa xned enyy d`xp
.i`pi iax / ozpei iax seligd iabl lirl
."a diyì 'x" jxr ,531 'nr ,a jxk ,(8 dxrd ,lirl) oniid e`x 10
907
(a"r q) "ely jezl qpek" : zgè miyingd ìbeqd
.ìvene ely jezl qpek Ð dvx m` la`
? ìveie xefgiy edn ,ìved `le qpk : edl ìrai` .1 opgei iax zwelgn .`
zeawra ,yiwl yixe
dl`y
.ìven epi` Ð qpk : xn` yiwl yixe ,ìven Ð qpk : xn` opgei 'x .2
ibilt `l r"k Ð ìvedl : jl dxaq` ,`tilgz xa dinxi 'xl awri iax l"` .3 zxg` `qxib .a
xaqde zwelgna
epi` : xn` opgei 'x ,xnzi` `ktiè ,onewnl milzk xifgdl Ð ibilt ik ,ìvenc iax rivdy zwelgnl
; xifgn : xn` yiwl yixe ,xifgn xa dinxi iaxl awri
`tilgz
ea ewifgdy xvn : dcedi ax xn`c ,dcedi axc meyn ,xifgn epi` xn` opgei 'x .4
; elwlwl xeq` miax
.`geex `ki` `d `kd ,`geex `kilc `kid ilin ipd ,xifgn xn` yiwl yixe .5
cenlzd zxeqn
: xn` yiwl yixe ,xifgn epi` : xn` opgei 'x ,xnzi` `ktiè ,onewnl milzk xifgdl Ð ibilt ik .3
.elwlwl xeq` miax ea ewifgdy xvn : dcedi ax xn`c .4 .a"r ci ,ai b `xza àa inlyexi eeyd .xifgn
ilaa ,eh a `xza àa `ztqez mb eeyd .a"r w ,a"r fk ,`"r ai `xza àa ,`"r gk `nw àa ilaa
.`"r w `xza àa ,`"r cv oiaexir

.onf xg`l ìveie xefgiy edn ,dqipk dzeà mrt dzeà oifif .ìved `le : ely jezl .qpk edl ìrai`
ìven ezeyxl .xn` opgei 'x : `l i` x"dx ipal dxzie dqipk ìdda dlgza ìved `lc oeik 'ixn` in
milzk xifgdl : aey ìven epi` xzl`l ìved `le qpk .xn` yiwl yixe : dvxiy onf lk oifif da
elwlwl xeq`c .n"d : dqipk dzeà oiyc xaky .[miax] ea ewifgdy xvn x"dx la` : didy enk .onewnl
: x"dxa ith `geex `kilc `kid
xivwz
ly xiee`d jez l` ziad on `xhfefb e` fif ìvedl oi` g b `xza àa dpyn itl
dvwn dnipt ziad xiw z` fifdl epiidc ,ely jezl qepkl xzen j` ,miaxd zeyx
zwelgna zgztp eply ìbeqd .qkpd dvwl cr `xhfefbd e` fifd z` ìvedle ,qkpd
f`n mipy yelyn xzei exar m` mb fifd z` ìvedl xzen m` yiwl yixe opgei iax
xe`l yiwl yix itl j` ,ok zeyrl xzeny xeaq opgei iax .dnipt ezia xiw z` fifdy
z` gtql oi` miaxd zeyx cvl mdl yiy geexna wifgdl witqd xeaivdy dcaerd
dppi` ef zwelgny awri iax yxit `tilgz xa dinxi iax mr giyÎeca .dfd geexnd
yely xg`l mb zxzen i`ce ef oky ,rvedy itk ,mipy yely xg`l fifd z`veda
,miaxd zeyx mr qkpd leab dvwl ziad xiw ly ycgn dffd `l` ,lekd ixacl mipy
.yiwl yixe opgei iax ly zehiyd z` silgn ède
oia zixewnd zwelgndy dlbn a"r ci ,ai b `xza àa inlyexia dliawnl dèeyd
izyl cebipa z`fe ,eltpy `xhfefbl e` dxewl dqgiizd yiwl yixl opgei iax
ezrcy meyn ilaaa dtlged zixewnd zxeqnd .eply ìbeqa zeàend zexeqnd
yixy egipd okle ,`ped ax mya dàd ìbeqa zàen oecpa yiwl yix ly dlwnd
ely zwelgnd ly mipkzl xyà zepey zexeqn egztzde ,xg` oiiprl qgiizd yiwl
.opgei iax mr

jezl qpek Ð dvx m` `l` ,x"dxl ze`xhfefbe oifif oiìven oi`" ,g b `xza àa ,epzpyn itl
,miaxd zeyxa laebd el jiiyd ghyd dvw lr `vnp ezia lzek m` ,xnelk ; "ìvene ely
,dnipt lzekd z` xiardl el xzen la` ,`xhfefb e` Ð dhila Ð fif epnn ìvedl leki epi`
[2±1] ze`wqit itl .miaxd zeyx dvwl cr lzekd on `xhxfefb e` fif ìvedle ,exvg jezl
ddzyd fè ,dnipt lzekd z` xiardy dxwna yiwl yixe opgei iax ewlgp eply ìbeqa
el xzen opgei iaxl 1.xzei e` mipy yely ly dtewzl d`xpk ,`xhfefbd e` fifd zpwzda
`xhfefb e` fif oiwzdl zepncfdd z` lvip `l m` ,yiwl yixl j` ,onf xg`l mb ok zeyrl
`ll ,lzekd ly ycgd mewinay geexnd zyegzl elbxzd miaxde ,lzekd zffd xg`l jenq
fefd z` ìvedl zekfd z` ziad lra cai` ,miaxd zeyx oial epia miwiqtnd `xhfefb e` fif
.`xhfefbd e`
,ezrcl .zxg` jxca zwelgnd z` "xiaqn" awri iax `tilgz xa dinxi iax mr dgiya j`
oiipra oi`y minikqn mi`xen`d lk : `xhfefbd e` fifd zpwzda ddzydyk dppi` zwelgnd
iax itl .[3] onf xg`l ok zeyrl leki èd dpwzda ddzyd m` mbe ,onfd ly dlabn dfd
fè ,dnipt lzekd z` xiard ziad lray dxwna `l` yiwl yixe opgei iax ewlgp `l ,awri
lzekd z` xifgdl `l` ,llk `xhfefb e` fif ghya oiwzdl `ly mipy yely xg`l hilgd
ly mdizehiy ,[3] awri iax itl : cere z`f .miaxd zeyxa laebd ghyd dvwl ,enewnl
xifgdl ziad lral xeq` opgei iax zrcl : [2±1] ze`wqita bvedy dnn zeketd mi`xen`d
zxard mr xvepy geexnl elbxzd xak miaxdy iptn ,eghy dvwa mcewd enewnl lzekd z`
yix zrcl .[4] dcedi ax ly `xnin oeylk ,"elwlwl xeq` miax ea ewifgdy xvin"e ,lzekd
dcedi ax ly `xnind oky ,el jiiyd ghyd dvwl lzekd z` xifgdl ziad lral xzen yiwl
dxwna xaecn o`k eliè ,mdl jiiyd ghya llk geexn miaxl oi`y dxwna `l` zkiiy dpi`
ziad lra ly ihxtd qkpd oeayg lr geexn ztqezl elbxzdy `l` ,dagx miax zeyx yiy
.[5]
: zeidz dnk zxxern ìbeqd
,dpey`xd `qxibd itl .zwelgnd ly ze`qxibd izya dxingnd dcnrd z` oiadl dyw .1
elek fifd : o`k iyewd dn oiadl dyw ,onf xg`l ezia lzekn fifd z`ved zl`ya ewlgpy
yix yxec ok m` recn .lzekd z` ziad lra xiard jk myl ixdy ,ihxt ghya `vnp
jezl llk `vei epi` fifd m` miaxd zeyxa miayae mixaera aygzdl ziad lran yiwl
? miaxd zeyx xiee`
zxfgd zl`ya ewlgpy ,awri iax ly `qxibd itl opgei iax lr zeywdl ozip ìyew dze` .2
weica mwenn ède ,ihxt ghya `vnp elek ziad ixd : miaxd zeyx dvwa enewnl lzekd
ziad lran opgei iax yxec ok m` recn .fif oiwzdl lwyy iptl mwenn did eay mewna
dcedi ax mpn` ? ihxt ghya iepa elek ziad m` miaxd zeyxa miayae mixaera aygzdl
ezia lzek z` fifny zia lra mzqd on la` ,"elwlwl xeq` miax ea ewifgdy xvn" xn`
e` fif my oiwzdl jxcd jxe` lkl lwy m` cgeina ,jk meyn miaxl exvg z` xiwtn epi`
2
.miayle mixaerl jk lr riced mzqd one ,`xhfefb
dwfge ,ycgd xvna miaxd zwfg dpiipry ,[4] `wqita opgei iax zhiyl zàend dcedi ax ixacn di`xd on rnzyn jk 1
zrvda s`y d`xp ,awri iaxc àil` opgei iax zhiyl exn`p my mixacdy it lr sè .mipy yely xg`l `l` dpi`
iax lr eilr did zxg` ,`xhfefbd e` fifd zpwzd iptl mipy yely ziad lra ddzyd [2±1] `xnbd lra ly mixacd
.xzei e` mipy yely dziid zedzydd ezhiyly [3] `wqita zeyxetn oiivl awri
mipexgè mipey`x j` ,miaxd zeyx dvwl lzekd z` xifgdl xeq`y ,awri iaxc àil` opgei iaxk dwqtp dkldd 2
mewnl cr exvg z` miaxd zeyxl egtiq miaxdyk `l` dtwz dpi`y erawe elld zeidzd llba dkldd z` eliabd
miaxd zeyxyk e` ; (fiz htyn oyeg xeh lr sqei ziaa àen ,mgexi epax) zexicza my xearl elgde ycgd lzekd
mèz epi` xaqdd j` ,zwelgnd z` `tilgz xa dinxi iaxl "xiaqdl" xniizn awri iax .3
ewlgpy zeyxetn xn`p zwelgnd ly zixewnd drvda .zrvend zwelgnd ly oeyld z`
miqgiizn "ìvei"e "ìved"y wtq oiè 3,"ìveie xefgiy edn ,ìved `le qpk" : dl`ya
eliè ,"ìven[e ely jezl qpek]" : epzpyna epipy mdilry `xhfefbd e` fifd ,xacd eze`l
ly "xaqd"d .lzekl `l` fifl `l zqgiizn zwelgna "ìveie" dlindy yxtn awri iax
oebka .zercd z` silgdl ywrzn èd oky ,dnvr zwelgnd z` mb mèz epi` awri iax
`veik e` ,"xnzi` lzekè ,xnzi` `kti`" : `tilgz xa dinxi iaxl xnel jixv did èd df
.dligzkl drvedy zwelgnd ly xaqdk z`fd dycgd zwelgnd z` bivdl `le ,dfa
zwelgnd z` `l sè ,yiwl yixe opgei iax oia zixewnd zwelgnd z` ep`vn `l inlyexia dpde
,ai b `xza àa inlyexia .dnec `yepa mdipia ziyily zwelgn ep`vn j` ,awri iax ici lr zrvend
: xn`p ,a"r ci
.'ek llg oiyer oi`

.xziee `l : xn` yiwl yix ; xziee : xn` opgei iax ,ozepal ywane eltp
.'icl driiqn `zipzne oicl driiqn `zipzn

on odl ozpe dlhpe edcy jeza zxaer miaxd jxc dzidy in : opgei iaxl driiqn `zipzn
.eribd `l elye ozp ozpy dn ,cvd
.ozwfga oze` dpea 4,eltpe ze`xhvevke oifif dae xvg gwl : yiwl yixl driiqn `zipzn
`l mèz epi` ,"ozepal ywane eltp" ,inlyexia yiwl yixe opgei iax ewlgp eiably dxwnd
ipya oky ,awri iax zqxib z` `le ilaaa eply ìbeqa [2±1] ze`wqita zwelgnd zrvd z`
eqpekl zpn lr lzekd ly zpeekn dxizq `l` dlitp llk dziid `l ilaaa mipecipd mixwnd
yiwl yixe opgei iax zwelgny heyt d`xp .`xhfefb e` fif epnn ìvedl ick ely jezl
lr `l` ,"ìvene ely jezl qpek ,dvx m`" ,dpyna eply àad lr zaqen dpi` inlyexia
ef ixd Ð ze`xhfefbe oifif dae xvg gwl" : g b `xza àa dpyn ly `tiqd ,dixg`ly àad
jez l` mikynpd ze`xhfefbe oifif mda eid xaky xvge zia dpwy in ,dpynd itl ."dzwfga
cr zkynp exvge ,xzida epap md mzqd on oky ,mze` cixedl aiig epi` miaxd zeyx xiee`
xearl mibdep miaxde ,miaxd zeyxn wlgk zrk miqtzp mdy it lr s` `xhfefbd e` fifd seq
,ycgn mzepal ziad lral xeq`y xne` opgei iax ,eltp m` j` 5.ze`xhfefble oififl zgzn
yix itl ,z`f znerl .fi a `xza àa `ztqeza mb iepy jk .`xwirnc dwfg mdl oi` xaky
,inlyexia ìbeqd seqa zàend `ziixaa yxetn jk .ycgn mzepal ziad lral xzen yiwl
zia axgy mein" ,ap ìbeq ; a"r q oldl) "dze` dpeae xfeg ,dltp" : `ped ax wqt jke
.([1] ,"ycwnd
l`xyi ux`n dribdyk ixewnd dnewnn dwgcp yiwl yixe opgei iax oia ef zwelgny d`xpe
e` ; (dil ixn`c cr d"c ,a"r ek `xza àa zetqez) gtqpd ghya xeaivl dax zlrez yi okle ,dn` f"hn dxv dnvr
dkld e`x .(fv oniq miig gxe` xteq mzg) mewna miaxd zqixc zrpend àhvà mewnd z` ziad lra mqg `lyk
.hrw 'nr ,(32 dxrd ì ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,dkld xexiae dxexa
dil`y zihpze` zi`xen` dl`yl oniq jka yiy gipp mè ,"edl ìrai`" oeyla dl`yl daebzk zrven zwelgnd 3
dl`ydy `tilgz xa dinxi iaxl "xiaqn" awri iaxy miizray denz [2±1] ze`wqit itl yiwl yixe opgei iax eqgiizd
zei`xen` zel`y lr migeeica od ynyn "edl ìrai`" gpendy jk lr mixwegd eriavd xak j` .zxg` dziid
'nr ,(62 dxrd d ìbeq ,lirl) ilaad cenlzd xwga zeibeq ,oncixt i"y e`x .oeicl zizextq dgiztk ode zeihpze`
,lirl) `xza mizy zereay wxt ,uiaepa 'n ; my 50±48 zexrda mipeive ,71 'nr ; my mipeive ,my 45 dxrde ,19±18
,ìrai`d z` `weec e`le zwelgnd z` xiaqn awri iaxy heyt d`xp ,jk oiae jk oia .12 'rd 116 'nr ,(5 dxrd f ìbeq
.elek lzekd "z`ved"a xaecny "xiaqn" ède ,mififd z`ved oiiprl ok iptl dyxtzd zwelgndy jkl rcen èd j`
."elrpe"l yaey mixg`d micra ; lìxewq` i"ka jk 4
iaeh 'f cnrna ile` ,xara el elgn miaxdy miyxtn mixg` .dzwfga ef ixd d"c ,`"r q `xza àa ,m"ayxd yxit jk 5
,p ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x ; el` mipiipra dlign ipa mpi` miaxdy d`xp miicenlzd zexewnd ly mheytn j` ,xird
.my 3 dxrda oeive ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecn ,"miaxd zeyxl"
6.my yiwl yix zcnrl ddfd ,`ped ax ly ,zilaa `xnin xak miilaal dziidy oeeikn laal
eply àad lr daqed ,"xzie `l xn` yiwl yixe ,xzie xn` opgei iax" ,dnvr zwelgnd okl
."ìvene ely jezl qpek" ,dpyna
xaecn : xexa epzpyn ly `tiql xywa inlyexia yiwl yixe opgei iax ewlgp eilry xezieed
ze`xhfefbe oifif ìvedl zekfd lr ,ziad mr dpwy ze`xhfefbde oififd zlitp zeawra ,xezieea
ozip "xezie" dfi` j` .ìdd àaa oecipd oiiprd ,"`xwirnc dwfg" zeawra 7miaxd zeyxl
,zvwna wegc didi yexit lk ? epzpyna "ìvene ely jezl qpek ,dvx mè" àaa xeywl
zcnre ,`weec ely xvga eizeiekf lr zeidl jixv xezieed okle ,ely jezl qpk ziad lra ixdy
.zwelgnd z` yxtl cvik ewlgp awri iaxe eply `xnbd lra .zvwna ddenz didz xingnd
oia silgd mb ède ,"ìvene ely jezl qpek" dpynd oeyll cnvidl sicrd `xnbd lra
dcnrd z` qgiil ywiay meyn ile` Ð dpeeka `ly e` dpeeka Ð yiwl yixe opgei iax zehiy
dcnra hwep opgei iax ,`xnbd lra itl 8.ezenk dkldy ,opgei iaxl ,xzei dxiaqd ,dlwnd
,miaxd zeyxa miaye mixaerl oiipr epi` ely jeza dyer ziad lray dn lk ditly dxiaqd
ely lzekd z` fifdl gxhy xg`l ze`xhfefbde oififd z`veda ddzydy jka mbt mey oiè
,ezrcl : dfd oiipra xingn yiwl yix j` .ddzydyk ok zeyrl ezekf lr xzie `le ,jk myl
zeyrl ezekf lr xzie ,cin ok dyr `le ,ze`xhfefb e` oifif ìvedl zpn lr ely jeza qpk m`
oifif `ll ,miaxd zeyx cily ghya geexnl elbxzdy miaxl cxhn mieedn el` ixdy ,ok
miaxd zeyx xiee` jezl mikynp mpi` elld m` mb ,df geexna zihzq` mirbetd ze`xhfefbe
.ynn
9
,eini aexra laal xfge l`xyi uxà opgei iax lv` cnly dcedi ax cinlz ilaa ,awri iax
`weecy l`xyi uxà eiceniln xkf z`f mr cgi j` ,laaa dxqnp ìdy itk zxeqnd z` laiw
z`ved ditly laaa da lwzpy zxeqnd lr ddz èd ."xzie" wqty xingnd did opgei iax
epvl`p xak m` ,ezrcl ; miaxl cxhnl zaygp miaxd zeyx dvw cr cala ze`xhfefbe oifif
ely jezl qpek ,dvx m`" àad lr zaqen yiwl yixe opgei iax zwelgny yxtle wgcidl
zeyx dvw cr ze`xhfefbe oifif jeynl zekfd lr xezieed epi` xiaqd xezieedy ixd ,"ìvene
jixv xezieed `le` Ð dpynd oeyll xzei mi`zn df yexity mbd Ð llka cr `le miaxd
dvwa "miiley" xcrd oky ,miaxd zeyx dvwa ziad lzek z` aey zepal zekfd lr zeidl
zpigan dyw mpn` df yexit 10.miaye mixaerl izegihae ihzq` mbt èd miaxd zeyx
lzeka `le ze`xhfefbe oififa jiiy "ìvei" oeyle ,"ìveie xefgi"y jk lr exaic oky ,oeyld
lr ervedy itk mixacd ipt lr dfd yexitd z` sicrd awri iax j` .ely jezl qpky ziad
xzei zvw xiaq ziad lra lr dtek xingnd `xen`dy xezieed oky ,`xnbd lra ici
mb dn ,ely jeza cala ze`xhfefbe oifif z`ved `le ,exvg dvwa mly lzek ziipaa xaecnyk
,"elwlwl xeq` miax ea ewifgdy xvn" wqt xak ,awri iax ly eax did èd s`y ,dcedi axy
"xiaqd" èd okl .miaxd zeyxn wlg ea ze`xl elgde dptzdy ghya ewifgd miaxd o`ke
.dligzkl dxèz ìdy itk `le ,jk ìd zwelgnd dyrnly `tilgz xa dinxi iaxl
zil`xyiÎux`d zwelgnd z` aqdl eywia okle ,df oiipra `ped ax lr wleg opgei iaxy dcaera eywzdy xytè 6
.xg` oiiprl
èd ze`xhfefbde oififd mewny ziad z` dpwyk dwfg ziad lral dziidy mbd ,miaxd zeyx enk d`xpd mewnl e` 7
.5 dxrd ,lirl e`x .exvgn wlg
` ìbeq ,lirl) oikxan cvik : cebi`d cenlz ,uiaepa 'n e`x eixn`n qegiiae opgei iax ixaca zedbd ly ef drtezl 8
.my 12 dxrde ,224 'nr ,(27 dxrd
.771 'nr ,(2 dxrd d ìbeq ,lirl) a jxk ,mi`xenè mi`pz zeclez ,oniid '` e`x 9
.dcedi ax ixacn ìady `zknq`d on rnzyny itk miaxd ici lr dgteq zihxtd exvgy `weec e`le ,yxtl d`xp jk 10
ynzydl dppi` zekfd opc dxwna la` ,df oebka xzi zeiekf miaxl yiy ze`xdl ick wx eàed dcedi ax ixacy d`xp
okyd lr zxqe`d dwfgd oirk ède ,miaxd zeyx ileya izegihade ihzq`d geexnd on zepdil `l` dptzdy ghya
.elà `veike ,exag bbl e` exag lzekl zen` rax` jez zepal
915
(a"r q) "ycwnd zia axgy mein" : miizye miyingd ìbeqd
.dzwfga ìd ixd Ð ze`xhfefbe oifif dae xvg gwl
.dze` dpeae xfeg Ð dltp : `ped ax xn` .1 ax ly `xnin .`

`ziixan ìyew ,`ped
ceiq xeqi` oiipra
,zcieqn xvg gwl ; dfd onfa oigiitn oiè oixiikn oiè oiciiqn oi` : iaizin .2 ,oaxegd zeawra miza
! dze` dpeae xfeg epi` Ð dltp ; dzwfga ef ixd Ð zgietn ,zxiekn ìyewl uexize
.ip`y `xeqi` .3
i"x ; xzen Ð oaz e` leg ea axir mè ,ciqa ezia z` mc` ceqi `l : x"z .4 diipy `ziixa .a
ceiq xeqi` oiipra
.xzen Ð oaz ,xeqè ciqkxh df ixd Ð leg ea axir : xne` oaxegd xg`l miza
`lye xya lek`l `ly l`xyia oiyext eax ,dipya ziad axgyk : x"z .5 ziyily `ziixa .b
ceiq xeqi` oiipra
xya oilke` mz` i` dn iptn ,ipa : odl xn` ,ryedi 'x odl lthp .oii zezyl mixg` mixeqiè miza
,gafn iab lr oiaixwn epnny xya lk`p : el exn` ? oii oizey mz` oiè ; oaxegd zeawra
zwqten `ziixad
,k"` : mdl xn` ? lha eiykre ,gafnd iab lr oikqpny oii dzyp ? lha eiykre zexrda minrt yely
xaky ,lk`p `l zexit .zexita xyt` ! zegpn elha xaky ,lk`p `l mgl laa i`xen` ly
! mind jeqip lha xaky ,dzyp `l min .mixg` zexita xyt` ! mixeka elha
Ð xyt` i` xwir lk la`zdl `ly : mkl xneè eèa ,ipa : odl xn` .ewzy
lr dxifb oixfeb oi`y Ð xyt` i` i`cn xzei la`zdle ,dxfb dxfbp xaky
izeè mix`p mz` dx`na : aizkc ,da cenrl oileki xeav aex k"`` xeavd
xiiyne ,ciqa ezia z` mc` cq : minkg exn` jk `l` ,elek iebd miraew mz`
.hren xac ea
.dn` lr dn` : sqei ax xn` ? dnke .6
.gztd cbpk : `cqg ax xn` .7
.hren xac xiiyne ,dcerq ikxv lk mc` dyer .8
.`pqxdc `qk : `tt ax xn` ? ìd i`n .9
.hren xac zxiiyne ,dihiykz lk dy` dyer .10
.`rcv za : ax xn` ? ìd i`n .11
.'ebe ikgl ipeyl wacz ipini gkyz milyexi jgky` m` : xn`py .12
.mipzg y`xay dlwn xt` df : wgvi ax xn` ? izgny y`x lr i`n .13
oeiv ila`l meyl : xn`py ,oilitz mewna ? dl gpn `kid : iia`l `tt ax l"` .14
.xt` zgz x`t mdl zzl
z` egny : xn`py ,dzgnya dèxe dkef Ð milyexi lr la`znd lke .15

.'ebe milyexi
xefbpy èd oic ,ycwnd zia axgy mein : ryil` oa l`rnyi 'x xn` ,ìpz .16 ziriax `ziixa .c
ceiq xeqi` oiipra
xeavd lr dxfb oixfeb oi` `l` ,oii zezyl `le xya lek`l `ly epnvr lr mixg` mixeqiè miza
zxfeby ,dryxd zekln dhyty meine ; da cenrl oileki xeav aex k"`` oaxegd zeawra
qpkil epze` zgpn oiè ,zevne dxez epnn zlhane ,zeywe zerx zexifb epilr
dy` `yil `ly epnvr lr xefbpy èd oic ,oad reyil : dl ixnè ,oad reayl
mdl gpd `l` ,eil`n dlk epia` mdxa` ly erxf `vnpe ,mipa ciledle
.oicifn eidi lè oibbey eidiy ahen ,l`xyil
917 (a"r q) "ycwnd zia axgy mein" : miizye miyingd ìbeqd
cenlzd zxeqn
,ai b `xza àa inlyexi ; fi a `xza àa `ztqez eeyd .dze` dpeae xfeg Ð dltp : `ped ax xn` .1
ixd Ð zgietn ,zxiekn ,zcieqn xvg gwl ; dfd onfa oigietn oiè oixiikn oiè ...oiciiqn oi` .2 .a"r ci
: xne` i"x ; xzen Ð oaz e` leg ea axir mè ...ceqi `l : x"z .4 .fi a `xza àa `ztqez .dzwfga ef
: x"z .5 .a"r t zay ilaa ; h eh dheq `ztqez .xzen Ð oaz ,xeqè ciqkxh df ixd Ð leg ea axir
...ryedi 'x odl lthp .oii zezyl `lye xya lek`l `ly l`xyia oiyext eax ,dipya ziad axgyk
xeav aex k"`` xeavd lr dxifb oixfeb oi`y .ai±ì eh dheq `ztqez .xyt` i` i`cn xzei la`zdle
mb eeyd ; a"r b zeixed ,`"r el dxf dcear ,a"r hr `nw àa ilaa ; [16] ,oldl .da cenrl oileki
: aizkc .c"r `n ,h a dxf dcear ; c"r b ,c ` zay ; a"r dl ,a c ziriay inlyexi ; bi b ziriay `ztqez
mz` dx`na .a"r b zeixed ,`"r el dxf dcear ilaa .elek iebd miraew mz` izeè mix`p mz` dx`na
mc` cq .ai eh dheq `ztqez .minkg exn` jk `l` .h b ik`ln .elek iebd miraew mz` izeè mix`p
: sqei ax xn` ? dnke .7±6 .fi a `xza àa ,ai eh dheq `ztqez .hren xac ea xiiyne ,ciqa ezia z`
mc` dyer .8 .([20±19] ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeq) a"r bp ,lirl .gztd cbpk : `cqg ax xn` .dn` lr dn`
: `tt ax xn` ? ìd i`n .9 .fi a `xza àa ,bi eh dheq `ztqez .hren xac xiiyne ,dcerq ikxv lk
.hren xac zxiiyne ,dihiykz lk dy` dyer .10 .`"r aiw migqt ,a"r giw zay ilaa .`pqxdc `qk
ikgl ipeyl wacz ipini gkyz milyexi jgky` m` : xn`py .12 .fi a `xza àa ,ci eh dheq `ztqez
xt` .13 .e±d flw xenfn .'ebe ikgl ipeyl wacz ipini gkyz milyexi jgky` m` .my `ztqez .'ebe
mdl zzl oeiv ila`l meyl : xn`py ,oilitz mewna ...edl gpn ikid .14 .` a ziprz dpyn eeyd .dlwn
.b `q ediryi .xt` zgz x`t mdl zzl oeiv ila`l meyl .`"r fh ziprz ilaa eeyd .xt` zgz x`t
dheq `ztqez .'ebe milyexi z` egny : xn`py ,dzgnya dèxe dkef Ð milyexi lr la`znd lke .15
'x xn` ,ìpz .16 .i eq ediryi .'ebe milyexi z` egny .a"r l ziprz ilaa ; fi a `xza àa ,eh eh
k"`` xeavd lr dxfb oixfeb oi` `l` ...xefbpy èd oic ,ycwnd zia axgy mein : ryil` oa l`rnyi
,l`xyil mdl gpd `l` ...xefbpy èd oic ...dryxd zekln dhyty meine ; da cenrl oileki xeav aex
oileki xeav aex k"`` xeavd lr dxfb oixfeb oi` .i eh dheq `ztqez .oicifn eidi lè oibbey eidiy ahen
gi ,` ` oiaexir inlyexi .oicifn edi lè oibbey eidiy ...mdl gpd .my mipeive ,[5] ,lirl .da cenrl
dheq ,c"r er ,g ` dbibg ; c"r bn ,a d zenexz inlyexi eeyde ; `"r l dvia ,a"r gnw zay ilaa ; b"r
`ly devn jk dyrp èdy xac lr xnel devny myk : opgei/ozpei iax mya `g` iax") a"r ak ,a g
.("dyrp epi`y xac lr xnel

xg`l ziad oialn oi`y .oigiitn oi` : oi`pa oiyery enk envr ciqd on xeiv oiyer oi`y .oixiikn oi`
exq`y .ip`y `xeqi` : xeike ciq ezeà .dze` dpeae xfeg oi` : w"nda leai` iptn dfd onfa xievny
t"r`y iptn egiayd .ciqkxh df ixd : jk lk oal `di `ly .leg ea axir m` la` : leai` iptn minkg
zrayn `l` mixeka oiìan eid `ly .mixg` zexita xyt` : xzeia wacpe wfg dyrp hrnk xegyy
oiraew mz` izeè dxfb dx`n mixfeb mz`yk .mix`p mz` dx`na : min `la zeigl `"`y .ewzy : oipind
`ly .`rcv za : `l `l iè ,dxifbd zniewn ,oi` da cenrl oilekiy elek iebd `ki` i` ,mkznkqda mda
seql oiyery .oad reayl : d`xp `dzy ick .gztd cbpk : xriy dpnn xetziz `ly wxya `rcv oiafz
cifna dze` oilhan eidi dxifb xefbp m`y .oicifn eidi lè : bbeya oic eze` elhaiy .oibbey eidiy : dray
: dy` `yil `ly da cenrl oileki eidi `ly
xivwz
zeyxl xar l` mihlead `xhfefb e` fif mr zia ykxy in g b `xza àa dpyn itl
xiee`l mixceg mpi`y `xwirnc dwfg mda yi ixdy ,mnewna mxi`ydl leki miaxd
cibpn `xnbd lra .ycgn mniwdl ozip eltp m` mby siqen `ped ax .miaxd zeyx
cieqy ziae ziad oaxeg xg` miza ciiql xeq` ditly `ziixa mr `ped ax zcnr z`
xiaqn cenlzd .ycgn eciiqle ezepal oi` ltp èd m` j` ,eniiwl ozip oaxegd iptl
.cala zepenn ly oiipr `le ,izc xeqi` ceiqd xeqi` zeidn zraep z`fd dxnegdy
,fi a `xza àa `ztqeza mb zàen ltpy fif oiipra `ped axl zqgeind dkldd
`ped axy heyt d`xp .oaxegd xg`l ltpy cieqnd ziad oiipra dkldd my dcvle
xikd `xnbd lra j` ,enya dipkz z` ìan did `l zxg` ,`ziixad z` xikd `l
zexeqne oaxegd xg`l miza ceiq oiipra dkldd z` dcvl ìan èdy meyn dze`
dfd xnegd on wlg .oaxegl xkf miyrpd mixac oiipra my `ztqeza zeàend zetqep
eply `xnbd lray dfd `yepa sqep xneg ztqeza eh±ì eh dheq `ztqeza mb àen
ìan eply `xnbd lra dheqe `xza àa `ztqezd on xnegd z` .ewlg z` ìan
oeic caln .ilaaa mixg` zenewnn xiard mze`y laa i`xen` ly zexrd mr cgi
yexitd seba zxwqp eply `xnbd lra z` eyniyy dkixrd zewipkha hxetn
."oaxegl xkf" oiipra zexeqnd llk ly zegztzdd

,g b `xza àa ,epzpyn itl
xvg gwl .ìvene ely jezl qpek Ð dvx m` `l` ,x"dxl ze`xhfefbe oifif oiìven oi`
.dzwfga ef ixd Ð ze`xhfefbe oifif dae
dpynd seqa zxkfend dwfgdy xiaqn èd day `ped ax ly `xnina zgzet eply ìbeqd
itk .[1] ycgn mzepal ziad lra ly ezekfe ,ze`xhfefb e` oifif mze` eltpy xg`l mb dtwz
inlyexia yiwl yixe opgei iax zwelgna diepy ef dkld ,zncewd ìbeqa oeica ,lirl epi`xy
: a"r ci ,ai b `xza àa
.xziee `l : xn` yiwl yix ; xziee : xn` opgei iax ,ozepal ywane eltp
.'icl driiqn `zipzne oicl driiqn `zipzn
on odl ozpe dlhpe edcy jeza zxaer miaxd jxc dzidy in : opgei iaxl driiqn `zipzn
1
.eribd `l elye ,ozp ozpy dn ,cvd
.ozwfga oze` dpea eltpe ze`xhvevke oifif dae xvg gwl : yiwl yixl driiqn `zipzn
2
,inlyexia eixacl reiqk zàend `ziixake ,yiwl yix zrck èt` dpd¦ ilaad `ped ax zrc
: fi a `xza àa `ztqez ly `yixa dliawn dl yiy
.onewn z` 'pea df ixd ,eltpe ze`xhfefbe oifif dae xvg gwl
.ozwfga od ixd ,xiiekne cieqn ,gtn zia gwl .oixiikn oi` ,oixiiqn oi` ,oigitn oi`
xiiyne dcerq iwqr lk mc` dyer .mlyexil xkf 'ren xac xiiyne ciqa ezia lk mc` cq
,mlyexil xkf hren xac zxiiyne dhiykz lk dy` dyer .milyexil xkf hren xac
dilr oila`znd lk .xnebe ikgl ipeyl wacz ,ipini gkyz mlyexi jgky` m` : xn`py
,diade` lk da elibe mlyexi z` egny : xn`py ,àd mlerl dnr mgny dfd mlera
.dilr mila`znd lk yeyn dz` eyiy
mixacd z` ìan did `l dxikd eli` ixdy ,`ziixad z` xikd `l `ped axy heyt d`xp
zàen ìdy itk `ziixad z` xikd eply `xnbd lray xexa d`xp j` .ely yecigk
,[2] Ð zeziixa rax` ly uaew `ped ax zxninl cinvd èd oky ,fi a `xza àa `ztqeza
[2] dpey`xd Ð odn miizyy ,oaxegl xkf exq`py mipey mixeqi` opiipry Ð [16] 3,[15±5] ,[4]
ax zxniny `vnp .`xza àa `ztqezay `ziixad jynda mb ze`vnp Ð [15±5] ziyilyde
dliawn [2] uaewa dpey`xd `ziixad ; fi a `xza àa `ztqez ly `yixl dliawn `ped
ly `tiql dliawn [15±5] uaewa ziyilyd `ziixade ,`ztqezay ef dkld ly `zrivnl
.`ztqezay ef dkld
,eply ìbeqa [15±5] ze`wqitl dliawnd ,fi a `xza àa `ztqez ly `tiqdy ep`vn dpde
izyl zeliawn mb ep`vn eh wxt dheq `ztqezae ,eh±ì eh dheq `ztqeza mb driten
: fi b `xza àa `ztqeza zexqgd el` ,eply ìbeqay zeziixad uaewa zetqepd zeziixad
dziid `ly it lr s` ,dcyd lra mdl ozpy jxca mikef miaxd ; "ozp ozpy dn"n ìd di`xd .f e `xza àa dpyn 1
,opgei iax itl ,opc dxwna mb .lretl z`vei dpi` llegl dcyd lra ywiay oitilgd zwqre ¦ ,`xwirn da dwfg miaxl
.2 dxrd ,oldl e`xe .`xwirn df ghya ewifgd `ly it lr s` ,`xhfefbd zlitp mr dptzdy ghya mikef miaxd
xzie ìdd dpyna .opgei iaxl reiqk zàend f e `xza àa dpyn enk `ly ,xaecnd `yepa zexiyi zwqer ef `ziixa 2
`xhfefbd dltpyk ,o`k eliè ; miaxd zeyx z` envrl gtql dqipy lr eze` miqpew j` ,epevxn jxcd lr ziad lra
zrcl .ilaaa `ped axe ,inlyexia yiwl yixe `ziixad ly `pzd zrcl ezwfg z` ziad lra cai` `l ,eznyà `ly
.zeaiqpa dxeyw dpiè ,zihnehe` ìd miaxd zeyxl lreta gteqy ghya miaxd zwfg ,z`f znerl ,opgei iax
jezl dze` uaiy `xnbd lray zi`xen` ìxhe `lwy od jeezay ze`wqitd x`y .[15 ,12 ,10 ,8 ,5] : weic xzil 3
.[15±5] z`fd `ziixad z` xtqnp zegepd myl j` .`ziixad
ziriaxd `ziixad eliè ,h eh dheq `ztqeza driten [4] eply ìbeqa diipyd `ziixad
miixwird miaikxnd zyngn cg` lkly `vnp .i eh dheq `ztqezl dliawn [16] eply ìbeqa
dliawn ,[16] ,[15±5] ,[4] ,[2] oaxegd oiipra zeziixad raxè [1] `ped ax zxnin ,eply ìbeqa
bivp .cgi mb `ztqezay miwxtd ipya e` eh±h eh dheq `ztqeza ,fi a `xza àa `ztqeza
: dlaha mixacd z`
a"r q `xza àa ilaa fi a `xza àa `ztqez eh±g eh dheq `ztqez
(eply ìbeqd)
xfeg Ð dltp : `ped ax xn` .1 oifif dae xvg gwl [`yix]
.dze` dpeae 'pea df ixd ,eltpe ze`xhfefbe
.onewn z`
oiè oiciiqn oi` : iaizin .2 oi` ,oigitn oi` [`zrivn]

; dfd onfa oigietn oiè oixiikn zia gwl .oixiikn oi` ,oixiiqn
,zxiekn ,zcieqn xvg gwl od ixd ,xiiekne cieqn ,gtn
; dzwfga ef ixd Ð zgietn .ozwfga
! dze` dpeae xfeg epi` Ð dltp
.ip`y `xeqi` .3
ezia z` mc` ceqi `l : x"z .4 exfb qehih ly qenleta... [g]

oaz e` leg ea axir mè ,ciqa ...zelk zexhr lr
ea axir : xne` i"x ; xzen Ð
ciqa ezia z` ceql `lye [h]
,xeqè ciqkxh df ixd Ð leg
oaz ea axir m` ciqd zviaa
.xzen Ð oaz
'e` dcedi 'x xzen leg e`
ciq ikxh df ixd leg ea axir
...xzen oaz ea axir m` xeqè
[seql dxared i dkld]

,dipya ziad axgyk : x"z .5
eax oexg`d ziad axgyn [ì]
`ly l`xyia oiyext eax
eid `ly l`xyia oiyext
.oii zezyl `lye xya lek`l
oii oizey `le xya oilke`
: odl xn` ,ryedi 'x odl lthp
odl 'n` ryedi 'x odl lthip
oilke` mz` i` dn iptn ,ipa
oilke` mz` oi` dn iptn iipa
exn` ? oii oizey mz` oiè xya
lkay xya lk`p el exn` xya
oiaixwn epnny xya lk`p : el
gafn iabl axw cinz did mei
? lha eiykre ,gafn iab lr
lk`p `l odl 'n` lha eiykre
iab lr oikqpny oii dzyp
oii oizey mz` oi` dn iptne
xn` ? lha eiykre ,gafnd
mei lkay dzyp oii el exn`
,lk`p `l mgl ,k"` : mdl
gafnd iab lr jqpzn did
xyt` ! zegpn elha xaky
`l mdl 'n` lha eiykre
,lk`p `l zexit .zexita
`l mgl ok m` mdl 'n` dzyp
xyt` ! mixeka elha xaky
izy oiìan eid epnny lk`p
,dzyp `l min .mixg` zexita
`l min miptd mgle mgld
.ewzy ! mind jeqip lha xaky
min oikqpn eid odny dzyp
xneè eèa ,ipa : odl xn`
lk`p `l miapre mip`z bga
xwir lk la`zdl `ly : mkl
mixeka oiìan eid mdny
,dxfb dxfbp xaky Ð xyt` i`
ewzy zxvra
xyt` i` i`cn xzei la`zdle
xeavd lr dxifb oixfeb oi`y Ð la`zdl iipa mdl 'n` [ai]
cenrl oileki xeav aex k"`` `lye xyti` i` iicn xzei
mz` dx`na : aizkc ,da xyti` i` la`zdl
iebd miraew mz` izeè mix`p minkg exn` jk `l`
: minkg exn` jk `l` ,elek ciqa ezia lk mc` cq [`tiq] xiiyne ciqa ezia z` mc` cq
xiiyne ,ciqa ezia z` mc` cq .mlyexil xkf 'ren xac xiiyne mlyexil xkf hren xac
.hren xac ea
(jynd)
a"r q `xza àa ilaa fi a `xza àa `ztqez eh±g eh dheq `ztqez
(eply ìbeqd)
dn` : sqei ax xn` ? dnke .6
.dn` lr
.gztd cbpk : `cqg ax xn` .7
,dcerq ikxv lk mc` dyer .8 dcerq iwqr lk mc` dyer dcerq ikxv mc` dyer [bi]
.hren xac xiiyne xkf hren xac xiiyne xkf hren xac xiiyne
.milyexil mlyexil
: `tt ax xn` ? ìd i`n .9
.`pqxdc `qk
,dihiykz lk dy` dyer .10 dhiykz lk dy` dyer oihiykz dy` dyer [ci]
.hren xac zxiiyne xkf hren xac zxiiyne xkf hren xac zxiiyne
,mlyexil mlyexil
za : ax xn` ? ìd i`n .11
,`rcv
jgky` m` : xn`py .12 mlyexi jgky` m` : xn`py gkyz mlyexi jgky` m` 'py
wacz ipini gkyz milyexi ikgl ipeyl wacz ,ipini gkyz `l m` ikgl ipeyl wacz ipini
.'ebe ikgl ipeyl .xnebe 'ebe ikxkf`
? izgny y`x lr i`n .13

dlwn xt` df : wgvi ax xn`
.mipzg y`xay
`kid : iia`l `tt ax l"` .14

,oilitz mewna ? dl gpn
oeiv ila`l meyl : xn`py
.xt` zgz x`t mdl zzl
milyexi lr la`znd lke .15 dfd mlera dilr oila`znd lk dilr mila`znd lke [eh]
,dzgnya dèxe dkef Ð ,àd mlerl dnr mgny dnr migny dfd mlera
milyexi z` egny : xn`py mlyexi z` egny : xn`py z` egny 'py àd mlerl
.'ebe eyiy ,diade` lk da elibe diade` lk da elibe mlyexi
mila`znd lk yeyn dz` 'ebe
.dilr
oa l`rnyi 'x xn` ,ìpz .16
'x 'n` [lirln xared Ð i]
zia axgy mein : ryil`
zia axgy mein l`rnyi
lr xefbpy èd oic ,ycwnd
lk`l `ly èd oic ycwnd
`le xya lek`l `ly epnvr
`l` oii zezyl `lye xya
oixfeb oi` `l` ,oii zezyl
xeavd lr oixfeb oic zia oi`y
aex k"`` xeavd lr dxfb
oda cenrl oileki oi`y mixac
meine ; da cenrl oileki xeav
oixwere lièd 'ne` did èd
,dryxd zekln dhyty
lr xfbp epizepian dxezd z`
zerx zexifb epilr zxfeby
`yil `ly mny èdy mlerd
dxez epnn zlhane ,zeywe
`lye mipa ciledl `lye dy`
qpkil epze` zgpn oiè ,zevne
`ly cr oa reay miwdl
reyil : dl ixnè ,oad reayl
eil`n mdxa` ly erxf dlkiy
epnvr lr xefbpy èd oic ,oad
ediy xeavl odl ahen el exn`
ciledle dy` `yil `ly
.oicifn edi lè oibbey
mdxa` ly erxf `vnpe ,mipa
gpd `l` ,eil`n dlk epia`
eidiy ahen ,l`xyil mdl
.oicifn eidi lè oibbey
dliawn ef `xniny jkl al my eply `xnbd lra .[1] `ped ax zxnina eply ìbeqd ceqi
`ziixad ly `tiqde `zrivnd z` mb dixg`l ìade 4,fi a `xza àa `ztqez ly `yixl
: ìxhe `lwy oaiaq dpae ,dn`zda [15±5]Îe [2] ze`wqita ,ìdd
xarna ep`vny itke ,`ped ax zxnin xg`l xaqd `ll `zrivnd z` ìadl mewna .1
,`zrivnay dkldl ,eltpy ze`xhfefbde oififd oiipra ,`yixay dkldd on `ztqeza
,cieqnd ziad oiipra dkldd on eply `xnbd lra dywd ,ltpy cieqnd ziad oiipra
s` zkynp dzwfgy ,`xhfefbd oiipra `ped ax ixac lr ,ezlitp mr zniizqn ezwfgy
`ztqeza `pzd ,onxail le`y xiaqdy itk .[3] "ip`y `xeqi`" aiyne ,[2] dltpy xg`l
5.dil`n zpaend ,z`fd dpgadd z` oiivl gxh `l
,[15]Îe [12] ,[10] ,[8] ,[5] ze`wqita ìad dze`y ,`ztqezay `ziixad ly `tiql s` .2
itk ,xg` mewna mceqiy mi`xen` ixacn zakxend ìxhe `lwy eply `xnbd lra cinvd
.[15±5] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeira ,oldl hxtpy
ìd : dpeylk dnly dpi` `ztqezay `ziixad ly `tiqdy jkl al my eply `xnbd lra
àend oeic ,oaxegd xg`l miyextl ryedi iax oia oeic jezn fi a `xza àa `ztqeza zàen
`ztqezn dfd oeicd ly dgiztd z` mb èt` ìad èd .eh±ì eh dheq `ztqeza eèlna
oiipra zetqep zeziixa izy eply `xnbd lra `vn 7eh wxt dheq `ztqeza 6.ai±ì eh dheq
h eh dheq `ztqezay oaz e` lega ciqd aexir oiipra `ziixad Ð oaxegd xg`l miza ceiq
`ztqezay ,dpeylae dpkeza ryedi iax ly `ziixal dnecd ,l`rnyi iax ly `ziixade
dl dnecd `ziixad xg`l dkenq zg` lk ,oeic `ll ìad elld zeziixad z` .i eh dheq
zeawra mixeqi`d oiipra zeziixad uaew z` milydl ick z`fe ,ìbeqa znwenn dziid xaky
`ll ìad ciqa miaxernd oazde legd oiipra `ziixad z` .ìbeqa yabzdl lgdy oaxegd
ly `ziixad zè ,[2] ìbeqa dziid xaky ciqd oiipra ziqiqad `ziixad xg`l jenq [4] oeic
`ziixad xg`l jenq ìad ,oeylae okeza ryedi iax ly `ziixal dnecd ,[16] l`rnyi iax
8.[15±5] ìbeqa dnewna xak dziidy ,eax ryedi iax ly
`xnbd lray gipdl jxev oiè ,eply `ztqezd jezn z`fd `ziixad z` xikd eply `xnbd lray gipdl gxkd oi` 4
on mxa .eci lr mlek eyrp ilaaay geqipa miiepiydye , d p e y l k `xza àa `ztqezay `ziixad z` xikd eply
Ð dly `tiqde `zrivnd ,`yixd lr Ð `ziixad z` xikd eply `xnbd lray xexa oldl xèziy jildzd
oifif : mipey mi`yep ipya zwqer ìdy it lr s` ,epiptly `xza àa `ztqeza driten ìdy itk ,zg` dcigik
`ziixal qgiizp ,zegepd myl ,okl .oaxeg zeawra miza ceiq lr exfby xg`l ltpy cieqn ziae ,eltpy ze`xhfefbe
zxg` zpekzna dxikd eply `xnbd lra m` mb ,"fi a `xza àa `ztqez"k eply ìbeqd lral zxken dziidy ef
oiipra zeziixa uaew liawna xikd eply `xnbd lray oldl xeìzd on dler ok enk .zeziixa ly xg` uaew jezne
,`ztqezd on wlgk dfd xnegd z` xikd `l m` mb ,eh wxt dheq `ztqezl ddf e` dnecd oaxegl xkf zexfb
zpekzna dze` xikd eply `xnbd lra m` s` ,"eh wxt dheq `ztqez" iepika df uaewl qgiizp zegepd myle
.zxg`
.358 'nr ,(25 dxrd c ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y 5
.4 dxrd ,lirl e`x ; eply `xnbd lral xken didy el dnecd uaewa e` 6
.4 dxrd ,lirl e`x ; eply `xnbd lral xken didy el dnecd uaewa e` 7
ly efl (i`gei xa oerny iax : hxetx` i"k zqxibl e`) l`rnyi iax ly `ziixad z` enicwd dheq `ztqezay d`xpe 8
oi`y xiaqdy df èd i`gei xa oerny iax e` l`rnyi iax `ztqezay meyn ,ibelepexkd xcqd on dbixga ,ryedi iax
wx ep`vn ,ai eh ,my `ztqeza miyextl ryedi iax ixacae ,da cenrl oileki ok m` `l` xeaivd lr dxfb oixfeb
eply `xnbd lra .dprhl mrhd z` micwdl ywia `ztqezd xcqne ,xaqd `ll ,"xyt` i` icn xzei la`zdl"
yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x ; ryedi iax ixac jeza mb l`rnyi iax ly mrhd zàd ici lr z`fd dirad z` xzt
.[5] `wqitl
yexit ipeir
oiè oixiikn oiè oiciiqn oi` : iaizin .dze` dpeae xfeg Ð dltp : `ped ax xn` .3±1
epi` Ð dltp ; dzwfga ef ixd Ð zgietn ,zxiekn ,zcieqn xvg gwl ; dfd onfa oigiitn
.ip`y `xeqi` ! dze` dpeae xfeg
`ziixale `ped ax zxninl zeliawn ,"dizecleze ìbeqd jldn" xecna ,lirl epi`xy itk
: fi a `xza àa `ztqeza ef xg` efa ep`vn ceiqd oiipra
oi` ,oixiiqn oi` ,oigitn oi` .onewn z` 'pea df ixd ,eltpe ze`xhfefbe oifif dae xvg gwl
.ozwfga od ixd ,xiiekne cieqn ,gtn zia gwl .oixiikn
i`yx epiè ezwfg z` ziad lra cai` ltp cieqnd ziad m`y yxetna xn`p `l `ztqeza
dwizydne efl ef zekldd ly ozcnvd mvrn rnzyn jk j` ,enewna dpapd ziad z` ciiql
day `ziixa dze` ly `yixd znerl ,`ziixad ly `zrivna cieqnd ziad zlitp oiipra
wcva èt` wiic eply `xnbd lra .eltpy ze`xhfefbe oifif ly "onewn z` dpea" yxetna iepy
`ziixad oeyll dfd weicd z` siqede ,"dze` dpeae xfeg epi` ,dltp" zcieqnd xvgl xyà
mya lirl epàdy itk .`ped ax ixac lr `ziixad on dywn èdy ìyewd z` xidadl ick
`l okle ,eil`n oaen ,[3] "ip`y `xeqi`" ,rivn eply `xnbd lray uexizd ,onxail le`y
9
.jkl mrhd z` xidadl oekpl e`x `l sè ,cieqn zia dpeae xfeg epi`y oiivl `ztqeza egxh
.dfd onfa oigiitn oiè oixiikn oiè oiciiqn oi` .2
mè 10,miiw ycwnd zia oi`y onfa eyexit "dfd onfa" mi`xen`de mi`pzd zextqa llk jxca
: jka miiyw ipy mpyi j` .uaeway zeziixad x`ya xèany itk ,oaxegl xkf èd xeqi`d ok
`l" oeyld one ,zeziixad rax` uaewa dpey`xd ,z`fd `ziixaay "oiciiqn oi`" oeyld on .1
onfa ziad z` ceql lilk exq`y dler ,[4] uaewa diipyd `ziixaay "ezia z` mc` ceqi
mc` cq : minkg exn` jk" uaewa ziyilyd `ziixad itl ,z`f znerl .oaxegl xkf ,dfd
.[5] "hren xac ea xiiyne ciqa ezia z`
exfby iepy ,[4] eply ìbeqay uaewa diipyd `ziixal dliawnd ,h±g eh dheq `ztqeza .2
zexhr lr dxfbl sqepa z`fe ,qehih zngln ,"qehih ly qenlet" zeawra mizad ceiq lr
: c h dheq dpyna dliawna zexkfend zipeei cenile zelkd
qehih ly qenleta .qexi`d lre mipzg zexhr lr exfb Ð qepiiqtq` ly qenleta

`ly exfb Ð oexg`d qenleta .zipeei epa z` mc` cnli `lye ,zelk zexhr lr exfb Ð
.xird jeza oeixtà dlkd `vzy exizd epizeaxe ; xird jeza oeixtà dlkd `vz
,dpynl 'bcixaniiwe ontiew cid iazk j` .oaxegd zngln epiid "qehih ly qenlet" dxe`kl
xaecn miax mixweg exirdy itke ,"mhiw/qehiw ly qenleta" miqxeb ,dfipbd iazk lke
117±115) qepìixh xqiwd inia dlebd icedi cxn z` `kicy Lucius Quietus znglna
,"qepiiqtq` ly qenlet"a exfby zexfbd `ztqezae dpyna epecip okn dlrnl 11.(dxitql
ly df ,oexg`d qenletd zeawra zexfbd okn xg`le ,(dxitql 70±66) oaxegd zngln epiide
qenlet cr qepeiqtq`ly qenletn" : epipy l wxt mler xcqae ,(dxitql 135±132) àkek xa
."...dpy e"i àifek oa zngln cr qehiwly qenletne dpy mizye miyng qehiwly
.5 dxrda oeive ,5 dxrd cil ,lirl e`x 9

.cere ,bi b ,eh ` ipy xyrn `ztqez ; f d ipy xyrn dpyn 10
,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y ; my mipeive ,393 'nr ,(65 dxrd bl ìbeq ,lirl) miyp ,dpyn ixcq dyy ,wal` 'g e`x 11
milyexi ,èane yexit ,zircn dxecdn : mler xcq ,iwqaewilin 'g ; my mipeive ,767 'nr ,e"pyz milyexie wxei eip ,dheq
.my mipeive ,545±544 'nr ,a jxk ,b"ryz
`l` ,oaxegd zeawra `l ziad ceiq lr exfby `vnp ."qehiw" `qxiba wtq lihdl dyw okl
.qehiw cxn zeawra
exn` jk" ,ryedi iax inia ,oaxegd zeawray Ð 12onxail le`y fnexy itk Ð d`xp okl
dtewz dzeày miyextdy okzii .[5] "hren xac ea xiiyne ciqa ezia z` mc` cq : minkg
md dpai inkge ,oiide xyad lr exfby itke ,mizad z` ciiql hlgen xeqi` mnvr lr exfb
xeqi` z` exindy myk ,cieqn epi`y hren xac xeiya icy erawe z`fd dxfbd z` epziny
zeawra ,mipy dnk xeark j` ."hren xac ea xiiyne dcerq ikxv lk mc` dyer"a oiide xyad
itl .lilk eze` exqè mizad ceiq oiipra miyextd mr ew minkgd exyii ,qehiw ly qenletd
àa `ztqeza odizeliawne ,eply ìbeqay uaewa [4] diipyde [2] dpey`xd zeziixad ,df
,qehiw ly qenletd zeawray zexfbl zeqgiizn ,dn`zda ,h eh dheq `ztqeze fi a `xza
àae dheq `ztqeza odizeliawne ,ìbeqa [16] ziriaxde [5] ziyilyd zeziixad eliè
zeliawny "milyexil xkf" oeyld on gkeny itk ,oaxegd zeawra zexfba zewqer ,`xza
13
.`ztqeza
,xbd ly oixhlta diikf oiiprl ,([19] ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeq) `"r cp ,lirl mb exkfed xeike ceiq
cqe ,xbd iqkpa oixhlt `vend : xfrl` x"` sqei xa inic ax xn`" : ezen xg`l xwtd èdy
leqit èd xeik eliè ,oal ciqa xiwd zriav èd ceiq ."o`pw Ð cg` xeik e` cg` ceiq oda
d`xp ìdd ìbeqa miàend xfrl` iax ixacay "cg` xeik e` cg` ceiq" oeyld on .xiwa
oeica epxaqdy itk ,(relief) iaihxebit hilazae ciqa xiwd lr xievnd xeiva my xaecny
on dler itk ,elek ziad ly ceiq èd ceiqd eply ìbeqay zeziixaa mxa 14.ìdd ìbeqa
d`xp okle ,[5] "hren xac ea xiiyne ciqa ezia z` mc` cq"e [4] "ezia z` ceql" miiehiad
,ziad lk ipt lry geite xeikl miqgiizn [2] eply `ziixaa "oigiitn"e "oixiikn" milrtd mby
gih ,"ewehq" dpekny dn `l` iaihxebit hilaz ly eppi` o`k xeikd ,ok m` .ceiql liawnd
.iaihxewc
dziid efy d`xpe ,xbd iqkpa diikf oiipra lirl xkfen epi` Ð xegya zexiwd zriav Ð geitd
ipy xyrn `ztqez itl ,daxc` ; miti eaygp `l mixegy zexiwy meyn ,ziqgi dxicp dwipkh
eply `ziixaa xkfed geitdy d`xp 15.mze` xrkl ick dxf dcear iza mingtn eid bi d
meyn ,oaxegl la` ze`k dni`zn `weec xegya ziad zriavy erawy el` zrcn ìvedl
,bxeand cid iazk 16.dxeq` ef s`y epcnll à eply `ziixad ly `pzde ,zxrekn ìdy
.774 ,769±768 'nr ,(my) dheq ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail e`x 12

,qehiw ly qenletd xg`l zeax mipy ,mdinia mb hren xac xiiyny ewqty rnzyn [7±6] `cqg axe sqei ax ixacn j` 13
xac ea xiiyne ciqa ezia z` mc` cq" dkldd z` dyrnl dkld eìad md ixdy ,miwqetd epiad jky èd heyte
oi`" eyxity d`xp miwqetd ixacn .` qwz miig gxe` jexr oglye xeh ; ai d zeiprz zekld ,m"anx e`x ; "hren
yexitde ,dn` lr dn` xiiyn m` xzen la` ,xeiy `ll ziad lk z` ciiql xeqi` oaena [4] "ceqi `l"e [2] "oiciiqn
sè ,"qehih ly qenlet" epiid) oaxegd xg`l epyp zeziixad lky exaq miwqetde mi`xen`dy mb xyt` .wegc dfd
[4] diipyde [2] dpey`xd zeziixade ,(micedid cbp mglp izne qehiw edin erci m` wtq "qehiw ly qenlet" eqxb m`
,oaxegd xg`l oii zezyle xya lek`l `ly ebdpy miyextd znbec ,llk ziad z` ciiql `ly mixingnd zrc lr od
,mixacd ly mheyt df oi`y xexa ,dxwn lka .ilnq xeiya icy mdixacn ìady minkgde ryedi iaxk dkld la`
oekpde .miyextd zrck xingd ,dpai inkge ryedi iax ixg` `ye` xeca lrty ,dcedi iaxy xnel epilr df itl ixdy
xac ly ilnq xeiya minkgd ewtzqd oaxegd xg`l : mipta eprvdy itke (zncewd dxrda e`x) onxail fnxy itk
e`x) da cenrl elki `ly e` dgkzyp ef diipy dxfby `l` ,lilk ceiqd lr exfb qehiw ly qenlet xg`l eliè ,hren
zecr z` zeeydl ozip ef drtezl .dpey`xd dxfbl exfge ,(icn xzei la`zdle d"c ,[5] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl
.zgkzyne zkled hren xac xeiy oiipra dxfbd s` epiniay ,(a"wq ,qwz oniq miig gxe` ,dxexa dpyn) miigd utgd
.hrw 'nr ,(32 dxrd ì ìbeq ,lirl) `xza àa ,dkld xexiae dxexa dkld e`xe
.782 'nr ,e"hyz wxei eip ,ipy xyrn ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y e`x 15
oald eravy meyn ,oaza axernd ciqa ziad z` reavl xzen [4] oldlc `ziixad itl oky ,zg` drc wx d`xpk efe 16
.[4] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,oldl e`x .giitl didi xzeny oky lke ,wdea zegt
oeyl ,"zgiietn ...oigiitn" mewna ,mgt oeyl ,"zngetn ...oingtn" miqxeb lìxewqè okpin
."zngiietn ...oingiitn" : ze`qxibd izy ly aeliy ep`vn dvpxit i"ka 17.jd epiide ,git
axir : xne` i"x ; xzen Ð oaz e` leg ea axir mè ,ciqa ezia z` mc` ceqi `l : x"z .4
.xzen Ð oaz ,xeqè ciqkxh df ixd Ð leg ea
z` reavl xzen okle ,ciqd ly oald ravd z` xrkne ddkn legdy d`xpk xeaq `nw `pzd
`nw `pzd itl ody ok m` d`xpe .dcedi iaxl s` ,oaza oicd ède ,lega ledn ciqa ziad
ciqa la` ,dtie oal èdy iptn ,xeq` ciqa reavl `weec dcedi iax itl ode ef `ziixa ly
`ztqezae [2] `wqitay `ziixad ly `pzd ixack `ly ,gita oky lke ,xzen ,iedc eravy
.xegya s` ziad z` reavl xq`y fi a `xza àa
izeki` ciql eze` jtede ciqd z` wfgn mb èdy iptn lega axernd ciqa xqe` dcedi iax
le`y yxity itke ,"dyw" ,(zipeeia trachy) ikxh èdy ciq ,"ciq ikxh" epiide 18,wfge
19.onxail
.oii zezyl `lye xya lek`l `ly l`xyia oiyext eax ,dipya ziad axgyk : x"z .5
? oii oizey mz` oiè xya oilke` mz` i` dn iptn ,ipa : odl xn` ,ryedi 'x odl lthp
lr oikqpny oii dzyp ? lha eiykre ,gafn iab lr oiaixwn epnny xya lk`p : el exn`
xyt` ! zegpn elha xaky ,lk`p `l mgl ,k"` : mdl xn` ? lha eiykre ,gafnd iab
,dzyp `l min .mixg` zexita xyt` ! mixeka elha xaky ,lk`p `l zexit .zexita
.ewzy ! mind jeqip lha xaky
20
.ipyd ziad inin miyextd zk mr mze` ddfn c`xt oaihq : zercd eax elld "oiyext"d lr
qenletde 22,zeyixt oeyl ,mny cirny itk 21,zihwq` zk mceqia eid miyextd ,ezprhl
did `l oaxegd ef dhiyl .zxge`n drtez epd¦ 23mi`xen`de mi`pzd inin ihwq`Îihp`d
zeawray exaq md `l` ,eply `ziixaay oiyextd ly zihwq`d zebdpzdl ixewnd ripnd
.ryedi iax ipta ebivdy minrhd on el` zeihp ccgl e` jiyndl yi oaxegd
mixeaq md ,daxc` ; miyextd zk mr eply `ziixaay oiyextd z` zedfl oi`y mixeaq mixg`
ly ifkxnd mxfd on "eyxt" md oaxegd zeawray meyn mny z` elaiw `ziixaay oiyextdy
mixweg .`ziixaa mdizeprhl minkgde ryedi iax zaebzn dlery itk 24,minkgde miyextd
`ztqez e`x ,df oaena m"gt yxeya yeniyl ; fi a `xza àa `ztqeza dliawnd e`x df oaena g"it yxeya yeniyl 17
.zeliawne bi d ipy xyrn
e`x ; cere e a zay `ztqez ,h d dxt ,a i milk dpyna xkfend izeki` ciq ,meqtibd mr ciqikxhd z` edif mipe`bd 18
zipeeia .lega axernd ciq eppi` meqtibd j` .my mipeive 769 'nr (11 dxrd ,lirl) dheq ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail 'y
.ciqd on xzei s` wdea eravy ciql dnecd xg` lxpin x`zl zynyn dlind epiniae ,cgeina wdea ciq èd qeqtibd
.my onxail xirdy itk ,eiteia `le ,ely zecinra èd ciqikxhd ly oexzidy d`xpe
S. Fraade, “Ascetical Aspects of Ancient Judaism”, in : Jewish Spirituality, ed. A. Green, New York 1987, vol. e`x 20
.1, pp. 269–272
'nr ,e"hyz milyexi ,minra l`xyi ,xra 'i e`x ,miyextd mr midefnd ,mipey`xd miciqgd lv` zeihwq` zenbn lr 21
dxrda e`x ; d`nehd on zeyixtl "miyext" myd ly zernynd z` mvnvn ,mixg` enk ,envr xra ik m` ,57±20
.dàd
"miyext" myd z` mixiaqn mixg` .285 ,272 'nr ,(20 dxrd ,lirl) c`xt ; b b dheq ,zeipynd yexit ,m"anx e`x 22
,zexdh xcql mipe`bd yexit e`x ; llka dfd mlerd ipiiprn `weec e`l j` ,ux`d inrne d`nehd on zeyixt oeyln
,xra 'i ; 70 'nr ,h"yz milyexi ,einebxze `xwnd ,xbiib '` ; 135 'nr ,a"nyz aia` lz Ð milyexi ,oiihyt` p"i 'cdn
J. Jeremias, ; 2 'rd 118±117 'nr ,(e"kyz) `l oeiv ,"miihte`piqd mipeilbpaà zecdid ly dzenc ziiral"
.Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus, London 1969, p. 246
b xifp ilaa ; c"r eq ,ai c oiyeciw inlyexi ; zeliawne l `wqit xacna ixtq ; zeliawne f c xifp `ztqez ,lynl ,e`x 23
.`"r
E. Rivkin, A Hidden Revolution, Nashville 1978, pp. 162–163 ; A. Saldarini, Pharisees, Scribes and Sadducees, e`x 24
L. Finkelstein, The mb eeyd .442 'nr ,a"qyz milyexi ,minkg ly mnlern ,jaxe` `"` ; Edinburgh 1988, p. 224
mey lr ok e`xwp ipyd ziad inia miyextd mb oiihylwpit zrcly `l`) .Pharisees, Philadelphia 1966, p. 837 n. 52
,minecwd miyextd lv` mixg`d mixwegd ici lr edefy zeihwq`d zenbnl miygkzn el`
xtkl zexyt`d oca`le ,oaxegl daebz ìd oaxegd zeawra oiie xyan zerpnidd mzrcle
25
.zepaxwd jxc mi`hgd lr
26
my oia ixyt`d xywde ,"miyext" myd zernyn ly dkeaqd dl`ya oecl mewnd o`k oi`
oiipra zecr epiptly `ziixaa oi`y d`xp mxa .dfd mlerd iign zeyixtd oial miyextd zk
`ziixad geqipa mipey miixiagz micnrn ipya driten "oiyext" dlind .o`kl e` o`kl df
,ilaaa epiptly `ziixad gqepae ,"...xya oilke` eid `ly l`xyia oiyext eax" ,`ztqezay
ìbeqa driten ìdy itk `ziixad gqpny d`xp ."...xya lek`l `ly l`xyia oiyext eax"
ipepiak o`k oiyext dlind z` qtez ,"...xya lek`l `ly l`xyia oiyext eax" ,ilaaa eply
"lek`l `ly"yk ,xya lek`ln eyxity in eax : ìd zernynde ,dveawl iepikk `le ,ynn
gqepl ipyn èdy xexae ,zixiagz dpigan iziira df geqip j` ."lek`ln" oaena ynyn
d`xp `ztqezay ixewnd gqepa ."...xya oilke` eid `ly l`xyia oiyext eax" : `ztqezd
dlind oky ,miyextd zkl elld miyextd oia qgid zl`yl llk yxcidl jxev oi`y
: ìd htynd zernyne ,miyextd zka mixag ,Pharisees ,drnynk o`k zynyn "miyext"
`lye xya milke` eid `ly l`xyia (miyextd zk jezn miyp`) miyext eax oaxegd zeawra
itle .zxg` jxc erivdy ,ryedi iax oebk ,miyextd oian mixg`l cebipa z`fe Ð oii mizey eid
elk`y el` od ixdy ,byend zedn oial o`k "oiyext" oeyla yeniyd oia xyw mey oi` df
zvwny `l` o`k xn`p `le ,miyextd zkl ekiizyd jkn erpnpy el` ode oii ezye xya
.jkn erpnp miyextd
.dxfb dxfbp xaky Ð xyt` i` xwir lk la`zdl `ly : mkl xneè eèa ,ipa : odl xn`
etqep ody d`xpe ,ai eh dheq `ztqezay dliawna zeriten opi` "dxfb dxfbp xaky" milind
ìd dxfbdy yxit m"ayxd ? dxfbp xak dxfb efi` ? dpeekd dnl .eply `xnbd lra ici lr
lk yeyn dz` eyiy aizkc ,la`zdl epaiigzpe" ,dlrnln epilr xfbpy ,envr oaxegd
ìd dpeekd `l` ,`weec e`l eixaca "epaiigzp"y d`xpe 27,"(i eq ediryi) dilr mila`znd
df yexit j` .ìdy lk jxca dilr la`zdl epilr yeyn dz`¦ yeyl mivex epgp` m`y
xeavd lr dxfb oixfeb oi`y" iehiad z` `ziixad jynda siqed `xnb lra eze` ixdy ,dywen
okl .minkg zxfb oaena zynyn "dxfb" dlind mye ,"da cenrl oileki xeavd aex ok m` `l`
: onxail le`y yxit
epny zexifbke ,miyrna milyexi lr la`zdl minkgd zxifbl ezpeeky rnyn eheyt itle
28
.oldl mb yxtny enke ,[h±g eh dheq] `ztqezae [ci h dheq dpyn=] epzpyna
iepyy itk ,mipzg zexhr lr "dxfb dxfbp xaky" ìd ryedi iax zprh m` : dyw eyexitl mxa
ikxev ,ziad ceiqa hren xac xeiy ef dxfb lr siqedl jxev d`x èd recn ,`ztqezae dpyna
mr ryedi iax qnltzdy iptl cer eply `xnbd lra itly d`xp okl ? dyi` ihiykze dcerq
,dyi`d ihiykzae dcerq ikxeva ,ziad ceiqa hren xac xiiyl yiy minkgd exfb oiyextd
èd ef dxfble ,"...mc` cq : minkg exn` jk `l`" : jynda xne` envr ryedi iaxy itke
.llk oii ezy `le xya elk` `ly oiyextd cbp ely qenleta qgiizn
eply `ziixaa "miyext" dlind z` mbxzl dira el oi` okl ,mztewza zecdid ly ifkxnd mxfd on eyxty
'nr ,i"yz wxei eip ,dlecbd zqpk iypè miyextd ,oiihylwpit `"` e`x ; llkd on miyxet ,mipin : oaena ,PhariseesÎk
(.119 'rd cl±bl
.445±437 'nr ,my ,jaxe` 25
A. Baumgarten, “The Name of the Pharisees”, Journal of Biblical mb e`xe ,lirl 24±20 zexrda mipeivd e`x df oiiprl 26
.my mitqep mipeive ,Literature 102 (1983), pp. 411–428
.dxfb dxfbp xaky d"c ,a"r q `xza àa ,m"ayx 27
oileki xeav aex k"`` xeavd lr dxifb oixfeb oi`y Ð xyt` i` i`cn xzei la`zdle
exn` jk `l` ,elek iebd miraew mz` izeè mix`p mz` dx`na : aizkc ,da cenrl
.hren xac ea xiiyne ,ciqa ezia z` mc` cq : minkg
k"`` xeavd lr dxifb oixfeb oi`y" milindy 30onxail le`ye 29jaxe` `"` zrck xazqn
eply `xnbd lra ly ztqez od ,`ztqezay dliawna zexqgd ,"da cenrl oileki xeav aex
on `zknq`d z` o`k eply `xnbd lra siqed ok .[16] jynday ziriaxd `ziixad it lr
it lr ,(h b ik`ln) "elek iebd miraew mz` izeè mix`p mz` dx`na : aizkc" ,weqtd
i`pzd llkd on wlg epi` weqtdy yxetn mye ,a"r b zeixed ,`"r el dxf dcear ilaa
xa `c` ax ilaad `xen`d ly dxrd `l` ,(wecv iaxa xfrl` iax mya my àend)
dyxdyny d`xp j` ."elek iebd miraew mz` izeè mix` mz` dx`na ? `xw i`n" : dad`
dxifb oixfeb oi`y" wenipd z` ely uaeway ziyilyd `ziixal siqedl `xnbd lra envrl
envrl dyxd ,ziriaxd `ziixad on "da cenrl oileki xeav aex ok m` `l` xeavd lr
mixg` zenewna df llkl àend weqtd on zi`xen`d `zknq`d z` mb `ziixal siqedl
31
.ilaaa
xn` ? dnke .hren xac ea xiiyne ,ciqa ezia z` mc` cq : minkg exn` jk `l`... .11±5
xiiyne ,dcerq ikxv lk mc` dyer .gztd cbpk : `cqg ax xn` .dn` lr dn` : sqei ax
zxiiyne ,dihiykz lk dy` dyer .`pqxdc `qk : `tt ax xn` ? ìd i`n .hren xac
.`rcv za : ax xn` ? ìd i`n .hren xac
irah oiipr oaxegd lr zela`d dziid mi`xen`de mi`pzd ztewza l`xyi uxày d`xp
ikxeva ,ziad zexiwa "hren xac" xiiyl dyixca l`xyi ux` inkg ewtzqd okl ,eil`n oaene
,z`f znerl ,laaa .cigid ly ezrc lewiyl mihxtd z` exi`yde ,dyi`d ihiykzae dcerqd
z` hxtl oekpl mi`xen`d e`x 32,zybxen zegt irah oteà oaxegd lr zela`d dziid my
svx z` wiqtd eply `xnbd lrae ,elld minegzd on cg` lka mixiiyny hrend xacd
hrend xacdy yxc sqei ax .el` mipiipra zeizkldd mdizexrd z` ìadl ick `ziixad
mewna didiy yxc `cqg axe ,dn` lr dn` ghya didi ziad zexiwa ceiq `ll mixi`yny
ìbeqa xn`pd itl ,dfa `veik .ezqipk mr cin qpkpl xkip didiy ick ,dqipkd len ,oirl hlea
mibc ly 33dxrw ,"`pqxdc `qk" ,cg` heyt lk`n dcerqd on xiqgdl `tt ax yxc
.21 'rd 442 'nr ,(24 dxrd ,lirl) jaxe` 29

.my 771 'nr mb e`xe ; 773 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) onxail 30
epi` ,jliè "...minkg exn` jk `l`" milind on ,`ziixad seqy mb oreh ,21 'rd 442 'nr ,(24 dxrd ,lirl) jaxe` 31
minkg o`k hhvn ryedi iaxy xexa cg` cvn : dfd oiipra ezrc seql izcxi `le .oiyextl ryedi iax ixacn wlg
okzii `l ixd .oiyextd ipta el` minkg hhiv ok` ryedi iaxy wtq oi` ipy cvn j` ,zeyxetn xne` èdy itk ,mixg`
.daihpxhl` rivdl ilan ,"...xyt` i` i`cn xzei la`zdle ...xyt` i` xwir lk la`zdl" : oiyextl xn` ryedi iaxy
lly `l envr xka la` ,3 'rd 117 'nr ,t"xz eti ,mi`pzd zecb` ,xka 'f lr jnzqn jaxe` df oiipray ìd zn`d
oky ,ryedi iax ixacn wlg opi` "minkg exn` jk `l`" milindy orh wx èd ; ryedi iaxl `ziixad jynd qegii z`
df mbe .`ziixal "minkg exn` jk `l`" milind rax` z` siqed xge`n jxere ,elld zepwzd ipwznn did envr èd
my ,'eke odl xn` d"c ,ef `wqitl yexitd ipeira ,lirl e`x .eply `xnbd lra oiad jk `ly heyt d`xpe ,gxken epi`
ikxeva ,ziad ceiqa hren xac xiiyl "dxfb dxfbp xak"y oiyextl xn` ryedi iax eply `xnbd lra itly epi`xd
minkgd ixac z` hhvny df èd ryedi iax eply `xnbd lra zrcly mb xiaq okle ,dyi`d ihiykzae dcerq
.miyextd mr ely qenleta
dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) "mi`xen`de mi`pzd inia l`xyi uxà dkepg xp : 'i`cenxzc `lbix ìlkc cr' " ,uiaepa 'n e`x 32
.42 'nr ,(27
oaena zilaa zinxà "`qk" ly zexg` ze`nbecl .`pqxdc `qk d"c ,a"r q `xza àa m"ayx e`x ; "qek" oeyl 33
,(32 dxrd a ìbeq ,lirl) M. Sokoloff, A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, p. 590 e`x ,qek `le ,dxrw
xfebe ,gxnn oeyln "`pqxdc `qk" iehiaa "`qk" yxtn ,"2 `qk" jxr ,my ,envr seleweq j` .2 dxcbd ,"1 `qk" jxr
zixara `pqxdc `qkd z` dpkn iia` a"r aiw migqt ilaaa oky ,zegt d`xp df yexit .q"qk yxeyd on dlind z`
."qek" dlina
¥ ly ciqa aevir ,"`rciv za" didi dyi`d rpniz epnny hiykzdy yxc axe 34,miphw
xryd
35
.dpfe`n miptl ltepd
xywa xewna exn`p `cqg axe sqei ax ixac ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeqa oeica ,lirl epi`xdy itk
d`xp j` .ziad ceiq zra mixiiyny hrend xacd z` znkl ywazn ,okè 36.eply `ziixal
rpniz epnny hiykzde dcerqd zrya eilr xzeel yiy lk`nd z` oiivl igxkd zegty
lr xefbl minkgd eywia eliè ,dihiykze dyi` dyi` ,dilk`ne dcerq dcerq : dyi`d
axe `cqg axy ce`n riztn ,ok enk .z`f mipiivn eid md mieqn hiykz lr e` mieqn lk`n
xacd z` yxit ,mdixg` zexec ipy igy ,`tt ax ,ziad ceiqa hrend xacd z` eyxit sqei
ihiykza hrend xacd z` yxit ,mdiptl zexec ipy igy ,axe ,dcerqd ikxeva hrend
.cg` xeca elld miyexitl eyxcp `le ,dyi`d
giw zay ilaaa mb "`pqxdc `qk" èd dcerqa "hren xac"y yxtn `tt axy ep`vn dpde
ceakl oikdl iprd lry zilnipind dcerqd z` xicbn èdyk ,`"r aiw migqt ilaaae a"r
ilaaa e g zay dpyna "leklk" oeyld z` yxtl ick "`rciv za" oeyla ynzyn axe ,zay
oiipra `tt ax ixac z` xiard eply `xnbd lray okzii okl .`"r b xifp ilaaae a"r t zay
oekpl e`x mi`xen` m` : mdd zenewnd on hrend hiykzd oiipra ax ixac zè hrend lk`nd
eyriy ie`xd on ,`xnbd lra xaq ,ziad z` miciiqnyk mixiiyny hrend xacd z` xicbdl
ixac z` xiard okle ,dyi`d ihiykzae dcerqd ikxeva mixiiyny hrend xacl xywa mb ok
.mixg` zenewnn ax ixace `tt ax
mixaca xaecn m` oiae eply `ziixad lr xyid exn`py mi`xen` ixaca xaecn m` oia j`
zlik`n erpnp ok` laaa ìdy lk dtewzay gipdl epilr ,`ziixad lr `xnbd lra aqdy
zeicedi miypy okzii 37.dyi`d ly y`xd z`ta `rciv za aevirne dcerqa `pqxdc `qk
.epiivy mixywda `l` xkfen epi` df hiykz ; oaxegl xkf ,`rciv zaa hywzdln erpnp laaa
aexl xkfen df lk`n ixd ? dcerqa `pqxdc `qk zlik`n lilk laa icedi erpnp melk j`
38
! ilaaa
cinz la` ,`pqxdc `qk zlik`l zeax ze`nbec ilaaa ep`vn ok` .dcva dzaeyz ef dl`y
zlikà e` Ð el` minia zela` oiè Ð 39aeh meie zay zecerq zxbqna dzlikà xaecn
zaygp ef dlikè ,aeh meie zay zecerqn zeix`y d`xpk mdy 40,"`pqxdc `qk ixeiy"
`tt ax ixacke ,oaxegl xkf ,legd zenia `pqxdc `qk llk elk` `ly ce`n okzii okl .dpkq
lra ici lr exn`p m` oiae eply xywda envr `tt ax ici lr exn`p mixacd m` oia ,o`k
.`xnbd
,cenlzd zeipencw ,qiexw 'y ; my mipeive ,my ,seleweq e`x .gnwae mpneya milyean e` mipbehnd miphw mibca xaecn 34
xidne lilw lk`nl dnbec mixg` zenewna mb ynyn df iehia .217 'nr ,(15 dxrd hl ìbeq ,lirl) ` wlg ,a jxk
xac" yxit `tt axy xytè .`"r aiw migqt ; a"r giw zay ilaa ; `tt ax ita sè ,a"r cn dkeq ilaa e`x ; dpkd
oldl e`x ; eply ìbeql mixacd z` xiardy èd eply `xnbd lrae ,mdd zenewna "`pqxdc `qk"k dlikà "hren
.jenqa
.my oeive ,250±249 'nr ,(33 dxrd ,lirl) seleweq 35
.my 41 dxrda oeive ,[39±19] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,"èdy lk" ,bl ìbeqa oeicd ,lirl e`x 36
j` ,cala ze`nbec el`y xeaq ,bi d zeiprz zekld ,(q"yz milyexi) m"anxd lr dheyt ci eyexita ,uiaepiax `"p 37
.mihiykze milk`n znbcda laaa i`xen` e`xy jxevd z` oiadl dyw
dcerqd zxbqna lk`nd zlik`n lilk rpnidl dpeekd oi`y ,bi d zeiprz zekld ,m"anxd yxit jk meyny d`xpe 38
dxez dpynl ezxecdna gt`w 'i wiicy itk ,lk`nd zybdl zynynd dxrwd lceba ogleya wix mewn xi`ydl `l`
.ck dxrd ,my
,`"r fh dvia : (oiliyaz aexirl xywa) aeh mei ; a"r cn dkeq ,`"r aiw migqt ,a"r giw ,`"r fl zay ilaa : zay 39
.`"r gk dxf dcear
.`"r gk dxf dcear ,`"r ct `nei ,a"r aiw migqt 40
y`x lr i`n .'ebe ikgl ipeyl wacz ipini gkyz milyexi jgky` m` : xn`py .14±12
gpn `kid : iia`l `tt ax l"` .mipzg y`xay dlwn xt` df : wgvi ax xn` ? izgny
.xt` zgz x`t mdl zzl oeiv ila`l meyl : xn`py ,oilitz mewna ? dl
on wlg od [12] "'ebe ikgl oeyl wacz ipini gkyz milyexi jgky` m` xn`py" milind
weqtd ; fi a `xza àa `ztqeze ci eh dheq `ztqeza zàen ìdy itk zixewnd `ziixad
,dyi`d ihiykzae dcerq ikxeva ,ziad ceiqa oaxegl xkf hren xac xeiyl `zknq`k àen
dlwn xt` bdpn ,okè .oaxegl xkfl sqep bdep lr fenxl ick ef `zknqà did `l xewnae
"izgny y`x lr" weqtd z` yxc wgvi iaxy d`xpe .eply ìbeqa wx xkfen mipzg y`xa
zexhr lr dxfbl jynd ède ,[12] ozgd y`x lr dlwn xt` minyy epnn cnle i`nvr oteà
weqta : `q wxt ediryi lr qqazd wgvi iaxy xexa d`xp .ci h dheq dpyna zxkfend mipzg
,"x`t odki ozgk" xn`p my i weqtae ,"xt` zgz x`t mdl zzl oeiv ila`l meyl" xn`p my b
.x`t zgz xt` odkn ozgd dle`bd cry o`kne
,e±d flw xenfn zeawra o z g d y ` x a dlwn xt` miyl oeirxd z` èt` dbd wgvi iax
.ozgd y`xa dlwn xt` my èdy jka `l` epi` eyecig j` .ci h dheq dpyne i ,b bq ediryi
: ` a ziprz dpyna zela` bdpnk xkfen y`xa dlwn xt`
,daizd iab lr dlwn xt` oipzepe xir ly daegxl daizd z` oiìven ? cvik zeiprz xcq
.ey`xa ozep cgè cg` lke .oic zia a` y`xae ,ìypd y`xae
,[12] ozgd y`xa dlwn xt` miyl oeirxd mvr z` dbd wgvi iax ,eply ìbeqd itl dpde
zgz x`t" weqtd jnq lr oilitz mewna eze` minyy ehilgdy dl` md `tt axe iia` eliè
: ziprz ly dlwn xt`l xywa xn`p `"r fh ziprz ilaaa j` .[14±13] (b `q ediryi) "xt`
x`t mdl zzl oeiv ila`l meyl xn`py ,oilitz mewna : wgvi iax xn` ? edl gpn `kide
.xt` zgz
xg`l eliè ,oilitz mewna ziprz ly dlwn xt` migipny xn` envr wgvi iaxy okzii `l
mewna xt`d z` mwnl ick `tt axe iia`l wwfp èd mipzg y`xa dlwn xt` migipny rawy
ìade ,wiic `le ,eply ìbeqd on mixacd z` a`y my `xnbd lray èt` d`xp .oilitzd
.wgvi iax ly èd eply ìbeqa `xnind xwiry meyn ,wgvi iax mya `tt axe iia` ixac z`
.'ebe milyexi z` egny : xn`py ,dzgnya dèxe dkef Ð milyexi lr la`znd lke .15
àa `ztqezae eh eh dheq `ztqeza driten ìdy itk zixewnd `ziixad on wlg df s`
.fi a `xza
lr xefbpy èd oic ,ycwnd zia axgy mein : ryil` oa l`rnyi 'x xn` ,ìpz .16
xeav aex k"`` xeavd lr dxfb oixfeb oi` `l` ,oii zezyl `le xya lek`l `ly epnvr
,zeywe zerx zexifb epilr zxfeby ,dryxd zekln dhyty meine ; da cenrl oileki
,oad reyil : dl ixnè ,oad reayl qpkil epze` zgpn oiè ,zevne dxez epnn zlhane
epia` mdxa` ly erxf `vnpe ,mipa ciledle dy` `yil `ly epnvr lr xefbpy èd oic
.oicifn eidi lè oibbey eidiy ahen ,l`xyil mdl gpd `l` ,eil`n dlk
,[5] oiyextl ryedi iax oia lirlc oeica swzynd ,dpai xeca avnd oia deeyn l`rnyi iax
zrck xefbl mikixv eid ìdd dtewzay raew èd .qepiixc` zexfb ini ,einia avnd oial
dxfb mixfeb oi`y meyn eixage ryedi iax ly dpeznd dcnrk drawp dkldd la` ,oiyextd
ly oiipr did `l my oeicd lk j` 41.da cenrl mileki xeaivd aex ok m` `l` xeaivd lr
,eztewz lr l`rnyi iax xne` ,epinia .didy dn lr cala zela` ly dl`y `l` ,zeytp
.[5] `wqitl yexitd ipeir ,lirl e`x ; envr ryedi iax ixac jezl dfd oerihd z` xiard eply `xnbd lra 41
lenle zeevne dxez iigl mze` jpgl ,micli ciledl ick ynn ly ytp zexiqnl miyxcp epgp`
zelkl epia` mdxa` rxfl ozipe ,dpkq meyn ,diiaxe diixt lr lilk xefbpy oicd one ,mze`
ly milewiya mibbey eidiy ahene ,oecfa dxfbd lr l`xyi exari ok xefbp m` j` .eil`n
.epzxfb lr cifna exari `le ytp zexiqne zepkzqd
xeavl odl ahen el exn`" mixgè ,ef dxfb l`rnyi iax rivd ok` `ztqezd ly dpie i"ka
,"[`]'l`" ly yeaiy èd my "el exn`"y rivn onxail j` ."oicifn edi lè oibbey ediy
."el exn`" ly xeviwk wcva `ly yxtzdy
dxez epnn zlhane ,zeywe zerx zexifb epilr zxfeby ,dryxd zekln dhyty meine
.oad reayl qpkil epze` zgpn oiè ,zevne
."epizepian dxezd z` oixwere lièd 'ne` did èd" : df lk mewna ep`vn i eh dheq `ztqeza
uxà reci didy xac ,dlind lr xwira exfby hexitl jxved ilaady yxit onxail le`y
.mi`pzd ztewza l`xyi
.oad reyil : dl ixnè ,oad reayl
miàend iel oa ryedi iax ixaca ,eh b dlibn `ztqeza "oad reay" dpekn dlind zixa
laa i`xen` lr dcbàe a"r al oixcdpq ilaaa dritend `ziixaa ,b"r i ,e e zekxa inlyexia
ìbeqa cid iazk aexa zexqg "oad reyil dl ixnè" milind .a"r±`"r t `nw àa ilaaa
cid iazk lk a"r±`"r t `nw àa ilaaa j` .miqetcae bxeand i"ka wx ze`vnpe ,eply
: "oad reyil dl ixnè" miqxeb
dinw liir `l ax ,oad reyi ial dl ixnè ,oad reay ial erlwi` iq` axe lènye ax
.axc dinw liir `l iq` ax ,iq` axc dinw liir `l lèny ,lènyc
xnelk ,"ryep" oad eay oad oeict epiid oad reyie ,dlin zixa epiid oad reayy i"yx yxit my
xfb qepiixc` ixdy ,eply ìbeqa "oad reyi" zitelgd `qxibl mewn oi` znà eyexitl .dctp
dlinl l`rnyi iax qgiizd o`ky èd heyte ,oad oeict lr `le ,dlind lr l`rnyi iax inia
clid ryep eay ,dcild meia dcerq epiid "oad reyi"y my eyxit zetqezd .oad oeictl `le
mewn oi` df yexitl mb ,mipt lk lr 42.xg` mewn meya ef dcerq lr eprny `l j` ,mgxd on
dbibg lr `le dlind lr exfb qepiixc` inia mi`nexd ixdy ,eply ìbeqa "oad reyi" `qxibl
.llk deevn da oi`y dcild ceakl ìdy lk
,eply ìbeqa "oad reyil : dl ixnè" `qxibdy mixgè mixteq iwecwc lra eraw el` zeaiqn
,ok it lr sè .d`xp oke ,`"r t `nw àa ilaan dxby` ìd ,micrd aexa xen`k dxqgd
miqgiizn ,"oad reyi"e "oad reay" ,miiehiad ipyy zexyt`d z` lewyl mewn yiy d`xp
reyi" z`xwp ìde Ð eply ìbeqa zetelg izyk mdipy z` qxby in zrcl zegtl Ð dlinl
lr epax dyn ly epa zlin xetiqa iehia icil zeàd zei`texhet`d dizepekz my lr "oad
43
.(dk c zeny) dxetv ici
; deevn zcerqa xaecny o`kn ecnle ,dlind iptl zay lila fpkyà bdepy "xkf mely"d lr oiiprd z` eaqdy yi 42
xnel oi`y i`cee ,df bdpn ly ezencwl zecr mey oi` j` .ai dqx drc dxei ,`"nx ; hqx oniq oycd znexz e`x
.eilr xfb qepiixc`y
zeitelgd zexeqndy eprvd my ,11 'rd 531 'nr ,(27 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) oikxan cvik : cebi`d cenlz ,uiaepa 'n e`x 43
dti lvlhvd `l èdy xyt` .mi`xen`d inia uetp did `l èdy jk lr zexen "oad reay" i`pzd iehiad iabl elld
myk) "reyi"a "reay" ilaaa mipqxbd zvwn exind okle ,iriayd meia `le ipinyd meia ìd dlindy oeeikn mdipfeà
.("ok .dreay"a "oad reay" iehiad z` etilgd ,`hyew qetc ,c"r±b"r i ,e e zekxa inlyexiay
dyrnl dkld zernyn eqgii minid zeaxae cala geqip itelig xewna eidy mi`pz ixaca zexg` zeitelg zexeqnl
'nr ,(13 dxrd ` ìbeq ,lirl) miyexitd jxk ,oipne`d z` xkeyd wxt ,jexr cenlz ,oncixt i"y e`x ,odipia milcadl
.12 'nr ,my ,uiaepa ; 227
931 zegztn
mizad zwfg : zexewn gztn
` mikln `xwn
213 ` : gi
ziy`xa
ediryi 797 fk : `
803 b : ai 797 b:d
697 h : ci 737 bi : i
371 hi : ci 897 ` : ai
191 ck : gk 897 ì : ai
785 eh : bl 897 ci : ai
803 c-` : an 674 eh : ai
803 e-` : hn 738-736 ,719 ,717 hi : eh
803 h-c : p 371 fi : dn
803 ai : bp-bi : ap
803 ` : dp zeny
929 ,917 b : `q 930 dk : c
929 b : bq 529 a : `k
929 i : bq 577 i : `k
926 ,917 i : eq 11 hk-gk : `k
9 ,7 hk : `k
edinxi 11 el-dl : `k
13 ,82 ,7 d : gk 416 c : ak
11 ,7 ` : al 773 ci : ak
34 eh-e : al 208 f : bk
13 ,82 ,7 ci : al
13 ,82 ,9 ,7 cn : al `xwie
11 ,7 a : hl 392 ,34 dk
34 gk-bk : dk
diptv 695 gn : dk
902 ,900 `:a
xacna
mildz
880-876 a : ck
387 `k : fl
738 ak-`k : ck
698 i : dv
698 bi : al
929 ,917 e-d : flw
223 el : al
412 g : cnw
737 cl
737 ì-i : cl
ilyn
545-544 ,529 h : el
590 ,577 f : ak
198 fh : hl
703 g : `l
mixac
aei`
71 hk : ai
28 h:h
157 ,247-447 ,733 eh : hi
zex 709 fi : `k
392 ,582 `:a
392 a:b ryedi
392 c 223 fk : bi
223 ` : fh
278 ,43 f:c
278 i-h : c
278 ì : c mihtey
738 fh : `
zldw 738 ì : c
821 ,218 ai : c 738 fi : c
292 fh : g
xzq`
371 f:c ` lèny
738 e : eh
`xfr 738 i : fk
34 `:a 738 hk : l
ziprz dpyn dingp

929 ,917 `:a 34 d-` : d
879 a:c
` minid ixac
dlibn dpyn 223 gk : f
879 e:b
zeaezk dpyn dpyn

143 ,102 a:a
467 c:a zekxa dpyn
103 e:a 243 c:a
261 ,156-154 ,125 g:a 652 `:g
543 ,529 c:c
577 g:d d`t dpyn
541 `:f 770 `:`
18 f:f 723-722 a
572-570 ,565 ,563 `:g 723 d-` : a
186 e:g ,723 717 `:a
543-542 ,529 ,366 ,364 ,360 `:h 726 ,724 b:a
199 b-a : h 727 ,724 a:b
125 f:h 660 e:b
387 b:i
529 ,366 ,364 ,360 e:i mi`lk dpyn
387 ,290 ,260 ,106 ,94 e : bi 191 e:a
255 ,223 i : bi 660 b:c
231 a:d
mixcp dpyn
663 a:c ziriay dpyn
778 c:c 238-237 ,235 e-a : `
778 d:c 231 a:`
,774 ,772-771 ,769-768 `:d 231 e:`
778-777 663 f-e : b
778 b:d 662 ,660 g:b
236 `:d
xifp dpyn 255 `:e
314 ,307 f:b 263 a:h
582 c:c
zexyrn dpyn
dheq dpyn 65 ,50 b:a
925 b:b
745 b:e ipy xyrn dpyn
923 c:h 923 f:d
929 ,926 ci : h
dlxr dpyn
oihib dpyn 371-471 ,125 a:`
261 b:`
203 b:a mixekia dpyn
517 a-` : c 895 a-` : `
299 ,292 `:c 895 `:`
520 a:c 471 ,468 a:`
,531 ,529 ,499 ,287 ,107 e:d 471 ,468 b:a
547-546 ,538-533
488 ,486 c:f zay dpyn
488 ,486 h:f 928 e:g
539 `:g 661 f-e : h
488 ,486 a:g 664 ,661 ` : ai
18 h:g
510 ,504 ,499 ,287 g:h oiaexir dpyn
828 a:f
oiyeciw dpyn
187 `:` migqt dpyn
202 b:` 770 d:a
933 zegztn
migaf dpyn ,397 ,396 ,392 ,17 ,14 ,12 ,9 d:`

770 b:c 695 ,654 ,641-640 ,407 ,403
188 h:`
zexeka dpyn 201 a:c
693 h:g
`nw àa dpyn
oileg dpyn 416 a:a
792 `:g 36 ,32 ,11 c:a
682 d:d
oikxr dpyn 749 a:f
994 ,291 ,289 e:d ,392 ,387 `:i
milk dpyn `rivn àa dpyn

925 a:i 491-490 d:`
168 d-c : b
793 a : ai
770 h:c
dxt dpyn 773-873 ,334 e:e
204 ,125 c:g
925 h:d
351 d:g
zexdh dpyn
`xza àa dpyn
732-731 ,725-722 ,719 d-c : e
362 ,311 `:`
734 ,717 c:e
886 ,363 ,334 e:`
717 d:e
773 ,260 b:a
oixiykn dpyn 839 c:a
816 d:a
201 f-d : a
902-901 ,896-894 ci : a
868 `:c
239 ,231 a:c
`ztqez 672 ,836 ,589 ,580 ,15 h:c
240 ,237-236 ,233 ,231 c:d
d`t `ztqez
686 ,684 f:d
191 g:`
919 f:e
81 ,74 `:f
mi`lk `ztqez
350 e:g
188 fh : a
551 f:g
622 ,406 e:h
ziriay `ztqez
600 f:h
917 bi : b
78 g:h
295 b:i
zenexz `ztqez
446 i:a 159 f:i
448 ì : a 392 ,369 ,392 ,322 g:i
256 g:h
oixcdpq dpyn
674 b:a
ipy xyrn `ztqez
405 b:b
581 ,577 e:`
393 e:b
742 bi : `
923 eh : `
zekn dpyn
923 bi : b
660 a:b
925-924 bi : d
zereay dpyn
zay `ztqez 660 `:b
902 a:` 350 e:e
717 ì : h 608 ,490-488 ,431 ,336-5 g:f
805 ,83 g : eh
zeiecr dpyn
oiaexir `ztqez 770 ai : `
838 i:f 770 `:c
314 ,307 ì : c
`nei `ztqez
223 b:c dxf dcear dpyn
770 d:`
dkeq `ztqez 770 b:a
674 e:a 770 e:a
608 ,486 ,198 d:a dlibn `ztqez

,427 ,425 ,343 ,341-340 e:a 930 eh : b
363-863
330 g-f : a zenai `ztqez
322 f:a 529 `:h
322 g:a
748 ,744 ,742 ,313 ,307 i:a zeaezk `ztqez
669 ai-ì : a 261 ,155 b:a
687-686 ì : a 387 gi : c
61 ci-bi : a 582 a:d
820-818 ,774-771 ,769 bi : a 529 ,360 g:e
773 eh-ci : a 338 i-h : g
818 ,773 ci : a 334 i:g
908 ,260 eh : a 608 ,489 ,486 ,431 b:h
929-917 ,911 fi : a 529 ,360 c:i
236 ,231 ì : c
620 `:h xifp `ztqez
623-617 ,614 ,608 ,606 ,106 a:h 314 ,307 `:b
620 b:h 925 f:c
370 c:h
371-367 ,360 h:h dheq `ztqez
921-920 eh-g : eh
oixcdpq `ztqez 926 ,923 h-g : eh
108 ` 924 ,922 ,920 ,917 h : eh
125 d:d 930 ,922 ,920 ,917 i : eh
922 ,919 eh-ì : eh
zekn `ztqez 922 ,917 ai-ì : eh
125 ì : ` 926 ,917 ai : eh
917 bi : eh
zereay `ztqez 929 ,917 ci : eh
425 `:e 929 ,917 eh : eh
zeiecr `ztqez
oihib `ztqez
314 ,307 c:a
287 i:b
547 ,529 ì : b
oikxr `ztqez
60 `:g
oiyeciw `ztqez
680 d:`
`rivn àa milk `ztqez
749 ,742 d:`
`nw àa `ztqez
zeld` `ztqez 353 ,338-337 ,334 f:i
440-438 ,425 ak : i
749 ,742 g:d
602-596 ` : ì
zexdh `ztqez 621 ,619 ,614 ,608 ,606 a : ì
731 e:f 360 b : ì
719 ,717 ,687 f:f
`rivn àa `ztqez
204 ,200 ,197 g:d
inlyexi cenlz 425 fi : f
773 hi : f
zekxa inlyexi 873 ak-`k : g
930 c"r-b"r i ,e : e 673-873 ak : g
930 b"r i ,e : e 216 f:h
150 b"r ì ,b : f 425 e:i
d`t inlyexi `xza àa `ztqez

788 a"r eh ,` : ` 788 ,774 b:`
729-724 ,719 ,717 ,666 c"r fh ,` : a 870-866 ,774 ,260 c:`
15 a
ziriay inlyexi 313 ,307 ,256 ,73 ,42 `:a
917 a"r dl ,a : c 316 ,307 ,105 ,104 a:a
738-737 ,717 a"r el ,` : e 275 ,252 c:a
800 ,794 c"r gl ,` : h 432-431 ,425 e-d : a
935 zegztn
mixcp inlyexi zenexz inlyexi

,785 ,778 ,774 ,771 `"r hl ,` : d 917 c"r bn ,a : d
789-788 276 c"r cn ,b : f
xifp inlyexi dlg inlyexi

314 ,307 c"r ap ,f : b 448 `"r q ,c : c
276 `"r cp ,` : d 446 `"r q ,f : c
788 `"r fp ,` : g
mixekia inlyexi
dheq inlyexi 895 ,231 c"r bq ,` : `
754-753 ,742 ,125 b"r fh ,` : ` 844 a"r cq ,h : `
276 b"r k ,e : d
zay inlyexi
oihib inlyexi 730 ,721 ,719 ,717 a"r a ,` : `
322 `"r dn ,f : b 917 c"r b ,c : `
201 c"r dn ,c : c 829-826 b"r e ,f : b
334 c"r en ,b : d 150 `"r h ,` : f
338 `"r fn ,d : d 788 b"r ai ,f : i
499 ,944 a"r fn ,f : d
oiaexir inlyexi
917 a"r gi ,` : `
oiyeciw inlyexi 37 a"r ck ,` : f
387 b"r-a"r hp ,b : `
680 ,654 ,198 c"r hp ,b : ` migqt inlyexi
589-588 ,80 b"r q ,d : ` 887 b"r l ,` : c
,685-684 ,658 ,656 ,654 c"r q ,d : ` 887 b"r fl ,` : i
738-737 ,733 ,728 ,717
738-737 ,719 ,717 c"r `q ,g : ` `nei inlyexi
529 b"r bq ,` : b 223 ,210 c"r cn ,a : g
201 c"r dq ,a : c
dkeq inlyexi
`nw àa inlyexi 537 a"r ap ,` : `
348 ,334 c"r e ,` : h
621 ,602-596 `"r f ,ì : h ziprz inlyexi
427 ,425 ,387 ,322 a"r f ,` : i 904 a : r-`"r dq ,` : a
596 b"r f ,i : i 900 a"r dq ,` : a
788 c"r gq ,d : c
`rivn àa inlyexi
387 ,322 `"r g ,e : ` dlibn inlyexi
204 ,200 ,197 a"r i ,e : d 733 ,717 `"r r ,` : `
204 `"r ì ,b : e 65 ,50 `"r dr ,` : c
`xza àa inlyexi dbibg inlyexi

,789-788 ,785 ,771 `"r bi ,d : ` 917 c"r er ,g : `
792-791 788 c"r gr ,` : b
558 a"r bi ,a : a
866 ,774 a"r bi ,b : a zenai inlyexi
900 b"r bi ,bi : a 201 c"r g ,` : g
903-901 b"r bi ,ci : a 125 c"r i ,c : i
197 b"r bi ,` : b 839-838 ,834 c"r ai ,b : ai
,40-36 ,26-24 ,11-10 ,7 c"r bi ,` : b
,656 ,654 ,203-198 ,196 zeaezk inlyexi
,717 ,686-684 ,665 ,658 317 ,941-351 ,130 ,125 a"r ek ,a : a
733 ,728 ,720 753 b"r ek ,c : a
216 ,213 ,211 ,210 `"r ci ,a : b 125 c"r ek ,c : a
,210 ,153-150 ,130 ,97-96 `"r ci ,b : b 125 c"r ek ,g : a
277-272 ,261-252 ,223 ,221 582 a"r l ,i : d
174-274 ,317 ,307 ,125 `"r ci ,c : b 563 `"r al ,a : g
,337, 335 ,343-334 ,198 `"r ci ,d : b 577 ,529 ,360 c"r al ,` : h
,470-469 ,468 ,446 ,425 582 `"r cl ,` : ì
684 ,660 ,654 561 c"r dl ,` : bi
oiaexir ilaa 777-776 ,772 ,769-768 a"r-`"r ci ,f : b

703-702 a"r-`"r f 778 `"r ci ,f : b
705 ,703-702 `"r ai 829 ,827 ,821-815 ,813-812 a"r ci ,g : b
683 ,681-680 ,654 `"r dk 870 ,867 a"r ci ,i-h : b
189 `"r gk 866 ,846-845 a"r ci ,h : b
834 ,353 `"r hn ,862-861 ,859-858 ,837 ,834 a"r ci ,i : b
322 ,912 a"r p 902-900
795 ,785 `"r bp 917 ,911-908 a"r ci ,ai : b
254 `"r hp 246 ,836 c"r ci ,g : c
353 `"r q 81 ,75 ,74 b"r eh ,` : f
153 `"r bq 693 `"r fh ,b : g
829-827 a"r fr 589 ,693 a"r fh ,d : g
353 `"r hr 569 b"r fh ,h : g
643 `"r t 614 ,608 ,606 `"r fi ,b : h
475 a"r ht 488 ,486 `"r fi ,c : h
908 `"r cv
307 `"r hv oixcdpq inlyexi
820 a"r hv 125 `"r `k ,d : b
148 `"r cw 307 b"r `k ,g : b
125 b"r `k ,h : b
migqt ilaa 754-753 ,742 c"r `k ,h : b
106 a"r b
734 `"r i zereay inlyexi
387 `"r `l 753 ,745 ,742 ,125 b"r dl ,` : c
276 `"r ep 425 c"r dl ,e : c
288 a"r fp 425 c"r el ,` : e
880 a"r gr 425 c"r fl ,` : f
134 a"r cw 125 c"r fl ,c : f
928 ,917 `"r aiw
dxf dcear inlyexi
917 c"r `n ,h : a
`nei ilaa
797 `"r hq
529 `"r bt ilaa cenlz
529 a"r ct
928 ,173 `"r ct zekxa ilaa
148 `"r ai
dkeq ilaa 150 `"r p
735 a"r ci 789 a"r dp
736-735 `"r hi 256 `"r aq
412 a"r-`"r l
714 `"r l zay ilaa
43 `"r `l 568 `"r h
643 `"r al 307 a"r ì
785 a"r gn 153 a"r hi
148 `"r dp 37 a"r `k
41-40 a"r l
dvia ilaa 800 `"r cl-a"r bl
997 `"r e 928 `"r el
330 `"r i-a"r h 173 `"r dq
928 `"r fh 735 ,721 ,717 `"r t
148 a"r-`"r ak 928 ,917 a"r t
568 ,558 ,154 ,125 `"r fk 290-289 `"r gt
917 `"r l 148 `"r dv
330 a"r l 721 `"r cw
315-314 a"r ehw
dpyd y`x ilaa 928 ,917 a"r giw
590 ,775 ,148 a"r `l 529 ,161 `"r hkw
805 `"r clw
ziprz ilaa 529 `"r dlw
789-788 `"r f 917 a"r gnw
276 `"r g 698 a"r `pw
937 zegztn
585 ,577 a"r cp 929 ,917 `"r fh

821 ,812 a"r aq 879 `"r fk
161 `"r dq 917 a"r l
582 a"r dq
643 `"r eq dlibn ilaa
499 a"r gq 768 `"r g
541 a"r-`"r r 879 `"r `l
768 a"r br
568 ,499 a"r gr ohw cren ilaa
189-186 ,181 `"r t-a"r hr 657 ,654 a"r i
454 ,450 ,348 ,334 ,186 ,180 `"r t 342 a"r ì
545 `"r `t 284 `"r ci
,925 ,367-363 ,361 ,360 `"r bt 797 a"r eh
835-245 ,535 ,532 ,135 682 `"r dk
204-198 ,196 a"r ct
125 a"r dt dbibg ilaa
499 `"r et 172 a"r `k
125 `"r ft 276 a"r bk
125 a"r ft
414 ,370 `"r av-a"r `v zenai ilaa
387 ,370 ,360 `"r av 153 `"r fi
106 `"r cv 520-519 a"r hi
157 ,125 a"r cv 499 `"r k
360 `"r dv 39 a"r ak
535 `"r gv 529 a"r el
360 a"r aw 274 `"r hl
294 ,252 ,7 `"r iw-a"r hw 693 `"r en
290 `"r hw 288 a"r ap
284 a"r hw 800 ,254 `"r bq
799 ,785 a"r bq
mixcp ilaa 38 a"r cq
707 ,693 `"r gk 789 a"r `r
768 `"r bl-a"r al 125 a"r gt
663 ,654 ,643 `"r bl 499 a"r v
204 `"r `n 499 `"r ew
768 a"r gn 519 a"r hw
695 ,693 `"r dp 522-518 ,499 `"r iw
125 a"r ciw
xifp ilaa
928 ,925 `"r b zeaezk ilaa
314 ,307 `"r k 499 a"r-`"r f
582 a"r ck 219 `"r g
735 `"r fp 252 `"r gi-a"r fi
341 a"r fi
dheq ilaa 147 a"r gi
223 a"r en 515 ,156 a"r-`"r hi
156 ,125 `"r k-a"r hi
oihib ilaa 499 ,294 ,290 a"r hi
125 `"r h 763-760 `"r `k-a"r k
125 a"r h 760 `"r `k
707 ,125 a"r i 252 `"r ak-a"r `k
22 `"r ci-a"r bi 125 a"r ak
,287 ,35 ,31-30 ,28 ,22 `"r ci 172 ,125 a"r bk
590 ,505 156-154 ,125 a"r-`"r ek
764-763 a"r-`"r fh 125 `"r ek
643 `"r fh 125 ,74 a"r fk
204-198 ,196 a"r k 768 `"r al
7 a"r ak 307 `"r el
299 ,294 ,291 a"r al 577 `"r gn-a"r fn
499 `"r bl 315 a"r hn
288 `"r cl-a"r bl 569 `"r p
284 ,125 a"r bl 350 `"r `p-a"r p
125 a"r cl 22 `"r cp
558 a"r bl 614 `"r dl

529 a"r cn 704 `"r gl-a"r fl
415 `"r dn 307 a"r fl
768 `"r p 695 ,693 ,183 `"r gl
643 ,836 `"r ap-a"r `p 322 a"r gl
776-775 `"r ap 201 `"r hl
529 a"r hp 448 ,446 a"r bn
751-744 ,742 a"r-`"r r 893 `"r dn
771 ,769 ,84 ,17-16 `"r hr 529 `"r gn-a"r fn
917 a"r hr 360 `"r `p
930 a"r-`"r t 499 a"r dp
930 `"r t 704 ,246-346 ,512 ,499 `"r gp
50 a"r-`"r at ,700 ,996 ,596 ,836 ,535 a"r gp
65 `"r at 708-707
596 a"r ft 789 `"r q
551 ,541 `"r gt 768 a"r bq
551 ,548 ,541 ,529 a"r gt 180 `"r cq
551 ,548 ,541 `"r v-a"r ht 94 `"r fq
529 a"r ht 664 a"r hq
551 ,548 ,536 ,531 ,529 `"r v 519 ,499 `"r br
173 `"r av 539 a"r-`"r fr
360 `"r bv 544 ,542 ,529 ,360 `"r fr
350 `"r ev-a"r dv 736-735 `"r gr-a"r fr
643 ,180 `"r ev 736-735 ,717 a"r fr
334 a"r gv 307 `"r ct
505 a"r aw 68 `"r et
322 a"r cw 512 a"r et
643 a"r gw 125 a"r ft
778 `"r hw 745 `"r ht
643 a"r iw
406 ,387 a"r ìw oiyeciw ilaa
707 ,695 ,693 ,322 ,284 `"r biw 520 `"r h
707 ,416-415 ,412 a"r biw 162 a"r-`"r ai
478-477 `"r fiw 288 ,162 a"r ai
189 a"r hiw 322 a"r bi
695 a"r ci
`rivn àa ilaa 698 a"r `k
125 `"r b-a"r a 679 `"r bk-a"r ak
172 a"r a 679 ,284 ,202 ,198 a"r ak
558 `"r d 201 `"r bk
153 a"r e 641 ,589-586 ,577 ,309 ,17 `"r ek
125 `"r f 670-669 a"r-`"r fk
491-486 a"r ai 670 ,660 ,654 ,80 a"r fk
558 ,94 a"r ci 153 a"r hk
350 a"r-`"r eh 188 `"r gl
499 ,360 ,350 `"r eh 520-519 `"r cn
351-350 ,334 a"r eh 125 a"r dn
499 ,148 ,125 a"r fh 499 `"r p
481 ,529 ,148 `"r dl 698 ,94 `"r hp
330 `"r fl 125 a"r cq
69-68 a"r-`"r hl 278 a"r dq
268 ,252 `"r hl 806 `"r r
322 ,68 ,50 a"r hl 307 a"r ar
778 `"r `n 125 a"r br
360 `"r gp 125 `"r cr
186 `"r eq
310 ,307 a"r eq `nw àa ilaa
186 `"r fq 94 `"r d
204 ,200-197 `"r hq 541 ,529 ,94 a"r g
992 `"r r 670 ,198 ,80 `"r ai
499 `"r `r-a"r r 405 a"r-`"r fh
300 a"r-`"r ar 585 ,577 `"r k
299 ,294-293 ,284 `"r ar 415-414 ,412 a"r bk
939 zegztn
187-186 `"r ìw 148 a"r br

693 `"r hiw 317 `"r fr-a"r er
157 `"r dlw 342 a"r er
p350 ,334 a"r dlw 15 a"r fr
529 a"r elw 570-569 ,294 a"r gr
499 a"r glw 093-293 ,673-873 `"r `t
481 ,529 ,322 a"r hlw 144 ,125 a"r `t
157 `"r `pw 284 `"r ct-`"r bt
600 `"r bpw 529 ,360 `"r cv
583-582 ,614 `"r cpw 569 ,529 a"r ev
74 a"r cpw 352 `"r fv
387 ,322 `"r fpw 771 ,164 ,84 ,17 a"r-`"r hv
78 ,74 a"r hpw 769 a"r hv
125 `"r `qw 558 a"r w
147 a"r gqw 348 a"r-`"r `w
125 `"r rw 352-351 ,336 ,334 `"r `w
462 ,460 `"r crw-a"r brw 732 ,717 `"r bw
462 a"r brw 74 `"r cw
159 a"r crw 900 a"r fw
322 `"r drw 589 `"r gw
231 `"r hw
oixcdpq ilaa 352 ,348 a"r hw
108 `"r f-a"r d 231 ,174 ,125 `"r iw
893 a"r e 350 ,334 a"r iw
560 a"r fi 406 `"r ìw
904 ,900 `"r gi 627 ,614 ,196 `"r fhw
904 ,900 `"r hi
802 `"r bk `xza àa ilaa
360 `"r dk 853-852 ,850 `"r b-a"r a
405 a"r dk 852 ,311 a"r a
504 `"r fk 362 ,69 `"r b
307 ,269 ,252 ,64 `"r hk 360 a"r b
125 `"r l 125 `"r e-a"r d
314 `"r `l-a"r l 125 a"r d
755-753 ,744 ,742 a"r l 186 ,165 ,16 `"r e
307 `"r `l 888-886 ,884 `"r ì
930 a"r al 908 ,902 `"r ai
879 `"r cl 834 ,307 ,161 a"r ai
148 a"r cn 80 a"r-`"r fh
799 `"r fn 352 a"r `k
499 a"r bp 566 ,558 `"r bk
778 `"r fp 911 ,231 a"r ek
322 a"r bt 896-892 a"r fk
750 ,746-744 ,742 a"r-`"r et 695 a"r `q
744-743 `"r et 125 a"r aq
797 a"r ev 231 a"r cq
799 a"r gv 670 `"r eq
698 `"r hv 187-186 a"r-`"r fq
878 a"r dw 560 `"r r-a"r hq
568 ,560 a"r r
zekn ilaa 231 a"r-`"r `r
147 `"r b 231 `"r `r
785 `"r ck 231 `"r ar
643 ,836 a"r er
zereay ilaa 686-684 `"r fr
643 `"r fi 568 ,563 a"r gr
643 a"r ak 703-702 ,693 `"r bt-a"r at
125 a"r l 231 a"r at
125 a"r al 236 ,231 `"r bt
153 `"r cl 187-186 a"r ev
252 a"r cl 560 `"r w
125 ,64 `"r `n 81 ,75 ,74 a"r bw
252 a"r `n 560 a"r ew
dcp ilaa 425 ,252 `"r an

777 ,768 `"r dk 125 a"r an
558 `"r gn 350 `"r bn
568 a"r l 425 a"r dn
568 `"r gn 627 ,425 `"r en
568 a"r hn 627 ,614 a"r en
752-751 ,746 ,742 a"r ap 186 ,125 `"r fn
846 a"r `q 152 ,149 ,129 ,125 a"r fn
315 ,186 `"r gn
315 ,307 a"r gn
dkld yxcn
dxf dcear ilaa
789 a"r d
l`rnyi iaxc `zlikn
788 b glya 154 ,125 a"r f
802 k mihtyn 928 ,173 `"r gk
38 `"r `l
405 a `tqk
125 a"r dl
927 ,917 `"r el
i"ayxc `zlikn
734 ,729 a"r-`"r r
535 ,529 k : `k
499 a"r r
`xtq zeixed ilaa

xda 499 a"r a
198 d-c ,e dyxt 927 ,917 a"r b
695 a ,h wxt
migaf ilaa
xacna ixtq 585 ,577 a"r a
925 l 739 `"r ci
789 `"r fh
mixac ixtq 789 ,643 `"r giw
788 `
788 a zegpn ilaa
788 ey 785 `"r hl
709 ,693 fix 94 a"r hw
oileg ilaa
minebxze dcb` yxcn 223 `"r d
475 `"r g
mler xcq 643 `"r al
923 l 807 ,785 `"r cv
499 `"r ew
dax ziy`xa 807-806 `"r fw
800 f oniq ,ak 322 a"r akw
738-736 ,717 ak oniq ,cn 777 ,768 `"r clw
795 a oniq ,gp
828 ì oniq ,gq zexeka ilaa
800 e oniq ,hr 643 a"r `k
146-145 ,125 `"r el
dax `xwie 398 a"r cn
797 a oniq ,a
256 e oniq ,b oikxr ilaa
223 ,213 d oniq ,hi 274 a"r a
797 a oniq ,k 231 a"r ci
252 `"r fh-a"r eh
dax xzq` 276-275 ,252 `"r fh
213 ,210 a oniq ,a 299 ,291 ,289 ,284 a"r `k
dax dki` zezixk ilaa

904 ,900 `n oniq ,b 150 a"r-`"r fh
567 ,529 `"r ck
dax zldw 360 a"r ck
797 ,785 a oniq ,g 288 a"r gk
941 zegztn
723 b : b miipr zepzn `pdk axc `zwiqt

504 d-c : b dapb 797 c oniq ,c
660 ì : ` dxikn 797 ` oniq ,ai
278 h : d dxikn 797 b oniq ,ek
414 c : hi dxikn
234 h : ck dxikn izax `zwiqt
697 eh-ci : ` dpzne dikf 797 ci
697 ci : ` dpzne dikf
295 ` : d dpzne dikf ` `negpz
301 d : d dpzne dikf 797 h oniq ,ayie
600 hi-gi : g dpzne dikf 797 i oniq ,uwn
852 a : d mipky 213 ,210 e oniq ,rxevn
869 g : d mipky 797 a oniq ,ixg`
888 i : d mipky 879 ` oniq ,`yp
861 ,837-836 e : f mipky 904-900 b oniq ,mihtey
860 f : f mipky
148 g : f orhpe oreh xaea `negpz
186 ai : ai orhpe oreh 797 b oniq ,ixg`
60 b : ai orhpe oreh 879 b oniq ,`yp
234 fi : ai orhpe oreh 797 fi oniq ,zwg
241 k-hi : ai orhpe oreh
235 hi : ai orhpe oreh milidz yxcn
254 e : bi orhpe oreh 202 bi oniq ,av
341 f : bi orhpe oreh
160 h-g : ci orhpe oreh ozpeil qgeind mebxzd
149 e : eh orhpe oreh 878 ,876 a : ck xacna
107 c : fh orhpe oreh
163 ,20 e : fh orhpe oreh inlyexi dpeknd mebxzd
674 eh : ai ziy`xa
sqei ziae xeh
924 qwz miig gxe` xzq`l oey`xd mebxzd
888 cpw htyn oyeg 172 f:c
660 avw htyn oyeg
297 dx htyn oyeg
405 bpy htyn oyeg jexr oglye xeh ,m"anx
910 fiz htyn oyeg
dxez dpyn ,m"anx
jexr ogley 790 h : d zerc
924 ` : qwz miig gxe` 924 ai : d zeiprz
930 ai : dqx drc dxei 928 bi : d zeiprz
888 c : cpw htyn oyeg 520 ` : c zeyi`
299 hi : e oiyexib

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חזקת הבתים כרך ב עברית סופי PDF

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cebi`d cenlz

xwgnd jxc lr zepyxt mr

cenlzd zepyxtl cebi`d

ISBN 978-965-7442-08-1 a"zqn

onlh z`ved zeaic`a `plie qetc zxecdn

cenlzd zepyxtl cebi`d

931 zexewn gztn

(a"r p Ð `"r hn) "ezy` iqkpa" : ynge mixyrd `ibeqd

.'eke ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le

.jiiqkpa il oi` mixace oic : dl azkc ,`kixv `l .2

,dqex` dcere dl azeka Ð oizipzn : i`pi iax iac dl ixn` .4

.yi di`x `d .8 ,epzpynn weic .a

; xfrl` 'xk xn`c xnin` : `ni` zirai`e .16

meyxb epiaxl qgeind yexit

dizecleze `ibeqd jldn

: zepiga dnkn ziywen `ibeqd

.'eke ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le

! lik`wc `ed `xit ,`xit dil zi`c oeik ,`hiyt .1

.yi di`x[c l"nw] `d .8

.ipiaf dpiaf Ð dicicl idi` dpaf(...)c `kid la` .15

; xfrl` 'xk xn`c xnin` : `ni` zirai`e .16

ziteqd dzpekzna `ibeqd oey`xd `xnbd lra ziibeq

mixace oic : dl azkc ,`kixv `l .2

,`ipzde ? ied i`n dl azk ike .3

oizipzn : i`pi iax iac dl ixn` .4

: `pdk ax xn`c ,`pdk axcke .5

xne`d lk : `ax xn`c ,`axcke .6

xn` `ped axck ? z`f oebk i`n .7

.yi di`x `d .8 .yi di`xc l"nw `d

in ! ilral iziyr gex zgp : `niz .9

ax xa dax xn` ,dlr xnzi` `d .10

ihernl `nili` ? i`n ihernl .11

oiafc `kid Ð xnin`c xnzi` ik .13 oiafc `kid Ð xnin`c xnzi` ik

la` .15 la`

: `ibeqd jldn lr lirl epiywdy zeiyewd z` xzet df xefgy

.ezy`l xne`d : `iig iax ipz

eply `ibeqa [4±2] ze`wqit

il oi` mixace oic ezy`l azekd oi` mixace oic : dl azkc... .2

.ax xn` `ped axck d"c ,a"r hn `xza `aa m"ayx 14

<` h zeaezk dpyn>

cg weliq j` .dzyexine ezy` iqkp zextn

.dqex` dcere dl azeka Ð oizipzn : i`pi iax iac dl ixn`

.[7±2] ze`wqitl yexitd ipeir ,lirl e`x 22

.`w±w 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) ipald 'c e`xe 26

.eci zgz zne ,mineiae meia oey`xd xnc o`n

el` e` i"ayxc `zliknay el` mpi` zwelgnd ly miixewnd mewinde gqepd m`

minei e` mei oica epyi oey`xd : xne` xi`n 'x

; inc sebd oipwk zexit oipw : xaqw

minei e` mei oica epyi ipyd : xne` dcedi 'x

; inc sebd oipwk e`l zexit oipw : xaqw

,minei e` mei oica opyi mdipy : xne` iqei 'x

,minei e` mei oica opi` mdipy : xne` xfrl` iax

: oldl zeybcend milind z` wx `nw `aaa `ibeqd dllk xewna `nye

[a"r gt `nw `aa]

[`"r v Ð a"r ht `nw `aa]

.29±28 zexrd ,lirl e`x 30

(`"r `p Ð a"r p) "yi` zy`" : yye mixyrd `ibeqd

.ezy` iqkpa dwfg yi`l `le

! zegnl dkixv yi` zy` : ax xn` de .1 zexnin izya oeic .`

! ? lraa e`l `l` .3

.zexrne oigiy ,zexea da xtgy oebke ,lraa mlerl : `ax xn` .4

! oiwfpl dwfg oi` : dea` xa dax xn` ongp ax xn` de .5

.oiwfpl dwfg oic oi` : `ni` .6