Reference List

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_values

https://www.slideshare.net/Kate_JRG/filipino-values-22162229

http://jrwebz.blogspot.com/p/filipino-values.html

https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/Filipino-Traits-and-Characteristics

http://filipinojournal.com/filipino-core-values/
 Filipino Values
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_values

Enumeration of Values

Pakikipagkapwa-tao -
This is the shared sense of identity and consciousness of the 'other'. It means treating others
with respect and dignity as an equal, not someone below the individual.
Family Orientation -
The basic and most important unit of a Filipino's life is the family. Unlike in Western
countries, young Filipinos who turn 18 are not expected to move out of their parents' home.
When a Filipino's parents are old and cannot take care of themselves, they are cared for in
their children's homes and are very rarely brought by their children to Homes for the Aged.
The practice of separating the elderly from the rest of the family, while common in Western
countries, is often looked down upon in Filipino society. Family lunches with the whole clan
with up to 50 people, extending until the line of second cousins, are not unusual. The Filipino
puts a great emphasis on the value of family and being close to one's family members.
Joy and Humor -
This famous trait is the ability of Filipinos to find humour in everything. It sheds light on the
optimism and positivity of Filipinos in whatever situation they are in so as to remain
determined in going through struggles or challenges. It serves as a coping technique, the
same way a child who has fallen laughs at himself/herself to hide his/her embarrassment.
Flexibility, Adaptability, Creativity -
Studies show that Filipinos often have an aversion to a set of standardised rules or
procedures; They are known to follow a Natural Clock or Organic sense of time- doing things
in the time they feel is right. They are present-oriented: which means that one attends to a
task or requirement at the time it is needed and does not worry much about future
engagements. This allows the Filipino to adapt and be flexible in doing the tasks at times not
bound to a particular schedule or timeframe. This allows them think on their feet and be
creative in facing whatever challenge or task they have even when it is already right in front
of them.
Faith and Religiosity -
The Philippines is approximately 85 percent Christians (mostly Roman Catholic Christians ),
10 percent Muslim, and 5 percent 'other' religions, including the Taoist-Buddhist religious
beliefs of Chinese and the 'indigenous' animistic beliefs of some peoples in upland areas
that resisted 300 years of Spanish colonial rule.[7] This is a reflection of the Filipinos' strong
faith in God as seen in their various practices. This includes the numerous Church Holidays
they observe, the customary (and obligatory) Sunday Mass, the individual's basis of their
moral standpoints, the influence of the Church on the minds, actions, and opinions of the
majority, importance of the Sacraments, Praying at almost any possible time of the day, the
extreme practices during Holy Week,
Ability to Survive -
The Filipinos as a people who have been constantly under the rule of numerous powerful
countries has over time, developed a sense of resourcefulness or the ability to survive with
whatever they have. They have the extraordinary ability to make something out of almost
nothing. If a Filipino was given just a screwdriver, plastic bags, and some tape, he would still
be able to build a bird tree, especially for the sake of survival, and provided that he be
allowed to hunt for some needed surrounding material.
Hard Work and Industry -
With resourcefulness comes hard work. Filipinos are very determined and persevering in
accomplishing whatever they set their minds to.
Filipinos over the years have proven time and time again that they are a people with an
industrious attitude. Sadly, this is seen by others as Filipinos being only useful as domestic
helpers, working abroad to help their families in the country. This is also present in the
country’s workforce particularly the farmers. Even with little support, technological
weaknesses and the country’s seasonal typhoons, the Filipino farmer still strives to earn
their daily meal.
Hospitality -
Foreigners who come to visit the Philippines speak of Filipinos going out of their way to help
them when lost, or the heartwarming generosity of a Filipino family hosting a visitor in their
poverty-stricken home. Meanwhile, most foreigners who attend Filipino gatherings abroad
(which are frequently organized for hundreds of reasons) testify to the warmth and
friendliness of Filipinos as they experience that feeling of “belongingness.” Indeed, the
legendary Filipino hospitality is not limited to the Philippines. It is everywhere wherever there
are Filipinos.
 Filipino Values
Kate S. Magpo

https://www.slideshare.net/Kate_JRG/filipino-values-22162229

- Bayanihan system or spirit of kinship and camaraderie –

A Filipino community spirit and cooperation wherein a group of individuals extends
a helping hand without expecting any remuneration.
- Damayan System –
Sympathy for people who lost their love ones.
- Familism or Close Family Relations –
A family trait of giving highest importance to family above other thing.
- Cinoassionate –
A Filipino trait of being sympathetic to other even strangers.
- Remedyo Attitude –
A Filipino trait of being creative and resourseful.
 Filipino Values
http://jrwebz.blogspot.com/p/filipino-values.html

Family
The Philippines is known to be a family centered nation. The Filipinos recognize their family as
an important social structure that one must take care of.
Politeness
Filipinos are taught to become respectful individuals. This is mainly due to the influence of
Christianity that tells us to honor both our parents and our elders. The use of ‘’po’’ and
‘’’opo’’’ when in conversation with an elder or someone who is older is a manifestation of
how Filipinos respect their elders.
Hospitality
The Filipinos are very hospitable when it comes to their fellowmen. They will invite their visitors
to come into their homes and offer them treats such as snacks and drinks after a long
journey.

Shame
Shame or ’’Hiya’’ is a very common Filipino value. It is said that Filipinos would go to great
lengths in order for one not to be ashamed. Hiya has a great influence on one’s behavior for
one will do everything, even if it is beyond his means just to save his reputation as well as the
families. The Filipinos feel pressured to meet the status of the society when it comes to
economic standing. One indication of this might be a willingness to spend more than they
can afford on a party rather than be shame by their economic circumstances.

Flexibility, Adaptability, and Creativity

Filipino's sense of joy and humor is evident in their optimistic approach to life and its travails.
The ability to laugh at themselves and their predicament is an important coping mechanism
that contributes to emotional balance and a capacity to survive. These are manifested in
the ability to adjust to often difficult circumstances and prevailing physical and social
environments. Filipinos have a high tolerance for ambiguity that enables them to respond
calmly to uncertainty or lack of information. Filipinos often improvise and make productive
and innovative use of whatever is available. These qualities have been repeatedly
demonstrated in their capacity to adapt to living in any part of the world and in their ability
to accept change.

Loyalty
Loyalty or ‘’’Pakikisama’’’ is another Filipino value. Filipinos are said to be loyal to their friends
and fellowmen in order to ensure the peace in the group. This is manifested in their basic
sense of justice and fairness and concern for other's well being. Filipinos recognize the
essential humanity of all people and regard others with respect and empathy. With this
orientation, Filipinos develop a sensitivity to the nature and quality of interpersonal
relationships, which are their principal source of security and happiness.

Hard work and Industry

The related capacity for hard work and industry among Filipinos is widely recognized. Filipinos
are universally regarded as excellent workers who perform well whether the job involves
physical labor and tasks or highly sophisticated technical functions. This propensity for hard
work, which often includes a highly competitive spirit, is driven by the desire for economic
security and advancement for oneself and one's family. This achievement orientation is
further accompanied by typically high aspirations and great personal sacrifices.

Resignation
Trust in God or the concept of ‘’’Bahala na’’’ has been over-used time and again. This ideal
is used when a person does not know what to do or is to lazy to do anything at all. This belief
to put fate in God’s hands may be a sign of how religious Filipinos may be at the same time,
it may show that the Filipinos are free-spirited and that they put their life in fate’s hands.

Amor Propio
“Amor propio” is Spanish word which means self –love; a sense of self-esteem or self respect
that prevents a person from swallowing his pride. It includes sensitivity to personal insult or
affront. A slight remark or offensive gesture, though insulting, would not trigger a sense of
“amor propio”. The stimulus that sets it off is only that which strikes at the Filipino’s most highly
valued attributes

Delicadeza

Delicadeza is a Spanish term which when translated in English means daintiness. It is defined
as an act of being refined or delicate in tastes or manners. But in simple terms, its commonly
referred to as a sense of propriety or how to behave rightly in all circumstances. It is in
essence an etiquette that was passed on to us as a legacy of the Spanish culture.

Filipino Time

Filipino Time, which means things get done whenever they get done. Official Timing of The
Philippines.

I set up part for 6:00. This is interpreted as 7:00 filipino time

In Some cases, Filipino hosts deliberately set the time and hour or so earlier, knowing that the
guests will arrive an hour or so late. In this case, the poorAmericans are surprised to see that
they’re the first ones to arrive and the only ones there for the first hour or so

Mañana Habit

The Mañana Habit is something that we have learned from the Spaniards. The word
"Mañana" means ‘tomorrow’ or ‘specified future time’ also known as “procrastination” in
plain English, “mamaya na” in Filipino.

How it Works:

1. You need to do something now.

2. But then you decide to do it later.

3. As a result of the delay, you end up not doing it.

4. Now, you tell yourself or somebody that you will do it tomorrow.

5. Tomorrow comes. The same cycle happens.

Ningas Cogon

The popular Filipino phrase "Ningas Cogon" refers to the unnerving attitude of starting an
initiative but fails to continue it, or the lack of a follow-up. It is generally viewed as a negative
trait and i do not know if there is any one person who feels that this is good behavior.

Palabra De Honor

Another value of the Filipinos is lack of a “Palabra de Honor” which means a verbal
commitment by one person to another agreeing to do (or not to do) something in the future.

Colonial Mentality

ANTI-FILIPINOS say that Filipinos, because of their colonial mentality, always prefer foreign
talents and products to local ones. This mentality does exist, but it is wrong to accuse us
Filipinos as always practicing it.

Crab Mentality

Crab mentality, sometimes referred to as crabs in the bucket, describes a way of thinking
best described by the phrase "if I can't have it, neither can you." The metaphor refers to a pot
of crabs. Individually, the crabs could easily escape from the pot, but instead, they grab at
each other in a useless "king of the hill" competition which prevents any from escaping and
ensures their collective demise. The analogy in human behavior is that members of a group
will attempt to "pull down" (negate or diminish the importance of) any member who
achieves success beyond the others, out of envy, conspiracy or competitive feelings.
 Filipino Values
https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/Filipino-Traits-and-Characteristics

1. Hospitality

This is one of the most popular qualities of Filipinos. Foreigners who have gone to the Philippines find
themselves falling in love with the warm hospitality they are shown. It's a different kind of value
system, which has existed for thousands of years. Here are some examples of the hospitality that
Filipinos show, not only to foreigners, but also to their fellow citizens:

 When a person visits a friend's house, the host greets him or her with a very warm welcome.
The host will immediately let their visitor sit down and will prepare a meal or a snack plus drinks
for the visitor. The host will insist that the friend not leave the house with an empty stomach. A
host will always make sure you had a great time visiting them.
 People offer their guest room to visitors if they're going to spend the night.
 Meals offered to guests are very special. A host always finds a way to prepare great tasting food
that her visitor wants to eat.

2. Respect

This is often observed—not just by younger people—but also by people of all ages.

 Children respect elders by saying "po" and "opo," which mean "yes," when answering their
elders.
 Children or young adults also show respect by putting their elders' hands on their foreheads.
 Filipinos also show respect at work by making a bow to their employers.

3. Strong Family Ties and Religions

Yes. Filipinos value their families so much that they tend to keep families intact through the
generations.

 Families go to church and pray together because their religion is important and creates a strong
bond, marking God as the center of their lives.
 Families make sure to have quality time together especially after a day's work. Just watching
television or eating a family meal will be valued and prioritized in everybody's schedules.

4. Generosity and Helpfulness

Filipinos are generous people. Even when we have very little, we always share with those around us.

 During special occasions such as birthdays or "fiestas" —parties when people from other places
visit your home to celebrate with you—there are lots of foods specially prepared for everyone!
Friends, family, friends of friends, and even strangers can gather and they are always willing to
share food and help out.
 When a neighbor is in trouble, Filipinos are always ready to help them.

5. Strong Work Ethic

Yes, we are hardworking people to the point that we are willing to work almost the whole day just to
feed our families. That's how Filipinos are.

 One example of a hardworking person is a farmer. They earn so little but they still work very
hard for not much compensation.
 Filipinos always find creative ways to earn a living, like creating a small business from their
home where they sell foods or other items for the convenience of their neighbors.
6. Love and Caring

This is so true! Filipinos are the sweetest and most loving people in the world. I'm not just saying this
because I'm a Filipino; if you know us well, you will soon figure this out.

 Men are so sweet and romantic when it comes to love. They will send their beloved flowers,
bring her to a very romantic place, text her sweet quotes, and tell often how special she is to
them.
 Filipino women are also romantic and very caring, which often makes foreigners want to marry
them. Women tend to prepare dinner before their husband comes home. They are loving, and
value the relationship, always staying faithful to their husbands. They love deeply and sincerely.
 Filipino Values
http://filipinojournal.com/filipino-core-values/
by Gemma Dalayoan
Filipinos can be found in almost all parts of the world. When we’re in a foreign country or outside
Canada, we rejoice at the sight of other co-Filipinos as if there’s something that binds us. Sometimes,
if we’re not sure about the nationality of a person, but he/she looks like a Filipino, we often ask,”
Filipino ka ba?” Then if he /she” yes”, we’re happy. If someone doesn’t meet our expectations in the
way he/she answers questions or the way he/she behaves, we say in frustration, ‘kapwa Filipino pa
naman siya?”

What makes us think that our co-Filipinos can be trusted to give help or answer questions if we’re lost
in a foreign country? Why do we have so much expectation from our co-Filipinos? What binds us
together?

The reason lies in the fact that we grew up being socialized or trained to practices and preserve our
Filipino cultural values, norms, customs, and traditions which are inculcated to us since birth and
passed from one generation to generations. Landa Jocano, a famous sociologist says that” there are
no negative Filipino values, only the wrong use of values”.Values change slowly, but it depends on
how strong families are in preserving, promoting, and passing on our cultural values from one
generation to another. There are ways to preserve and promote culture, particularly through the
language, religion, literature, music, arts, of a particular groups of people.

Language and culture are interrelated because embedded in the language are words that reflect
cultural ways or life styles of the people that live in a common environment. Filipino or Pilipino carries
words which cannot be translated exactly in English that show our cultural values of respect, regard
for others, family solidarity, and other beautiful Filipino values . If parents want their children to
address their elders with respect, they have to teach them how to speak Pilipino, the national
language or their regional dialect.

Living in Canada allows us to preserve our cultural heritage, language, religious practices customs,
and traditions as long as we stay within the parameters of the law, and we don’t infringe on others’
rights and safety. The government supports this preservation of our cultural heritage through different
grants mostly through the Provincial Department of Culture, Heritage, Tourism and the Office of the
Multiculturalism and federally through the Canadian Heritage Department.

There are many families who have become successful in having their children integrate to Canadian
ways of life by guiding their children to strike a balance or a blend of what is useful in both Filipino and
the Canadian cultures. Indeed, we have beautiful cultural values, such as those listed below. But
sometimes these values should be occasionally re-visited , re-examined,to find out whether they
facilitate or impede us from being successful in a new environment.

This re-examination of our traditional values and customs will be the aim of a workshop participated
only by Filipino seniors on August 21 at PCCM. The seniors led by facilitators will analyze what are
the cultural barriers that prevent them from living a safe life here in Canada free from abuse. Filipino
Core Values that are to be discussed are: 1. Family solidarity 2. Respect for elders 3. Utang na loob
or debt of gratitude.4. Hiya is a Filipino value that is difficult to translate in any Western language.
Literally it connotes several meanings such as shy, timid, sensitive rather than ashamed. 5. Amor
propio- self-esteem 6. Pakikisama or pakikikapwa. Other topics that will protect the safety and well-
being of the seniors will also be discussed. The workshop will be carried out in Pilipino or Filipino.

An extensive and critical analysis of the Filipino core values is presented in a book soon to be
published by the Knights of Rizal, Original Filipino Seniors’ Association ( OFSAM),Filipino Seniors
Association of Manitoba ( FILCASA),and the Filipino Veterans Association entitled,

”Understanding Filipino Seniors in Manitoba: Their Immigration, Settlement, and Adaptation Process”
 Religious Beliefs in the Philippines
http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-the-philippines.html

http://www.studycountry.com/guide/PH-religion.htm

http://chifilipino.tripod.com/religion.htm
http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Religion_%26_Belief_system

https://www.tagaloglang.com/native-filipino-beliefs/
 Religious Beliefs in the Philippines
http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-the-philippines.html

Religious Freedom

The separation of church and sate which is constitutionally established in the country gives
its citizens the freedom of worship without discrimination. Religion is also incorporated into
the school curriculum for pupils and students in various forms, including literature and
religious activities. There is also no explicit ban on religious dress. For instance, the Hijab
may be worn by Muslim girls, and the Rosary by Catholic Christian women.
Religious Tolerance

All religions are protected by the law, and no one religious belief is given priority over any
other. Religious tolerance here entails that the rights of followers of any religion is respected.
The focus in the Philippines is not on religious differences, but rather on commonalities. This
is referred to as ecumenism, and takes place through religious dialogues and conferences.
However, there have been reports regarding conflicts between Christians and Muslims,
particularly in the workplace and other public places. Issues that arise usually pertain to
religious dress and names.
Belief Systems in the Philippines
Roman Catholic Christianity

Roman Catholicism has the largest religious following in the Philippines. This religion was
first introduced to the Filipino peoples through the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan
in the early 1500's. Magellan, whose original destination was Spice Island, arrived on Cebu
Island in Philippines due to a missed route. He then proceeded to make Roman Catholicism
a state religion by first converting the Chief of Cebu, and several hundreds of his followers.
Roman Catholics believe in a supreme deity or God, who exists in three forms. These are
God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, commonly referred to as the Holy Trinity.
Catholics believe that God sent his son, Jesus to the world through a virgin to die for the sins
of the world. There are also three main sacraments of initiation kept by Roman Catholics,
which include Water Baptism, Confirmation, and Eucharist. Conversion and acceptance of
the religion precedes these three sacraments. In terms of influence, the Catholic Church
historically has impacted decision making in such areas as marriage, reproduction and
family life in general. However, that influence seems to be waning. For instance, divorce
which was previously unacceptable due to the country's predominant Catholic beliefs, is now
being accepted or tolerated by many. Family planning through the use of contraceptives or
abortion which was also frowned upon by the Church seems to have been adopted by those
who consider themselves "liberal" Catholics. As expected, these have not resonated well
with the Catholic church.
Islam

Islam is the second largest religion in the Philippines after Roman Catholic Christianity. The
religion existed in the region for around a century before the spread of Christianity. Islam first
spread to Simunul Island in the Philippines through foreign trade with countries such
as India. Specifically, it was the Islamic cleric-Karim ul' Makhdum who first introduced the
religion to the area. Subsequently, he established the first mosque on the same Island,
which is today, the oldest mosque in the country. Muslims, similar to Christians, believe in a
single supreme God, or Allah in Arabic, but not in Jesus as the ultimate prophet and
Messiah. They believe that Allah revealed his messages through the Prophet Mohammed,
the founding figure of Islam. There are five principles which all Muslims generally adhere to.
These principles include the Shahada or declaration of faith, Salat or prayer, Zakat or alms-
giving/charity, Ramadan or ritual fast, and the Hajj or Pilgrimage. Islam has not had that
much of an influence on the general society in the country, since it is not the dominant
religion. However, one significant impact is in the area of Islamic dietary laws. Halal
provisions which previously were non-existent or very scarce, are now gaining influence in
the country. Influences are most felt in the Southern part of the country which is home to the
majority of Muslims. Wearing of religious dress which historically was required and is still
required, is however a bit flexible today. Muslims now incorporate Western styles into
dressing, while still maintaining the standard which is modesty.
Evangelical Protestant Christians (affiliated with the PCEC)

Evangelical Protestantism was introduced into the Philippines by American missionaries

after the Spanish-American War between the late 18th and early 19th Centuries. Some
Protestant groups which are affiliated with the Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches
(PCEC), however were established locally, without any foreign influence. This religion
though similar to other forms of Christianity, arose as a counter-religion to Roman
Catholicism. The main beliefs include spreading the message of Salvation through scriptural
teaching, faith in the finished work of the Cross, which is the death and resurrection of
Jesus, and, most importantly, a personal and willing conversion which is known as being
"born-again." Influence of this sect on Filipino society has been predominantly in the area of
education. Protestant Churches have established several schools at different levels, and
incorporated most of these beliefs in the curriculum, even for students or pupils who are not
part of the religion.
Iglesia ni Cristo (Philippine Church of Christ)

Unlike other religions in the Philippines which spread through external influences, the
Philippine Church of Christ originated from within the country itself in the early 19th Century.
The religion was founded by Felix Manalo Ysagun, who claimed that this sect was the true
religion of Christ, and all other Christian groups were not. This Church believes in the power
of scripture and a supreme God in a fashion similar to other Christian denominations, but
rejects the doctrine of Trinitarianism which is common among other groups. The sect
ascribes instead to the doctrine of Unitarianism, which holds that God is a singular entity,
and not triple as described by adherents of Trinitarianism. The religion is rigid, especially to
Protestants and Catholics, who are viewed by the Iglesias as apostates. Influence of the
Philippine Church has largely been political. To encourage solidarity and unity in the religion,
followers are required to vote only leaders endorsed by the Ministers or Church authorities.
Hence, freedom of thought and opinion pertaining to political issues is absent in this religion.
Any opposition from the State or any other group is usually met with large protest rallies.
This rigidity has really made people, especially "outsiders" to the religion to question the
supposed Church and State separation which is constitutional.
Buddhists

The time Buddhism first spread into the Philippines is unknown for the most part, although
archaeological records point towards the 6th or 7th Century. Through sea trade with the
Srivijaya Empire of India which was predominantly Buddhist, Vajrayana, a form of Buddhism
became introduced in the Philippines. The adherents of this religion are primarily Chinese,
Filipino-Chinese, Japanese, and other Asian or Middle-East groups residing in the country.
Buddhists do not believe in a creator God in the same fashion Christians do. The main
beliefs include suffering which is inherent in human existence, impermanence of everything
in the world, and the absence of a permanent soul. Buddhism has had linguistic influences
on Filipino culture as the origin of some words can be traced to Sanskrit and Pali which are
Buddhist languages.
Indigenous Beliefs
Indigenous traditions predate the colonial religions of Islam and Christianity in the
Philippines. The most predominant views are that of animism, which is the belief that even
non-living entities such trees and plants have spirits. Indigenous religions are characterized
by worship of various deities, as opposed to the monotheistic religions. With regards to
influence, other religions, even the predominant Roman Catholic, have adopted animism in
combination with their own beliefs. This blending is known as religious syncretism.
Other Christians

Other Christian groups in the country include Jehovah's witnesses, Latter Day Saints,
Assemblies of God, Seventh-day Adventists, and numerous others. These groups were
started either locally, or introduced by international Missionaries. Some beliefs are common
to mainstream Christianity, but there are also a host of differences. For instance, Jehovah's
witnesses also reject Trinitarianism, and the Latter day Saints believe in Salvation for the
dead. Influences of these religions are mainly not on the wider society, but adherents of
these religions. For instance, Jehovah's witnesses do not receive blood transfusions no
matter how critical their health is.
Atheism

Atheists do not follow any form of religion, and therefore disbelieve the existence of God or
gods of any sort. They are constantly involved in humanitarian activities, although not
following any religion, as well as scientific advocacy.
 Religious Beliefs in the Philippines
http://www.studycountry.com/guide/PH-religion.htm

The Philippines, alongside East Timor, are the only countries in Asia that are pre-dominantly
Christian. Over 86% of the citizens in the Philippines are Roman Catholics while 9% practice
different Protestant denominations. 5% of the country’s population practices Islam and the
remaining percent practices Buddhism or animistic beliefs. It is important to note that Christianity
has been the main faith in the country from as early as 1565 from the start of the Spanish
colonial era. The belief has, however, been combined with customary animistic practices and
beliefs that have given Catholicism in the Philippines a special nationwide personality. Religion in
this country is more than a theoretical belief system. This is because it is viewed as a cluster of
common experiences, customs and ceremonials that offers the community harmony, links
between people who are not related and more family bonds of different nature. Religion,
therefore, has sturdy economic and political bonds and overtones.
There is another feature of religion in the Philippines that is common to all beliefs be it Islam,
Catholic, or Protestant. This is the fact that it incorporates animistic practices and experiences
openly. An example of this is when the Spanish came to the country during the 16th century. The
Majority of the natives worshiped a number of nature spirits who were believed to bring good
fortune or harm. These spirits have to be contacted by religious leaders referred to as Shamans
to shun danger and to bring about wealth. The locals believed that bad fortune and sickness
originated from malicious spirit and that good weather, numerous kids, and fine yields originated
from kind spirits, mostly in the appearance of ancestors. As the locals switched to Christianity,
they merely shifted these beliefs to the Catholic Church and the spirits turned into saints, Mass,
and its customs were used rather than traditional customs, and the priests were the new
intercessors between the locals, the Saints and God. This is similar to Islam as it has absorbed
different aspects and the faithful offer gifts to the spirits who they believe can aid them with
crops, health, and family, and integrate customary aspects into customs like birth, marriage, and
death.
With this is mind, this article goes on to discuss some of the religious beliefs present in the
Philippines.

Christianity in the Philippines

Christianity was introduced to the Philippines by Spain when Miguel Lopez de Legaspi arrived in
1565 and this led to the colonization of the country by Spain which laid claim on the land. The
Spaniards then introduced Roman Catholicism to the locals. This is now the dominant religion in
the country with about 80% of the entire population practicing this faith. The country has adopted
a lot of significant traditions from Spanish Catholic, and Spanish Catholicism style is deeply
entrenched in the country’s culture.
Besides Catholicism, there are other Filipinos who practice Protestantism. This religious belief
was introduced in the Philippines when Spanish rule ended and American rule began in the
country. The reasons for the United States to colonize the country were to democratize and
Christianize which could only be attained via education of the masses. The majority of the
teachers coming to the country were Protestants and Protestants priests. This group was able to
exert a sturdy influence because it organized and managed the public education system in the
country. They were, however, not able to convert a lot of people and conversion mostly took
place among local people who had not been converted to Catholicism earlier on. Presently, 8-9%
of the total population practice Protestantism and most of these do not belong to the typical
Protestant churches but to evangelical and fundamentalist churches. The Protestant missionaries
may not have been able to convert many locals to this religious belief, but they had a lot of
influence on the country with regards to medicine and education. These churches built schools,
hospitals, and clinics and aroused the establishment of others. The churches were also
accountable for the establishment of institutions that have become important universities and
colleges such as the Silliman University, Dansalan Junior College, Central Philippine University,
and the Philippine Christian College.
A small percentage also practices Orthodoxy which has been present in the country for over 200
years. This religious belief is characterized by two main groups: the Antiochian Orthodox
Christian Mission and the Exarchate of the Philippines. Presently, approximately 560 citizens
practice this faith.

Islam in the Philippines

By the year 2013, as per the CIA World Factbook, the population of citizens practicing Islam in
the Philippines stood at 5%. The religion was first introduced in the country in the 14th century by
Muslim traders who came from Southern India and the Persian Gulf. These were accompanied
by their followers from a number of sultanate regimes in the Southeast Maritime Asia. This
religion had firm roots in areas such as Sulu, Mindanao, Luzon and Cebu and also the coastline
of Manila Bay which was home to a number of Muslim realms. When the Spanish conquered the
country, Islam rapidly declined as the main monotheistic religion in the country. This was a result
of the introduction of Catholicism by Spain.
Most of the Muslims in this country practice Sunni Islam which is in the Shafi school of
jurisprudence. There are other small minority Islam groups such as the Ahmadiyya and Shiite.
Islam, like Christianity, adopted a lot of the local aspects such as the Muslim women playing a
strong role in the community like they did in the old community. Most of the Muslims in Philippine
practice the five pillars of Islam which include confession of faith, praying daily, giving of alms,
fasting and pilgrimage. They also go to Quran institutions and take part in Islam holidays.

Buhddism in the Philippines

This religious belief made its way into the Philippines with the arrival of the Srivijaya Empire from
Malaysia which gained status in the country. This took place between the 7th to the 13th century.
Later on, between the 14th to the 20th century, the Indian and Chinese traders arrived in the
Philippines and brought with them Buddhist iconography and knowledge. Several artifacts from
that era such as the Golden Tara, the golden-vessel kinnari, the garuda and many more are a
clear indication that this religious belief was practiced in the country especially in the Luzon,
Cebu, Palawan, and Mindanao islands. Presently, about 2% of Filipinos practice this religious
belief.

Hinduism in the Philippines

This faith was also introduced to the Philippines by the Srivijaya Empire from Malaysia and the
Majapahit Empire from Indonesia. The country was under the control of the Hindu Gujarati and
Tamil people and merchants from Indonesia. Indian religious belief, which was probably a
combined edition of Hindu-Buddhist found its way into the Philippines during the 1st millennium
via the Srivijaya kingdom followed by the Majapahit kingdom.
This religious belief is mostly limited to the Indian Filipinos and the emigrant Indian society. This
is despite the fact that most customary spiritual beliefs in most regions of the country have sturdy
Buddhist and Hindu influences. There is, however, some growth in this faith although the majority
of the temples cater to the same societies. There are a number of Hindu temples in Manila and
the provinces as well. A number of Hindu groups can be found in the country. These groups
include the Paramahansa Yogananda, Sai Baba, and the Hare Krishna groups.

Judaism in the Philippines

From as early as the 1590s a few Jews were documented to have fled the Inquisition and came
to the Philippines. By 2005 the number of Filipino Jews was roughly 18,500 and by 2011, Metro
Manila recorded the largest number of the Jewish society in the country. The country has only
one synagogue, the Beth Yaacov, situated in Makati. There are more Jews in the country but
their number is relatively small compared to the other religions. The existence of people
practicing this faith is almost completely unheard of in the society.

Messianic religious movement

Besides the religious beliefs mentioned above, there are a number of messianic religious
movements. These movements have developed organizations that are long lasting. Most of
these movements usually share an ideology that the world is coming to an end at a very fast
pace. They also display contempt and mistrust of the current way of life, encourage mystical
beliefs of different types, and carry out their operations with a dictatorial enigmatic messiah
stature around which the movements are structured. A lot of the local people have been trapped
in these movements which offer them a regenerated sense of the society in the face of fast
societal transformations.
There are two common religious movements in the country. These include the Iglesia Filipina
Independiente. This was established by Gregorio Aglipay who had support Emilio Aguinaldo who
was a radical leader during the revolution against the Spanish and the clashes with forces from
America towards the end of the 19th century. The other movement is the Iglesia ni Cristo which
was established by Felix Manalo Ysagun in 1914. In current years, the Iglesia ni Cristo, which is
a dictatorial and puritanical church, has grown a lot and started churches across the globe in the
Philippines Diaspora.
These are the common religious beliefs in the country but other practices such as Taoism and
Confucianism are also practiced in the Philippines.
 Religious Beliefs in the Philippines
Cannell, Fenella. 1999. Power and Intimacy in The Christian Philippines. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press
Che Man, WK. 1990. Muslim Separatism: The Moros of Southern Philippines and the Malays of
Southern Thailand. Singapore: Oxford University Press
McKennaThomas. 1998. Muslim Rulers and Rebels. Berkely: University of California Press
Yeger, Moshe. 2002. Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communitiesof the Southern
Philippines, Southern Thailand, and
Western Burma/Myanmar. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books
http://chifilipino.tripod.com/religion.htm

Religion and Spiritual Beliefs

Most Americans are aware that the Philippines is comprised of Catholics, but
Catholicism and spirituality in the Philippines extends beyond just being Catholic. In
fact the way religion is practiced in the Philippines is very unique in comparison to
the form Christianity takes in the west or other areas of the globe. Filipino
Catholicism is practiced alongside and influenced by precolonial indigenous religions
and indigenous Filipino concepts that are found in other areas of Southeast Asia. To
understand how Christianity is practiced in the Philippines it is important to look at
the unique ways Filipinos manifest their spirituality, how gender plays a role, and
less common religious nuances that characterize Christianity in the Philippines. A
discussion of religion in the Philippines would not be complete without paying
attention to the unique place of Muslims in the Philippines. Through this discussion it
will become clear that religion in the Philippines is indeed very influenced by western
religions but still maintains a distinct Southeast Asian flavor in their spiritual beliefs
and practices.
Catholicism
The form that Catholicism takes in the Philippines is in many ways unique to the
region in which it is practiced. Across Christian areas of the Philippines indigenous
religions or spiritual practices have entered into and influenced the practice of
Catholicism. It is also possible to see the pre-colonial indigenous spirituality
influenced by Catholic notions. Fenella Cannell did an extensive ethnography of
Catholicism in a village in the region of Bicol Philippines. In her book Power and
Intimacy she provides an in depth look at some of the ways women attend to the
Christ Ama effigy. Across Southeast Asia, especially insular South East Asia on
islands such as Sulawesi and Bali, people traditionally carved likenesses of their
dead loved ones as a way to remember and worship their ancestors. They would
keep the effigies, and/or bones of their ancestors in the family home or a house
designated for that purpose so that people could visit the effigy. This indigenous
Southeast Asian tradition has influenced the way Filipinos worship Jesus. The
carved Ama (Jesus) of the village in Bicol, Cannell discusses, can be seen as a carry
over of this South east Asian practice. Like other effigies that are carved today in
Indonesia, the Christ Ama is carved from wood, painted, and formed to resemble the
person (in this case a westernized image of Jesus). The effigy is kept in a sacred
place and is accessible to the public. In Bicol the Ama is kept in a designated home.
One of the most interesting ways that Catholicism is amalgamated with the Ama
effigy can be seen during the procession that celebrates the Passion. Each year the
women of the village clean the body of the Ama very carefully as they do with a real
dead body before burial. After this the Ama is carried through the streets in a funeral
like procession while women mourn the passing on of the Ama. The Easter holiday is
in fact a more important holiday for Filipinos than Christmas, which is not as
"passionately" celebrated. In the Filipino celebration of Easter and the Passion it is
possible to see how Filipino Catholicism diverges very much from Western forms of
Catholicism. For the Filipinos different aspects and notions of Christianity are more
important than for Westerners.
The way Filipinos view their relationship with Jesus is also infused by distinctly
Filipino and Southeast Asian cultural notions. In the Philippines debt and
dependency are the foundations of most social relationships. Any given person may
be in a position of debt or dependency with any number of individuals with whom
they associate, including (but not limited to) family, friends, politicians, etc. The
relationship Filipinos have with Jesus is also characterized by the idea of debt and
dependency. For Filipinos Jesus sacrificed his life for them to be saved, and so they
are indebted to him. But Cannell suggests that it is somewhat more complex than
that. Cannell notes that the Bicolanos of the Philippines view the holy father and
Jesus as "a God who always credits his own debtors" by which God has made a
promise of help to the Filipinos to bring them to Heaven (195). Therefore, because
what God has done lies somewhere between help and creating an indebtedness for
Filipinos, the indebtedness one might have in owing back a loan is not the same as
the indebtedness they have to Jesus. Rather, the indebtedness to Jesus is similar to
the kind one may have with a family member who "helps" their relative because of
their relatedness and so the action is classified as assistance or help that doesn't
necessarily need to to be paid back in full or equally.
Pre-colonial Spiritual Beliefs
Despite being Catholic, belief in spirits is pervasive (especially in rural areas) in
the Filipino notions about the spiritual world. Many Filipinos in rural communities
make use of healers to cure illnesses and these healers are bound up with the
indigenous/pre-colonial spiritual beliefs of Filipinos. Filipino healers serve to fill an
important place in the community. Healers are not medical practitioners in the
Western sense but instead are more like shamans that one would find in a loosely
organized society. The healers Cannell discusses in her book work to cure illnesses
that are caused by invisible small spirit beings called tawo. These beings are the
cause of a wide range of ailments and must be dealt with by a trained healer who is
able to talk with the tawo to mediate and work on behalf of the sick to induce the
being take pity on the sick and end its infliction upon the individual. For example, in
Bicol séances are held at certain times when they are needed to heal a person. A
séance calls one or more tawo into a room in order to communicate with them.
Thetawo may come into the room in its own invisible form or enter the body of the
healer. The Filipinos have undoubtedly seen the world as being inhabited by these
beings before Christianity came. So how did they deal with the idea of a world where
there is both Jesus and tawo? The Filipinos Cannell studied suggested that these
beings are aware of Jesus and do have a place in the Christian world (118).
Some tawo, they argue, are in fact Christians. Yet ironically the spirits cannot enter
into the church and be blessed while residing in a persons body lest the body forever
be inhabited by the spirit. This , the Bicolanos say is because in the beginning of the
world when god blessed all animals and humans the tawo hid among the trees and
were not blessed which is why they are invisible (118). So if a tawo is blessed it will
enter into the human world. Philippine Catholicism thus includes a unique spiritual
world that does not exist in other areas of the world that practice Catholicism. In
combination with saint worship and going to church, there are other forms of ritual
and religious practice that has survived the efforts of colonialism to trample these
practices.
It is important to acknowledge that many of the aforementioned notions about
spirits were something Spanish priests tried to eradicate. The Spanish told the
indigenous Filipinos that the tawo were demons and that healers were witches in
order to persuade them to give up this religion the Spanish viewed as unacceptable
(118). In the end, however, it was the Filipinos who decided what their religion would
be like. Saint worship in the Philippines is also unique. Each family may hold a
particular saint who resides on their land or with them. The saint is inherited and
passed down in the family. A given saint will circulate within the sibling group, going
from one grown up child to another throughout time. Cannell suggests that because
of these circumstances and others the family's saint is like a patron and this can be
seen in the devotion. (186) She states that "meals given as part of a devotion are
remarkable for the way the saint seems to preside over the occasion. This is all the
more visually striking when processions form part of the devotion" (186). In Cannell's
discussion of saints it seems that the Bicaloanos have a distinctly Southeast Asian
way of worshipping the saints that almost resembles the way for example Balinese
worship a Hindu god/goddess. In Bali there are also processions and giving meals
involved in worshipping a god/goddess. So despite the differences in religion and
colonial history here is another example of the way the Philippines way of being
Christian has been influence by their Southeast Asian heritage. In looking at Filipinos
spirituality it is important to understand the unique place women have in healing and
thus spirituality.
Women and Religion
Many of the spirit mediums or healers in the Philippines are women. Cannell looks
at three spirit healers who are women. Women play a central role then in healing.
This contrasts with Western healing and medicine which has traditionally had men as
the primary healers. In fact when the Spanish came to the Philippines they referred
to the healers as witches, signifying a negative Western view of women as healers.
The fact that women are allowed to and supported in becoming healers may play a
factor in why many Filipino immigrant women work in the health field. Playing a
central role in healing illnesses is not a foreign or unique role for women in their
culture. The Muslims of the Philippines also have a unique place in the Filipino
culture that is also carried over to Filipino life in America.
Islam
Although many people assume the Philippines is comprised only of Catholics, it
does have a Muslim minority. This Muslim minority mainly remains in the Southern
Islands of the Philippines and Mindanao. The term designated to refer to this group
is "Moro". Today Moros make up about 5% of the population of the Philippines and
have a complex history. South East Asia itself has a history of Islamic influence and
conversion. For example, much of Malaysia and Indonesia are Muslim. The Moro
were also subject to the same Islamic influences that these countries were, although
clearly only the Southern part of the Philippines was effected and influenced to the
degree that they became Muslim and have maintained a distinctly Islamicized culture
for centuries. Yeger suggests that Muslim influence from the Middle East came into
the Philippines around the 10th century A.D. with the increase of trade (191). Islamic
missionaries also played a part in bringing Islam to Mindanao. Inevitably locals
began to convert and a sultanate was established. Over the centuries different ethnic
groups converted and as a result the Islamic communities of the Southern
Philippines saw themselves as distinct, autonomous Islamic groups that at times
fought. Nevertheless the sultanate of the Moro community has had a great deal of
power and authority in the Southern Philippines and is the leader of the Moro
population. The fact that the Moros have a religious and national identity has
naturally been a cause of conflict with the colonial, Spanish, and American powers
that have tried to create a unified Philippines that includes the Moro community.
The Moro Community
Today the Moro community sees itself as a distinct and separate group that is
different from the rest of the mainly Catholic Philippines. In recent years they have
taken action to establish themselves as a separate nation and secede from the
Philippines while still maintaining economic ties with the Philippines. This causes a
conflicting desire to be somehow a part of the Philippines and not. One of the main
ways that the Moro community has attempted to create more autonomy for
themselves is through the establishment of the Moro National Liberation Front. The
MNLF was established in 1972 for the purpose of working toward gaining national
autonomy for the Moro society. One of the key factors that played a role in its
establishment was the assistance from other Muslim nations, especially Malaysia,
who trained Moro men in military combat. Shortly after its establishment MNLF
rebels came into conflict with the the Philippine government and for the next year
and a half violence and Muslim control of certain areas in the South were a threat to
the Philippines control of the Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan. During the dictatorial
regime of Marcos this organization was one of the major opponents of the Marcos
dictatorship. However, when Marcos offered to make special concessions for those
who surrendered during the 1973 uprisings he did get a response, a number of
Muslim leaders surrendered. From then on Marcos and the Philippine government
attempted to maintain the Muslim areas of the Philippines in their control by offering
benefits for staying in the Nation of the Philippines. For example, the Filipino
government poured funds into the Muslim areas to build roads and establish more
electric power throughout the area. There were also some reforms in the Filipino
laws. There was a special section inserted into the national laws pertaining to Muslim
religious practices that intermingle with state affairs such as marriage, and
inheritance. However these actions never succeeded in subduing many rebels. In
the years leading up to now there have been many more attempts to gain autonomy
and establishments of more groups like the MNLF who may have more or less
radical views about how to gain independence. Members of these movements have
used a number of ways to get this done, including everything from diplomatic
appeals to terrorist tactics. As of yet however the Muslims of the Philippines are
indeed that; "Muslims of the Philippines". Unfortunately because these Muslims are
still a minority and maintain a very separate lifestyle from the Catholic majority they
do not tend to prosper as much as other Filipinos. It has now come to pass that the
aid that was promised to them years ago was never completely given and as a result
their economy is not as successful. Therefore, Muslims in the Philippines maintain a
unique situation as a minority in a Catholic majority. It is also important to understand
what the "civilian" Moros think about their situation and how they have played a part
in the politics of separatism.
Those Moros who do not take an active role in fighting for separation form the
Philippine state have a unique position and, as will be seen, an influence from an
indigenous past. Just as the Christian Filipinos still hold views that are carried over
from their indigenous spiritual beliefs, so too do the Moros. In McKenna's discussion
of how Muslim Filipinos justify their fight as holy and see divine action, he describes
the following statement from a woman of the Campo Muslims: "The Pagali are large
crocodiles...In times past people would place food on the riverbanks as offerings to
petition them for favors. These stories are hundreds of years old but we have that
these spirit crocodiles still exist because they assisted the fighters during the
rebellion." (192) . The crocodile spirits (pagali) that the woman speaks of are
reflective of the indigenous elements of indigenous Filipinos spirituality that is still
present in their religious beliefs despite their being Muslim. This can be likened to
the similar situation of the Christian Filipinos who hold similar notions of spirits.
McKenna also mentions another popular kind of spirits that the local Muslim
population calls tunngu a inged. Theses spirits are described as only being visible
occasionally and often being invisible like the Bicolanos'tawo. These tunngu are said
to have assisted the armed rebels as well, and are thus viewed as divine assistance.
Yet again spirit who are not a part of the established Western religions (Islam or
Christianity) interfere in the lives of humans. The Moros are decidedly Muslim, Islam
is a major part of their identity and the politics of their lives, yet they still have another
part of their identity that is connected with their being Filipino and Southeast Asian.
In looking at the religions of the Philippines it is clear that the west has played a
major role. Both Islam and Christianity were brought to the indigenous people of the
Philippines by westerners who helped convert the Filipinos. Yet, in taking a closer
look at how Filipinos practice and understand their spiritual world it is clear that they
have created a unique combination of both western religions and indigenous spiritual
beliefs. It is important and valuable to understand that underneath the notion of the
Philippines as being decidedly Catholic there rests unique local elements that shape
Filipino religious life. Moreover it is also important to not overlook the fact that there
is a small minority Muslim population in the Philippines who have struggled for
separation from the state.
 Religious Beliefs in the Philippines
http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Religion_%26_Belief_system

The Philippines is home to diverse religions for it holds a central place in the life of Filipinos.

There are about five organized religion in the Philippines (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism,
Hinduism and Judaism) with numerous forms, variations and development. Indigenous
beliefs, messianic movements, atheism and agnotism comprises the other belief systems the
country is home to.

Indigenous Beliefs - Belief in spirits is pervasive (especially in rural areas) in the Filipino
notions about the spiritual world. These are indigenous spiritual traditions practiced by
people in the Philippines during pre-colonial times. Today, only a handful of the indigenous
tribes continue to practice such beliefs.

Christianity - A monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of

Nazareth. The Philippines is predominantly a Christian country in all of Asia, approximately
92.5 percent.

Islam - A monotheistic religion originating with the teachings of Muhammad. One of the
oldest organized religions to be established in the Philippines. Its origins in the country may
be dated back to as early as the 14th century, with the arrival of Arab and Malay Muslim
traders who converted some of the native inhabitants in the southwestern Philippine islands.

Buddhism - A dharmic religion and philosophy. Also known as Buddha Dharma or

Dhamma, which means roughly the "teachings of the Awakened One". Buddhism arrived in
the Philippines during the existence of Srivijaya empire from the 7th to the 13th centuries,
followed by the arrival of Chinese and Japanese immigrants and traders from the 14th to the
20th centuries.

Hinduism - a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. In contemporary

usage Hinduism is also sometimes referred to as Sanātana Dharma meaning "eternal law".
Historians speculate that the Philippines was under the Sri Vijaya Empire from the 4th to the
10th centuries.
 Religious Beliefs in the Philippines
https://www.tagaloglang.com/native-filipino-beliefs/

Native Filipino Beliefs

The Philippines is a predominantly Christian nation on account of 300 years of

Spanish rule. It is estimated that 81% of the population is Roman Catholic. In the
south on the large island of Mindanao, many are adherents of Islam. Filipino Muslims
make up about five percent of the national population.

Animism or folk religion encompassing indigenous spiritual traditions from pre-

colonial times still prevail even among baptized members of formal
churches. Superstitious beliefs are widespread.

TAGALOG TERMS RELATED TO NATIVE FILIPINO BELIEFS

pamahiin
superstition

anito
an idol representing a spirit that is usually friendly if properly assuaged

aswang
a ghost; a malevolent spirit that acts with capriciousness so people don’t even try to
assuage it

babaylan
an intermediary with the spirit world; in pre-Spanish society, this was often a woman,
though men were not uncommon

Bathala
in pre-Spanish society, a conceptualization for a superior being; with Filipinos then
believing in several gods, this term may only have been applied to the most powerful

erbularyo (from the Spanish herbolario)

a person skilled in combining herbs to cure illness and ward off evil spirits

manananggal
the Filipino equivalent of a beautiful vampire; a type of aswang; her upper body
detaches and flies off with large wings
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