Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Logic 5
Logic 5
Eductive Inference
- A method of rendering the same fundamental truth transposed in a given proposition.
- The judgment expressed that re-expresses the truth given by the original proposition.
o EXAMPLE: “Do unto others what you want others do unto you; therefore, do not do unto them
what you do not want them to do unto you.”
1
Four kinds of Eductive Inference
1. CONVERSION
o Transposing or interchanging the subject and the predicate without changing the quality.
o The original subject of conversion which the antecedent becomes CONVERTEND and the new judgment
which is the consequent becomes CONVERSE.
o
o Steps:
Interchange the subject and the predicate.
Do not change the quality.
Do not extend any term.
EXAMPLE: Some learners of today are educators of tomorrow.
Some educators of tomorrow are learners of today.
Note: The O proposition does not have converse for it is formally and materially invalid.
Types of Conversion:
a. Simple Conversion
Viable only from Proposition A to Proposition A; from Proposition I to Proposition I; and from
Proposition E to Proposition E.
I to I : Some teachers are considerate people;
therefore, some considerate people are teachers.
E to E : No adult person is an infant; therefore
therefore, no infant is an adult person.
A to A : (If the predicate is the definition of the subject of convertend and if they
are interchangeable)
A triangle is a three-sided figure;
therefore, a three-sided figure is a triangle.
3. CONTRAPOSITION
o Transposing the subject and the predicate like in Conversion and put the contradictory term of the
original predicate like in Obversion.
o The antecedent of the contraposition is CONTRAPONEND as the original proposition and the
consequent of the contraposition is CONTRAPOSIT as the new proposition.
Types of Contraposition:
A. Simple Contraposition
o Steps:
Subject – use the contradictory of the predicate
Copula – change
Predicate – Put the original subject
o EXAMPLE:
A to E: Every S is P; therefore no non-P is S.
Every PUP instructor is a professional person. Therefore, no unprofessional person is a
PUP instructor.
E to I: No S is P; therefore, some non-P is S.
No swan is a duck. Therefore, some non-ducks are swans.
O to I: S is not P; therefore, some non-P is S.
Some politicians are not rich people. Therefore, some poor people are politicians.
B. Complete Contraposition
o Steps:
Subject – use the contradictory of the predicate
Copula – do not change
Predicate – Use the contradictory of the subject.
3
o EXAMPLE:
A to A: Every S is P; therefore, every non-P is a non-S.
Every PUP instructor is a professional. Therefore, every unprofessional person is a
non-PUP instructor.
E to O: No S is P; therefore, some non-P is not a non-S.
No swan is a duck. Therefore, some non-ducks are not non-swans.
O to O: Some S is not P; therefore, some non-P is not a non-S.
Some politicians are not rich people. Therefore, some poor people are not
non- politicians.
Note: The I proposition does not have a contraposit. To contraposit is to obvert first the I into O and O does not
have a converse.
4. INVERSION
o Re-expressing the original proposition into a new proposition whereby the subject becomes the
contradictory of the original subject.
o The antecedent of inversion is INVERTEND as the original proposition and the consequent of the
inversion is INVERSE as the new proposition.
Types of Inversion:
A. Simple Inversion
o Steps:
Subject – use the contradictory of the subject
Copula – change
Predicate – Put the original predicate
o EXAMPLE:
A to O: Every S is P; therefore, some non-S is not P.
Every PUP instructor is a professional person. Therefore, some non-PUP instructors are
not professionals.
E to I: No S is P; therefore, some non-S is P.
No swan is a duck. Therefore, some non-swans are ducks.
C. Complete Inversion
o Steps:
Subject – use the contradictory of the subject
Copula – do not change
Predicate – Use the contradictory of the predicate..
o EXAMPLE:
A to I: Every S is P; therefore, every non-S is a non-P.
Every PUP instructor is a professional. Therefore, some non-PUP instructors are
unprofessional
E to O: No S is P; therefore, some non-P is not a non-S.
No swan is a duck. Therefore, some non-ducks are not non-swans.
4