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Pilas272645789126397816 PDF
Pilas272645789126397816 PDF
by
BRYNJA GUDMUNDSDOTTIR
A REPORT
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
I N PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING
EDMONTON, ALBERTA
FALL 198 1
UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA
FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
Supervisor
Date
L A T E R A L L Y L O A D E D PILES
S u b m i t t e d in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of the r e q u i r e m e n t s
for t h e d e g r e e of M a s t e r of E n g i n e e r i n g in
G e o t e c h n i c a l Engineering.
UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA
F a l l 1981 Brynja G u d m u n d s d o t t i r
Table of Contents
Chapter Page
1 . INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1
2 . DESCRIPTION OF METHODS ................................. 3
2.1 Introduction ......................................3
2.2 Subgrade reaction method ........................... 4
2.3 Analytical design methods by subgrade reaction .....5
2.4 Broms' theoretical-empirical method ................ 8
2.4.1 Allowable lateral deflection at working
loads ........................................8
2.4.2 Ultimate or failure load ..................... 9
2.4.3 Moments by Broms method .....................14
2.5 Matlock-Reese hand solution .......................16
2.5.1 Deflections ................................. 16
2.5.2 Moments .....................................20
2.6 Construction of p-y curves ........................ 20
2.6.1 Overconsolidated clay (Reese and Welch
1975) .......................................20
2.6.2 Normally consolidated clay (Matlock 1970) ...21
2.6.3 Cohesionless soil (Reese. Cox and Koop
.......................................23
1974)
2.7 Poulos method ..................................... 24
2.7.1 Elastic analysis ............................24
2.7.2 Calculation of displacement .................26
2.7.3 Calculation of moments ......................27
3 . CALCULATIONS .......................................... 41
3.1 Introduction ...................................... 41
3.2 Dimensions of pile and properties of soil .........41
3.3 Broms method ......................................42
3.4 Calculation of p-y curves .........................42
References ............................................... 68
L i s t of Tables
Table Page
2.1 Evaluation of the coefficient n. and n. ............ 39
2.2 Coefficient of horizontal subgrade
reaction k for cohesionless soil .................. 39
2.3 Coefficient and equations for
Matlock-Reese method ...............................40
3.1 Soil parameters used in example .................... 42
3.2 Calculation of y and M by Broms method .............43
3.3 Calculation of p-y curve for
overconsolidated soil ..............................44
3.4 Calculation of p-y curve for normally
consolidated soil ..................................47
3.5 Coefficient A and B for calculation of
ultimate resistance for cohesionless soil ..........49
3.6 Calculation of p-y curve for cohesionless
soil ...............................................50
3.7 Calculation of y by Matlock-Reese method .
Overconsolidated clay ..............................53
3.8 Calcualtion of y by Maltoc-Reese method .
Normally consolidated clay .........................54
3.9 Calcualtion of y by Matlock-Reese method .
Cohesionless soil ..................................56
3.10 Calculation of y and M by Poulos method ............ 61
3.11 Summary of results using different methods ......... 62
iii
List of Figures
Figure Page
2.1 Distribution of lateral pressure in soil ...........28
2.2 Beam column under lateral load .....................28
2.3 Cohesive soil . Lateral deflection at
ground surface ..................................... 29
2.4 Cohesionless soil .Lateral deflection at
ground surface .....................................29
2.5 Cohesive soil . Ultimate lateral
resistance ......................................... 30
.
2.6 Cohesionless soil .Ultimate lateral
resistance .........................................31
2.7 Graphical definition of p-y curve ..................32
2.8 Typical reaction-deflection curves ................. 32
2.9 Trial plots of soil modulus values ................. 33
2.10 Interpolation for stiffness factor T ...............33
2.71 Characteristic shapes of p-y curve for
soft clay ..........................................34
2.12 Typical family of p-y curves in
cohesionless soil ..................................34
2.13 Non-dimensional coefficients for ultimate
soil resistance vs depth in sand ................... 35
2.14 Influence factor I .................................35
2.15 Influence factor I and I .......................... 36
2.16 Influence factor I .................................36
2.17 Influence factor I ................................. 37
2.18 Maximum moment in free-head pile ...................37
2.19 Fixing moment at head of fixed-head pile ...........38
3.1 Example calculated ................................. 41
3.2 P-y curves for overconsolidated clay ............... 45
3.3 P-y curves for normally consolidated soil ..........48
Figure Page
2.1 Introduction
EI dZ
Y = -M
dx'
lateral load
h. Dimensionless shape factor C, (for steel piles only):
1. Use 1.3 for piles with circular cross-section
2. Use 1.1 for H-section when the applied load is in the
direction of the pile's maximum resisting moment
(normal to pile flanges).
3. Use 1.5 for H-section piles when the applied load is
in the direction of the pile's minimum resisting
moment (parallel to pile flanges)
i. M , the resisting moment of the pile = C,f,S
STEP 5:
Determine factor B or 1:
a. B = d m for cohesive soil, or
b. 9 = d z for cohesionless soil
STEP 6:
Determine the dimensionless length factor:
a. BL for cohesive soil, or
b. qL for cohesionless soil.
STEP 7:
Determine i f the pile is long or short:
a. Cohesive soil
1. ,!3L > 2.5 (2.25) (long pile)
2. flL < 2.0 (2.25) (short pile)
3. 2.0 < ,!3L < 2.5 (intermediate pile)
b. Cohesionless soil
1. YL > 4.0 (long pile)
2. qL < 2.0 (short pile)
3. 2.0 < qL < 4.0 (intermediate pile)
- -8:
STEP
Determine other soil parameters:
a. Rankine passive pressure coefficient for cohesionless
soil Kp= tan2(45 + 6/2), where 6 = angle of internal
friction.
b. Average effective soil unit weight y over embedded
length.
c. Cohesion Cu= one-half the unconfined compressive
strength q,/2.
STEP 9:
Determine the ultimate (failure) load P, for a single pile:
a. Short Free- or Fixed-Headed Pile in Cohesive Soil
Using L/D (and e/D for free-headed case), enter Figure
2.5a, select the corresponding value of PU/C,D2, and
solve for P, .
b. Long Free- or Fixed-Headed pile in Cohesive Soil
Using My;.ld/CuD3 (and e/D for free-headed case), enter
Figure 2.5b, select the corresponding value of Pu/C,D2,
and solve for P, .
c. Short Free- or Fixed-Headed Pile in Cohesionless Soil
Using L/D (and e/L for the free-headed case), enter
Figure 2.6a, select the corresponding value of Pu/ KpD3y,
and solve for P, .
d. Long Free- or Fixed-Headed Pile in Cohesionless Soil
Using Myield/D'yKp, (and e/D for the free-headed case),
enter Figure 2.6b select the corresponding value of P,/ Kp
D 3 y , and solve for Pa.
e. Intermediate Free- or Fixed-Headed Pile in Cohesionless
Soil
Calculate P for both a short pile (Step 9c) and a long
pile (Step 9 d ) and use smaller value.
STEP 10:
Calculate the maximum allowable working load for a single
pile P, from the ultimate load P, determined in Step 9:
P,= Pu/2.5
STEP 1 1 :
Calculate the working load for a single pile Pa
corresponding to a given design deflection y at the ground
surface, or the deflection corresponding to a given design
load. If P, a n d y are not given, substitute the value of Pm
from Step 10 for Pa in the following cases and solve for :
,
y
a. Free- or Fixed-Headed Pile in Cohesive Soil
Using pL (and e/L for the free-headed case),enter Figure
2.3, selecting the corresponding value of ykhDL/P,, and
solve for Pa or y.
b. Free- of Fixed-Headed Pile in Cohesionless Soil
Using nL (and e/L for the free-headed case), enter Figure
2.4, select the corresponding value of y (EI) d5k'fS/pa L,
and solve for Pa or y.
STEP 12:
If Pa> P, use P, and calculate y, (Step 1 1 )
If Pa < P, use Pa and y.
If Pa and y are not given,use P, and y
,
.
STEP 13:
Reduce the allowable load selected in Step 12 to account for
method of installation: for driven piles use no reduction,
and for jetted piles use 0.75 of the value.
Cohesionless soil:
Here it has been assumed that lateral deflections are
sufficiently large at failure to develop the full passive
resistance (equal to three times the passive Rankine earth
pressure), from the ground surface to the location of
maximum bending moment. Thus we have for free-head piles:
£ = 0 . 8 2 J m and ME=
P(e + 0.67f) + Qa (2.10)
2.5.1 Deflections
When using this method a set of p-y curves are needed.
Here they will be constructed semi-empirically for a static
loading condition and will be described in next section.
The primary solution will consist of finding the set of
elastic deflections of the pile (including the short jacket
leg extension) which will simultaneously satisfy:
1) the non-linear resistrance deformation relations
which are predicted for the soil,
2) the elastic bending properties of the piles,
3) the angular stiffness of the upper structure at the
pile to structure connection.
The force-deformation characteristics of the soil are
described by a set of predicted p-y curves. I n Figure 2.7
there is a graphical definition of p-y curves and in Figure
2.6 there are typical resistance curves for soil at various
depths. Since solution for the interaction problem relies on
repeated applications of elastic theory, a secant modulus of
qrril reaction E, is required, which is defined as E, = -p/y.
This is only a computation device which is generally
independent of pile size and depends primarily on soil
properties (not a unique soil property).
The differential equation for a beam is:
M =
2 -
Ast T
P" ~ - B ~ ~ T
3.5
resistance.
y,. = 2.5D6,,
p, = N,,G D (2.20)
where
1
9 at a considerable depth below the surface
x
N = 3 + + J - (between the free soil surface
L'4 0
and depth the variation is
described by this equation)
2-4 very near the surface in front of the pile
3 (for a cylindrical pile, this is believed to
be appropriate)
The value of J should to be determined empirically.
Here the value of J = 0.5 will be used as it is
considered to be appropriate for this type of clay.
3 ) Compute y,, using Skempton's approach
resistance:
a = -d , fl = 45 + 4T , K, =
0
0.4, Ka= tan1(45-7)
3 ) The following equation are used to calculate soil
resistance:
a ) Ultima~te resistance near ground surface:
P rvl
for a f ree-head pile Y = +fJT
+ I -
YM EL
i 8 RESTRAINED
g0
Y
J
,L
X 6
J
4
g
u
4
",
g
Y
2
W
E
0 0
OIMENSIONLESS LENGTH, 11
10- B, (STATIC)
i P,(ST~TIC~
20- 20
A
b 30- 30
40- 40
60 60
( S t a t i c and C y c l i c Loading)
3.1 Introduction
In this chapter the deflection at ground surface and
maximum moment for a certain pile will be calculated by the
previously described methods. First the parameters for both
the soil and pile are given and the results of the
calculations for each method are given. Finally a summary of
the calculations is given at the end of the chapter.
unconfined
compressive lOOkPa 30kPa -
strength 9
- -- ~
modulus of
elasticity E 3500kN/m2 940 kN/m2 3447 kN/m2
i
3 very near the surface
Np= 3 +
rr,
- + J-X from surface fo depth x,
Cu D
9 below depth x,
OSE 082 012 Ofi I DL 0
8 y 5 , and p = p,.
The values of p versus y for normally consolidated soil are
given in Table 3.4 and the plotted in Figure 3.3.
depth x x /D A B
-
3.5.1'Deflections
The procedure for this method is given in section 2.5.1
and the results of calculations are given in Tables 3.7 to
3.9 for overconsolidated clay, normally consolidated clay
and cohesionless soil respectively. This method is an
iterative procedure. The results of the iterations are
presented in Figures 3.5 to 3.8 and in Tables 3.7 to 3.9.
3.5.2 Moments
Here the moment at the top of the pile is M = 0. The
maximum moment in the pile thus occurs when Am is maximum,
which is Am=0.772 at z = 1.4. The maximum moment for the
three soil types are given below.
Overconsolidated clay:
M,,,= A,PtT = 0.772 200 3.10 = 478.6kNm
at depth x = 1.4T = 4.34m
Normally consolidated clay:
M,, = 0.772 200 4.25 = 656.2kNm
at depth x = 5.95m
Cohesionless soil:
,M = 0.772 200 2.15 = 332.0 kNm
at depth x = 3.01m
Table 3.7 -- Calculation of y by Matlock-Reese method.
Overconsolidated clay.
I x Z=X/T AY Y -P E comments
0.0 0.0
----- -
2.435 1 0.1074 108
-- ---
1005
T o x z = x/T Ay Y -P E comments
I x = x/T Ay Y -P E comments
T x = x/T AI Y -P E comments
m -
Final T = 2.15 m
N - -
- - -
R Overconsolidated clay
@ Normally consolidated clay
A Cohesionless s o i l
0
0 1 2 3 11 5
T - t r i e d (rn)
L (m) 16 16 16
~ ~~.~ -~ - .
L/D 20 20 20
-. ~ ~...
.
A. Deflection (unit m )
4.1 Introduction
In the two previous chapters three different methods
were introduced for calculating deflection and maximum
moment for laterally loaded piles, and example calculations
were presented in Chapter 3. A summary of the results is
given in Table 3.11. In this chapter an explanation of the
results will be sought.
4P(l+1.5?)
BL < 1 . 5 yo =
KDL