Fixed Telephony All PDF

s
Technology
Digital Telephony
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Siemens Digital Telephony
Technical specifications and features are binding only insofar as they are specifically and expressly agreed upon in a written
contract.
II
Digital Telephony Digital Transmission Siemens 1
Sub-sections Principles of PCM Technology 2
Digital Transmission Systems 3
Digital Switching 4
Digital Telephony
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Signaling between Exchanges 5
Glossary 6
III
IV
Digital Telephony Siemens
Sub-section reference
Sub-section identification Pages
1 Digital Transmission 1 - 10
2 Principles of PCM Technology 1 - 11
3 Digital Transmission Systems 1 - 11
4 Digital Switching 1 - 12
5 Signaling between Exchanges 1 - 8
6 Glossary 1 - 6
This document consists of 58 pages.
V
VI
Digital Transmission Siemens
1 Digital Transmission
Contents Pages
1 objectives 2
2 Individual Connections 3
3 Frequency-Division Multiplex (FDM) 4
4 Time-Division Multiplex (TDM) 6
5 Summary 9
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Siemens Digital Transmission
1.1 Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will have an overview of how multiple lines are
used for long-range communications.
You will be able to
• Explain the principle of Frequency-Division Multiplex (FDM) and Time-Division

Multiplex (TDM)
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1.2 Individual Connections
In a telephone network, every subscriber is normally connected to the exchange

(Exch) via his own pair of wires
At the beginning of telephony, there was a separate wire pair for every connection
also between the exchanges.
Fig. 1
Due to the high costs of the network, efforts were made at an early stage to use at
least those lines required for long-range communication in a multiple way. This led
to the introduction of the frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
Fig. 2
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Frequency-Division Multiplex (FDM)
Speech transmission only requires a narrow frequency band. The frequency band
(speech band) used in telephony is limited to 300 to 3400 Hz.
Fig. 3
The speech band does not make use of the entire bandwidth of a transmission line.
To make use of the full bandwidth, a wide frequency band is subdivided into
narrower, consecutive sub-bands of 4 KHz. Each sub-band transmits one call. So in
our example, 12 calls can be transmitted at the same time via the frequency band.
Fig. 4
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Since the technical execution in the lower frequency band is rather difficult, the first
sub-band is located at 60 KHz. The frequency range below this value is not used.
Fig. 5
By means of modulation with various sinusoidal waves (carriers), the individual

speech bands are translated into the sub-bands and then transmitted. This process
is known as carrier transmission.
After the demodulation on the receiver side, the individual speech bands are again
available in their original form.
Fig. 6
This procedure allows the simultaneous transmission of several speech bands via
one line.
Fig. 7
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1.4 Time-Division Multiplex (TDM)

The principle of time-division multiplex is based on the theory that the complete
waveform is not required for transmitting signals such as those encountered in
telephony.
Fig. 8
It is sufficient to sample the waveform at regular intervals and to transmit only these
samples.
Fig. 9
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On the receiver side, the original waveform can be restored from these samples.
Fig. 10
Relatively large intervals occur between each sample. These intervals can be used
for transmitting other pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) signals, i.e. the samples of
several different telephone signals can be transmitted one after the other in
repeated cycles.
The samples are transmitted as pulses with different amplitudes (analog).

This procedure is known as pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
Fig. 11
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Pulse code modulation (PCM)

If the samples of a waveform are not transmitted with pulses of different amplitudes,
but with binary codes, the procedures is called pulse code modulation (PCM)
Fig. 12
The analog samples are generally coded with 8 bits and transmitted within a time
slot (=interval between two sampling instants).
Fig. 13
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Due to the digital structure of the message, PCM signals are much less sensitive to
interferences than analog signals (e.g. PAM signals). On the receiver side,
regenerative repeaters restore the digital to their original form.
Fig. 14
Analog signals can only be amplified (including the noise peaks).
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1.5 Summary
Transmission techniques
• Trunks only carry telephone signals within the frequency range of 300 – 3400
Hz.
• With frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), telephone signals are modulated

with different carriers and transmitted simultaneously via a common line.
• With time-division multiplexing (TDM), coded consecutive samples of

telephone signals are transmitted via a common line.
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Principles of PCM Technology Siemens
2 Principles of PCM Technology
Contents Pages
1 Principles of PCM Technology 1

2 Objectives 2
3 Basic Components of a PCM System 3
4 Conversion Analog / Digital 3
5 Band Limiting 4
6 Sampling 4
7 Encoding 5
8 Multiplexing 8
9 Multiplexing – Demultiplexing 9
10 Summary 11
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Siemens Principles of PCM Technology
2.1 Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will understand the principles of converting
analog telephone signals into digital PCM signals as well as the principle of signal
transmission.
You will be able to
• Name and explain the individual steps of analog/digital signal conversion

• Describe the multiplexing and demultiplexing of binary codes
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2.2 Basic Components of a PCM System
Pulse code modulation (PCM) converts an analog waveform into a digital signal. A
PCM signal can be transmitted either alone or interleaved with the binary codes of
other PCM signals.
Every PCM system has the following basic components:
Fig. 1
2.3 Analog / Digital Conversion
Three steps are required to convert an analog telephone signal into a digital signal
Fig. 2
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2.3.1 Band Limiting

With the aid of a low-pass filter the audible frequencies are limited to 300 to 3400 Hz.
Fig. 3
2.3.2 Sampling
The electronic switch takes samples from the telephone signals at regular intervals.
Fig. 4
Warning: The sampling frequency must be higher than twice the highest frequency
of the analog signal.
An international sampling frequency of 8000 Hz was defined for the frequency band
of 300 Hz to 3400 Hz used in telephony.
The interval between two sampling values of the same frequency band is 125 µs
(1/8000 Hz).
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Every 125 µs (=1/8000 Hz) an electronic switch is closed for a short period of time.
This generates a sample in each case.
Fig. 5
A pulse amplitude modulated signal (PAM signal) is thus obtained at the outlet of the
electronic switch.
2.3.3 Encoding
During the encoding process, every amplitude value of the PAM signal is converted
into an 8 bit binary code.
Fig. 6
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The first stage in the conversion to a digital signal is the quantizing of the PAM signal.
For this, the whole range of possible amplitude values is divided into quantizing
intervals (in our example 16 intervals, but generally 256 are used).
Fig. 7
The quantizing intervals are numbered +1 to +8 in the positive range and –1 to –8 in

the negative range of the telephone signal.
The appropriate quantizing interval is determined for each sample.
Fig. 8
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Decision values form the boundaries between adjacent quantizing intervals. On the
transmitter side, several different analog values fall within the same quantizing
interval. On the receiver side, one signal value, corresponding to the midpoint of the
quantizing interval, is recovered for each quantizing interval. This causes small
discrepancies to occur between the original telephone signal samples on the
transmitter side and the recovered values. The discrepancy for each sample can be
up to half a quantizing interval. The quantizing distortion, which may arise on the
receiver side, as a result of this manifests itself as noise superimposed on the useful
signal. Quantizing distortion decreases when the number of quantizing intervals is
increased. If the quantizing intervals are made sufficiently small, the distortion will be
minimal and the noise imperceptible.
The second stage is the encoding of the quantizing intervals.
Fig. 9
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2.3.4 Multiplexing
The 8 bit binary codes of several telephone signals are transmitted consecutively in
repeated cycles. Between two binary codes of the same telephone signal, the binary
codes of other telephone signals are aligned in consecutive order. This creates a
PCM time-division multiplex signal.
Fig.
10
In this example, the transmission of an 8 bit binary code requires only one third of a
sampling interval
Fig. 11
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In the time left the binary codes of 2 further signals can be transmitted.
Fig. 12
2.3.5 Multiplexing – Demultiplexing
The processes involved in multiplexing are carried out fully electronically.
To explain the principle of multiplexing and demultiplexing, 4 PCM input signals (S1
to S4) are sampled cyclically by a rotating switch A.
Switch A moves from one inlet to the next, synchronously with the incoming binary
codes. The PCM time-division multiplex signal is then available at the outlet of switch
A. the time interval within which a PCM binary code is transmitted is known as a time
slot.
On the receiver side, the individual PCM signals are recovered from the time-division
multiplex signal, i.e. the 8 bit PCM binary codes are distributed to the respective
outlets.
The multiplexing and demultiplexing process can only function if the transmitter side
(Switch A) and the receiver side (switch B) run synchronously.
For this reason, the transmitter side does not only relay the PCM signals to the
receiver side, but also information for synchronization. This can be done in an
additional time slot, as with PCM 30.
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As with multiplexing processes on the transmitter side, the demultiplexing

processes are controlled fully electronically. The example shows how switch B which
is synchronized with switch A distributes the PCM binary codes to the 4 outlets.
A Bit sequence containing one PCM binary code from every input signal is known as
a pulse frame. In the example, a pulse frame consists of 4 consecutive PCM binary
codes, one PCM binary code being from each of the input signals S1 to S4.
Fig. 13
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2.4 Summary
Principles of the PCM Technology
Tasks of the transmitter side:
Band limiting of a telephone signal

Creation of a PCM signal (by sampling the telephone signal)
Quantizing and encoding samples
Interleaving of PCM binary codes in a telephone signal with the PCM
binary codes from other telephone signals to form a PCM time-
division multiplex signal
Tasks of the receiver side:
Distributing of binary codes to the individual lines (demultiplexing)

Restoring a PAM signal from the code word (decoding)
Restoring the original analog telephone signal from the PAM signal
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Digital Transmission Systems Siemens
3 Digital Transmission Systems
Contents Pages
1 Digital Transmission Systems 1

2 Objectives 2
3 Transmission Systems PCM30 3
4 Pulse Frame 6
5 Frame Alignment Signal (FAS) 7
6 Service Word 7
7 Digital Transmission Systems of Higher Capacity 8
8 PCM Links between Exchanges 9
9 Summary 11
The transmission systems PCM 30 and PCM 24 combine 30 and 24 channels

respectively to form a time multiplex system. These systems are recommended by
CCITT.
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Siemens Digital Transmission Systems
3.1 Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will know the basic design of PCM
transmission systems, especially of the transmission system PCM 30.
You will be able to
• Explain the design of PCM 30 pulse frame

• Explain the term digital transmission of higher capacity
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3.2 Transmission System PCM 30
In a PCM transmission system, separate channels are provided for each direction of
speech. One pair of wires is required for each direction of transmission.
Fig. 1
Design of a PCM Transmission System1
PCM transmission systems terminate at both ends in a digital multiplex unit. Each
multiplex unit has a transmitter section and a receiver section. The transmitter
sections create the 8 bit PCM binary codes to be transmitted, and the receiver
sections convert the received PCM binary codes back to analog signals.
Fig. 2
The block digram LF/PCM stands for the conversion of a low frequency analog signal into a digital
PCM signal and vice versa. Therefore, it corresponds to the block diagram for analog/digital
conversion.
Regenerative repeaters are installed on PCM transmission routes at intervals of

roughly 2 to 5 km.
They regenerate the PCM signals in both directions, thus eliminating any distortion.
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At the end of the transmission link – irrespective of its length and quality – a signal
which is almost interference-free is available.
Fig. 3
The line terminating unit is the link between the digital multiplex unit and the
transmission lines.
It provides the feeding current for the regenerative repeaters and regenerates the
PCM signal on the receiver side.
Fig. 4
The transmission system PCM 30 allows the simultaneous transmission of 30 calls

including signaling and synchronizing.
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One pair of wires is required per call direction.
Fig. 5
Each call needs a time slot in direction A --Æ B and a time slot in direction B --ÆA.
Incoming and outgoing calls always use the same time slot number.
Time slots which belong together are called a trunk.
Fig. 6
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3.2.1 Pulse Frame

A PCM 30 pulse frame consists of 32 time slots (channels).
Fig. 7
Time slots 1 to 15 and 17 to 31 are used for transmitting calls. In time slot 0, the
frame alignment signal and the service word are transmitted alternately.
Time slot 16 can be used as signaling channel or as additional speech channel (see
CAS/CCS).
The pulse frames are transmitted in a consecutive order.
Fig. 8
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3.2.2 Frame Alignment Signal
The frame signal is used for the synchronizing of the transmitter/receiver of a PCM
30 transmission link. They always have the same bit pattern.
Fig. 9
3.2.3 Service Word

The service word transmits service signals. For example, bit 3 is set in case of urgent
alarm.
Fig. 10
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3.3 Digital Transmission Systems of Higher Capacity

Digital transmission systems with a higher number of channels are based on the
systems PCM 30 and PCM 24.
Fig. 11
Coaxial cables or optical fibers are used as transmission links.

In the digital signal multiplex unit, the 32 channels of a PCM system are written into a
cyclic memory. 4 channels are stored per write-in clock (f=2MHz). The read-out clock
for the cyclic memory is f=8Mhz. The 4x32 channels combined in this way are
assigned a frame signal (FAS).
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3.4 PCM Links between Exchanges
Analog exchanges (EXCH) can be connected to a PCM system with multiplex units.
The exchanges are directly linked to the PCM system via their analog outputs (only
2-wire in the example).
Fig. 12
At the outlet of a digital exchange, the telephone signals are already available as
PCM signals (PCM 30 or PCM 24 format). There is no multiplex unit required on this
side of the PCM transmission system.
Fig. 13
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When there are PCM links between two digital exchanges, there are no multiplex
units on either side.
Fig. 14
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3.5 Summary
Digital Transmission Systems

• PCM transmission systems are 4-wire systems.
• There are two basic PCM systems: PCM 30 and PCM 24.
• It is possible to generate digital transmission systems of higher capacity based
on these two systems.
• Per PCM 30 pulse frame, synchronization or alarm information is transmitted
alternately in time slot 0.
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Digital Switching Siemens
4 Digital Switching
Contents Pages
1 Digital Switching 1
2 Objectives 2
3 Switching Principles 3
4 Space Switch 3
5 Time Switch 5
6 Space-Time Switch 6
7 Equipment in a Digital Exchange 8
8 Terminating Equipment 9
9 Digital Switching Networks 10
10 Connection between Two Subscribers 11
11 Summary 12
The maximum transmission quality for telephone signals is achieved if exclusively

digital signals are transmitted along the highways, including the exchanges.
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Siemens Digital Switching
4.1 Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will know the principle of switching operations
in digital switching networks.
You will be able to
• Explain the functioning of time switch, space switch and space-time switch
• Explain the main tasks of a digital exchange
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4.2 Switching Principles
Digital exchanges establish connections by rearranging the 8 bit binary codes of

various telephone signals as specified by the call request.
Fig. 1
4.2.1 Space Switch
The space switch can switch any 8 bit PCM binary code from the incoming highways
to any outgoing highway without change of time slot.
Fig. 2
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The through-connection is performed by means of electronic switches (AND gate).

The exact sequence in which the AND gates are to be turned ON or OFF, is
indicated in the control memory. For each time slot (t1 – t3), the AND gates is
switched again.
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
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4.2.2 Time Switch
The time switch can switch any 8 bit PCM binary code from the incoming highway to
any time slot on the outgoing highway (full availability). For this, the incoming binary
codes are written into the data memory cyclically.
Fig. 5
As specified by the call request stored in the control memory, the code words are
read out again.
Fig. 6
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A second method is to sort and store the binary codes as specified by the call
request.
They will be read out cyclically.
Fig.7
4.2.3 Space-time Switch
The Space-time switch is a high-speed variation of the time switch. Because of its
high operating speed, it can switch an 8 bit PCM binary code from several incoming
highways to any time slot of several outgoing highways. To achieve this, PCM binary
codes of the incoming highways must be combined (multiplexed) and extended to the
data memory. This means that the highway from the multiplexer to the data memory
has a bit rate which is several times higher than that of the incoming highway.
In the example shown, the highway from the multiplexer to the data memory has a bit
rate which is four times as high as the bit rate of a single incoming highway.
Following the switching, the demultiplexer distributes the PCM binary codes to four
outgoing highways operating at the original bit rate.
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In all other respects, the space-time switch works on the same principles as the time
switch. It also enables that any PCM binary codes on the incoming side is switched to
any time slot on any of the four outgoing highways without blocking (full availability).
Fig. 8
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4.3 Equipment in a digital Exchange
Digital exchanges have two main functional areas:
• The terminating equipment matches the different types of lines to the digital
switching paths.
• The digital switching network put through the connections.
These functional areas are controlled by processors (SPC=stored program control).
Fig. 9
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4.3.1 Terminating Equipment
The terminating equipment prepares the incoming telephone signals for through-
connection via the switching network. It also adjusts the outgoing telephone signals
to the connected terminating units and trunks.
Fig. 10
Different subscriber lines have different terminating equipment.
The functions which a digital switching system must carry out for each analog
subscriber line can be expressed by the mnemonic BORSCHT.
Each letter in this word represents the initial of a function:
Batterie Supply feeding of subscriber handset

Overvoltage Protection for electronic components
Ringing ringing current to subscribers
Signaling e.g. recognizing digital signals
Coding analog / digital conversion
Hybird 2-wire / 4-wire conversion
Test Access e.g. testing of subscriber line
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4.3.2 Digital Switching Network
Digital switching networks comprise the time, space-time and space switches
described in previous chapters.
These switches can be used individually or in any desired combination. A common
combination is the time /space/time configuration. The combination actually used
depends on the switching system concept and the size of the exchange.
Fig. 11
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4.3.3 connection between Two Subscribers
Our example shows a connection between subscribers A and B. The 8 bit binary
codes from subscriber line A are sent to the switching network in a time slot on
highway 1. They are switched to a particular time slot on highway n and sent to the
terminating equipment of subscriber line B.
The binary codes from subscriber B are sent via highway n, the switching network
and highway 1 to the terminating equipment of subscriber line A. for the duration of
the conversation between subscriber A and B, these two paths are momentarily
connected through once every 125 µs period.
As soon as the conversation is over, the two paths through the switching network will
be released; the relevant contents of the control memory will be erased. The time
slots which have been released can now be used again for other connections.
Fig. 12
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4.4 Summary
Digital Switching
• With connections via time switch, the binary codes change their multiplex
highway.
• Digital switching networks consist of a combination of time and space
switches.
• Through-connections in digital switching networks always correspond to 4-wire
through-connections in analog networks.
• The different trunk lines must be adjusted for the through-connection via the
switching network.
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Signaling between Exchanges Siemens
5 Signaling between Exchanges
Contents Pages
1 Signaling between Exchanges 1

2 Objectives 2
3 General Signaling Information 3
4 Signaling via PCM 30 Links 6
5 Summary 8
Every telephone call is controlled by signals which are transmitted between the
exchanges.
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Siemens Signaling between Exchanges
5.1 Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will know the principle of signaling between the
exchanges.
You will be able to
• Describe the main differences between channel-associated signaling and

common channel signaling.
• Name the advantages of the common channel signaling method
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5.2 General Signaling Information
Not only speech signals are transmitted between exchanges, but also switching
signals (e.g. start, end and dial signals).
The exchange of these switching signals is called signaling.
Fig. 1
There are two main signaling methods:
CAS (Channel Associated Signaling)

CCS (Common Channel Signaling)
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With CAS, the signals are sent via a signaling channel which is firmly allocated to the
speech channel.
Fig. 2
With CCS, the complete signaling process for all speech channels is affected via one
common channel.
Fig. 3
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With CCS, the signaling is transmitted via data blocks of variable length and 64 kbit/s.
The label indicates to which speech channel a certain data block belongs.
Fig. 4
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5.3 Signaling via PCM30 Links
CAS via PCM30 Links
With channel associated signaling (CAS), the signaling for all 30 speech channels is
transmitted in channel 16 in the PCM 30 system. In this case, channel 16 is allocated
to every speech channel only for a short period of time.
Fig. 5
The channel is allocated as follows…
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For each pulse frame, the signals for 2 speech channels are transmitted
simultaneously in the 8 bits of channel 16. After 16 pulse frames the signaling
allocated is repeated.
Fig. 6
CCS via PCM30 Links

Any channel (except channel 0) in any PCM system can be used as common
signaling channel. Up to approx. 2000 speech channels can be served by a common
signaling channel. A fixed allocation of channel 16 as with CAS is not absolutely
necessary.
Fig. 7
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5.4 Summary
Signaling Between Exchanges
• There are two methods of signaling between exchanges:

Channel associated signaling CAS and common channel signaling CCS
• With CAS, channel 16 is used for the transmission of signaling.
• With CCS, any channel (except channel 0) can be used for up to 2000 speech
channels in any PCM system.
• With CCS, data blocks of variable length with 64 kbits/s are transmitted.
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Glossary
A
A-… Exchange or part of the exchange
allocated to the calling subscriber (A),
e.g. Exch A.
B
B-… Exchange or part of the exchange
allocated to the calling subscriber (B),
e.g. Exch B.
Binary code 8 bit digital code.

Bit Smallest information unit in digital
technology which can only have two
states, on (1) or off (2).
Bit rate Number of bits transmitted on a line within
one second.
B Battery Supply
O Overvoltage protection
R Ringing
S Signaling
C Coding
H Hybrid 2/4 wire
T Test Access
C
CAS Channel associated signaling
CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone
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Consultive Committee
CCS Common Channel Signaling
CCS7 Common Channel Signaling No. 7
CODEC System for coding and decoding.
Converts analog signals into digital
signals and vice versa.
Control memory Memory where the sequence of the call
requests is stored
CSC Common Signaling Channel
D
Data memory Memory of a time switch where the binary
codes of a pulse frame are buffered.
Demodulation Filtering a useful frequency (e.g. speech)
from a modulation signal
E
Encoding Conversion of analog signals into digital
code.
Exch Exchange
F
F Frequency
FAS Frame alignment signal – Signal for
synchronizing transmitter and receiver in a
PCM 30 transmission link.
FDM Frequency-division multiplex
Frame alignment signal Signal for synchronizing transmitter and
receiver in a PCM 30 transmission link.
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H
Hz Hertz Unit for measuring waveforms per second.
I
ISDN Integrated Services digital network
K
KHz Kilo Hertz Unit for thousand waveforms per second.
L
Label Part of a data block containing the
information which says to which speech
channel the data block belongs.
Line terminating equipment System for regenerating the digital signals
on the receiver side.
LF Low frequency
Low-pass filter Filter which limits frequencies to a range
between 300 and 3400 Hz.
M
MFC Multifrequency code
Modulation Superimposing a carrier frequency on a
useful frequency, such as speech.
µs Micro Second The Millionth part of a second
(1/1.000.000s)
Multiplexing Concentration of many pieces of
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information from several highways to one

highway by aligning them in consecutive
order
P
PAM Pulse amplitude modulation
PCM Pulse code modulation
PCM24 Pulse code modulation 24 Transmission system for 24 pulse code
modulated speech channels.
PCM30 Pulse code modulation 30 Transmission system for 30 pulse code
modulated speech channels.
Pulse frame Bit Sequence containing a binary code of
any incoming signal
Q
Quantizing Segmenting of analog samples into
intervals that can be digitized.
R
Regenerative repeater System for regenerating digital signals on
a transmission link.
S
Sampling Taking examples off the telephone signal
at regular intervals.
Sampling instant Point in time when a sampling is made.
SDM Space-division multiplex
Service Word A group of service bits taking up a certain
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time slot of a pulse frame for transmitting

service signals, such as alarms.
Space switch Device for transmitting an 8 bit binary
code from an incoming highway to any
outgoing highway without change of time
slot.
Space-time switch Device for transmitting an 8 bit binary
code from several incoming highways to
any time slot of several outgoing
highways.
SPC Stored program control
SUB Subscriber
Switching network Component of an exchange used for
physically switching through calls
T
t time Time in seconds
TDM Time-division multiplex
Terminating equipment Part of an exchange used for adapting the
different types of lines to the digital
transmission links.
Time slot Time interval between two samplings(
also called channel).
Time switch Device for transmitting an 8 bit binary
code from an highway to any time slot of
an outgoing highway.
Trunk The two time slots with the same number
used by a call in incoming and outgoing
direction.
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V
V Voltage in volt
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s

Sub-sections Principles of PCM Technology 2

Digital Transmission Systems 3

This document consists of 58 pages.

You will be able to

• Explain the principle of Frequency-Division Multiplex (FDM) and Time-Division

1.2 Individual Connections

In a telephone network, every subscriber is normally connected to the exchange

Frequency-Division Multiplex (FDM)

By means of modulation with various sinusoidal waves (carriers), the individual

1.4 Time-Division Multiplex (TDM)

The samples are transmitted as pulses with different amplitudes (analog).

Pulse code modulation (PCM)

Analog signals can only be amplified (including the noise peaks).

• With frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), telephone signals are modulated

• With time-division multiplexing (TDM), coded consecutive samples of

2 Principles of PCM Technology

1 Principles of PCM Technology 1

You will be able to

• Name and explain the individual steps of analog/digital signal conversion

2.2 Basic Components of a PCM System

Every PCM system has the following basic components:

2.3 Analog / Digital Conversion

2.3.1 Band Limiting

The quantizing intervals are numbered +1 to +8 in the positive range and –1 to –8 in

The appropriate quantizing interval is determined for each sample.

The second stage is the encoding of the quantizing intervals.

2.3.5 Multiplexing – Demultiplexing

The processes involved in multiplexing are carried out fully electronically.

As with multiplexing processes on the transmitter side, the demultiplexing

Principles of the PCM Technology

 Tasks of the transmitter side:

 Band limiting of a telephone signal

 Tasks of the receiver side:

 Distributing of binary codes to the individual lines (demultiplexing)

3 Digital Transmission Systems

1 Digital Transmission Systems 1

The transmission systems PCM 30 and PCM 24 combine 30 and 24 channels

You will be able to

• Explain the design of PCM 30 pulse frame

3.2 Transmission System PCM 30

Design of a PCM Transmission System1

Regenerative repeaters are installed on PCM transmission routes at intervals of

The transmission system PCM 30 allows the simultaneous transmission of 30 calls

One pair of wires is required per call direction.

Time slots which belong together are called a trunk.

3.2.1 Pulse Frame

The pulse frames are transmitted in a consecutive order.

3.2.2 Frame Alignment Signal

3.2.3 Service Word

3.3 Digital Transmission Systems of Higher Capacity

Coaxial cables or optical fibers are used as transmission links.

3.4 PCM Links between Exchanges

Digital Transmission Systems

The maximum transmission quality for telephone signals is achieved if exclusively

You will be able to

4.2 Switching Principles

Digital exchanges establish connections by rearranging the 8 bit binary codes of

4.2.1 Space Switch

The through-connection is performed by means of electronic switches (AND gate).

4.2.2 Time Switch

They will be read out cyclically.

4.2.3 Space-time Switch

Tasks of the transmitter side:

Band limiting of a telephone signal

Tasks of the receiver side:

Distributing of binary codes to the individual lines (demultiplexing)