WASTE GLASS CONCRETE 1

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Engineering

Bulacan State University

City of Malolos,Bulacan

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By:

Demonteverde, Jake S.

Maggay, Ronaldo Jr. M.

Reyes, Patrick Jomer B.

Valderrama, Jenny Ann T.

BS CE/5th Year/D

November 2018
UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 2

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Environmental pollution is one of the main problems that the Philippines is currently facing

and there were only minimal ways of reducing them. Solid waste management and recycling are

among them. Recycling is defined as the process of converting waste materials into new

materials and objects. It is an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal that can save material

and help lower greenhouse gas emissions. Recycling can prevent the waste of potentially useful

materials and reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, thereby reducing: energy usage, air

pollution from incineration, and water pollution from landfilling.

Solid waste management remains a challenge in the Philippines in urban areas such as Metro

Manila. Unfit disposal of waste, inefficient collection of waste and lack of disposal facilities are

among the country's main concerns. Unless addressed, waste generated from different sources

continuously leads to health hazards and serious environmental impacts, such as ground and

surface water contamination, flooding, air pollution and disease spread.

According to Asian Development bank, “The Philippines generates about 35,000 tons of

garbage daily, and more than 8,600 tons per day in Metro Manila alone”. Wherein 28 percent of

these garbage accounts for recyclable waste (Philippines Solid Wastes At A Glance, SEPO) and

approximately 3 percent contains waste glasses. The primary sources of waste glasses are

window, mirrors, waste containers, glass bottles and light bulbs.

A glass is a transparent material made by melting natural materials such as silica, soda ash,

and CaCO3 at a high temperature followed by cooling where it solidifies without passing

through crystallization. The glass is an ideal material for recycling; Tony Cardenas once quoted
UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 3

that “If recycling is the future, then we must focus our efforts on mitigating negative impacts to

our community while protecting our environment.” Glass recycling increases public awareness

of the benefits of recycling. One field to be considered is construction, where the waste glass is

reprocessed for concrete production. For it is also an inert material which could be recycled and

used many times without changing its chemical properties. (AiminXu and Ahmad shayam,2004).

Nowadays, concrete is one of the most commonly used structural materials in constructing of

buildings, highways, bridges, dams and other infrastructures. Due to the limited supplies of

cement materials, its cost will be affected, thus resorting to use substandard materials in

construction. Since the demand in concrete manufacturing increases day by day, the utilization of

river sand as fine aggregate leads to exploitation of natural resources, lowering of water table,

sinking of the bridge piers, etc. is a common treat. There is a growing interest of using recycled

crushed glass (RCG) as an aggregate in construction materials especially for non-structural

applications. Although the recycled crushed glass is able to reduce the water absorption and

drying shrinkage in concrete products due to its near to zero water absorption characteristics, the

potential detrimental effect of using glass due to alkali–silica reaction (ASR) in cementations

materials is a real concern. The extent of ASR and its effect on concrete paving blocks produced

with partial replacement of natural aggregates by crushed glass cullet are investigated in this

study. This study is comprised of two parts. The first part quantified the extent of the ASR

expansion and determined the adequate amount of mineral admixtures that was needed to reduce

the ASR expansion for concrete paving blocks prepared with different recycled crushed glass

contents using an accelerated mortar bar test in accordance with ASTM C 1260 (80 °C, 1 N

NaOH solution). In the second part, concrete paving blocks were produced using the optimal mix

proportion derived in the first part of this study and the corresponding mechanical properties
UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 4

were determined. It was found from the mortar bar test that the incorporation of 25% or less

RCG induced negligible ASR expansion after a testing period of 28 days. For mixes with a glass

content of higher than 25%, the incorporation of mineral admixtures such as pulverized fuel ash

and metakaolin was able to suppress the ASR expansion within the stipulated limit but the results

need to be confirmed by other test methods such as the concrete prism test. The study concluded

that the optimal mix formulation for utilizing crushed waste glass in concrete paving blocks

should contain at least 10% PFA by weight of the total aggregates used. (Chi sing lam, chi sun

poon and Dixon chan,2007). As the world's population grows rapidly, the world faces a problem

of habitation and waste. As the waste is proportional to the population and the natural resources

used in concrete are restricted, this construction industry needs some attention to use some other

material that they can mix in concrete to obtain new products which are the same physical

properties.

This study is focused in determining the possibility of waste glass, into the reinforced

concrete to improve its properties. According to the studies, glass is an excellent insulator against

heat, electricity, and electromagnetic radiation. It can also withstand the effect of the chemical

reaction under different environment condition or acidic effects. So if it is applicable of mixing

in the reinforced concrete as powdered type or aggregates, the reinforced concrete will attain

additional properties that will help to last longer.

Concrete, in construction, structural material consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate

substance, known as aggregate (usually sand and gravel), that is bonded together by cement and

water. Aggregates are generally designated as either fine (ranging in size from 0.025 to 6.5 mm

[0.001 to 0.25 inch]) or coarse (from 6.5 to 38 mm [0.25 to 1.5 inch] or larger).(The Editors of

Encyclopaedia Britannica).
UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 5

Concrete alone is prone to shrinkage and develops cracks and eventually loses its strength;

the development of these micro cracks causes elastic deformation of concrete. To address these

problems fibers are added in concrete, it will control the cracking due to shrinkage and also

reduce the absorption of water. The addition of waste glass bottles in plain concrete shows higher

flexural strength than plain concrete, (Deshmukh S.H, Bhusari J.P and Zende A.M, 2012).

Synthetic fiber like glass contains silica that is usually added to Portland cement in order to

improve its properties, especially in compressive strength, bond strength and abrasion resistance.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The statement of the problem targets to the address the following question “How do

waste glass bottles help improve concrete mixture?.”

The researcher aims to address the following specific questions pertaining to the methods

and processes that take place:

1. What are the effects of sieved waste glass to the workability of concrete?

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using powdered waste glass in a concrete?

3. What will be the effect of adding powdered waste glass to the tensile and compressive

strength properties of a concrete?

4. What is the optimum waste glass content to be added in the concrete?

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The primary objective of this study is to prove that the addition of waste glass bottles,

which is a fibrous material, can increase the strength of the common concrete mixture.

Specifically, the proposed study aimed:

 To develop a concrete mixture with higher strength properties.

UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 6

 To test the performance limits of a concrete in terms of compressive, and tensile

stresses.

 To determine the effect of waste glass bottles on concrete water absorption.

 To determine the optimum waste glass bottles content to be added in the concrete.

 To utilize waste materials such as waste glass bottles in a more productive manner

as an additive in concrete.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The population of the Philippines has increased in high rates, which has led to a rise in the

number of residential, educational, hospitals, public utilities, commercial, small - scale, medium

- sized industry. In our country building materials are quite expensive and not all people can

afford them, particularly in rural areas. This study is therefore made not only to provide durable

concrete but also to help others to have simple construction material to help them in their own

needs.

A. Environmental

The concrete industry is one of two largest producers of carbon dioxide (CO2), creating

up to 5% of worldwide man-made emissions of this gas, of which 50% is from the chemical

process and 40% from burning fuel leading to global warming. Using waste glass bottles as a

concrete additive will not only reduce the waste in the environment but also minimize the

potent greenhouse gas that cement industry produces.

B. Social

The use of recyclable material like glass bottles, in addition to concrete, reduces waste

and pollution, thereby making people beneficial in terms of health and safety.
UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 7

C. Economic

This will give a major economic impact to the society and building industries for this will

provide an alternative constructing material that is cheaper and more durable than a standard

concrete.

D. Industrial

It can help the industry to become more productive because the alternative materials used

can only be found in the environment, the costs of this material are cheaper because it is

abundant.

E. Academics

The beneficiary of this study is the students, giving them not just ideas on how waste

materials can be converted into something useful but also develops a new product that

surpasses the traditional one.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

The main focus of this project is to prove that adding soda lime silica bottles can increase the

strength of a common concrete. This project will be using a universal testing machine, to

measure the strength capacity of the mixture. The test will measure the compressive and flexural

stresses capacity. The study will show the characteristic and properties of the waste glass, the

availability of the materials, and the difference between the experimented and existing material.

DELIMITATIONS

 The researchers limit the study by using only recyclable waste glass bottles.

 The mixture type will be class A with 1:2:4, where 1 part is cement, 2 parts are sand and

4 parts are coarse aggregate.

UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 8

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

INTRODUCTION

This section is made of related literature, readings, and studies about waste glass and

cement. This will likewise give a hypothetical structure to outline and to comprehend the

exploration to be led. It also fills in as the manual for analyst's outline of the investigation and

getting the important information with the end goal to deliver the item.

RELATED LITERATURES AND THEORIES

GLASS

Glass has been a fascinating material to humankind since it was first made in about 500

BC. At first thought to possess magical properties, glass has come a long way. It is one of the

most versatile and oldest materials in the building industry. From its humble beginnings as a

window pane in luxury houses of Pompeii to sophisticated structural members in new age

buildings, its role in architecture has evolved over the years.

In prehistoric times, Obsidian (Naturally occurring glass found near volcanic regions) and

fulgurite (glass formed naturally after lightning strikes sand) were used to make weapons.

Manmade glass was used as a luxury material was used in decorations, jewellery, vessels and

crockery.

Glass blowing was discovered in the 1st century in Europe, this revolutionized the glass

making industry. The technique spread throughout the Roman Empire. Production of Clear glass,

by introduction of manganese dioxide, saw glass being used for architectural purposes. Cast

glass windows began to appear in the most important buildings and villas in Rome and Pompeii.
UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 9

Over the next 1,000 years glass making spread through all of Europe and Middle East. In 7th

century Anglo Saxon glass was used in churches and cathedrals

By 11th century sheet glass was made by the crown glass process. In this process, the

glassblower would spin molten glass at the end of a rod until it flattened into a disk. The disk

would then be cut into panes. By 13th century, this technique was perfected in Venice. Stain

glass windows were used in gothic renaissance and baroque architecture from the 11th to the

18th century. The examples of stunning patterns created by using colorful glass are immortalized

by great artists all over the world. The Crown glass process was used up to the mid-19th century.

in the 19th century, flat / sheet glass windows were used in making windows. These were

completely flat and did not have any optical distortions.

But glass was still an item of luxury as it took large resources, brilliant skill and immense

energy to be produced. In 1958 Pilkington and Bickerstaff introduced the revolutionary float

glass process to the world. This method gave the sheet uniform thickness and very flat surfaces.

Modern windows are made from float glass.

From the beginning of 20th century modern architecture has been instrumental in mass

production of concrete, glass and steel buildings in the factories we call cities. This ideology

helped accommodate housing needs of the burgeoning middle class. Glass and steel construction

have become the symbol of development in many countries, where people tend to see these

buildings as symbols of affluence and luxury. .

(http://www.understandconstruction.com/glass.html)

WASTE GLASS

Glass is a fully recyclable material: it can be recycled without any loss of quality. There

are many examples of successful recycling of waste glass: as a cullet in glass production, as raw
UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 10

material for the production of abrasives, in sand-blasting, as a pozzolanic additive, in road beds,

pavements and parking lots, as raw material to produce glass pellets or beads used as reflective

paint in highways, to produce fiber glass, and as fractionators for lighting matches and firing

ammunition. Waste glass can also be produced from empty glass bottles and pots, and come in

several distinct colors containing common liquids and other substances. This waste glass is

usually crushed in small pieces that resemble the sizes of gravel and sands.

Glass comes as a balanced combination from three main raw natural materials: sand,

silica, and limestone, in addition to a certain percentage of recycled waste glass utilized in the

manufacturing process. The glass recycling process produces a crushed glass product called

cullet, which is often mixed with virgin glass materials to produce new end products. (Abdullah

A. Siam , 2011)

Table 2.1

Approximate composition and the corresponding uses of various common forms of glass

Type of Glass Composition (by weight) Usages

Soda- Lime - Silica 73 % Silica , 14% Soda , 9% Glass Windows, Bottles, Jars
Lime, 3.7% Magnesia,
0.3%Alumina
Boro – Silicate 81% Silica, 12% Boron Oxide, Pyrex Cookware, Laboratory
4% Soda, 3%Alumina Glassware
Lead (Crystal) 57% Silica, 31% lead Oxide, Lead Crystal Tableware
12% Potassium Oxide
Alumino- Silicate 64.5% Silica, 24.5% Alumina, Fiber glass Insulation,
10.5% Magnesia, 0.5% Soda Halogen Bulbs

Despite the fact that glass materials can be recycled forever and the same glass can be

recycled so many times to produce various products, the recycled materials must be of high

quality in order to continue producing the best end product. Therefore, continuous residual

amounts of waste glass resulting from construction deteriorations, domestic and medical
UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 11

disposals, and industrial output junk materials are still cumulating and hence need to be land

filled or reused in concrete mixes as additives.

Table 2.2

Chemical Composition of Cement

Component Percentage
Lime 60 – 67%
Silica 17 – 50%
Alumina 3 – 8%
Iron Oxide 0.5 – 6%
Magnesia 0.1 – 4%

Table 2.3

Chemical Composition of sand

Component Percentage
Lime 2.5%
Silica 81.98%
Alumina 9.88%
Sodium Oxide 1.5%
Magnesia 5.2%

In the wake of the now infamous Four Corners report on the state of Australia’s glass

recycling industry, University of Melbourne researchers have announced their work

incorporating waste glass into prefabricated concrete structures.

The researchers claim that finely ground recycled glass in concrete is a viable

replacement for sand and existing supplementary material like fly ash and ground-down slag
UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 12

from blast furnaces, with team member Dr Ali Kashani noting that glass can be ground down to

particles of similar size to cement and fly ash.

“In the short term, we are confident that adding glass to concrete will allow us to build

strong, light and durable non-load-bearing walls with a reasonably high portion of recycled

glass,” said Dr Kashani. “Our work has shown it has excellent sound, thermal insulation and fire-

resistant characteristics.“We are looking forward to working with the cement and concrete

industries and building standard regulators to prove the viability of using these products in

traditional concrete structures.”Damien Crough, founding director and board chair of

prefabAUS, is all in favour of upgrading building standards to allow glass in concrete, noting

that existing concrete supplementary materials are “becoming harder to get and more expensive”.

“The cost of glass will be an attractive factor for industry as it is readily available and

inexpensive, being about a third of the cost of fine sand or less.“The opportunities for a wide

range of projects, and the environment, are enormous.”

The research has been funded by Sustainability Victoria and the Australian Packaging Covenant.

2017

“Study of Concrete Involving Use of Waste Glass as Partial Replacement of Fine

Aggregates (M. Iqbal Malik, Muzafar Bashir, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, and Umar

Chowdhary, July 2013)

This journal shows the result of the experiment that has been conducted by the researchers

and concluded that a 20% replacement of fine aggregates by waste glass showed 15% increase in

compressive strength at 7 days and 25% increase in compressive strength at 28 days. Fine

aggregates can be replaced by the waste glass up to 30% by weight showing 9.8% increase in
UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 13

compressive strength at 28 days, with the increase in waste glass content the water absorption

decreases and the workability also increases.

RELATED STUDIES

“Effect of Glass Powder on Various Properties of Concrete” (Bharat Nagar, Prof. V.P

Bhargava, 2016)

The flexural strength of the concrete beam was found to be improve approximately 6% as

compare to the conventional mix at a level of 25% waste glass powder replaced with fine

aggregate. The split tensile strength of concrete cylinder was observed to improve 5.5% as

compare to the control mix of M 20 at a replacement of 25% waste glass powder with the fine

aggregate.

“Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Waste Glass” (Ishan Srivastava, Dushyant

Gupta, Sukhvinder Singh Sehmi, Kumar Shivam, and Jhalki Bharadwaj, 2017 )

With the increased in the Glass contents, the compressive strength increases up to

16.55% for 20% replacement and after that, it starts decreasing. The sample with the glass
UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 14

content of 20% shows the optimum results and at the same water content, the workability

increases, as the amount of glass waste increases.

“Effect of Glass Fibers on Ordinary Portland cement Concrete” (Deshmukh, S.H. Bhusari

J.P, and Zende A.M, 2012)

The addition of glass fibres into the concrete mixture marginally improves the

compressive strength at 28 days. It is observed from the experimental results and its analysis,

that the compressive strength of the concrete, flexural strength of concrete, splitting tensile

strength of concrete increases with addition of percentage of glass fibers. The 0.1% addition of

glass fibers into the concrete shows better result in mechanical properties and durability.

ASSUMPTIONS

This study is conducted based on the following assumptions:

 A new innovation of concrete mixture will be introduced.

 The utilization of waste glass bottles will lessen the waste in the environment and will

increase the spaces in the landfills

 There will be a low cost production of concrete

 UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 15

2.5. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

The study wanted to improve the mixture of concrete by utilizing waste glass bottles as an

additive.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUTS

Materials • Preparation of Materials • Concrete with waste
• Waste glass bottle • Mixing Ratios of glass bottles.
powder Cement to Waste Glass
• Cement bottle powder.
• Sand • Curing
• Water • Test:
Equipment’s -Compressive Strength
• Sieve Test
• Mixer -Split Tensile Test
• Cylindrical Moulds -Slump Test
• Weighing Scale
• UTM (Universal
Testing Machine)
• ASTM Standards

Figure 2.1 The figure above shows the Conceptual Framework of the study

SUMMARY OF RELATED THEORIES, LITERATURE AND STUDIES

To summarize things up, these theories, literature, and studies are all related to the

research. Most of them are about how waste glass reacts to the way that the material handles the

different experiments that it has undergone, some of them are about how the researchers came up

with the idea that this material can strengthen a certain concrete mixture.
UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 16

One of the researchers includes figures under the related studies. These figures show a result in

the previous study that waste glass can improve a concrete’s properties by using a ratio of 25%

and when the waste glass is used as a replacement it will degrade the properties and loses

strength.

A part of this chapter also shows that the use of waste glass as a strengthening material in

terms of construction was already known way back 2000 because of findings of its properties

that make the glass compatible with the cement. This proves that there are these people like the

researchers who want to utilize almost everything around this environment, that even the dirtiest

things like the waste glass can be turned into a special strengthening agent that may fix issues

regarding strength and durability of a material.

The theories, literature, and studies indicated above do validate this research, that there is

a possibility that the researchers can conduct a successful outcome regarding the matter.
 UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 17

CHAPTER III

Introduction

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the process and the research design used by the

researcher including the different diagram such as a flowchart, materials to be used and

procedure to follow and test to be conducted that will be used for accurate data analysis and

interpretation. The researchers will also explain how the project will be evaluated, the strategies,

the statistical tool that will be used in analysis and findings, research instrument and techniques

that have been developing in the research.

Project Design

The research design is the main strategy that the researchers choose to take in conducting

the study in a coherent, logical and organized way. It functions as a guide on how the researchers

will effectively address the research problem and the collection, measurement, and analysis of

data for unambiguous and unbiased results and conclusion. Experimental research is a study that

strictly adheres to a scientific research design. It includes a hypothesis, a variable that can be

manipulated by the researcher, and variables that can be measured, calculated and compared.

Most importantly, experimental research is completed in a controlled environment.

The Prototype Model

START DESIGN BUILD PROTOTYPE TEST THE

PROTOTYPE

FINAL OUTPUT TEST RESULT

ANALYSIS
Figure 3.1 Prototype Model of the study
UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 18

In conducting a study, there are various design process approaches that can be followed

and applied during the development stages of the study. Each approach presents a unique

lifecycle that ensures efficiency, effectiveness, and success in providing the results of a study.

The researchers were using the prototype model during the development of the project. The

prototype model is a lifecycle wherein each phase in the development process will be executed

until the phase satisfies the required feedback provided by the user, if the feedback does not

comply the required output it will start a cycle for the user to be satisfied until the phases have

been completed.

Figure 3.1 shows the flow of the development process of a prototype model. In the

present study work, the nominal mix is taken Class A and it is designed according to ASTM

C192/ C192M. The ratio mentioned in ASTM Standards for Class A is 1:2:4, where 1 part is

cement, 2 parts are sand and 4 parts are coarse aggregate. The W/C ratio is fixed to 0.40. The

additive levels of glass powder will be used in terms of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% and it is shown

in table 3.1.

TABLE 3.1 Mix Design

NOTATION OF MIX N0 N1 N2 N3

GLASS POWDER (%) O 5 10 15

CEMENT (kg) 1.943 1.943 1.943 1.943

FINE AGGR.(kg) 3.886 3.886 3.886 3.886

COARSE AGGR. (kg) 7.776 7.776 7.776 7.776

WATER CEMENT RATIO 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40

GLASS POWDER (kg) 0 0.097 0.194 0.291

UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 19

MATERIALS TO BE USED:

A. Cement

Cement is a very important part of the concrete because it is the cement, which gives the

concrete’s strength. In this study, Lafarge Rapidset Cement (Type I) will be used.

B. Fine aggregate

Fine aggregate are basically sands won from the land or the marine environment.

Aggregates having granule sizes between 0.075 mm and 2 mm (AASHTO) are considered to be

fine grade. Manufactured sand (M sand) was used as fine aggregate. Manufactured sand is a

substitute of river for construction purposes sand produced from hard granite stone by crushing.

C. Coarse aggregate

These are aggregates having a granule sizes between 2mm and 76.5mm (AASHTO).

Typically the most common size of aggregate used in construction is 20mm. larger aggregate

diameters reduce the quantity of cement and water needed.

D. Water

Water is one of the most important elements in concrete production. Water is needed to

begin the hydration process by reacting with the cement to produce concrete. There has to be a

sufficient amount of water available so that the reaction can take its full course but if too much

water is added, this will in fact decrease the strength of the concrete. The water – cement ratio is

important concept because other than the recipe for the concrete mix, the amount of water used

would also determine its finial strength. (Shane Palmquist, “Compressive behavior of concrete

with recycled aggregates”, 2013)

UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 20

This is also the least expensive ingredient of concrete. The water which is used for

making concrete should be clean and free from harmful impurities such as oil, alkali, acid, etc.

Potable water was used for the experiment.

E. Waste Glass Powder

Locally available glass from market and dumped areas are collected and crushed into

powder form.

Other Materials and Equipment to be used:

 Cloth sack

 Hammer

 Mixing pan

 Cylindrical Moulds (15 cm diameter and 30 cm height )

 Sieve Set No. 40 (0.425 mm opening) to No.80 ( 0.180 mm opening)

 Trowel

 Used oil

 Pale

 Tamping rods

 Gloves

 Face mask/ protector

 Containers

 Weighing scale

 Universal Testing Machine

Procedure

Crushing and Powdering of Waste Glass Bottles.

UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 21

1. Gather all the waste glass, clean and dry the bottles

2. Put the bottles in a cloth sack.

3. Use a hammer to crash the bottles.

4. Crash the glass until it becomes powder.

5. Put all the powdered waste glass bottles in a container.

For Making Samples:

1. Sieve the powder waste glass bottles using US Standard Testing Sieve No. 40 (0.425

mm opening), Sieve No. 60 (0.250 mm opening) and Sieve no. 80 (0.18 mm

opening)

2. Collect all the sieved waste glass powder from Sieve no. 60 ( 0.250 mm opening)

3. Prepare the mixing plate for making sample.

4. Reduce the sand samples by means of quartering as per ASTM C702.

5. Use the weighing by following the criteria in the table 3.1.

6. Follow the percentage and mix on a mixing plate. Mix thoroughly until there are no

dry particles. (Make 4 pcs of sample for each notation for curing.)

7. Mould all the mixtures in a 15 cm diameter and 30 cm height cylindrical mould. Put

used oil on moulder surfaces to avoid the sticking of mixtures. Dry the samples

overnight.

8. Remove the samples on moulder.

9. Put water on the pale until the samples is totally sinks.

Curing the samples

Cure the samples as per ASTM C192

 Cure each notation after 7 days.

UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 22

 Cure each notation after 14 days.

 Cure each notation after 28 days.

Test to be conducted:

A. Workability Test (Slump Test)

Slump test will be conducted on fresh concrete to determine the workability of concrete

as per ASTM C143.

Procedure:

1. To obtain a representative sample, take samples from two or more regular intervals

throughout the discharge of the mixer or truck. Do not take samples at the beginning

or the end of the discharge.

2. Dampen inside of cone and place it on a smooth, moist, non-absorbent, level surface

large enough to accommodate both the slumped concrete and the slump cone. Stand

or, foot pieces throughout the test procedure to hold the cone firmly in place.

3. Fill cone 1/3 full by volume and rod 25 times with 5/8-inch-diameter x 24-inch-long

hemispherical tip steel tamping rod. (This is a specification requirement which will

produce non-standard results unless followed exactly.) Distribute rodding evenly over

the entire cross section of the sample.

4. Fill cone 2/3 full by volume. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into, but not

through first layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire cross section of the layer.

5. Fill cone to overflowing. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into but not

through, second layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire cross section of this

layer.
UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 23

6. Remove the excess concrete from the top of the cone, using tamping rod as a screed.

Clean overflow from base of cone.

7. Immediately lift cone vertically with slow, even motion. Do not jar the concrete or tilt

the cone during this process. Invert the withdrawn cone, and place next to, but not

touching the slumped concrete. (Perform in 5-10 seconds with no lateral or torsional

motion.)

8. Lay a straight edge across the top of the slump cone. Measure the amount of slump in

inches from the bottom of the straight edge to the top of the slumped concrete at a

point over the original center of the base. The slump operation shall be completed in a

maximum elapsed time of 2 1/2 minutes. Discard concrete. DO NOT use in any other

tests.

B. Compressive strength test

Compression test is conducted to determine the concrete’s ability to resist a crushing

force. In this test, a standard test load is applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a premolded

and properly cured concrete cylinder of a standard size and it will be done by the guideline of

ASTM C39 (Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete

Specimen).

Test Procedure:

1. Measure the diameter of the test specimen to the nearest 0.25mm (0.01 in) by

averaging two diameters measured at right angles to each other at the middle

height of the specimen.

2. Adjust the bearing blocks into position.

3. Clean the faces of the bearing blocks and the specimen

UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 24

4. Carefully align the axis of the specimen with the center of the thrust of the

spherically seated block.

5. Apply the load continuously and without shock.

6. Continue applying the load until the specimen fails

7. Record the maximum load carried by the specimen during the test.

8. Note the type of failure and the appearance of the concrete

Calculate the compressive strength as:

f’c = Pmax / A

where: f’c = Compressive Strength, MPa (psi)

Pmax = Maximum applied load, N (lb)

A = Cross-sectional Area, mm^2 (in^2)

C. Split Tensile Strength Test

The tensile strength of concrete is one important property which greatly affects the

cracking in structures. The concrete is very weak in tension due to its brittleness nature. It is

necessary to determine the tensile strength of concrete and the load at which the concrete

members may crack. The test will be conducted by the guideline of ASTM C496 (Standard Test

Method of Cylindrical Concrete Specimen).

Test Procedure:

1. Initially, take the wet specimen from water after 7, 14, 28 of curing; or any desired age at

which tensile strength to be estimated.

2. Then, wipe out water from the surface of specimen

3. After that, draw diametrical lines on the two ends of the specimen to ensure that they are

on the same axial place.

UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS BOTTLE AS ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE 25

4. Next, record the weight and dimension of the specimen.

5. Set the compression testing machine for the required range.

6. Place plywood strip on the lower plate and place the specimen.

7. Align the specimen so that the lines marked on the ends are vertical and centered over the

bottom plate.

8. Place the other plywood strip above the specimen.

9. Bring down the upper plate so that it just touches the plywood strip.

10. Apply the load continuously without shock

11. Finally, note down the breaking load(P)

Calculate the splitting tensile strength of the specimen as follows:

T= 2P/ LD

Where: T = splitting tensile strength, MPa

P = maximum applied load indicated by the testing machine, N

D = diameter of the specimen, mm

L = length of the specimen, mm