The SAGE Handbook of

Media Processes
and Effects

Edited by
Robin L Nabi
University of California, Santa Barbara

Mary Beth Oliver

Pennsylvania State University

®SAGE
Los Angeles | London [ New Delhi
Singapore | Washington DC
CONTENTS

Introduction 1
Robin L. Nabi and Mary Beth Oliver

PART I: CONCEPTUAL
AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
1. A Retrospective and Prospective Look at Media Effects 9
Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillmann
2. Conceptualizing the Audience 19
W. James Potter
3. Quantitative Methods and Causal Inference
in Media Effects Research 35
Itzhak Yanovitzky and Kathryn Greene
4. Qualitative Methods 53
Thomas R. Lindlof

PART II: SOCIETY, POLITICS, AND CULTURE

5. Cultivation Analysis and Media Effects 69
Michael Morgan
6. Framing and Agenda Setting 83
Dhavan V. Shah, Douglas M. McLeod,
Melissa R. Gotlieb, and Nam-Jin Lee
7. The Influence of Presumed Media Influence: Origins
and Implications of the Third-Person Perception 99
Nurit Tal-Or, Yariv Tsfati, and Albert C. Günther
 8. News and Politics 113
Vincent Price and Lauren Feldman
9. Media Effects and Cultural Studies:
A Contentious Relationship 131
Toby Miller

PART III: MESSAGE SELECTION AND PROCESSING

10. Uses and Gratifications: An Evolving
Perspective of Media Effects 147
Alan M. Rubin
11. Entertainment 161
Mary Beth Oliver
12. Current Research in Media Priming 177
David R. Roskos-Ewoldsen
and Beverly Roskos-Ewoldsen
13. The Limited Capacity Model
of Motivated Mediated Message Processing 193
Annie Lang
14. Emotion and Media Effects 205
Robin L. Nabi
15. Mediated Relationships and Media Effects:
Parasocial Interaction and Identification 223
Jonathan Cohen
16. Individual Differences in Media Effects 237
Marina Krcmar
17. Media Use and the Social Environment 251
Daniel G. McDonald

PART IV: PERSUASION AND LEARNING

18. Theories of Persuasion 269
Daniel]. O'Keefe
19. Social Cognitive Theory and Media Effects 283
Frank Pajares, Abby Prestin,
Jason Chen, and Robin L. Nabi
20. Emerging Issues in Advertising Research 299
L. /. Shrum, Tina M. Lowrey, and Yuping Liu
21. Media Effects and Population Health 313
K. Viswanath, Sherrie Flynt Wallington,
and Kelly D. Blake
22. Educational Television 331
Marie-Louise Mares
23. Media Literacy 345
W. James Potter and Sahara Byrne
PART V: CONTENT AND AUDIENCES
24. Violent Media Effects 361
Brad J. Bushman, L. Rowell Huesmann,
and Jodi L. Whitaker
25. Racial/Ethnic Stereotyping and the Media 377
Dana E. Mastro
26. Media and the Body 393
Kristen Harrison
27. Media and Sexuality 409
Jane D. Brown
28. Perceptions of Media Realism and Reality TV 423
Alice E. Hall
29. The Effects of Viewing Televised Sports 439
Arthur A. Raney
30. Digital Games 455
Peter Vorderer and Ute Ritterfeld
31. Children and Adolescents: Distinctive
Audiences of Media Content 469
Barbara J. Wilson and Kristin L. Drogos

PART VI: MEDIUM ISSUES

32. Diffusion of Innovations: Theoretical Extensions 489
Ronald E. Rice
33. Displacement Effects 505
Jennings Bryant and Wes Fondren
34. Medium Theory: An Alternative
to the Dominant Paradigm of Media Effects 517
Joshua Meyrowitz
35. The Evolution of Media System Dependency Theory 531
Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach and Joo-Young Jung
36. Media Effects 2.0: Social and Psychological Effects
of Communication Technologies 545
S. Shyam Sundar
37. The Study of Media Effects in the Era
of Internet Communication 561
Miriam J. Metzger

Author Index 577

Subject Index 605
About the Contributors 635