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Lec 31ppt CFC Centrifugal Compressor
Lec 31ppt CFC Centrifugal Compressor
1
Lect-31
In this lecture...
• Centrifugal compressors
• Thermodynamics of centrifugal
compressors
• Components of a centrifugal
compressor
2
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-31
Centrifugal compressors
• Centrifugal compressors were used in the
first jet engines developed independently
by Frank Whittle and Hans Ohain.
• Centrifugal compressors still find use in
smaller gas turbine engines.
• For larger engines, axial compressors
need lesser frontal area and are more
efficient.
• Centrifugal compressors can develop
higher per stage pressure ratios.
3
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-31
Centrifugal compressors
• Besides small aero engines, centrifugal
compressors are used in the auxiliary
power units (APUs) in many aircraft.
• Some of the aircraft air conditioning
systems employ centrifugal compressors.
• In a few engines, centrifugal compressors
are used as the final stage of the
compression process downstream of a
multi-stage axial compressor. Eg. GE T
700, P&W PT6, Honeywell T53.
4
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-31
5
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-31
2
1
T01 C12 01
2c p
T1
1
s
T-s diagram for a centrifugal compressor
7
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-31
b U2
U1
r2
r1
Ω
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-31
Conservation of Rothalpy
• If we were to assume steady, viscous flow
without heat transfer
C12 C 22
h1 + − U1C w1 = h 2 + − U2 C w 2 = I
2 2
• Here, I, is the rotational enthalpy or rothalpy.
• It is now known that rothalpy is conserved for
the flow through the impeller.
• Any change in rothalpy is due to the fluid
friction acting on the stationary shroud (if
considered in the analysis).
13
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-31
Impeller
• Impeller draws in the working fluid. It is
the rotating component of the centrifugal
compressor.
• The diverging passages of the impeller
diffuses the flow to a lower relative
velocity and higher static pressure.
• Impellers may be single-sided or double-
sided, shrouded or un-shrouded.
• In the impeller, the working fluid also
experiences centripetal forces due to the
rotation.
14
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-31
Impeller
Impeller
β2 β2
Ω Ω Ω
U2 U2 U2
V2 V2 V2
C2 β2 C2 C2
β2
Forward leaning blades Straight radial Backward leaning blades
(β2 is negative) (β2 is positive)
16
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-31
Inducer
Inducer
m m
rt
rm
rh
Inducer Ut Um Uh
βt Ct
V’t
βh
βm
Leading edge velocity triangles
U1
β1 C1
V1
Section m-m
18
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-31
Inducer
The diffuser
• High impeller speed results in a high
absolute Mach number leaving the impeller.
• This high velocity is reduced (with an
increase in pressure) in a diffuser.
• Diffuser represents the fixed or stationary
part of the compressor.
• The diffuser decelerates the flow exiting the
impeller and thus reduces the absolute
velocity of the working fluid.
• The amount of deceleration depends upon
the efficiency of the diffusion process.
20
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-31
The diffuser
21
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-31
The diffuser
Diffuser vanes
Vaneless space
r3
r3>r2>r1
r2
Ω
r1
Impeller
22
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-31
The diffuser
Logarithmic spiral
Radial direction
Cr
C
α
CW
The diffuser
24
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-31
• Centrifugal compressors
• Coriolis acceleration
• Slip factor
• Performance characteristics
• Stall and surge
25
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-31
In this lecture...
• Centrifugal compressors
• Thermodynamics of centrifugal
compressors
• Components of a centrifugal
compressor
26
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay