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Building Overview

Building – generally defined as an enclosed structure for

human occupancy

Building Structures Priority of building structures

and Systems
1. Load-bearing systems
2. Exterior walls
Increasing difficulty
3. Interior walls to modify or replace
4. Linings, claddings
5. Plants, equipment
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Building Overview Building Overview

Load-bearing Systems Exterior Walls

Aside from the typical vertical load-resisting structures, - defines the main character of design
design criteria for building structures are based on - most components are adequately attached to supporting
structural systems used. structures (load-bearing systems)
Over many years, engineers have observed that some - can be as simple as masonry walls to complex curtain
structural systems perform better in earthquake than
walls
others.
Structural systems are categorized based on:
 the material of construction
 the way in which lateral forces are resisted, and
 the relative quality of seismic resistant design
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Building Overview Building Overview

Exterior Walls Exterior Walls

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Building Overview Building Overview

Exterior Walls Interior Walls

- are used to divide spaces inside the building
- placing of such is governed by building and fire codes
- can be masonry walls, timber partitions, light-weight
panels like gypsum and ficem board, glass, modular
partitions and laminates

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Building Overview Building Overview

Interior Walls Interior Walls

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Building Overview Building Overview

Cladding Cladding
- the application of one material over another to provide
skin or layer intended to control the infiltration of weather
elements, or for aesthetic purposes
- does not necessarily have to provide a waterproof
condition but is instead a control element

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Building Overview Building Overview

Cladding Plant/Equipment
- are semi-permanent building features that supports the
operation of a facility
- examples are escalators and elevators, HVAC, generators
and substations, MEPF system

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The Building Site The Building Site

The Building Site is where the building structure is being The site-based management can make significant
built. It should be a well-planned area that considers improvements in the cost and time savings during the
mobility and function of the construction process. construction process without involving a mass of additional
work.

The project manager decides the allocation of areas in a
construction site.
The role of site managers is to control and maintain work
performance and then taking actions to rectify situations
where performance is unsatisfactory.
Site planning in particular, has been the most neglected
aspect in the construction industry and the attitude of the
engineers has been that it will be done as the project
progress.

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The Building Site The Building Site

Layout planning, in general, is a complex optimization Construction site layout involves:

problem.
 identifying, sizing, and placing temporary facilities
There are two general objectives which planners should
 identifying staging areas
seek to meet through careful organization of the site for
construction:  locating mobility points and transportation routes
1. the site must be designed to maximize efficiency of  locating equipment setup
operations in order to promote worker productivity, to
shorten project time and to reduce cost
2. the final plan must create a project with a good work
environment in order to attract and retain the best
personnel and thus contribute to better work quality
and productivity
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The Building Site The Building Site

Common Problems
 Material stacks wrongly placed
 Plant and equipment wrongly located
 Inadequate space allowed
 Temfacil wrongly located

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The Building Site The Building Site

Site Layout Planning Elements Site Layout Planning Elements

 Safety  Accommodation
 Fire prevention  Offices
 Medical services
 Water supply and sanitation
 Personnel safety
 Material handling
 Site Accessibility
 Storage and site cleaning
 Information Signs
 Security
 Entrance
 Lighting
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The Building Site The Building Site

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Building Components Building Components

Substructure Foundation
Building component that rests on earth Part of the building that transfers all the load of the
building to the earth underneath
 Foundation
 Shallow foundation
 Slab-on-grade
 Isolated footing
 Earth-retaining structures  Combined footing
Superstructure  Spread/Mat footing

Building component that rests on substructure  Deep foundation

 Driven piles
 Suspended slab
 Bored piles
 Suspended beams and girders
 Footing tie beam
 Columns
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 Roof

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Building Components Building Components

Method of Installation Method of Installation

Shallow foundation Driven Pile
 No formwork on the bottom  Piles to be driven are prefabricated
 Either rests on gravel or lean concrete  Delivered at site with varying lengths according to order
 Rebar installation will start with concrete spacer blocks  Test piles (if necessary) are driven first
 Side forms only, separated from the rebar by spacer  Pile-driving with the necessary equipment
blocks
 Excess length of pile that cannot be driven further are
 After curing, backfill and compact manually hacked using jack hammer
 Rebars exposed from cutting the excess length will be
integrated with the pile cap/footing
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Building Components Building Components

Method of Installation Other earth-retaining structures

Bored Pile Used to hold the earth in place permanently or temporarily
 Boring equipment will bore a hole into the soil  Retaining wall
 Soil from boring will not be used again  Sheet piles
 Prefabricated rebar is placed at the bored hole  Soil nail
 Concrete is poured at the hole
 Excess length will be hacked
 Rebars exposed from cutting the excess length will be
integrated with the pile cap/footing

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Building Components Building Components

Method of Installation Method of Installation

Sheet pile
 Sheet metals are delivered at site
 Necessary equipment (mounted vibratory hammer) is
used to drive the sheet piles on the soil
 After complete installation, excavation of the critical
soil will proceed
 At strategic points, wailer supports are placed to
prevent sheet piles from overturning due to active soil
pressure
Soil nail
 Soil retaining structure is built (abutment, retaining
wall, precast concrete fence)
 Soil is bored at an angle
 Post-tensioning tendons/cables are inserted in the hole
 Hole is bombarded with pressurized grout
 After curing, the tendons/cables are stressed to obtain
the necessary pull applied on the retaining structure

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Building Components Building Components

Slab-on-grade Suspended Slab

Flooring that directly rests on the ground Directly carries the dead load and live load of the building
 Soil compaction and transfers the load to the beams and girders

 Gravel bedding Intermediate Beam

 Damproofing (polyethylene sheet) Carries the slab and transfers the load to the girders
 Rebar installation Girder
 Concrete pouring Carries the intermediate beams and some of the slab
directly attached to it, transfers the load to the columns
 Floor finishing

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Building Components Building Components

Column Method of Installation

The main load-bearing structure that carries the girders Superstructure (Column)
and transfers all the load to the foundation  Column rebars are erected
Column that is not directly connected to the foundation is
 Spacer blocks are installed
called planted column
 Column formworks are installed
 Concrete is poured for several lifts

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Building Components Quiz #3

Identify the components of the building

Method of Installation 5
Superstructure (Girders, Beams and Slab)
 Scaffolds are installed to support the formworks 6
 Bottom forms are installed (including slab)
4
 Conventional formworks 3
 Table forms

 Rebars are assembled (girders and beams)

Soil
 Side forms are erected upon completion of rebars
1
 Slab rebars are installed 2
7
 Concrete pouring
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 Floor finishing

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Materials for Building Structures Materials for Building Structures

Formworks Formworks
Plywood Phenolic board
 Used for small construction where reuse of forms is
cannot significantly affect the total cost
Phenolic board
 Special type of engineered wood with smooth surface
(coated with phenolic) to maximize reuse of forms

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Materials for Building Structures Materials for Building Structures

Formworks Formworks
Conventional Scaffolding Conventional Scaffolding
 Scaffoldings are used to support the assembly of
phenolic boards to serve as formworks for cast-in-place
concrete
Table Forms
 A pre-assembled platform, complete with forms, will
serve as formworks assembly for the entire project Table Forms

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Materials for Building Structures Materials for Building Structures

Concrete Concrete
Concrete = water + cement + FA + CA Cast-in-place concrete
Mortar = water + cement + FA  Fresh concrete is delivered at site and poured in pre-
assembled formworks
Grout = water + cement
Pre-cast concrete
 Hardened concrete is delivered at site to act as building
Ready-mix concrete = concrete mixed at the batching plant
components (e.g. pre-cast wall, pre-cast girder)
Job-mix concrete = concrete mixed on-site

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Materials for Building Structures Materials for Building Structures

Concrete Concrete
Cast-in-place concrete Direct pouring
 used if concrete can flow using gravity
Pumpcrete
 used to pump concrete to reach higher levels and hard
to reach areas
Pre-cast concrete

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Materials for Building Structures

Reinforcing bars
Ribbed steel bars of varying sizes and strength
 Grade 40, Grade 60
 10mm, 12mm, 16mm,
20mm, 25mm, 32mm, 36mm

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