Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Analysis of Bearing Capacity Driven Pile
Analysis of Bearing Capacity Driven Pile
Analysis of Bearing Capacity Driven Pile
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER :
SYAIFUL ASHARI, ST
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
ANALYSIS OF BEARING
8 CAPACITY
CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE
FOUNDATION
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Driven pile is a type of the deep foundation. This foundation is driven to the ground using a hammer
which is dropped from the prescribed height. The hammer is introduces energy to push the pile to the
soil.
The followings are several reason to use the driven pile foundation (deep foundation),as follows :
The upper soil condition is so bad so the use of spread footing is very un economically.
Large uplift capacity is required.
Large lateral capacity is required.
Requirement for pier foundation and abutment foundation in bridge structure.
This chapter describes the analysis of bearing capacity for driven pile foundation based on the soil
properties and in situ test, dynamic formula to predict the bearing capacity, lateral bearing capacity and
analysis of group pile.
Cohesionless soil provides the end bearing capacity and cohesive soil provide skin friction
capacity. For general soil condition the bearing capacity is provided by the end bearing capacity plus
with skin friction capacity.
The ultimate bearing capacity of pile foundation can be written as :
where :
Qu = ultimate bearing capacity
Qup = ultimate end bearing capacity
Qus = ultimate skin friction capacity
8-1
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
Qup Qus
Qa = + [8.2]
SFp SFs
where :
SFp = safety factor for end bearing capacity (2.0 – 4.0)
SFs = safety factor for skin friction capacity (2.0 – 4.0)
where :
Qup = ultimate end bearing capacity
qup = ultimate end bearing pressure
Ap = end bearing contact area
Qus = ∑ fs A s [8.4]
where :
Qus = ultimate skin friction capacity
fs = ultimate skin friction stress
As = skin friction contact area
8-2
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
where :
Ap = end bearing contact area
Asteel = area of steel profile
Asoil = area of plug soil
For condition of partial plug, the end bearing contact area is half of the area of pipe if it is open
ended, as follows :
where :
Ap = end bearing contact area
Asteel = area of steel profile
Asoil = area of plug soil
8-3
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
C. H Steel Pile
When the pipe pile is driven the inside of the pipe will be half plugged with the soil.
where :
Ap = end bearing contact area
Asteel = area of steel profile
Asoil = area of plug soil
The skin friction contact area is the perimeter of the pile with full plug.
Because the width of pile foundation is small (B is small), so the end term of the equation can be
neglected, so the end bearing pressure can be written as :
(
Qup = cN*c + qN*q A p) [8.10]
For the condition of cohesive soil (c=su and φ=0), the formula becomes :
where :
qp = ultimate end bearing pressure
su = undrained shear strength
N*c , N*q = bearing capacity factor (include depth factor, inclination factor)
8-4
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
C. Vesic’s Method
Vesic propose the end bearing capacity formula based on the expansion of cavities theory.
(
Qup = cN*c + σ'0 N*σ A p ) [8.13]
where :
Qup = ultimate end bearing capacity
σ’0 = mean normal ground stress at the level of pile point
1 + 2K 0
σ'0 = q'
3
[8.14]
K 0 = 1 − sin(φ )
where :
q’ = effective vertical stress at the pile point
K0 = coefficient of earth pressure
φ = internal friction angle
( )
Nc* = N*q − 1 cot (φ)
3N*q [8.15]
Nσ* =
(1 + 2K 0 )
D. Janbu’s Method
The end bearing capacity can be calculated as follows :
(
Qup = cNc* + q' N*q A p ) [8.16]
8-5
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
where :
Qup = ultimate end bearing capacity
q’ = effective vertical stress at the pile point
( )
Nc* = N*q − 1 cot (φ)
( )
2 [8.17]
N*q = tan(φ) + 1 + tan2 (φ) e2η'tan φ
( )
Qup = q' N*q A p [8.18]
where :
Qup = ultimate end bearing capacity
q’ = effective vertical stress at the pile point
F. Meyerhof’s Method
Meyerhof proposes two formula can be used for cohesionless soil and cohesive soil.
The table below shows the Meyerhof’s end bearing capacity formula, as follows :
( ) ( )
Qup = q' N*q A p ≤ 50N*q tan(φ) A p (
Qup = N*c c u Ap )
where :
cu = undrained cohesion
8-6
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
B. α Method
The α method is calculates the skin friction resistance for cohesive soil based on the adhesion
factorα.
Qus = (αsu )A s
[8.19]
su = c
where :
Qus = ultimate skin friction capacity
α = adhesion factor
su = undrained shear strength
c = cohesion
As = skin friction contact area
The adhesion factor α is determined based on the undrained shear strength su usually use the
graph.
C. β Method
The β method is calculates the skin friction resistance for cohesionless soil based on the coefficient
of lateral earth pressure.
Qus = (βσ'v )A s
[8.20]
β = K tan(φs )
where :
Qus = ultimate skin friction capacity
σ’v = vertical effective stress at measured point
K = coefficient of lateral earth pressure
φs = friction angle of soil versus pile
K = (1 − sin(φs )) OCR
[8.22]
8-7
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
where :
Dr = relative density
D. λ Method
The λ method is calculates the skin friction resistance for cohesive soil based on the coefficient of
lateral earth pressure.
where :
Qus = ultimate skin friction capacity
λ = friction capacity coefficient
σ' v = average vertical stress of ground surface and pile tip
The factor λ is depended to the embedment length of the pile usually use the graph.
B. Meyerhof’s Method
End bearing capacity based on the Meyerhof is :
D
Qup = 40Ncor A p ≤ 400Ncor [8.25]
B
where :
Qup = ultimate end bearing capacity (kPa)
8-8
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
Ncor must be taken as average value in the range of 8B above pile tip and 3B below pile tip.
B. Meyerhof’s Method
The following is the skin friction capacity based on SPT test according to Meyerhof.
where :
Qus = ultimate skin friction capacity (kPa)
Ncor = corrected N SPT value
As = skin friction contact area
C. Vesic’s Method
The following is the skin friction capacity based on SPT test according to Vesic.
where :
Qus = ultimate skin friction capacity (kPa)
Dr = relative density
As = skin friction contact area
8-9
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
B. LCPC’s Method
End bearing capacity based on the LCPC method is :
where :
Qup = ultimate end bearing capacity (kPa)
qce = equivalent cone resistance at pile tip (kPa)
kc = cone end bearing factor
Ap = end bearing contact area
qce is taken as the average in the range of 1.5B above pile tip and 1.5B below pile tip.
B. Meyerhof’s Method
Skin friction capacity based on cone resistance according to the Meyerhof is :
where :
Qus = ultimate skin friction capacity (kPa)
qc = cone resistance (kPa)
As = skin friction contact area
8 - 10
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
where :
Qus = ultimate skin friction capacity (kPa)
qs = side friction (kPa)
As = skin friction contact area
z
Qus = α's fsc A s Qus = (α's fsc )A s Qus = (α'c fsc )A s
B
where :
Qus = ultimate skin friction capacity (kPa)
qs = side friction (kPa)
z = depth to mid point of soil layer
B = pile diameter
Wr h
Qa =
s(FS) [8.27]
where :
Qa = allowable axial bearing capacity
8 - 11
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
Wr = weight of hammer
h = hammer stroke / hammer fall distance
s = final penetration per blow at end of driving
FS = factor of safety (FS = 8)
Wrh
Qa =
(s + C)(FS) [8.28]
where :
Qa = allowable axial bearing capacity
Wr = weight of hammer
h = hammer stroke / hammer fall distance
s = final penetration per blow at end of driving
FS = factor of safety (FS = 6)
C = constant (drop hammer = 25 mm)
(single acting hammer = 2.5 mm)
e W h Wr + n Wp
2
Qa = h r
(s + C) Wr + Wp
[8.29]
where :
Qa = allowable axial bearing capacity
Wr = weight of hammer
Wp = weight of pile + hammer
h = hammer stroke / hammer fall distance
s = final penetration per blow at end of driving
FS = factor of safety (FS = 6)
C = constant (C = 2.5 mm)
eh = efficiency of hammer
n = coefficient of restitution
8 - 12
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
Due to the lateral load the following reactions can be calculated, as follows :
Pile Deflection.
Pile Slope.
Bending Moment.
Shear Force.
Soil Reaction.
8 - 13
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
E. Pile Deflection
The pile deflection at any depth of pile can be calculated, as follows :
QT 3 2
x (z ) = A x + B x MT
[8.30]
EpIp EpIp
where :
x(z) = deflection at any depth of pile
Q = shear force at top of pile
M = bending moment at top of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of pile
Ip = moment of inertia of pile
Ax, Bx = constant
F. Pile Slope
The pile slope at any depth of pile can be calculated, as follows :
QT 2
θ(z ) = A θ + Bθ MT
[8.31]
EpIp EpIp
where :
θ(z) = slope at any depth of pile
Q = shear force at top of pile
M = bending moment at top of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of pile
Ip = moment of inertia of pile
Aθ, Bθ = constant
where :
M(z) = bending moment at any depth of pile
Q = shear force at top of pile
M = bending moment at top of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of pile
Ip = moment of inertia of pile
Am, Bm = constant
8 - 14
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
where :
V(z) = shear force at any depth of pile
Q = shear force at top of pile
M = bending moment at top of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of pile
Ip = moment of inertia of pile
A v, B v = constant
I. Soil Reaction
The soil reaction at any depth of pile can be calculated, as follows :
Q M
p(z ) = A p + Bp 2 [8.34]
T T
where :
p(z) = soil reaction at any depth of pile
Q = shear force at top of pile
M = bending moment at top of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of pile
Ip = moment of inertia of pile
Ap , Bp = constant
EpIp
T=5 [8.35]
nh
where :
T = characteristic length
Ep = modulus of elasticity of pile
Ip = moment of inertia of pile
nh = constant of horizontal modulus of subgrade reaction
8 - 15
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
TABLE 8.9 NH
nh
SOIL
(kN/m3)
Loose Sand 1800 – 2200
Medium Sand 5500 – 7000
Dense Sand 15000 – 18000
Loose Submerged Sand 1000 – 1400
Medium Submerged Sand 3500 – 4500
Dense Submerged Sand 9000 – 12000
K. A & B Constant
The following table shows the A and B constant.
8 - 16
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
B. Pile Deflection
The pile deflection at any depth of pile can be calculated, as follows :
QR3 2
x (z ) = A ' x + B' x MR
[8.36]
EpIp EpIp
where :
x(z) = deflection at any depth of pile
Q = shear force at top of pile
M = bending moment at top of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of pile
Ip = moment of inertia of pile
A’x, B’x = constant
8 - 17
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
where :
M(z) = bending moment at any depth of pile
Q = shear force at top of pile
M = bending moment at top of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of pile
Ip = moment of inertia of pile
A’m, B’m = constant
D. R Coefficient
The variable R is defined as follows :
EpIp
R=4 [8.38]
ks
where :
Ep = modulus of elasticity of pile
Ip = moment of inertia of pile
ks = modulus of subgrade reaction
Brom’s method only can be used for homogeneous soil, purely cohesive soil or purely
cohesionless soil.
B. Cohesive Soil
The following figure is the pressure diagram proposed by Brom for cohesive soil for free head
condition.
8 - 18
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
Dmin =
(FS)Q(e + 1.5B + 0.5f ) + 1.5B + f
2.25Bsu
[8.39]
f=
(FS)Q
9suB
where :
Dmin = minimum embedment depth
Q = lateral shear force
e = eccentricity of lateral load
B = pile diameter
su = undrained shear strength
FS = safety factor (FS = 3)
The following figure is the pressure diagram proposed by Brom for cohesive soil for restrained head
condition.
where :
8 - 19
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
C. Cohesionless Soil
The following figure is the pressure diagram proposed by Brom for cohesionless soil for free head
condition.
where :
Dmin = minimum embedment depth
Q = lateral shear force
B = pile diameter
su = undrained shear strength
e = eccentricity of lateral load
Kp = coefficient of passive lateral earth pressure
FS = safety factor (FS = 3)
8 - 20
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
The following figure is the pressure diagram proposed by Brom for cohesionless soil for restrained
head condition.
Q(FS )
Dmin = [8.40]
1.5 γBK p
where :
Dmin = minimum embedment depth
Q = lateral shear force
B = pile diameter
su = undrained shear strength
Kp = coefficient of passive lateral earth pressure
FS = safety factor (FS = 3)
8 - 21
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY – DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION
where :
s = pile spacing
D = pile diameter
P
P1 = [8.42]
n
where :
P1 = vertical load in one pile
P = total centric vertical load
n = number of pile
P My x Mx y
P1 = ± ± [8.43]
n ∑ x 2 ∑ y2
where :
P1 = vertical load in one pile
P = total centric vertical load
Mx = moment about X axis
My = moment about Y axis
x = x distance from center of pile cap
y = y distance from center of pile cap
n = number of pile
{n − 1}m + {m − 1}n
Eg = 1 − θ
90mn
[8.44]
−1 D
θ = tan
s
where :
Eg = efficiency of group pile
m = number of pile columns
n = number of pile rows
8 - 22