مشروع الخرسانة في جامعة بريغتون في المملكة المتحدة PDF

School of Environment
and Technology
Design of Structures
Group 10
Students Name: Sebghatullah Karimi & Ghulam Abbas Niazai

Tutor: Dr. Pierfrancesco Cacciola
Date: 24/05/2011
1
Design of Structure Group 10 CN 312
Table of Contents
Stage One ....................................................................................................................................... 1
Section 1: Building Details ............................................................................................................. 2
Proposed structural solution of the building ................................................................................... 4
Section 2: Load Calculation for the First Solution ......................................................................... 5
Presented by Ghulam Abbas Niazai ............................................................................................ 5
1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 5
1. Roof loads: ............................................................................................................................... 5
2. Floor loads: .............................................................................................................................. 7
3. Beam loads: ............................................................................................................................. 9
A. Self-weight of beam: .................................................................................................... 9
B. UD load on beam: ....................................................................................................... 10
4. Column loads: ........................................................................................................................ 12
Section 3: Load Calculation for the Second Solution ................................................................... 14
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 14
1. Roof loads: ............................................................................................................................. 14
2. Calculation of Loads on the Floor ......................................................................................... 17
a) Self-weight of the floor: ................................................................................................. 17
Total load on the floor ........................................................................................................... 18
3. Calculation of loads on the selected beam............................................................................. 19
4. Calculating of loads on column: ............................................................................................ 21
Section 4: Proposed Solution ........................................................................................................ 23
Which solution do we agree with? ................................................................................................ 23
Stage Two..................................................................................................................................... 24
Computer Aided Analysis ............................................................................................................. 25
1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 25
2.0 Comparison of Module of the structure ............................................................................. 25
3.0 Dimensions of the cross sections of the structural elements................................................... 27
3.1Calculating of loads on beam: .............................................................................................. 27
I
3.2 Calculating of loads on column:.......................................................................................... 28

4.0 Defining of Actions on the Structure ...................................................................................... 29
4.1 Defining of Actions on Roof ............................................................................................... 29
4.2 Defining of Actions on Floor .............................................................................................. 32
5.0 Modeling of the Wind load action .......................................................................................... 36
5.1 Mean Wind .......................................................................................................................... 37
5.2 Wind turbulence .................................................................................................................. 38
5.3 Peak velocity pressure ......................................................................................................... 38
5.4 Wind pressure on Surface ................................................................................................... 39
5.5 Flat roof ................................................................................................................................... 48
5.6 Combinations of actions ...................................................................................................... 53
5.7 Checking of the accuracy of the SAP 2000.................................................................... 55
5.8 Deformed shape of the structure ......................................................................................... 57
5.9 Diagram of the six internal forces for whole structure from Envelope ............................... 58
5.10 Bending Moment, Shear force, and axial force for selected Frame (Frame A-A) ............ 61
Stage Three .................................................................................................................................. 63
Section 1: Design of selected critical Beam and column .............................................................. 64
1.1 Beam Design ....................................................................................................................... 64
1.2 Design of Column ............................................................................................................... 69
Section 2: Design of selected critical Beam and column .............................................................. 72
2.1 Beam Design ....................................................................................................................... 72
2.2 Design of Column ............................................................................................................... 77
References ..................................................................................................................................... 80
Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 80
II
List of Figures:
Figure 1 Side Elevation of The Building ........................................................................................ 2
Figure 2 Front Elevation of the Building ........................................................................................ 2
Figure 3The Location of the Proposed Building............................................................................. 2
Figure 4 Aerial View of the Building on the Site ........................................................................... 2
Figure 5 Car's dimensions ............................................................................................................... 3
Figure 6 car's dimensions (Source: UK Motoring Search Engine) ................................................. 3
Figure 7 Rough dimensions of the building .................................................................................... 3
Figure 8 Aerial plan dimensions ..................................................................................................... 3
Figure 9 solution for the frontal frame ............................................................................................ 4
Figure 10 solution for the side frame .............................................................................................. 4
Figure 11 solution for the frontal frame .......................................................................................... 4
Figure 12solusion for the frontal frame .......................................................................................... 4
Figure 13: Roof detail ..................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 14 Floor Details ................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 15: Hollow Partition wall .................................................................................................... 8
Figure 16: Beam loading area ....................................................................................................... 10
Figure 17 Distribution of beam loading area ................................................................................ 10
Figure 18: Moment Diagram ........................................................................................................ 10
Figure 19 Column loading area..................................................................................................... 12
Figure 20 Roof details ................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 21 Floor details .................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 22 Hollow Partition wall ................................................................................................... 18
Figure 23 Beam loading area ........................................................................................................ 19
Figure 24 loading shame ............................................................................................................... 20
Figure 25 Column loading area..................................................................................................... 22
Figure 26 selected solution side frame view ................................................................................. 25
Figure 27 selected solution frontal frame view............................................................................. 25
Figure 28 Extrude view of structure (SAP2000) .......................................................................... 26
Figure 29 Beams, columns, and slabs plan ................................................................................... 29
Figure 30 Heights and distance of surrounding buildings ............................................................ 40
III
Figure 31 Reference height and velocity pressure of wind load (adopted from EuroCode1) ...... 41
Figure 32 Defining of wind zones for W1 .................................................................................... 41
Figure 33 External and Internal wind loads for W1 ..................................................................... 42
Figure 35 Defining of wind zones for W2 .................................................................................... 44
Figure 38 Defining of zones for W4 ............................................................................................. 47
Figure 39 Defining zones of wind for Roof W1 ........................................................................... 48
Figure 40 Wind load for Frame 1 ................................................................................................. 49
Figure 43 Wind load for Frame 4,5 .............................................................................................. 50
Figure 45 Defining zones of wind for Roof W2 ........................................................................... 51
Figure 46 Wind load for Frame A................................................................................................. 51
Figure 47 Wind load for Frame B ................................................................................................. 52
Figure 48 Wind load for Frame C ................................................................................................. 52
Figure 49. Beam loading area ....................................................................................................... 55
Figure 50. Selected continuous beam from SAP .......................................................................... 56
Figure 51. Bending moment of continuous beam from SAP ........................................................ 56
Figure 52 Deformed shape of the structure from SAP ................................................................. 57
Figure 53 Deformed shape of the structure from SAP ................................................................. 57
Figure 54 Moment Diagram 3-3 ................................................................................................... 58
Figure 55 Moment Diagram 2-2 ................................................................................................... 58
Figure 56 Shear force diagram 2-2 ............................................................................................... 59
Figure 57 Shear force diagram 3-3 ............................................................................................... 59
Figure 58 Axial force .................................................................................................................... 60
Figure 59 Torsion diagram............................................................................................................ 60
Figure 60 Bending moment of selected Frame ............................................................................. 61
Figure 61 Shear force for selected Frame ..................................................................................... 62
IV
Figure 62 Axial force for selected Frame ..................................................................................... 62

Figure 63Critical beams and Columns.......................................................................................... 64
Figure 64 Moment Diagram (3-3)................................................................................................. 64
Figure 65 Shear force Diagram (2-2) ............................................................................................ 66
Figure 66 Critical Beam ................................................................................................................ 69
Figure 67 Critical Column ............................................................................................................ 69
Figure 68 Column axial Load ....................................................................................................... 70
Figure 69 Column reinforcement arrangement detail ................................................................... 70
Figure 70 Reinforcement arrangement details .............................................................................. 71
Figure 71. Critical beams and Columns........................................................................................ 72
Figure 72. Moment Diagram (3-3)................................................................................................ 72
Figure 73. Shear force Diagram (2-2) ........................................................................................... 74
Figure 74. Critical Beam ............................................................................................................... 77
Figure 75. Critical Column ........................................................................................................... 77
Figure 76. Column axial Load ...................................................................................................... 78
Figure 77 Column reinforcement arrangement detail ................................................................... 78
Figure 78: Beam and Column Reinforcement Arrangement ........................................................ 79
List of Tables:
Table 1 Roof Self-weight ................................................................................................................ 5

Table 2 Floor Self-weight ............................................................................................................... 8
Table 3 External wall self-weight ................................................................................................... 9
Table 4 Roof Self-weight loads .................................................................................................... 15
Table 5 Floor self weight loads ..................................................................................................... 17
Table 6 External wall self-weight loads........................................................................................ 19
V
Stage One
1
Section 1: Building Details

Presented by group 10
Building description:
The Building is situated in A23, Grand Parade Road, Brighton Centre. Based on the Google
Earth, the Building located at 50 49 36.58 N, 0 08 03.50 W, Elevation=17m. According to our
site visit, it is a Commercial Building, and Reinforced concrete is used as the material.
Rough modelling of an existing building in Brighton:
Figure 3The Location of the Proposed Building Figure 4 Aerial View of the Building on the Site
Figure 2 Front Elevation of the Building

Figure 1 Side Elevation of The Building
2
Rough estimation of the dimensions:
The rough dimension of the building is based on the evidence that we got during the site visit,
which is a car. The dimension of the care is provided from the website.
Figure 6 car's dimensions (Source: UK Motoring Search Figure 5 Car's dimensions

Engine)
As a result, the following dimension is calculated for the building.
Figure 8 Aerial plan dimensions

Figure 7 Rough dimensions of the building
3
Proposed structural solution of the building

As per the requirement of the coursework, we both have proposed the following solutions for the
structure of the building.
Solution 1: by Ghulam Abbas Niazai
Figure 9 solution for the frontal frame Figure 10 solution for the side frame
Solution 2: Sebghatullah Karimi
Figure 11 solution for the frontal frame Figure 12solusion for the frontal frame
4
Section 2: Load Calculation for the First Solution

Presented by Ghulam Abbas Niazai
1.0 Introduction
As stated in the first section, the building is used for commercial purpose. Based on commercial
criteria the spans should be divided in such a manner to be feasible. Therefore, the dimensions
of spans have been considered based on that principal as shown on the drawings in Appendix A.
The loads calculation for the proposed building consists of five stages, which are:
a) Roof loads
b) Floor loads
c) External loads
d) Beam loads
e) Column loads
1. Roof loads:
a) Self- weight of the roof
Self weight of the roof is calculated in table 1, based on Figure 13
Table 1 Roof Self-weight
Roof Self Weight (KN/M2)

Unit weight Thickness Self Weight
No Materials (KN/M3) (m) (KN/m2)
1 Concrete topping 24 0.04 0.960
3 Insulator 1 0.08 0.080
4 Reinforced Concrete Slab 25 0.25 6.250
5 Plaster 20 0.02 0.400
Total 7.690
5
Figure 13: Roof detail
a) Imposed loads
The imposed load on roof where the angle of roof is less than 30 degree and the roof is not
accessible except for normal maintenance:
qk= 0.6 KN/m2 ( Table NA7, Eurocode 1)
b) Snow load on roof:
According to Eurocode 1 the snow load is determined by:
(1)
Where:
S= snow load (KN/m2) and Ce= exposure coefficient
Ct- thermal coefficient and = Snow load shape coefficient
Sk= characteristic value of snow load and can be obtained as following:
(2)
6
Ce value in the UK for all topograhpics is 1.0 (recommended) , and Ct value for all roof
materials is 1.0 (recommended) .
According Figure NA.1 — Characteristic ground snow load map (Eurocode 1) Brighton is
located at Zone 3 and the value of Z , therefore is z= 3.
The altitude of the building based on google earth is 17m above sea. So :
According to Eurocode 1 ‘If the designer suspects that there are unusual local conditions that
need to be taken into account, then for coastal sites below 100 m the map value should be used
without the altitude modification’.
Based on Table NA.1 the value is 0.8 where the angle of pitch is less than 30 degree.
Therefore, the snow value is 0.4 KN/M2.
Total load on Roof:
Dead load + imposed load + snow load 7.69 + 0.6 + 0.4 = 8.69 KN/m2
2. Floor loads:
a) Self- weight of the floor
7
Table 2 Floor Self-weight
Floor Self Weight (KN/M2)

No Materials Unit weight (KN/M3) Thickness (m) Self Weight (KN/m2)
2 Topping (PC) 24 0.03 0.720
3 Insulator 1 0.08 0.080
Reinforced Concrete
4 slab 25 0.25 6.250
5 Plaster 20 0.02 0.400
Total 7.450
Figure 14 Floor Details
b) Imposed load on the floor:
According to Eurocode 1 the imposed load for floor is determined based on the building category
as the proposed building used for commercial purpose. Therefore, the commercial building is
matched with category B and the value is taken in respect with:
Imposed load= 2.5KN/m2
c) Partition loads on floor:

Figure 15: Hollow
Partition wall
The hollow clay partition wall with smooth-faces is used as partitions
8
shown in Figure 15.According to BS EN 771-1:2003, the unit weight of hollow partition wall is
= 10 KN/m3The partition dimensions are as below:
d= 0.0625 m, (thickness), H = 2.35m (height of the partition), and = 10 KN/m3
So the self-weight of partition is:
The partition for this building as per the future requirements and alters might be made so the
partition is considered as movable partition.
According to the Eurocode 1, if the movable partition with a self-weight is in the range between
> 1≤ 2 wall length and the self-weight of partition is determined:
qk= 0.8 KN/m2.
Total load on Floor:

Dead load + imposed load + partition load 7.45 + 2.5 + 0.8 = 10.75 KN/m2
d) External wall loads:
Table 3 External wall self-weight
External Wall Self Weight (KN/M)

1 External Masonry 12 0.12 1.44
2 Insulator 1 0.06 0.06
3 Internal Masonry 12 0.12 1.44
Total 2.94
Total weight =2.94 * 2.35 (H)= 6.909 - 20% (windows) =5.53 KN/m
3. Beam loads:
The two way slab is used for this building as shown in Figure 16.
A. Self-weight of beam:
= KN/m
9
B. UD load on beam:
Loading area: A=
= loading area x floor loads = 30 x 10.75 = 322.5 KN
The beam self-weight load is equated to:
= self-weight of beam x length of the beam= 3.0 x 8 = 24 KN
Total load: 322.5 + 24 = 346.5 KN Figure 16: Beam loading area
Loads on each meter of beam: 346.5/8= 43.3 KN/m
According to the moment diagram with fixed joint the

moment is determined by:
Moment for supports:

Figure 17 Distribution of beam loading area
Moment at the midpoint of beam:
At support:
At midpoint of the beam: Figure 18: Moment Diagram
Note: the two way slabs are used for this building
10
a) Beam sizing:
The following data is available:
Effective span of beam is: 8m
The loads: 43.3KN/m Moment= 230.93KN*m
Concrete class= C25/30
Kbal=0.167 >K= Moment / b d2 fck
The beam breath b = 300mm match the wall thickness
Therefore
The cover=40mm
So, for 10mm links and, say 28mm bars
Overall depth h=439+40+10+28/2= 503mm
Therefore, the depth we have assumed is larger than 503mm. So
The beam cross section dimension can be accepted 300x650 mm
Also the size of the beam cross section can be pre determined by the ratio of span to (10-14).
h= 8000/12~ 650mm is accepted 650mm
11
4. Column loads:
Column loading area is; 6*8=48m2
From previous calculation the total load per square meter of the floor
is calculated equal to 10.75 KN/m2
Therefore;
Figure 19 Column loading area

48*10.75=516 KN
Self-weight of column (the column 5 is in critical condition)
Beam self-weight load is;
14*0.4*0.3*25= 42KN
Total loads on column:
516+5.29+42=563.29
As we have 4 story building, thus, the total load on the ground floor column is equal to;
563.29*4=2253.16KN
a) Column sizing
The breath and height of column should be checked by the below equation:
Where
12
A= the column area
N= total loads on column
= permissible stress, which is 25 N/
For concrete C25/30, the column section is;
bxh= ,
b=h= 274 mm
Therefore, the breath and height of the column is accepted 30cm as it can bear the loads
effectively.
13
Section 3: Load Calculation for the Second Solution

Presented by Sebghatullah karimi
Introduction
This section deals with the Load calculation based on EuroCode 1 and the determination of the
beams and columns dimensions. The load calculation is achieved in 4 stages:
1. Roof loads,
2. Floor loads including of partition walls,
3. Beam loads including of external walls,
4. Columns loads,
1. Roof loads:
a) Self-weight of the Roof:
According to the Figure 20, the self-weight of the roof is calculated in table 5. The thickness of
the roof slab is based on the ratio of the shortest span length (L=6m) and the number of 35-45:
L= 600cm, thickness of the slab= 600/35= 17cm is accepted = 20cm
Figure 20 Roof details
14
Table 4 Roof Self-weight loads
Roof Self Weight (KN/M2)

1 Concrete Topping (PC) 24 0.05 1.200
2 Roof Insulator 1 0.08 0.080
3 Reinforced Concrete 25 0.2 5.000
5 Plaster 20 0.02 0.400
Total 6.680
b) Imposed loads on Roof
Imposed Load on the Roof is determined according to the table N.A 7, Eurocode 1. As the angle
of roof is less than 30 degree and the roof is not accessible except for normal maintenance and
repair, thus:
The imposed load is: 0.6KN/m2
c) Snow load:
According to EuroCode 1, snow load is calculated as follows:
Where:
S= snow load (KN/m2)
Ce= exposure coefficient
Ct- thermal coefficient
According to EuroCode 1, Table NA.1, the value of is 0.8 for angel of pitch of roof equal
to 0 to 15 and
Ce- and Ct value is recommended 1.0 in the UK national annex for Eurocode 1.
15
Sk= characteristic value of snow load can be obtained as following:
Sk=
Where:
Sk is the characteristic of ground snow load (KN/m2)
Z is the zone number obtained from the map in Figure NA. 1, EuroCode 1
A is the site altitude (m)
According to EuroCode 1 ground snow map, Brighton is located in Zone 3, and therefore, the
Z value is equal to 3
The altitude of the building based on Google earth is 17m above the sea.
Based on Euro code 1, Section N.A 2.8, for coastal sites below 100 m the map value should be
used without the altitude modification.
So :
The Sk is:
Sk= [0.15+ (0.1Z+0.05)]+0 Sk=0.15+0.1*3+0.05=0.5 KN/m2
The total snow load on roof is:
Total Load on the Roof:
Dead load (self-weight) + Imposed load+ Snow load 6.68+0.6+0.4= 7.68 KN/m2
16
2. Calculation of Loads on the Floor

a) Self-weight of the floor:
Self-weight of the floor is based on figure 21. The total self weight of the floor is calculated in
table 6. The thickness of the floor slab is based on the ratio of the shortest span length and the
number of 35-45: L= 600cm, thickness of the slab= 600/35= 17cm is accepted =
20cm
Figure 21 Floor details
Table 5 Floor self weight loads
Floor Slab Self Weight (KN/M2)

Thickness
No Materials Unit weight (KN/M3) (m) Self Weight (KN/m2)
Concrete Topping
2 (PC) 24 0.03 0.720
3 Floor Insulator 1 0.06 0.060
4 Reinforced Concrete 25 0.2 5.000
5 Plaster 20 0.02 0.400
Total 6.180
b) Imposed loads on the Floor:
Imposed load on Slab (EuroCode 1, Table NA.3) is based on category of Building which is 2.5
KN/m2 for category B.
Therefore, imposed load on floor is: 2.5KN/m2
17
c) Partition wall loads:
The hollow clay partition wall block with smooth-faces is used as partitions
material, which is shown in Figure 22.
According to BS EN 771-1:2003, the unit weight of hollow partition wall

is:
= 10 KN/m3
The partition dimensions are as below: Figure 22 Hollow
Partition wall
d= 62.5mm, (thickness), H = 2.7m (height of the partition wall to the

beneath of the slab), and = 10 KN/m3
So the self-weight of partition is:
The partition for this building as per the future requirements and alters might be made, thus, it is
considered as movable partition.
According to the Eurocode 1, if the movable partition with a self-weight is in the range of
between > 1≤ 2 wall length, the self-weight of partition is determined:
qk= 0.8 KN/m2.wall length
Total load on the floor:

gk= 6.18+ 0.8= 6.98 KN/m2 qk= 2.5 KN/m2
n= gk+ qk= 6.98+2.5=9.48 KN/m2
Total load on Floor is: 9.48KN/m2
18
3. Calculation of loads on the selected beam
a) External wall Self-weight:
External wall load is calculated based on figure 21. The external wall loads is reduced to 20%. It
is due to the consideration of windows cavities in the wall (table 7).
Table 3 External wall self-weight loads
External Wall Self Weight (KN/M2)

1 External Masonry 0.12 16 1.92
2 Insulator 0.06 1 0.06
3 Internal Masonry 0.12 11 1.32
Total weight=3.3*2.2(H)=7.26-20% (windows)=5.8 kN/m
b) Loads on Beam:
According to the drawing No CN/DoS/105 (Appendix

B), the beam in a critical loading condition is Beam
No 4 and the loading area is trapezoidal, so the
loading area is equal to:
Beam loading area=
From previous calculation, Loads on Slab is:
9.48KN/m2 Figure 23 Beam loading area
The dimension of the beam cross section is assumed (300x500) mm at this stage. So:
Self-weight of Beam excluding of slab thickness (see drawing CN/DoS/103,104, Appendix B):
(0.3x0.3x1) 25= 2.25KN/m
19
The beam, which is considered in critical loading condition, does not cover the external wall
loads.
Thus, the external load is excluded within this calculation of the beam No 3.
Floor load on beam: 9.48* 18.9= 179.17 KN
Beam self weight load: 2.25*7= 15.75KN
Total load on beam: 179.17+15.75= 194.92
Load per meter length of the beam: 194.92/6=32.48KN/m
The maximum moment is: ql2/12= 32.48* 62/12= 97.46 KN*m
Figure 24 loading shame
c) Beam sizing:
The following data is available:
20
Therefore
The cover=40mm
Overall depth h=d+40+10+28/2= 343mm
Also the size of the beam cross section can be pre determined by the ratio of span to (10-14).
h= 6000/14= 428mm is accepted 500mm
4. Calculating of loads on column:

According to the drawing No CN/DoS/105 (Appendix B), the column with a critical loading
condition is column No 10.
So:
The Column loading area is: A=6*5=30m2
Beam self-weight (0.3*0.3*11)25= 24.75
Columns self-weight
The dimension of the column section is assumed (0.3x0.3) m, and the height of the column to the
beneath of the beam is 2.5m.
21
So:
(0.3*0.3*2.5)25=5.625KN
Floor load: 9.48KN (from previous

calculation)
Total load on the column is:

30*9.48+ 24.75+5.625=314.77KN
This is the load of one floor on column.
As there is 4th floor, thus, the load on the ground floor

Figure 25 Column loading area
column is multiplied by the number of 4.
Namely:
314.77*4=1259KN
a) Column sizing
The breath and the depth of the column (bxh) is determined as follows:
Where
A the area of the column section
N total loads on column
= permissible stress, which is 25 N/ for C25/30
22
b=h= 224.4 mm is accepted 30cm
effectively.
Section 4: Proposed Solution
Which solution do we agree with?

We both agree to choose the first solution as the best one. The reason is that within the first one
the retention of the facade is respected.
23
Stage Two
24
Computer Aided Analysis
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Comparison of Module of the structure

Model of the selected structural solution is implemented through using the code SAP2000.
Extrude view of the whole structure is compared with photos of the existing building.
Figure 27 selected solution frontal frame view Figure 26 selected solution side frame view
25
Figure 28 Extrude view of structure (SAP2000)
26
3.0 Dimensions of the cross sections of the structural elements
3.1Calculating of loads on beam:

The following data is available from previous calculation:
b) Beam sizing:
The following data is available from previous calculation;
Therefore
The cover=40mm
Overall depth h=439+40+10+28/2= 503mm
27
3.2 Calculating of loads on column:
a) Column sizing
The breath and height of column should be checked by the below equation:
Where
A= the column area
N= total loads on column
= permissible stress, which is 25 N/
For concrete C25/30, the column section is;
bxh= ,
b=h= 274 mm
effectively.
28
4.0 Defining of Actions on the Structure
4.1 Defining of Actions on Roof

The following data is taken from section 1(stage 1). All the loads are defined based on Eurocode
1(see Section 1, Stage 1 of this report):
1. Permanent load = 7,690

2. Imposed load= 0,6
3. Snow load = 0.4
The loads for each beam are calculated according to the figure 29 with the consideration of each
beam loading area.
Figure 29 Beams, columns, and slabs plan
29
Beam 1:
Loading area =
Roof self-weight
Beam self-weight
Parapet self-weight
Total permanent load (UDL) = 11, 54+4, 87+4, 49= 20, 90 KN/m
Imposed load =
Snow load
Beam 2:
Loading area =
Roof self-weight
Beam self-weight
Parapet self-weight
Total permanent load (UDL) = 5, 77+4, 87+2, 69= 13,33 KN/m
Imposed load =
Snow load
Beam 3:
Loading area =
30
Roof self-weight
Beam self-weight
Parapet self-weight 0
Total permanent load (UDL) = 23,07+4,87+0= 27,94 KN/m
Imposed load =
Snow load
Beam 4:
Loading area =
Roof self-weight
Beam self-weight
Parapet self-weight
Total permanent load (UDL) = 14,4+4,87+4,49= 23,76 KN/m
Imposed load =
Snow load
Beam 5:
Loading area =
Roof self-weight
31
Beam self-weight
Imposed load =
Snow load
Beam 6:
Loading area =
Roof self-weight
Beam self-weight
Imposed load =
Snow load
4.2 Defining of Actions on Floor

1. Self-weight of the Floor
2. Imposed load= 2,5
3. External wall loads
4. Partition wall
32
Actions for each beam are calculated according to the figure 29 with the consideration of each
beam loading area.
Beam 1:
Loading area =
Roof self-weight
Beam self-weight
Partition wall self-weight
External wall self-weight
Total permanent load (UDL) = 11,2+4,87+1,2+5,53 = 22,80 KN/m
Imposed load =
Beam 2:
Loading area =
Roof self-weight
Beam self-weight
Total permanent load (UDL) = 5, 59+4, 87+0, 6+5, 53 = 16,59 KN/m
Imposed load =
33
Beam 3:
Loading area =
Roof self-weight
Beam self-weight
Total permanent load (UDL) = 22,35+4,87+2,4+0 = 29,62 KN/m
Imposed load =
Beam 4:
Loading area =
Floor self-weight
Beam self-weight
Total permanent load (UDL) = 14+4,87+4,68+5,53 = 29,08 KN/m
Imposed load =
34
Beam 5:
Loading area =
Roof self-weight
Beam self-weight
Total permanent load (UDL) = 27,94+4,8+3+5,53 = 41,27 KN/m
Imposed load =
Beam 6:
Loading area =
Roof self-weight
Beam self-weight
Total permanent load (UDL) = 11,2+4,87+1,2+5,53 = 22,80 KN/m
Imposed load =
35
5.0 Modeling of the Wind load action

The basic wind velocity is calculated as follows;
Where:
is the directional factor, the recommended value according to National Annex (Table NA.1,
Note 2) is 1,0
is the season factor, the recommended value according to National Annex (Table NA.2,
Note 1) is 1,0
is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity is determined as follow:
Where:
is the value of the fundamental basic wind velocity before the altitude correction is
applied. vb, map is given in ;National Annex (Figure NA.1)
is the altitude factor determined from below equation
Where:
A is the altitude of the site above the mean sea level, the altitude which has been taken from
Google Earth is 17m.
value after interpolation is 21,75
Thus, the basic wind velocity is:
36
5.1 Mean Wind

The mean wind velocity at a height z above the terrain depends on the terrain roughness
and orography and on the basic wind velocity, , and should be determined using below
Expression ( Eurodoce 1):
Where:
is the roughness factor ,
is orography factor
this factor depends on terrain categories.
The building which is located in town, it is considered in categories III and IV. According to
National Annex the factor should be multiplied by the roughness correction factor for
Town terrain.
The value of is taken from National Annex (Figure NA.3).
The value of is taken from National Annex (Figure NA.4).
So:
The recommend value for according to Eurocode1 is 1,0. The value can be different when
the average slope of the upwind terrain is more than 3°. As the average slope of the upwind
terrain for the proposed building is less than 3° so the recommended value is accepted 1.0.
Thus, the mean wind velocity is computed as follow:
37
5.2 Wind turbulence

According to National Annex the wind turbulence for town terrain is determined from the
following equation:
Where:
is the turbulence correction factor for sites in Town terrain,
which is also known as is the turbulence factor
The values of has been taken from National Annex (Figure NA.6) which is
The value of has been taken from National Annex (Figure NA.5) which is
Therefore, the wind turbulence is equated as below:
5.3 Peak velocity pressure

According to National Annex the peak velocity pressure for sites in Town Terrain is determined
from the below equation:
Where:
is exposure factor
is exposure correction factor
is the basic velocity pressure
38
The value of is determined from National Annex (Figure NA.7) which is
The value of is determined from National Annex (Figure NA.8) which is
According to Eurocode 1 the value of is calculated as below:
Where:
is the air density, the value based on National Annex(NA.2.18) is 1,226 kg/
Thus, the basic velocity pressure is computed as follow:
Eventually, the peak velocity pressure is:
5.4 Wind pressure on Surface

According to Eurocode 1 the wind pressure acting on the external surfaces, , should be
obtained from Expression below:
Where:
is the peak velocity pressure
is reference height for the external pressure
is the pressure coefficient for the external pressure
The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure , should be obtained from
Expression.
39
Where:
is reference height for the external pressure
is the pressure coefficient for the external pressure
Note: for determining the external and internal wind pressure the is used as the loaded
area is more than 1,0 m2 National Annex (NA.2.25).
The wind load is calculated from four sides of the building the distances and average heights of
the surrounding buildings are shown in Figure 30.
Figure 30 Heights and distance of surrounding buildings
According to Eurocode 1 the reference height either for or depends on h/b and
corresponding velocity pressure.
On the other hand, a building, whose height h is less than b should be considered to be one part.
Therefore, the reference height where the height h of the building is less than b is taken from the
Eurocode 1 (Figure 7.4);
40
Thus, the reference height for both or is equal to:
Figure 31 Reference height and velocity pressure of wind load (adopted from EuroCode1)
Based on Eurocode 1 (Figure 7.5) the external pressure coefficient zone A, B, and C for
each side of the building will be calculated as following:
For We1:
The wind pressure on external surface is calculated as

below:
The reference height is
And the peak velocity is
Whereas: Figure 32 Defining of wind zones for W1
e =b < d ( b is wind cross dimension)
41
Thus, from National Annex (Table NA.4):
For zone A,
For zone B,
For zone C,
Then:
For zone A,
For zone B,
For zone C,
The wind pressure coefficient on internal surface based on BS EN 1991-1-4 § 7.2.9, Note 6
accepted:
Then
For
The peak velocity is
Wind load for column C1 is equated as

the following:
Loading area =
Wind load for column C2 is: Figure 33 External and Internal wind loads for W1
Loading area =
42
Along the building (L=27,3m) for both side of the building
Figure 34 External and Internal wind loads for W1
Wind load for column C3 is:
43
For W2:
The wind pressure on external surface is calculated as

below:
Whereas:
d > b = e (d is wind cross dimension)
Thus:
For zone A,
For zone B,
Then
For zone A,
For zone B,
The wind pressure on internal surface is:

Figure 35 Defining of wind zones for W2
Then
44
45
Along the building (L=27,3m) for both sides of the building
46
For We3:
Due to the connection of the building with the adjoin property, W3 action is neglected.
For We4:
The wind pressure on external surface is calculated as below:
Whereas:
e =b < d (b is wind cross dimension)
For zone A,
For zone B,
Then
For zone A,
For zone B,
The wind pressure on internal surface is:
Then
Wind action is not calculated for direction 4 of the Figure 38 Defining of zones for W4
Building.
47
5.5 Flat roof
According to Eurocode 1 flat roofs are defined as having a slope ( ) of 5°< < 5° and the roof
should be divided into zones. The reference heights for flat roofs with parapets are taken as
h+hp.
In addition, the pressure coefficient should be defined for each zone. The Figure shows the flat
roof which is divided into zones.
Figure 39 Defining zones of wind for Roof W1
The value of external pressure coefficient for each zone is given in National Annex (Table
NA.5).
The value of for each zone is determined (after interpolation) as below:
F= - 1, 87
G= -1, 3
H= -0, 7
48
I= 0, 2 and -0, 2 (-0.2 value is considered in the

calculation)
For
For frame 1:
For frame 2:
Figure 40 Wind load for Frame 1
For frame 3:
49
For frame 4 and 5:
For frame 6:
Figure 43 Wind load for Frame 4,5
50
For W2
The value of for each zone is

determined (after interpolation) as
below:
F= - 1, 87
G= -1, 3
H= -0, 7
I= 0, 2 and -0, 2 (-0.2 value is
considered in the calculation)

Figure 45 Defining zones of wind for Roof W2
For frame A:
Figure 46 Wind load for Frame A
51
For frame B:
Figure 47 Wind load for Frame B
For frame C:
Figure 48 Wind load for Frame C
52
5.6 Combinations of actions

BS EN 1990 Basis of Structural Design requires that structures and members are designed for all
possible combinations of actions that can occur simultaneously.
Four Ultimate Limit States are considered relevant in BS EN 1990; EQU, STR GEO and FAT,
concerned with equilibrium, strength, ground and fatigue. Mostly, designers will be concerned
about EQU when considering sliding or overturning, and STR for the strength of frames and
members. Two methods of determining the combination of actions are allowed for the STR
Ultimate Limit States. In the UK, the National Annex allows either approach. For good
economic reasons, it is likely that UK designers will adopt the second approach.
For verification of STR the below equation should be adopted:
is the design value of the effect of actions such as internal force, moment or a vector
representing several internal forces or moments ;
is the design value of the corresponding resistance.
The first approach is to use expression 6.10.
The second approach is to use the more onerous of expressions 6.10a and 6.10b.
53
Where:
G represents permanent actions

P represents prestressing,
Partial factor
Reduction factor
Combination factors,
The first Q represents the ‘leading’ variable action
The subtle attraction of this pair of expression derives from two important changes from 6.10s:
The application of the factor to the leading variable action in expression 6.10a (not applied in
6.10)
The introduction of a reduction factor applied to the permanent actions in expression 6.10b (not
applied in 6.10)
Thus, the second approach (expressions 6.10a and 6.10b) which is more appropriate is used for
combinations of actions.
The values of , , are taken from National Annex For category B of Building:
Imposed load
Snow load
Wind load
=0.925
(Unfavorable)
(Favorable)
Based on the above concept, Combination of action for the structure is applied in SAP 2000
54
5.7 Checking of the accuracy of the SAP 2000
In order to check and control the internal forces of the structure, which is given by SAP 200, and
to make sure whether the analysis of the structure by SAP 200 is correct, a hand calculation
checking is undertaken. For this purpose, bending moment from Self-weight of a continuous
beam of Roof is taken from SAP 2000 and compared with the hand calculation.
The following data taken from previous calculation:
Roof self-weight:
Beam self-weight
Loading area of beam
Thus,
Figure 49. Beam loading area
a) The bending moment of the beam from self-weight is taken from SAP (Figure 50)
b) The deviation between the SAP 2000 and hand calculation is;
The differences between hand calculation and SAP are quite low as there is only less than 2%
difference. Therefore, the analysis of structures in SAP 2000 is accurate and reliable, as the
difference is very low.
55
Figure 50. Selected continuous beam from SAP
Figure 51. Bending moment of continuous beam from SAP
56
5.8 Deformed shape of the structure
Figure 52 Deformed shape of the structure from SAP
Figure 53 Deformed shape of the structure from SAP
57
5.9 Diagram of the six internal forces for whole structure from Envelope
1. Moment diagram 3-3
Figure 54 Moment Diagram 3-3
Figure 55 Moment Diagram 2-2
58
3. Shear force diagram 2-2
Figure 56 Shear force diagram 2-2
4. Shear force diagram 3-3
Figure 57 Shear force diagram 3-3
59
5. Axial force
Figure 58 Axial force
6. Torsion
Figure 59 Torsion diagram
60
5.10 Bending Moment, Shear force, and axial force for selected Frame (Frame
A-A)
2. Shear force 2-2
3. Axial force
Figure 60 Bending moment of selected Frame
61
Figure 61 Shear force for selected Frame
Figure 62 Axial force for selected Frame
62
Stage Three
63
Section 1: Design of selected critical Beam and column

Presented by Sebghatullah karimi
1.1 Beam Design

The selected continuous beams,
which are highlighted in Figure
60, are the critical beams within
the structures. Due to these beams
must resist the wind actions and as
well as other lateral actions.
Furthermore, these beams should
support the external wall and the
slab self-weight.
Figure 63Critical beams and Columns
The following data has been taken

from SAP 2000 (Figure 61).
Span: 8m
d=600mm, d'=50
b= 300mm
Slab thickness hf =250mm
Figure 64 Moment Diagram (3-3)
64
a- Longitudinal reinforcement in the mid-Span

Design as a T-section
The lever-arm z is equated as follows:
Depth of stress block
Thus, the stress block lies within the flange.
Provide 4 T20 bars, area (See Figure 67)
For these bars:
Thus, the steel percentage is greater than the minimum specified by the code.
b- Longitudinal reinforcement in the Interior Supports
Design as a rectangular section
Thus compression steel is required
65
This area of reinforcement will be provided by extending the span reinforcement beyond the
supports.
Lever arm
Provide five T25 plus one T20 bars, area = 2764 (Top steel, see Figure 67)
Check maximum shear
Shear force at the interior support is;
(SAP 2000, Figure 62)
Maximum design shear resistance
= 0.7-25/200 = 0.575
=776.25 KN >
Figure 65 Shear force Diagram (2-2)
66
Shear links at end supports
At distance d from face of support, shear is
(From SAP 2000, Figure 62)
Shear resistance of concrete
From Moseley (1996) table 5.1,
For 4T25,
Therefore,
Hence,
Provide R10 links at 160mm centers,
Shear links at interior support
(See drawing 67 for details)
67
Minimum links
From Table 7.1 (Mosley et al., 1996) for C25/30 and steel grade 460
Thus,
Provide R10 at 200mm centers,
Shear resistance of minimum links + concrete is
Extend of shear links
Links to resist shear are required over a distance from the face of the support to the point on the
shear force diagram. For the force of the end support the distance is
= is the ultimate load = 159KN/m (from SAP)
For interior supports
68
1.2 Design of Column

The column with a critical loading condition is selected column number 4 (see Appendix A,
DWG 110, which is the column where the designed-beam is situated within. The following
Data available from SAP 2000 (Figure 63, 64);
Axial load from structural analysis;
Nsd = 3806.93 KN
Bending moment from structural

analysis; Msd = 43 KN*M
Concrete grade: Fck=25N/mm2
fyk= 460N/mm2
A= = mm2
A=bxh=390mm, adopt A=bxh

=400mm
Figure 66 Critical Beam
Figure 67 Critical Column
69
Reinforcement cover, d' =

30+10+30/2=55mm
d' /h = 55/400 = 0.14
The neutral axis h/6= 400/6=

67mm
e= M/N = 43/3806.93= 12mm
Thus; e is small
For use in the design chart
Figure 68 Column axial Load
From the chart for d2/h=0.15 by reading onto the curved lines
As= 0.3bhfck /fyk= 0.3*400*400*30/460=3130mm2
Use 8 T25 (Figure 66), so the area is;
As= 3930mm2
The area of reinforcement should not be less than 0.12N/fyk =0.12*3806.93/460=993mm2
And as well as should not be greater than 0.04bh=0.04*400*400=6400mm2
Figure 69 Column reinforcement arrangement detail
70
Figure 70 Reinforcement arrangement details
71
Section 2: Design of selected critical Beam and column

Presented by Ghulam Abbas Niazai
2.1 Beam Design

The selected continuous beams, which
are highlighted in Figure 71, are the
critical beams within the structures.
These beams must resist the wind
actions and as well as other lateral
actions. Furthermore, these beams
should support the external wall and
the slab self-weight.
The following data has been taken Figure 71. Critical beams and Columns
from SAP 2000 (Figure 72).
Span: 8m
d=600mm, d'=50
b= 300mm
Slab thickness hf =250mm
Figure 72. Moment Diagram (3-3)
72
a- Longitudinal reinforcement in the mid-Span

Design as a T-section
The lever-arm z is equated as follows:
Depth of stress block
Thus, the stress block lies within

the flange.
Provide 6 T20 bars, area (See Detail, Figure 78)
For these bars:
Thus, the steel percentage is greater than the minimum specified by the code.
b- Longitudinal reinforcement in the Interior Supports
Design as a rectangular section
Thus compression steel is required
= =
73
This area of reinforcement will be provided by extending the span reinforcement beyond the
supports.
Lever arm
Provide six T25 plus two T20 bars, area = 3578 (See Detail, Figure 78)
Check maximum shear
Shear force at the interior support

is;
(SAP 2000,
Figure 73)
Maximum design shear resistance
= 0.7-25/200 =
0.575
Figure 73. Shear force Diagram (2-2)
=776.25 KN >
74
Shear links at end supports
At distance d from face of support, shear is
Shear resistance of concrete
From Eurocode 2 (Table 5.1)
For 4T25,
Therefore,
Hence,
Shear links at interior support
(See Detail, Figure 78)

75
Minimum links
From Table 7.1 (Mosley et al., 1996) for C25/30 and steel grade 460
Thus,
Provide R10 at 200mm centers,
Shear resistance of minimum links + concrete is
Extend of shear links
Links to resist shear are required over a distance from the face of the support to the point on the
shear force diagram. For the force of the end support the distance is
= is the ultimate load = 165KN/m (from SAP)
For interior supports
76
2.2 Design of Column

The column with a critical loading condition is selected column number 2, which is the column
where the designed-beam is situated within. The following
Data available from SAP 2000 (Figure 76);
Axial load from structural analysis;
Bending moment from structural

analysis;
*m
Concrete grade:
A= =
A=bxh=330,5mm, adopt A=bxh =400mm Figure 74. Critical Beam
Figure 75. Critical Column
77
Reinforcement cover, d' =

30+10+30/2=55mm
d' /h = 55/400 = 0.14
The neutral axis h/6= 400/6=

67mm
e= M/N = 43,3 /3276,8=

13,2mm
Thus; e is small
Figure 76. Column axial Load
For use in the design chart
From the chart for d2/h=0.15 by reading onto the curved

lines
As= 0.3bhfck /fyk= 0.3*400*400*30/460=3130mm2
Use 8 T25 (Figure 66), so the area is;
As= 3930mm2 Figure 77 Column reinforcement arrangement detail
The area of reinforcement should not be less than 0.12N/fyk =0.12*3806.93/460=993mm2
And as well as should not be greater than 0.04bh=0.04*400*400=6400mm
78
Figure 78: Beam and Column Reinforcement Arrangement
79
References
BS EN1990 (2005): Eurocode 0: Basis of Structural design, European Standard, Brussels: CEN
BS EN1992 1-1 (2004): Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures, Part 1-1, General
rules and rules for buildings, European Standard, Brussels: CEN
BS EN1991-3 (2003): Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part1, General action, Snow load,
European Standard, Brussels: CEN
BS EN1991-4 (2010): Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part1, General action, Wind actions,
European Standard, Brussels: CEN
Draycott et al (2009), Structural Elements Design Manual Working with Eurocodes, 2nd edition,
United Kingdom, Elsevier Ltd
Mosley, et al (1996) Reinforced Concrete Design to EuroCode 2. London.: MacMillan Press.
NA BS EN 1991-1-4 (2005+A1:2010) UK National Annex to Eurocode 1 – Actions on

structures Part 1-4: General actions – Wind actions. UK: BSI
NA BS EN 1992-1-1 (2002) UK National Annex to Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures,

Part 1-1, General rules and rules for buildings. UK: BSI
80
Appendces
81

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School of Environment

Students Name: Sebghatullah Karimi & Ghulam Abbas Niazai

3.2 Calculating of loads on column:.......................................................................................... 28

Figure 62 Axial force for selected Frame ..................................................................................... 62

Table 1 Roof Self-weight ................................................................................................................ 5

Section 1: Building Details

Rough modelling of an existing building in Brighton:

Figure 2 Front Elevation of the Building

Rough estimation of the dimensions:

Figure 6 car's dimensions (Source: UK Motoring Search Figure 5 Car's dimensions

As a result, the following dimension is calculated for the building.

Figure 8 Aerial plan dimensions

Proposed structural solution of the building

Solution 1: by Ghulam Abbas Niazai

Solution 2: Sebghatullah Karimi

Section 2: Load Calculation for the First Solution

Self weight of the roof is calculated in table 1, based on Figure 13

Table 1 Roof Self-weight

Roof Self Weight (KN/M2)

Figure 13: Roof detail

qk= 0.6 KN/m2 ( Table NA7, Eurocode 1)

b) Snow load on roof:

According to Eurocode 1 the snow load is determined by:

S= snow load (KN/m2) and Ce= exposure coefficient

Ct- thermal coefficient and = Snow load shape coefficient

Sk= characteristic value of snow load and can be obtained as following:

Therefore, the snow value is 0.4 KN/M2.

Total load on Roof:

Table 2 Floor Self-weight

Floor Self Weight (KN/M2)

Figure 14 Floor Details

b) Imposed load on the floor:

Imposed load= 2.5KN/m2

c) Partition loads on floor:

d= 0.0625 m, (thickness), H = 2.35m (height of the partition), and = 10 KN/m3

So the self-weight of partition is:

qk= 0.8 KN/m2.

Total load on Floor:

d) External wall loads:

Table 3 External wall self-weight

External Wall Self Weight (KN/M)

= loading area x floor loads = 30 x 10.75 = 322.5 KN

The beam self-weight load is equated to:

= self-weight of beam x length of the beam= 3.0 x 8 = 24 KN

Total load: 322.5 + 24 = 346.5 KN Figure 16: Beam loading area

Loads on each meter of beam: 346.5/8= 43.3 KN/m

According to the moment diagram with fixed joint the

Moment for supports:

Moment at the midpoint of beam:

At midpoint of the beam: Figure 18: Moment Diagram

The following data is available:

Effective span of beam is: 8m

The loads: 43.3KN/m Moment= 230.93KN*m

Concrete class= C25/30

Kbal=0.167 >K= Moment / b d2 fck

The beam breath b = 300mm match the wall thickness

So, for 10mm links and, say 28mm bars

Overall depth h=439+40+10+28/2= 503mm

Therefore, the depth we have assumed is larger than 503mm. So

The beam cross section dimension can be accepted 300x650 mm

h= 8000/12~ 650mm is accepted 650mm

Figure 19 Column loading area

Self-weight of column (the column 5 is in critical condition)

Beam self-weight (0.30.311)25= 24.75