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Introduction To Chemical Engineering Thermodynamic
Introduction To Chemical Engineering Thermodynamic
Introduction To Chemical Engineering Thermodynamic
EXAMINATION
QUESTONS
1. An
ideal
gas
expands
in
an
adiabatic
turbine
from
1200
K,
600
kPa
to
700
K.
Determine
the
turbine
inlet
volume
flow
rate
of
the
gas,
in
m3/s,
required
to
produce
turbine
work
output
at
the
rate
of
200
kW.
The
heat
capacity
of
the
ideal
is
3.5R
and
the
molecular
weight
is
60.
2. Two
kilograms
per
minute
of
fuel
composed
of
sixty
percent
by
mole
of
butane
and
40%
by
mole
pentane
is
fed
to
the
reactor
at
25oC
and
1
bar.
One
hundred
percent
excess
air
is
used
to
burn
the
fuel.
The
air
also
enters
the
reactor
at
25oC
and
1
bar.
What
is
the
heat
effect
(heat
added
or
removed)
to
the
reactor
per
minute
if
the
combustion
products
leave
at
100oC
and
1
bar?
3. Air
enters
a
pipe
at
50°C
and
200
kPa
and
leaves
at\
40°C
and
150
kPa.
It
is
estimated
that
heat
is
lost
from
the
pipe
in
the
amount
of
3.3
kJ
per
kg
of
air
flowing
in
the
pipe.
The
diameter
ratio
for
the
pipe
is
D1(inlet)/D2(outlet)=
1.8.
Using
constant
specific
heats
for
air
of
Cp=3.5R,
determine
the
inlet
and
exit
velocities
of
the
air.
4. Helium
gas
is
compressed
from
90
kPa
and
30°C
to
50
kPa
in
a
reversible,
adiabatic
process.
Determine
the
final
temperature,
the
work
done
and
the
entropy
generation,
assuming
the
process
takes
place
(a)
in
a
piston–cylinder
device
and
(b)
in
a
steady-‐flow
compressor.
5. Steam
enters
an
adiabatic
turbine
at
7
MPa,
600°C,
and
80
m/s
and
leaves
at
50
kPa,
150°C,
and
140
m/s.
If
the
power
output
of
the
turbine
is
5
MW,
determine
(a)
the
mass
flow
rate
of
the
steam
flowing
through
the
turbine
and
(b)
the
isentropic
efficiency
of
the
turbine.
6. Consider
two
Carnot
heat
engines
operating
in
series.
The
first
engine
receives
heat
from
the
reservoir
at
1800
K
and
rejects
the
waste
heat
to
another
reservoir
at
temperature
T.
The
second
engine
receives
this
energy
rejected
by
the
first
one,
converts
some
of
it
to
work,
and
rejects
the
rest
to
a
reservoir
at
300
K.
If
the
thermal
efficiencies
of
both
engines
are
the
same,
determine
the
temperature
T.
7. A
homeowner
is
trying
to
decide
between
a
high
efficiency
natural
gas
furnace
with
an
efficiency
of
97
percent
and
a
ground-‐source
heat
pump
with
a
COP
of
3.5.
The
unit
costs
of
electricity
and
natural
gas
are
PhP
4.05/kWh
and
PhP
62.48/therm
(1
therm=
105,500
kJ).
Determine
which
system
will
have
a
lower
energy
cost.
8. An
irreversible
heat
engine
takes
heat
from
a
constant-‐temperature
(1800
K)
source,
rejects
some
energy
as
waste
heat
to
a
constant-‐temperature
(900K)
reservoir,
and
delivers
the
balance
as
work
into
a
transmission.
The
energy
out
of
the
transmission
is
used
to
drive
an
irreversible
refrigerator,
which
pumps
590
kJ/cycle
of
heat
from
a
constant-‐temperature
(200
K)
source
into
the
reservoir
at
900
K.
If
the
engine
has
an
efficiency
of
90%
of
that
of
a
reversible
engine
operating
between
the
same
temperatures,
the
COP
of
the
refrigerator
is
1.65,
and
the
total
heat
input
into
the
common
reservoir
is
1500
kJ/cycle,
determine
(a)
the
work
output
(kJ/kg)
of
the
engine
into
the
transmission,
(b)
the
heat
(kJ/cycle)
into
the
engine,
and
(c)
the
percentage
of
work
input
to
the
transmission
that
is
lost.
9. Water
contained
in
a
piston–cylinder
assembly
undergoes
two
processes
in
series
from
an
initial
state
where
the
pressure
is
10
bar
and
the
temperature
is
400oC.
Process
1–2:
The
water
is
cooled
as
it
is
compressed
at
a
constant
pressure
of
10
bar
to
the
saturated
vapor
state.
Process
2–3:
The
water
is
cooled
at
constant
volume
to
150oC.
(a)
Sketch
both
processes
on
T–V
and
P–V
diagrams.
(b)
For
the
overall
process
determine
the
work,
in
kJ/kg.
(c)
For
the
overall
process
determine
the
heat
transfer,
in
kJ/kg.
10. Ten
kg
of
ethane
per
minute
is
burned
in
an
adiabatic
reactor.
Seventy-‐five
%
excess
air
is
supplied.
If
the
fuel
and
the
air
are
supplied
both
at
125oC
and
1
bar,
determine
the
exit
temperature
of
combustion
product.
Assume
the
following:
the
reactor
is
maintained
at
1
bar;
the
combustion
is
complete;
water
exited
the
reactor
as
water
vapor.
11. Steam
enters
a
turbine
operating
at
steady
state
with
a
mass
flow
rate
of
4600
kg/h.
The
turbine
develops
a
power
output
of
1000
kW.
At
the
inlet,
the
pressure
is
60
bar,
the
temperature
is
400oC,
and
the
velocity
is
10
m/s.
At
the
exit,
the
pressure
is
0.1
bar,
the
quality
is
0.90,
and
the
velocity
is
50
m/s.
Calculate
the
rate
of
heat
transfer
between
the
turbine
and
surroundings,
in
kW.
Determine
the
entropy
generation
if
the
temperature
of
the
surroundings
is
30oC.
What
is
the
isentropic
efficiency
of
the
turbine?
12. Propane
vapor
enters
a
valve
at
1.6
MPa,
70oC,
and
leaves
at
0.5
MPa.
If
the
propane
undergoes
a
throttling
process,
what
is
the
temperature
of
the
propane
leaving
the
valve,
in
oC?
.
What
is
the
entropy
generation
if
the
temperature
of
the
surroundings
is
30oC?
Assume
propane
behaves
like
an
ideal
gas
with
Cp=3.5R.
13. An
irreversible
heat
engine
takes
heat
from
a
constant-‐temperature
(1800
K)
source,
rejects
some
energy
as
waste
heat
to
a
constant-‐temperature
(900K)
reservoir,
and
delivers
the
balance
as
work
into
a
transmission.
The
energy
out
of
the
transmission
is
used
to
drive
an
irreversible
refrigerator,
which
pumps
590
kJ/cycle
of
heat
from
a
constant-‐temperature
(200
K)
source
into
the
reservoir
at
900
K.
If
the
engine
has
an
efficiency
of
90%
of
that
of
a
reversible
engine
operating
between
the
same
temperatures,
the
COP
of
the
refrigerator
is
1.65,
and
the
total
heat
input
into
the
common
reservoir
is
1500
kJ/cycle,
determine
(a)
the
work
output
(kJ/kg)
of
the
engine
into
the
transmission,
(b)
the
heat
(kJ/cycle)
into
the
engine,
and
(c)
the
percentage
of
work
input
to
the
transmission
that
is
lost.
14. Steam
enters
a
turbine
operating
at
steady
state
with
a
mass
flow
rate
of
4600
kg/h.
The
turbine
develops
a
power
output
of
1000
kW.
At
the
inlet,
the
pressure
is
60
bar,
the
temperature
is
400oC,
and
the
velocity
is
10
m/s.
At
the
exit,
the
pressure
is
0.1
bar,
the
quality
is
0.90,
and
the
velocity
is
50
m/s.
Calculate
the
rate
of
heat
transfer
between
the
turbine
and
surroundings,in
kW.
Determine
the
entropy
generation
if
the
temperature
of
the
surroundings
is
30oC.
What
is
the
isentropic
efficiency
of
the
turbine?
15. Propane
vapor
enters
a
valve
at
1.6
MPa,
70oC,
and
leaves
at
0.5
MPa.
If
the
propane
undergoes
a
throttling
process,
what
is
the
temperature
of
the
propane
leaving
the
valve,
in
oC?
Assume
propane
behaves
like
an
ideal
gas
with
Cp=3.5R.
What
is
the
entropy
generation
if
the
temperature
of
the
surroundings
is
30oC?
16. Three
real
heat
engines
are
connected
in
series,
the
first
engine
taking
in
5000
kJ
of
heat
from
a
source
at
1500K
and
the
third
engine
rejecting
its
waste
heat
of
400
kJ
to
a
sink
at
300K.
Find
the
work
outputs
if
all
the
three
engines
have
the
same
efficiency.
17. Air
flows
through
a
well-‐insulated,
horizontal
pipe
of
15
mm
internal
diameter.
The
air
pressure
and
temperature
at
inlet
are
5
bar
and
50oC,
and
at
exit
1
bar
and
20oC.
Calculate
the
velocity,
mass
flow
rate,
and
volumetric
flow
rate
at
the
exit.
Assume
air
to
behave
like
an
ideal
gas
with
Cp=1.005
kJ/kg-‐K.
18. Steam
at
200
bar,
650K
is
expanded
through
an
insulated
throttle
to
0.25
bar.
Determine
the
final
temperature
(K)
and
the
state
of
steam
after
expansion.
Based
on
this
result,
what
is
the
value
of
Joule-‐Thomson
coefficient:
positive
value,
zero,
or
negative
value?
19. A
steam
turbine
operates
with
an
inlet
condition
of
15
bar
and
600K.
The
entrance
velocity
of
the
steam
is
200
m/s.
At
the
exit,
the
state
of
the
steam
was
found
to
be
dry
saturated;
the
temperature
is
300K,
and
the
velocity
is
50
m/s.
If
the
mass
flow
of
2000
kg/min
produces
a
power
output
of
10
MW,
find
the
magnitude
and
direction
of
any
heat
transfer
in
MW.
20. Using
Peng-‐Robinson
equation
of
state,
determine
the
compressibility
factor
of
superheated
steam
at
8200
kPa
and
specific
volume
of
45.6
cm3/g.
21. In
a
piston-‐cylinder
set-‐up,
steam
is
compressed
from
a
saturated
vapor
at
2
bar
to
a
final
pressure
of
20
bar
and
400oC.
If
the
ambient
temperature
is
30oC,
what
is
the
entropy
generation
in
kJ/kg-‐K?
Is
the
process
in
accordance
with
the
second
law
of
thermodynamics?