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FLD 10
FLD 10
Andersen
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
FLD10 is a subprogram of the general purpose magnetic field program FLD11. It consists basically of
an input and an output routine for this program, but everything can now be installed in only one
directory (folder). Input can be either in metric or English units, but output is only metric.
The reactors can be without or with an iron core, where the core leg is made of up to 20 axially
separated disks.
The program assumes that the winding is made of small, transposed conductors, wound in up to 30
concentric layers. A layer can consist of several segments with varying conductor dimensions. The
program calculates reactance and maximum and average eddy current losses due to axial and radial flux
densities. The losses are referred to the whole reactor, as well as individual layers and segments. Post
processors can be used to calculate forces and a graph of flux densities.
If FLD8 is to be used in the calculations and not FLD11, see page 7. This option was made to
accommodate sheet windings, but losses have a tendency of being too high with gapped iron cores and
this type of winding.
PROGRAM INSTALLATION
FLD10 is transmitted as a zip-file. It is extracted and installed in any directory (folder). The program
can also be installed on a memory stick and run from there.
Here all the Command Prompt commands and file names will be in capital letters. However, they are
case insensitive, and small letters can also be used.
RUN DEMO.INP
–2–
After a few seconds, a flux plot with 25 flux lines appears on the screen. It has been drawn on a Visual
Basic Form. If the picture appears to be cropped or too small, adjust the file SIZESCR.FIL. At the same
time a bitmap picture file PLOTFILE.BMP has been produced. Close the form and enter command:
PLOT
The flux plot now reappears in a standard Windows program. The tic-marks to the left and at the
bottom show the positions of horizontal and vertical finite element grid lines. The conductors are red.
If it is now desired to print the flux plot, crop the picture file first to remove empty space and save it.
Microsoft Office Picture Manager or Microsoft Paint can be used for that. Rather than printing it
directly, it is recommended to transfer the picture file to Microsoft Word. Here it can easily be resized
and comments added before printing.
Output from FLD10 is stored in file OUTPUT. To display it on the screen, enter:
FILE OUTPUT
Batch command FILE starts the standard Windows program NOTEPAD. It will be used here for
viewing, editing and printing text files. The first time it is invoked, it should be set to Courier New size
9, word wrap, and to no top and bottom extra text when printing. The window should always be
maximized.
GRID
After the form is closed, the grid also reappears with the command:
PLOT
-3-
INPUT
FILE DEMO.INP
What the numbers mean can be found on the input sheet, page 5. For an explanation of what else can be
done with the input file, copy it first to a new file with the command:
HEADINGS NEW.INP
FILE NEW.INP
The abbreviated headings on the input file also explain the numbers. With a little experience, that
explanation suffices to enter new numbers and to make up new input files.
Old input as similar as possible is first copied to a new input file. Then headings are introduced and the
file changed. Numbers always start in columns 1, 11, 21 and so on. They can be entered with or without
decimal point.
Before the new file can be run, the headings must be removed. Do this first with:
CLEANUP NEW.INP
A file without headings can have headings introduced and be viewed at the same time with:
HEADFILE NEW.INP
Headings can also be removed and the file run at the same time with:
CLEANRUN NEW.INP
New input must be entered very carefully, following explanations on the input sheets and instructions
elsewhere in this manual. Small mistakes like a comma instead of a decimal point or a number starting
in the wrong column are not tolerated. Some mistakes are caught by the program and are explained on
the output. Another way to catch mistakes is by giving a command such as:
CHECK NEW.INP
The input must here be without headings. A picture similar to a flux plot, but without flux lines, will be
displayed on the screen. Mistakes with the geometry can be caught this way.
-4-
SYMBOLS
The symbols that are used in the input and output routines are listed and explained in file SYMBOLS.
POST PROCESSING
After the main program has been run, the run identification and all the essential calculated and input
information are in file FOR.FIL, and can be retrieved for further processing. This includes all the vector
potentials, current densities and node and contour line coordinates.
Two post processors are supplied with the program. Forces between horizontal and vertical grid lines
are calculated with the command:
FORCES
GRAPH
USER PROGRAMMING
The input and output routines for FLD10 are completely decoupled from the main program, and can be
changed by the program user. A suitable Fortran 77 compiler must then be available, such as the free
Watcom compiler. The routines are supplied in source code in the files:
Numerical data are entered with the first digit in columns 1,11,21 etc., as indicated. Decimal point is optional.
*1: When the reactor has a sheet winding, UNITS is entered as 8 for input in mm and 9 for input in inches. FLD10 is then
run with “RUN8 INPUT.FIL”.
*2: Instead of having lower and upper boundaries at the yoke positions, it is recommended to have them at twice the yoke
distances from the windings, as a weighted average of conditions around the periphery.
*3: Strands are assumed to have rounded corners, with an area 0.5 mm 2 subtracted if width times depth exceeds 15 mm 2,
otherwise 0.25 mm2 subtracted. If width = depth and 4 mm, round wire is assumed.
*4: For a normal sheet winding with half the window height calculated, half the depth of the sheet.
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The Command Prompt window should be maximized and the size adjusted to fill the screen after right
clicking the top title bar. Cursor size small and letter size 12x16 pixels are recommended. If Command
Prompt goes into full screen mode by an application, it can be brought back with Alt-Enter.
Since many PC users are not familiar with Command Prompt, here are some hints and frequently used
commands. The commands are examples and may be modified in obvious manners. Large and small
letters are interchangeable.
Other commands:
C: Moves to unit C or another unit.
CD\ Changes to base directory.
MD GRAPHICS Makes directory GRAPHICS.
CD\GRAPHICS Changes directory to GRAPHICS, just below the base directory.
COPY OLD.INP NEW.INP Copies old file OLD.INP to a new file NEW.INP.
COPY /? Explains options available for command COPY.
REN OLD.INP NEW.INP Renames OLD.INP as NEW.INP.
DEL OLD.INP Deletes OLD.INP.
DIR *.INP Lists all files in the directory with extension INP.
DIR *.I?? Lists all files in the directory with three letter extension starting with I.
START NOTEPAD OUTPUT Invokes Windows program NOTEPAD with file OUTPUT.
START PLOTFILE.BMP Starts a standard Windows program to process the bitmap file.
-7-
Reactors with sheet (foil) windings can also be analyzed. See instructions on the input sheet. With
gapped iron cores, sheet windings can easily get excessively high losses.
RUN8 SHEETWDG.INP
FILE OUTPUT
It is normal output from FLD8, with some extra reactor information at the end.
Current density distribution in individual turns can be studied with the post processor:
GRAPHC
PROGRAM FLD10 REACTORS WITH SERIES CONNECTED LAYERS
SEGMENT NO. LAYER NO. CABLE NO. Z-MIN Z-MAX TURNS, TOTAL ACTIVE
1 1 1 0.0 350.0 25.0 25.0
2 2 1 0.0 350.0 25.0 25.0