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 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )

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 pm&GD;olESmar
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 xkwf0Da&ckEIduf
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2010-ck
yxrBudrf tkyfa& 2000

Published by
America-Burma Institute(A.B.I)

 pmtkyftjyiftqif
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 rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif;
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 pmtkyfrSm,lEdkifa&eD&mrsm;

A. B. I
2230 Benson Ave Apt# A-1
Brooklyn, NY 11214
U. S. A
E-mail: sukhavati@verizon.net
Tel: 1-718 333 0801
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tcef ; (1)
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tcef ; (2)
ig&@dk ZmawmfveS &f ;D eef@ awmfveS u
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tcef ; (3)
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(i) e,ferd w d rf sO;f (0g) (Mc Mahan line)owfrw S jf cif; 31

tcef ; (4)
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(u) yxr &ckid 0f o H mEkacwf Zmykid af v; 38
(c)20 &mpk yxrykid ;f awmfveS &f ;D wd Zmykid af v; 39
(*) *syefawmfveS &f ;D c&D; 44
(C) auhp-f bDvufatmuf&cdik af jy 50
(i) t*kyikd pf yg;xGuEf e_ ;f av#meh pD mG Zma=umifah v; 57
(p) 1948-ckaemufyikd ;f &ckid af jyvufeufuikd af wmfveS &f ;D avmurSm 64

1
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )

tcef ; (5)
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tcef ; (6)
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3? (u) &ckid af jya& oD;jcm;Edik if +H zKduaf w 80
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3? (*) AD,ufemrfa& aeacs@uq kd ef@usi&f mrSm wrsK;d om;vH;k udk ap;&H;k a& 91
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tcef ; (7)
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tcef ; (8)
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trsK;d om;awmfveS &f qD ifaEG;zd@k twGuf 119
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3
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
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4
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Force- ARF) 1970-ck &ckid jf ynfvw G vf yfa&;tzG@J (Arakan Independence Organization-AIO)
udpk wifawaxmifcol? 1970-75 (AIO- General Secretary) axGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf? 1970-
1975-(AIA) . 'k-ppfO;D pD;csKyf ZkEw < }f u;D pHausmx f eG ;f +zKu
d cf yem? tmZeDyyD D wdik ;f jynfeef@ vlrsK;d twGuf
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vGwv f yf&;D &+yD;aemufyikd ;f wajz;ajz; tE_u d o f m&uif;rJv h ma&? ,if;orkid ;f ocFe;f pmudk wdik ;f &if;om;
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wdyikd f uaumif; &if;ES;D csKu d cf ifav;pm;uwfyga&? 1970-ckEpS f azaz:0g&v D 28 &ufeed @f rmS &efuek f
wuUov kd uf r[mrdwf “ucsifjynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@(KIO)”eef@qufo, G yf em (KIA) wyfr[m
(1) vGwaf jrmufe+D r/D vm;&_;d {&d,mod@k awmcdv k m;cyem (KIA) awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f wkid ;f rSL; Adv k rf LS ;aZmf'ef/
'k-wdik ;f rSL;aZmfrikd &f @kd . tultnDeef@ 1970-ck rwfv (3)&ufeed @f rmS +rDatmuftzG@J zG@J ap;uwfyga&?
“&ckdifjynfawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pk (ARF)” udk &ckdifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (AIO)tjzpf
wd;k acs@azG@ap;yga&? {+yv D rSm tudpk aH usmx f eG ;f . vkyaf z:udik zf ufjzpfaw tudak usmv f id_ f (AIO) wGzJ uf
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;(1)a&/ a&;abmfwyfpyd w f pdyef ef@twl xdik ;f Edik if H (KIO) Edik if jH cm;a&;Xm[d&mod@k
c&D;xGuv f m;ca&? ,if;a'orSm (KIO)OuUX}uD; Adv k cf sKyfaZmfqikd ;f eef@twl Edik if w H uma&;&m quf
qHa&;udk wm0ef,cl a&? 1974-ckrmS ucsijf ynfo@kd jyefa&mufvma&? 1975-ck {+yDvrSm &cdik jf ynfo@kd
(AIA) 'kwd,ppfa=umif;tjzpf a&;abmf(70)cef@udk OD;aqmifyem qif;vm;ca&? (AIA) yxr
ppfa=umif;rSm 1971-ck Ed0k bFmvrSm ZkEw < }f u;D xGe;f a&$armif (AIO-OuUX)u a&;abmf(50)avmufukd
OD;aqmifyem &ckid jf ynfo@kd qif;a&? (AIA) udk 1970-ck arv(20)&ufeed @f rmS (KIA) Akv d rf LS ;}u;D aZmf'ef/
Akv
d rf LS ;aZmfrikd /f Adv k rf LS ;aZmft/kH Advk }f uD;aemfcef;&d@k u }uD;=uyfyem azG@ap;yD;cyga&?
txufyg tcsut f vuf&@kd a& wdik ;f &if;om;tcsi;f csi;f csKu d cf if&if;ES;D r_[cd uwfa=umif;udk
oufoo D m"utedeef ef@ xkwaf z:wifjy&jcif;+zKduyf ga&? tudpk aH usmx f eG ;f awmfveS &f ;D vkyef aD &tcsed rf mS
tu|eaf & Edik if jH cm;ynmawmfoiftjzpfeef@ =opaw;vsEikd if rH mS a&muf[ed yD ga&? tudpk aH usmx f eG ;f a&
5
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )

olawmrcdck if 1968-ckEpS f ordik ;f aumvdy0f if;[d tu|et f rd uf kd a&mufvmyga&? tu|eef ef@ ausmif;om;
b0uyif aqG;aEG;ca& ta=umif;t&mwdukd qufyemaqG;aEG;uwfyga&? &efuek rf mS eDz@kd tu|eu f t}uH
jyKyga&? olu &efuek rf mS eDv@kd rjzpf? pdu k af wGukd jyef&zd@k v@kd ajymyga&? pdu k af wG udak &mufv@kd r=umcifrmS
awmcdv k m;ca&vd@k owif;=um;&yga&? tudpk aH usmx f eG ;f awmcdv k m;vd@k ol@q&m&if;jzpfaw &ckid -f
jrefrm y¾dwf OD;ODomxGe;f udk pdu k af wG+rKd@[d wyf&if;rS 'k-Akv d rf LS ;}u;D wifv h iG u f q&m OD;OD;omxGe;f tm;
ESpyf wfavmufzrf;qD;xm;a&? q&m}u;D udk cef;r}u;D wckrmS cG;D +caGD xmufeef@ E_u d yf wfww d d xdik ;f cdik ;f xm;a&?
'k-Akv d rf LS }uD;wifv h iG af & aemiftcg rGejf ynfe,f armfv+rKdi+f rKd@rmS w&m; ol}uD;+zKduv f m;ca&?
q&m}uD;OD;OD;omxGe;f udk 'k-Adv k rf LS ;}uD;wifv h iG u f zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifpmG a& *syefEikd if o H rkid ;f rSm
18 &mpkavmufu wynfah =umifh q&mudk tjypfy;D pGm/ om;awmcdv k m;vd@k trduv kd mzrf;pGm/ om;jypfr_
usL;vGev f @kd tzudv k mzrf;pGm&d@k a& uaumif;&S;D usa& ordik ;f +zKu d &f yfw+d zKu d yf ga&? tu|e&f @kd jrefrmjynfrmS
um; at+zKu d &f yf&@kd a& t*kxd [deed o f ahd &twGuef ef@ jrefrmEdik if aH & *syefEikd if . H 18 &mpkacwf&m[doahd &?
q&m}u;D OD;OD;omxGe;f u ol@uzkd rf;a&udpeP ef@ywfoufv@kd tu|eu f kd ajymjyyga&? vltrsm;oda& jrefrm
Edik if H rSww f rf;wckrmS av; rif;'H;k rif;.vufxufu +zKduaf y:ca&? rif;om;&d@k ykeu f efawmfveS rf r_ mS t
cgy;D a&vd@k qd+k yD;au uAsmvuFm&D;G pyf&mrSm uaumif;xifo#m;a& OD;yHn k / yga&qdyk em +rKd@awmf0ef OD;
omtdu k kd zrf;csKyfcikd ;f a&? OD;omtdu k zrf;csKyf&rkH u OD;ykn H udk uGurf #uyf u kd af w? OD;yHn k udk uGurf #u+f yD;
wvavmuft=umrSm rif;'H;k rif;}uD;u nDvmcHY OD;ykn H ZmrSmav;vd@k OD;omtku d rkd ;D a&? OD;omtdu k
OD;yHn k tm; tu|eu f u G rf #uv f u kd , f m+zKu d af =umif; ao#mufwifvu kd af w? a,cg rif;'H;k rif;}u;D u “vlukd
cG;D owfvu w”vd@k rSwcf sucf sz;l yga&? ,if;ae;wl &ckid -f jrefrm y¾dwf q&m}uD; OD;OD;omxGe;f udk
kd af w”
'k-Adv k rf LS ;}u;D wifv h iG u f rawmfrw&m; zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif;xm;pGma& rif;'H;k rif;}u;D pum;t& vluckd ;DG u
csKyfxm;a&ydik f ajym&zd@k jzpfyga&?
tu|eaf & tu|e. f “b0twGdt}uKHrsm;” ;”pmtkyu f kd &G;D om;jyKpkepD Okd f tu|et f m; ulnD
yD;eDa& vlaicdik b f cifu tifwmeufxrJ mS Zmol&;DG vd@k wifxm;a&rod/ tudpk aH usmx f eG ;f &G;D om;jyKpck a&
“Zmvkyfuwfzdk@av;” v;”qdak & pmrluw kd [ dG ad =umif; tu|e@f uakd jymyga&? tu|erf mS um; ausmif;eDzuf
oli,fcsi;f &G;D om;ca&pmwef;udk wG[ d &d vd@k 0rf;omrqH;k jzpfryd ga&? tudpk aH usmx f eG ;f &G;D xm;a& pmwrf;
um; zwfvaD umif;vD/ aumif;vDzwfvD pmwrf;wapmif+zKduyf ga&? atpmwrf;pGma& vGecf a&ESpaf ygi;f
av;q,fausmaf vmufuyif &G;D xm;ca& pmwrf;wapmif +zKu d af uav; t*kvuf[u d m. vlrb _ 0t+cD
tewdeef@ qufpyfew D ek ;f yif[yd goahd &? tudpk aH usmx f eG ;f &G;D om;a& wdv k rD v kd D aqmif;yg;&d@k u&kd m zwfz;l a&
tu|erf mS tcsut f vuf tusK;d ata=umif; ,kww f , d w k w f mcdik v f akH & tudpk aH usmx f eG ;f .pmwrf;udk
zwf&a&tcg 0rf;omyuwdjzpfawtjyif tmZaeacgi;f aqmif udpk aH usmx f eG ;f udk *k%jf yKa&teDeef@
atpmwrf;udk pmtkyt f jzpfxw k 0f zD @kd tu|eq f ;kH jzwfvu kd pf mG +zKduyf ga&? atpmwrf;a& &ckid pf myDt&G;D

6
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
tom; pmwrf;av;jzpfaw? &ckid af 0g [m& toH;k tE_e;f / &ckid 0f gusazG@ap;yHt k wkid ;f &G;D om;xm;pGm+zKu d v f @kd
bmomaA"udk pdu k 0f ifpm;a& tu|e@f rmS um; ta&mifwjzef;jzef;awmufeaD & ywWjrm;&Siw f vH;k udk
aumuf&a&ydik f cHpm;rdyga&? &ckid af 0g[m&wd+zKduaf w “rdk;axmufapmapm” pmapm”(Arm- eHeufapmapm)
'ga'gif (Arm-t=uG;) pa& a0g[m&trsm;tjym;udk wG&d yga&? ata0g[m&wda& rsK;d qufou dk f blrd
&uQw d yk=w&d@k twGuf wefz;kd rjzwfEikd af & ausmufrsu&f wemwdjzpfyga&? ordik ;f t&G;D tom;rSmav;
usK;d a=umif;cdik v f ykH em ordik ;f okwaoe yDyjD yifjyif[yd ga&? ordik ;f okawoDwikd ;f a'pmwrf;udk cs;D r$e;f xd;k
yemjyKuwfz@kd +zKu d yf ga&? ta=umif;t&m tcsut f vuf&@kd ukd }uKu d af w+zKu d pf /D r}uKu d af w+zKu d pf D atpm
wrf;udk zwf&@_ ot l wGuf tusK;d rsm;pGm +zKdux f eG ;f Edik v
f rd afh rvd@k ,H=k unfryd ga&?
&ckid q f pkd mG wrsK;d &m[dyga&? ajrmufyikd ;f &cdik /f awmifyikd ;f &ckid /f ta&S@yikd ;f &ckid /f taemufyikd ;f
&ckid v f @kd r[d? &ckid &f @kd pmG &ckid t f usK;d ud&k m vkyu f wf&ygz@kd ? &ckid t f usK;d udk &ckid o f m;rvkyaf u Zmolav;
vmvkyyf ;D zd@k r[kw?f &ckid 'f a,mudk &ckid &f @kd 0wfuwf&ygz@kd ? &ckid 'f a,mudk &ckid &f @kd r0wfau &ckid 'f a,mudk
tjcm;vlrsK;d &d@k 0wfz@kd ta=umif;r[d? ,if;rSeu f efa& todynmum; &ckid o f m;wdik ;f rSm &d;k wGi;f jcifqx D d
tjrpfw, G [ f ed u D wf&zd@k yifjzpfaw? om;pdOk +f r;D quf vufqifu h rf;ycvd@k rm&,lrif;qufupvd@k 1784-
ck tcsKyt f jcmtm%m usq;kH vm;ca&ede@f xd aw[decD yga&? 1784-ckEpS f bd;k awmfarmif;0dik ;f &ckid jf ynfukd
usL;d ausmo f rd ;f ydu k af wtcg yxrqH;k tcsKyftjcmtm%m jyefyem&[datmif wGe;f vSew f u kd cf u kd f awmf
vSecf a& acgi;f aqmifum; awmifuw k af epm; wef;avG;acsmif;pm; Adv k af usmx f ;DG +zKduyf ga&? ,if;a=umifh
tu|e&f @kd awmifuw k ef ,foel ,fom; +rKd@o+l rKd@om;&d@k a& tu|e&f @kd . tzd;k tzD;jzpfca& Adv k af usmx f ;DG .
tpdik t f vmaumif;udk xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufuwf&zd@k / vufqifu h rf;&zd@k +zKduyf ga&?
bd;k awmfarmif0ikd ;f a& ajrmufO;D eef;awmfukd rD;wdu k zf suq f ;D yem ausmif;uefb&k m;ykx;kd &d@k uakd v;
zsuq f ;D ypfcuwfaw? &ckid o f &l ckid o
f m; pkpak ygi;f towfc&H pGma& 236000-jzpfaw? atydik v f tl rsm;udk
owfyem ,dOk af us;r_wu d zkd suq f ;D / eef;awmfukd rD;wdu k v f udk af wtjyif vlaygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGmudak v;
zrf;qD;ac:vm;pGma& xdik ;f Edik if o H rdik ;f t+zKdut f ysuef ef@ tvm;wlyga&? uke;f abmifacwfb&k iftcsK@d a&
xdik ;f Edik if u H v kd m;yem usL;ausmw f u kd cf u
kd u
f wfyga&? a'bk&if&@kd ukd xdik ;f ordik ;f rSww f rf;rSm ocd;k "g;jrtjzpf
owfrw S x f m;pGmudk wG&d yga&? xdik ;f eef;awmfurkd ;D wdu k /f xdik ;f Edik if oH El ikd if oH m; ESpo f ed ;f eef@ av;aomif;
ausmu f kd pku d o f @kH yef;tjzpfac:vmpGmudk xdik ;f ordik ;f rSww f rf;&d@k rmS wG&d yga&? ,if;twGuef ef@ ,d;k ',m;
ojcif;/ ,d;k ',m;[if;a&/ ,d;k 'tu pa&a0g[m&&d@k tckxufwikd f [depD mG udk wG&d ygz@kd ?
+Adwo d #&@kd a& Armajyudk odr;f ydu k v
f u kd af wtcg rE aW v;eef;awmfukd rD;rwdu k /f rzsuq f ;D ypfc/
e*drk v l twdik ;f xm;[dca&? a,eef@ t*kxd rE aW v;eef;awmfukd jrifwedG ed &f wH;k jzpfaw? a,awmif
Arm&d@k a& +Aw d o d #tpd;k &udk trsK;d rsK;d &d;k arazG@yem t*kxd qef@usif awmfveS ef ed w f ek ;f yif+zKu d af w? +Aw d o d #&@kd
um; rdrad ysmufaysmuf [dauav;/ Arm&d@k um; tckwikd rf rd Edik o f rd ?hf xdik ;f Edik if u H kd usL;ausmcf a&ta=umif;
t&mtcsut f vufuu kd m; tu|e&f @kd jrefrmEdik if rH mS rdrad ysmufaysmuf [dcauav; xdik ;f Edik if o H l Edik if o H m;
7
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
&d@k um; “cGezf rm” vd@k ajymau &GrH ek ;f uwfyga&? tm,k',+rKd@ukd rjyKrjyab;xm;pGma& &Sad cwfordik ;f udk
touf0ifvy_ o f #m;pDjcif;jzpfyga&? tu|e&f @kd ajrmufO;D eef;awmfukd acwf+yKdiyf *su D m;cswf teDeef@&m
wGdjrifuwf&yga&? &ckdif&dk@a& ateef;awmfudk jrif&ol&ckdifwdkif;u pdwfrcsrf;rom jzpfuwf&yga&?
Arm&d@k um; rdrad ysmufaysmuf [duwfauav; &ckid &f @kd um; rdaysmufv@kd r&Edik ?f
tudpk aH usmx f eG ;f a& awmifuw k ef ,fpm; awmifrif;}uD; Adv k af usmx f ;DG ta=umif;upvd@k &ckid f
Edik if aH &;tawG;tac:vky&f yf&@kd ukd qef;pdu k af vhvm wifjycyga&? &ckid &f @kd a& 1948-ck vGwv f yf&;D &a&txd
Armaemufr;D aqG;b0eef@&m &yfawcuwfaw? Adv k af usmx f ;DG . a&&G,cf suyf ef;wdik u f m; aysmufvm;
c&a&? a,eef@ 1948-ckvw G v f yf&;D &cuavh ukv d ekd u
D |eyf ek ;f b0eef@&m [dca=umif; tudpk aH usmx f eG ;f u
axmufjyca&? olaxmufjypGmvnf; ordik ;f a=umif;t&rSeaf &? tusK;d ta=umif;vnf; nD!w G af w?
&ckid o f m;&d@k . vuf[t d +cDteDeefa@v; wxyfaw;+zKduef aD &? t"dua&rSe;f csuf atmifjrifz@kd twGuf
&ckid &f @kd n! D w
G &f zd@k ? pnf;urf;[duwf&zd@k ? tar#mt f jrif }uD;uwf&zd@k qykd em wifjycyga&? ,if;tjyif/
yk*Kv ~d af &;&m udpu P akd &S@wef;rwifab; trsK;d om;a&;udpu P &kd m a&S@wef;wifuwf&zd@k +zKu d af w? ,if;ydik rf &S m
yk*K~ v d &f ;D &mu arS;rDv S m;cyem/ trsK;d om;a&;u tcsed t f 0gawmufajymifvmzd@k +zKduyf ga&? acgi;f aqmif&@kd
eef@ rsK;d qufopfval iao#&@kd a& pmrsm;rsm; zwfuwf&zd@k qpkd mG udak v; t}ujH yKcyga&? r[mAsL[mae;eef@
csrw S xf m;a& a&rSe;f csuf atmifjrifz@kd twGuf ae;AsL[mrsK;d pHu k kd usio hf ;kH vkyaf qmifuwfz@kd t}uHjyK
cyga&?
,au “ig&dkZmvkyfuwfzdk@av;” ig&@kd rmS ud, k t hf ;kd / ud,
k thf rd /f ud, k +f cH0if;eef@eED ikd af & t+cDt
eDrsK;d [d,ufom;eef@ a,muQrtdrrf mS armif;umawG;yemeDpmG a& ud, k &f @kd rmS [deaD & yifut kd &DtoG;D udk
csK;d ESrd yf pf&ma&mufaw? ,if;ydik ;f a,muQrtdrrf mS armif;umawG;eDvmpGm ESpaf ygi;f ESp&f mausmv f m,m
wckav; xl;jcm;r_r[d? ud, k ahf rmif;umxJrmS ud, k &hf ckid of rdik ;f udak wmif zwfyikd cf iG rhf [d/ ud, k &f ckid pf myD
udv k nf; oifyikd cf iG rf [d? a,eef@ ygarmuQ a'guw f moef;xGe;f ajyma&ydik f “vlt””wdteDeef@&m tu|e&f @kd
qufvufev D m;uwfz@kd vm;?

ygarmuQ a'guf w mat;ausmf

okc0wD (e,l;a,muf)



8
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

trS m pm
vlom;&dUk ajymqdak & pum;ajcmufrsKd;[d&mrSm jrwfpmG bk&m;um; ESprf sKd;ud&k majymyga&/
,if;um; taMumif;t&mrSeaf &? em;axmifvUkd aumif;a&? em;axmifot l usKd;jzpfaw/ taMumif;
t&mrSeaf & em;axmifvUkd raumif; ,auavh em;axmifval & tusKd;NzKduaf w/ a'pmtkyf pGmav;
taMumif;t&mpGmrSefa&? zwfvdkUaumif; a&? zwfawvlpGm tusKd;NzKdufaw? a'pmtkyfpGma& t
aMumif;t&mrSeaf & zwfaw vlpmG rBuKduf a,av; zwfawvltwGuf tusKd;NzKduaf w/
a,eefU rdrt d usKd;NzKduzf Ukd twGuf BuKduaf wNzKdupf /D rBuKduaf wNzKdupf /D rsKd;qufou dk v
f al i
wdik ;f zwfoifah &? q&mBuD;a'gufwmoef;xGe;f trdeUf [dvm;a&ydik f ordik ;f udo k ifa&qdpk mG vlt rNzKduf
atmifvUkd oifuwfpmG a,eefU rdr&d Ukd vl t wdrNzKduaf tmif a'pmtkyu f kd zwfyg? rSwyf g? qef; pdu
k yf g?
a0zefyg? usifBh uHyg/
a'pmtkyfudk rdwfquf? aw;jzwf? atmufajcrSwfpk jyKvkyf&mrSm tultnDyD; uwfaw
cdik b
f cif? udx
k eG ;f atmifcikd ?f aermvGi?f udw
k ifah 0?(e,l;a,muf)/ q&mcif armifapm(bmvif)/ q&m
OD;aX;0if;? udkrsKd;om(befaumuf)/ OD;xGef;vif; (rav;&Sm;)/ a'gufwmcifarmif (b*Fvm;a'hcsf)
&dUk tm; txl;aus;Zl;Oyum& wif [daMumif; rSww f rf;wiftyfyga&?

9
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )

tcef ; (1)
ZmvkyfuwfzkdUav;

1? o#Kdufaw &Jabmftaygif;&kd@ atedef@ig&kd@ Zmvkyfuwfzkd @av;

2? atEkid if &H ;D / awmfveS &f ;D / oHo&m0Judk pkid ;f pm;,if;/ pkid ;f pm;,if;/ atrD;cGe;f &mwpfck xGuaf y:vma&/
uk, d zhf momuk, d af vh t}udr}f udr/f rD;jref;rda&// uk, d ahf &;abmfwu d adk vh a'rD;cGe;f ukd pdwef ef@tacguf
acgut f cgcg rD;jref@=unfah &// igpw d u f ;l =unfah &// pkid ;f pm;=unfah &// a0zefa=uha&//
ig&@dk Zmvky&f zk@d av; tajzum; ig&@dk vw G v
f yf&;D &atmif vky&f zk@d // vGwv f yf&;D &atmif baZmif
vky&f zk@d av; vGwv f yf&;D &atmif awmfveS &f zk@d // [kw, f m/ baZmifvw G v f yf&;D rsK;d ukd ig&@dk vadk &av;
zdEydS jf cif;uif;a& (vlrsK;d &D;t& zdEydS jf cif;uif;a&/ vlwef;pm;t& zdEydS jf cif;uif;a&) vGwv f yf&;D rsK;d ukd ig&@dk
vkv d m;a&// t*a,mifyh if pif=u,fjrifjh rwfaw/ zdEydS jf cif;uif;a& vGwv f yf&;D twGuf ig&@dk awmfveS f
wku d cf u dk &f ar// a'umvrm vGwv f yf&;D wku d af yG;ukd jyKjyif&;D eef@prf;vk@d rwG@d // zufqpftm%mtwGi;f rm
jyKjyif&;D a& zsuq f ;D a&;ud&, d mwck òzduef u D wfaw// awmfveS &f ;D atmifjrifvma&cg ae;AsL[mykid ;f rm
jyKjyif&;D ukv d t dk yfau axho;Hk &zk@d òzu d af uavh a'tcsed rf m vGwv f yf&;D atmifayG;ukd òyjyif&;D eef@r&,lEidk ?f
Oya'wGi;f v_y&f mS ;&D;ukv d yk zf @dk qadk u òzu d Ef idk af &// ,auavh Oya'wGi;f v_y&f mS ;&D;t+ct D eDu&dk m yD;Ekid v f rd hf
ar// tqk;H tjzwfuu dk m; yD;Ekid zf @dk r[kw/f / ,if;eef@&m vGwv f yf&;D twGuf awmfvw S &f ;D &mt"du &ckid hf
vGwv f yf&;D twGuf &ckid ahf wmfveS &f ;D &mt"du/ ,au baZmifawmfveS &f ;D vkyzf @dk av;// awmfveS &f ;D qkpd mG
tqif(h 3)qif[ h ad &//
10
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

ywrtqif h
trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D (National revolution)

'kwd,wef;tqifh
ajyol@'rD u
dk a&pD awmfveS &f ;D

wwd, tqifh
qkad csvpfawmfveS &f ;D (Socialist revolution) &k@d yifòzduu f wfaw//
,au atedef@&ckdifajytrsKd;om;teDeef@ ZmawmfvSef&D;pcef;tqifhukd qifaEG;&zkdk@av;//
pmtky}f u;D rm pcef;qifu h dk &Smvk@d rrSeu f efEidk /f / Om%fynmxufjrufre_ ef@ &Smvk@d rrSeu f efEidk /f / vuf0t J pGe;f /
vuf,mtpGe;f &k@d rm &Smvk@d avhrrSeEf idk /f / ig&@dk &ckid &hf yk b f 0 orkid ;f rm&m&Sm&zd@k // aemuf+rD;qG0J g'&k@d eef@ &Smvk@d
&zk@d r[kw/f / odyaH` e;us awmfveS &f ;D oabmw&m;eef@&m &Smvk@d &Ekid zf @dk // &ckid v f rl t
_ azG@tap;. &kyb f 0/
&kyo f rkid ;f ukd vSn=hf unfah u ukv d edk bD 0/ ukv d edk oD rkid ;f ukd wG@d &zk@d trSe/f / ukv d edk rD mawmifu zk;D uG,cf H u|ef
yke;f ukv d edk D (Hidden colony) òzduef aD &// ukv d edk D &ckid v
hf rl t _ azG@tap;rm ukv d edk &D ckid t
f rsK;d om;eef@
Arme,fcs@J &@dk . t"duyÉdyuQtòzduf wG@d &a&// yxrpcef;tqih+f zdKufaw trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D ukd
ukid w f , G &f zk@d yif+zdKufaw// ,if;rSwyg; tjcm;r[d//
rsuaf rSmufumvrm Armzufqpfaeacs@&@dk udk trsK;d om; awmfveS &f ;D eef@ &ckid +f ru D ESixf w k yf u dk f
&zk@d yifòzduaf w// a'pif=u,freG jf rwfawtvkyu f dk ig&@dk vyk &f zk@d òzduaf w// ig&@dk ,&l zk@d wm0ef+zdKufaw// ukv d dk
eDEidk if w
H pfcrk m trsKd ;om;vGwv f yf&;D r[dab;/ vlwef;pm;vGwaf jrmufr_ r[dEidk ?f trsK;d om;vGwv f yf&;D
r[dbJ Zmvlrw _ ;dk wuf&;D ukrd S rvkyaf qmifEidk ?f ,if;eef@&m ukv d edk &D ckid +f rDrm ig&@dk &ckid t f rsK;d om;w&yf
vk;H taeeef@ yxrqk;H trsK;d om;vGwv f yf&;D ukd qifaEG;vm;&zk@d ? wcsed af w;rm uk, d &hf ckid vf rl t
_ azG@tap;
wGi;f yÉdyuQ/ vlwef;pm;csi;f yÉdyuQ/ rsK;d EG,pf ck si;f yÉdyuQ/ a'oE &W yÉdyuQ/ Ekid if &H ;D tkypf ck si;f yÉdyuQ/ tm;
vk;H a& vufatmufcyH ÉdyuQ òzu d ef o D v d @dk/ ,if;yÉdyuQudk trsK;d om;&D;ukOd ;D wnfv@dk rdwq f uftoGif ajz&Si;f
vm;&zk@d //



4 11
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )

tcef;(2)
ig&kdUZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;eefU awmfvSefuwf&zkdUav;

csKu
d af w&D;az:taygi;f &k@d atedZmawmfveS &f ;D rsK;d eef@ awmfveS &f zk@d av;/ a'rD;cGe;f ukd txuf
uawm@cg wqdwaf uavmuf aqG;aEG;c,m+zKduaf w? a,au tausacs@v@dk raqG;EG;cif &S;D txufu
trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif}uD;wd ZmawmfveS &f ;D rsK;d ukd vkycf uwfawav;qkpd mG ukd wcsuaf vmuf vdv h m
a=uu h wfO;D ar? ,if;apmf&@dk a& ZmawmfveS &f ;D rsK;d ukd vkycf uwfawav;? awmfveS &f ;D pcef;qifh (3)qif[ h d
pGmrm yxrpcef;qifu h dk vkycf uwfawvm;// r[kwaf u 'kw, d tqifu h dk vkycf uwfawvm;? wwd,
qifuh dk vkycf uwfawvm;? wae; trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D ukd vkycf uwfawvm;? r[kwaf u vlwef;pm;
awmfveS &f ;D udk vkycf uwfawvm;? r[kwaf u qkad ,Svw d af wmfveS &f ;D ukd vkycf uwfawvm;? &ckid v hf rl _
tazG@tap; &kyo f rkid ;f eef@ &ckid af wmfveS &f ;D orkid ;f ukd vdvma=uhvu dk af u yxrpcef;qif/h trsK;d om;
awmfveS &f ;D qifaEG;ca=umif; wd@G c&zk@d yif+zKduaf w? ig&@dk tz&ckid af jya& AD-1784 (AC.1146)uyif
vGwv f yfaw/ rScd u dk if;a&/ tcsKyftcsmtm%mykid q f idk af &/ trsK;d om;Ekid if b H 0u vGwv f yfr_ rScD u
dk if;r_
tcsKyftmcsmtm%mykid q f idk rf w
_ d vk;H 0qk;H ,SK;H vc+y;D au ukv d edk uD |ebf 0ukd usa&mufvcpGm *edxufxd
vGwv f yf&;D r&od// trSt D ckud if;a& tcsKyftcsmtm%mykid q f idk af & trsK;d om;Ekid if b
H 0ukd ra&mufEidk o f /d
,if;a=umifh u|e+f zKduv f ca& “1146-ck jymokdvqkyf 7 &uf” eduyif ok@d r[kwf Armhya'o&ku d f
aeacs@&@kd &ckid af jyukd pvk@d 0ifvma& 1146-ck ewfawmfvqef; (4) &ufeu d yif awmfveS &f ;D . zcif}uD;
ausmx f ;GD pwifqifaEG;ca& &ckid af jy trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D um; tqk;H owfatmifayG;ukd *edxrd a&mufo/d
,if;a=umifh trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D tqk;H owfatmifayG;+zKduaf w trsK;d om;vGwv f yf&;D atmifayG;
twGuf &ckid af jy trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D ukd qufvufqifaEG;uwf&zk@d ?

Adv
k af usmx
f ;DG a& awmifuw
k ef ,fpm; wef;avG;acsmif;pm; awmifrif;}uD; Adv
k af usmx
f ;DG +zKduaf w?
uke;f abmifqufr[m&mZ0if 'kw, d wG-J pm-4
51 2
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

tcef ; (3)
&ckdiftrsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;orkdif;aMumif;

(u) Armya'o&ku d af eacs@udk awmfveS jf cif; yxrykid ;f (1784-1788- AD-1638 (&ckid Ef u _d -f

1000-ajy@)ck/ oD&o d "k rRb&k if uG,v f eG vf m;cau &ckid v f rl t
_ azG@tap;rm ap;&k;H &D;tiftm; av#m@qif;p
jyKvmvwfaw ,if;tcsed x f d &ckid yf a'o&ku d f +rDo#ipf Ekud rf m tm&pPwu dk a&pD (ARIATOCRACY)
ac: “okcrdefxdef;uGyf&D;pEkduf” ckid af emif;auavh aemufyidk ;f umv vltyk 0f g'ac: “armfbkdua&pD”
(Mobcracy)xGe;f um;pjyKvma&? uk, d &f aH wmfwyf&@kd u tcsKyt f o#mtm%mukd }uK;d aqG;vmvwfaw?
+rKd@pm;/ &Gmpm;rsm; (Feurallordo)u eef;vkvmvwfaw// rif;rsK;d rif;aEGtrsm;pkeef@ uk, d &f aH wmfwyf
om;trsm;pka& &ckid af jytpGet f zsm;+zKduaf w uHom/ &Da=ua'ood@k wdr;f a,Smifvm;vwfaw// ,if;t
csed u
f m; &ckid t
hf ustqif;umvyif+zKu d af w/ &ckid t f rsK;d om;ap;&k;H &D; t+yKd tqif;umv+zKu d af w? 1784
(AC.1146) txd qlqy l yl /l v_yvf y_ , f mS ;,Sm;+zdKufeaD &? &ckid +f rDo#if ya'o&ku d pf E_ud . f tqk;d qk;H um
vyif+zKduaf w? AD.1784-u Armaeacs@ ya'o&ku d b f &k ifarmif0idk ;f a& &ckid af jyukd usL;ausmw f u dk f
cku
d +f yD;au odr;f ,lvaD &// tpu &ckid rf if;nDrif;om;tcsK@d eef@ armif0idk ;f &k@d r[mrdwaf zG@uwf+yD;au &ckid f
rif;om; “[&D”udk ajrmufO;D rSmeef;wifz@dk armif0idk ;f ukd tcGeb f ¾mqufz@dk avmuf&m tpDtpkiD [ f cd a&?
,if;eef@Zk vuf[&d ckid rf if;ukd raxmufcaH b; rif;om; “[&D”udak xmufcaH & &ckid +f rKd@pm;/ &Gmpm;tcsK@d
armif0idk ;f wyf usL;ausmv f mpGmukd }uKq d cdk uwfoad &? aemuf+y;D rS&m armif0idk ;f .r[mrdwf oku d pf mazmuf
zsuaf =umif;ukd &ckid af cgi;f aqmifwd &dyrf u d wfaw? ,if;ykid &f yd rf v d ma& acgi;f aqmifwad x;u Akv d cf si;f
jyef.tz +rKd@o}l uD;OD;oHa'avh tygt0if+zKduaf w? ,if;tcguum; armif0idk ;f wyf&@dk vufO;D r_&vm;
y'H+k rKd@upkd m;&vd@k y'Hrk if;vd@k vnf;ac:a&/ bd;k awmf awmfpyfawtwGuaf =umifh bd;k awmfv@kd ac: jcif;jzpfaw?

6 13
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
c,m+zKduaf w? aemuf+rD;aqG;pdwef ef@ olwyg;tm;uk;d pdw[ f ad & vlwidk ;f a'trSm;rsK;d ukd usL;vGeu f wf
awacs;yif+zKu d af w? a'cku d v
f }l u;D / vlaiwd =uyf=uyfowdxm;p&myif+zKu d af w? Armarmif0idk ;f a& &ckid af jy
ajrmufO;D +rKd@udk atmifjrifauav@ &ckid w f ajyvk;H uku d m; rodr;f ,lEidk cf ? wpdyw f a'ouk&d m odr;f ,lEidk cf
a&? ewf+rKu d t f aemufzuf b*F g 12 +rK@d / Akv d rf if;axmif/ zvHaxmif/ +rKaH xmif&@dk uu dk m; olr&vD? t*Fvyd f
oHwrH uy`wed u f efeed ;f (captain canning) tif;0+rK@d udk a&mufawtcg armif0idk ;f a& &ckid af jy uset f pdyf
tykid ;f +zKduaf w b*Fvm;a'oudk wku d cf u dk o f rd ;f ,lz@dk }uHpeD aD =umif; wGcD &a&vk@d “uy`wed f uefeed ;f ””.
rSww f rf;rSmwG@d &a&? a,auavh armif0idk ;f a& ewf+rKu d t f aemufzufudk vk;H 0r&c/ ol+rKu d u
f udk ;l zk@d =uw H idk ;f
&ckid af wmfveS &f ;D acgi;f aqmif&@dk . ckcw H udk cf u dk pf mG ukd tvSL;tavS;cHpm;c&a&? armif0idk ;f wyf&@dk a& &ckid +f ru D dk
vkcd sipf mG xuf ,if;a'orm ckad tmif;eDa& &ckid w f u
d v kd cdk sipf mG u tm;}uD;vk@d +zKduaf w? ,if;&ckid w f ud dk
xkwyf ;D zk@d pmG ukad vh t*Fvyd ef ef@ qufqv H m&a&tcg armif0idk ;f &k@d t}udr}f udraf wmif;cHcuwfaw?
,if;tcg Armaeacs@&@dk . a=uG;a=umfou H “usLyifckwf usLikwfr#rusefapeef@”vk@d qadk & aqmify'k f
+zKduaf w?

(u) r[mya'o&kdufaeacsUudk awmfvSefjcif;/

&ckdifajyukdusL;ausmfzkd@ Armaeacs@&kd@ &ckdifajyem;okd@ 0ifvma&cg awmifukwfaeu
wef;avG;pm; usm;&D0wf awmifrif;}uD;ausmx f ;DG pwifcck w H u
dk x
f w
k cf a&? 1146-ck/ ewfawmfvqef;
4-&ufu Armaeacs@wyfa& &ckid af jyukd xk;d azgu0f ifa&mufvma&? ,if;E_u d f ,if;v/ vqef; 9-&uf
peDedu awmifrif;}uD;ausmfxGD; ckcHwdkufxkwfvkdufaw? aemufwacguf ,_difvma&tcgavh
wkdufzsufvkdufaw? 1146-ck ewfawmfvqef;u Armaeacs@ tvkH;t&if;eef@ 0if vma&cg
awmifrif;}uD;a& ajrmufO;D / rif;jym;u4if;/ &rf;ajy@u|e;f u tdr&f rdS if;a[mif; oufpaH &$&@dk yg; u4if;/
rmefatmif+rKd@pm; AdkvfxGef;atmifausmf&kd@yg;u4if;/ pkdufulawmif;vkdufaw? a,tcg tcsif;csif;
oHo,0ifeu D wfv@dk pkpak p;ap; aeacs@ucdk ck zH @pdk w
d "f mwf ra&mufEidk cf uwf? wauG;wjym;pD +zKduef D
uwfaw?
(1) ajrmufO;D bk&if r[morRw&mZm tjyif
(2) ia=u;awmifu "g;rEkid w f rif;
(3) yaEM;acsmif;u|e;f u aumif;nGe@f &efwidk w f rif;
(4) =uyfpifu|e;f u "g;ykid =f uD; oHa'wrif;
(5) &k;d u|e;f u ukvm;a&$pmwrif;
(6) wef;avG;u awmifrif;}uD; ausmx f ;DG wrif;
(7) rmefatmifu|e;f u owk;d jzLwrif;&k@d yif+zKduaf w//
ukvm;qdka& toHk;E_ef;rSm ukvm;ydkiftom;ar;a&vludk ac:pGmjzpfaw?
rlqvifukvm;udk qdkvdkpGmr[kwf?
71 4
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

tpktai trsm;tjym;yif [deu D wfaw? ,if;eef@Zk Armaeacs@&@dk a& wck+y;D wck wku d cf u dk cf sK;d ESrd @f z@dk avGul
vm;ca&// Armaeacs@ ya'o&ku d u f m; y&da,t&mu ajywef;qmykid f avS@zsm;wwfawtwkid ;f / &ckid o f u dk f
pmazmufwu d dk &Su d wif,cl +yD;au ajyolvx l uk dk wywf&u dk cf oda&? ,if;eef@Zk tcsK@d tcsK@d &mG Zm;&d@k
oDrif;}uKdqadk yG;wdudk vkyrf cd uwfoad &? awmifrif;}uD;a& &ckid t f rsK;d om; awmfveS &f ;D orkid ;f a=umif;u
aeacs@udk yxrqk;H ayG;OD;eif; wku d x f w k cf ol+zKu d af w? pku d t f iftm;rr#v@dk wef;avG;acsmif;u qkw+f y;D au
&rf;ajy@/ oHawG;/ rmefatmifaeu acgi;f aqmifwu d dk wyfaygi;f pkz@dk / Armaeacs@udk wku d x f w k zf @kd }uKd;pm;c
a&? rSeu f efa&r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[myifjzKufaw? awmifrif;}u;D a& aemifawmf"g;ykid }f u;D pHay:&D/$ &rf;ajy@
pm;Akv d af ygv;Hk / vrkpm;Akv d v f cS idk /f &rf;ajy@pm;Akv d xf eG ;f atmif&@dk eef@ vltiftm;oH;k aomif;ausmf pkap;+yD;
au wk;H ausmufqyd w f udk af yG;u Armaeacs@udk tEkid , f v l u dk af w? 'kw, d w}udrf jyif;jyif;xefxefwu dk f
&a&// ,_;H edrv hf kd@ ,if;uwzefqw k +f yD;au ya*;acsmif;u|e;f u acgi;f aqmifaumif;nGe@f &efwidk /f Akv d x f eG ;f
ay:a0&k@d eef@ yl;aygijf yefa&// ,if;utm;eef Armaeacs@uw dk u dk cf udk vf aD &? ,if;wcg tm;rr#v@dk r,lurf;
ok@d qw k cf &H a&? ,if;aemufyidk ;f E_u d u f yif r[m"rR&mZmrif;/ om;awmftrd &f rdS if; armifoufp&H a$D & a,muf
zawmf pku d u f yG Af vdk af cs@apGeef@twl &rf;ajy@+rKdu0f wku d af yG;u Armaeacs@wyfwu d kd jyif;jyif;xef;xef;
wku d x f w k cf uwfaw? ,if;wku d af yG;u Akv d af cs@apGusq;Hk vk@d &ckid w f yfysuu f m aemufqw k f vD&a&?
Armaeacs@&@dk avh ,if;tcg tdr&f rdS if;oufp&H . D$ Zifacsmif;aeukd odr;f yku d vf udk u
f wfaw?
awmifyidk ;f u &cdik Af v dk rf if;/wyfrif;&k@d z&kzd &D;+yKad uG;vDau Armaeacs@&@dk a& &ckid af jyajrmufyidk ;f ok@d
cs;D wufvmuwf+y;D au 1146-ck/ jymokv d v f qkwf 6-&ufu avmif;=uuf+rKd@a[mif;u wyfaw+y;D au
ajrmufO;D +rK@d awmfudk wdu k cf udk v f aD &? ,if;eduyif &ckid Af v dk rf if;wyfrif;&k@d avh avmif;=uufwyfudk xGuw f u dk f
vDa&tcg ,_;H edr@f ca&? ,if;eef@Zk wku d *f saD wmf 30-eef@ ajrmufO;D bk&if r[morRw&mZmrif;a& ,if;ed
okid ;f acgit f csed u f &rf;ajy@u|e;f udq k w k vf &D a&? aemufw&uf jymokv d qkwf 7-&uf peDeu d 1784-ck/
'DZbFmv/ ajrmufO;D &$+D rKd@awmfudk Armaeacs@&@dk odr;f yku d v f aD &? jymokv d auG we*FEeDG d 1785-ck/ jymokv d /
u|e;f om,mu &ckid rf if;w&m;ukd Armaeacs@&@dk vuf&zrf;qD;rdv@dk tr&yl&+rKd@awmfo@dk yk@d vu dk u f wfaw?
txufuqkcd a&twkid ;f Armaeacs@&@dk a& “&ckid rf if;om;[&D”ukd eef;wifz@dk v@dk Oyg,w f rnf vkyx f m;vk@d
ajyoltrsm;pku xifwvk;H eef@ ar#mu f ;dk eDcuwfaw? “rif ; om;[&D ” auGveG af &cg “rk w f q dwfw
ykw”f rif;om;ukd eef;wifz@dk v@dk avS@pm;xm;+yD;au ajyolucdk sKyfuidk v f u dk af w? ,if;tcsed cf gu Armae
acs@udk aZG;owWt d ajy@eef@ awmfveS ef aD & &ckid af cgi;f aqmif}uD;um; awmifrif;}uD;ausmx f ;DG yif+zKduaf w?
,if;eef@Zk Armaeacs@&@dk u ol&@dk vufwiG ;f ok@d usa&mufor# &ckid t f rsK;d om;tm;vk;H ukd ok;H yef;t+zKduf
owfrw S +f yD;au “aexGub f &k if u|eaf wmfrsK;d ” qkad &pmwef;ukd yD&u G /f xef;&Gu/f 0g;jcrf;&k@d rm &G;D +yD;au
vkid yf if;rSmaqG;xm;pDa&? aqG;rxm;a&vlukd awmifrif;}u;D vlv@dk ,lq+y;D au owfyu dk u f wfaw? 1146-
ck wykad wG;vqef; 13-&uf/ we*FEeDG u d arm&yy`'awmifxyd u f r[mrke&d yk &f iS af wmf. uk, d pf m;awmfudk
ajrmufO;D rSm tkycf sKyfeaD & Arm+rKd@0efukd jynf}uD;0efv@kd ac:&a&?
8 15
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
Armaeacs@&@dk yifah qmiford ;f ,lvm;cuwfaw? &ckid af jyt&yf&yfu "mwfawmf/ rGaD wmfaygi;f utp ajy
ol&@dk .yapP;/ 0efqef/ au|;EGm;/ =uuf0uf/ tqk;H xd &or#ord ;f ,lum Armajyok@d jyefvu D wfaw? ajrmuf
OD;+rKd@awmfu eENyuseu f dk +rKd@apmif/h ajyapmift h +zKduf Armaeacs@u xm;yku d cf uwfaw? +rKd@0efeENy
usev f ufxufu &ckid w f ajyvk;H ajyol&@dk a& &&mvufeufuadk qG;+yD;au wG@D a&aeacs@udk qufvuf
awmfveS u f wfaw? ajyol&@dk . jyef@a=u;eDa& awmfveS &f ;D oD;G uefudk pkpak p;ap;vkyyf ;D zk@d acgi;f aqmifaumif;
tvkt d yfq;Hk tcsed yf if+zKud af uavh tmCmweef@ *k% d *f ew&m;jyif;xefev D @dk wOD;wa,mufavh wk;d wuf
cGirhf &c// tcsi;f csi;f auG;auG;jym;jym; awmfveS v f @dk yif[u
d wfaw?
rSwcf su?f atedxufwidk f at'%fuckd eH u D wf&oda& pku d rf eS af &awmfveS &f ;D tazG@tap;
wkid ;f a& *k%d *f evdi_ ;f udk vk;H 0ayzsu+f y;D au ajyolvidk ;f ukd t"dutm&kpH u dk uf wfau nDnw G pf ak p;&D;qkpd mG
csucf si;f +zKduv f m&vdrahf r? *k% d ;f *etmemukd t+cDcpH mG a& twWut dk +cDcpH mG +zKdu+f yD;au trsK;d om;w
&yfv;Hk b0ukd tajccHo&l m pku d rf eS af & awmfveS &f ;D orm; (0g)tazG@+zKu
d v f rd ahf r? attazG@u&dk m trsK;d om;
w&yfv;Hk avh axmufcv H mvdraf r? ,if;ykid f trsK;d om;tiftm;pkwt d csi;f csi;f rnDrnGw+f zKu d ef aD &tcsed f
u Armaeacs@&@dk um; &ckid af jyol&@dk udk &ckid o f rkid ;f wav#mufv;Hk u wcgavhr}uKHz;l atmif tkyv f u
dk of wf
jzwfeaD &?
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(1) aygi;f wkwjf yifuajyol- 1000
(2) o&uftyk u f - 1000
(3) =uuf&;dk awmifu- 1000
(4) pHum;awmifu- 1000
(5) ajrmufO;D +rKd@xufu ajyol-37000
(6) ykcufwiG ;f Ek@d p@dk acswu d dk "g;uZwfycpGm- 10000
(7) bk&m;ay:/ 'kid ;f us/D armif;aqG;/ i&aumuf/ acgi;f +yKdawmif/ yk&rd /f aygi;f wkw/f &wemjyif/
vufrawmwef;/ uk;d aqhu;dk awmif/ oHawG;/ &rf;ajy@/ rmefatmif/ t&yf&yf&@dk u Armaeacs@&@dk owfyu dk cf
a&ajyoltaygi;f tvD&aDG &um; 184000/ (1784-88-ck/)twGi;f pkpak ygi;f towfc&H pGm 236000?
atavmuf oDa&ajyolukd *kcu dk af jyol&@dk u orkid ;f rwifuwfau Zmvk@d ,q l uwf&zk@d av;? ,if;ykid v f @l
orkid ;f ukd *&krjyKuwfaw/ vlrsK;d qufou dk t
f wGuf tem*wfqpdk mG aw[dEidk zf @dk vm;// ,if;orkid ;f ukd
qufcaH &vludk usKid ;f ajrmif;a&vk@d qadk u qdak &vl. pdwu f adk usa&vk@d owfrw S &f zk@d vm;? aeacs@&@dk .
ajyoltay: &ufpufjyKr_pmG udk orkid ;f rwifau/ wifpmG ukcd sKyfcsau ,if;ykid v f u
l dk ajyoludk E_ud pf ufaw
aeacs@udk axmufct H m;yD;a&vlpm;vk@d owfrw S &f a&? ajyoluq kd ufcpH mG ajyol@orkid ;f ukqd ufcpH mG a&
w&m;a&/ rSeu f efa& vl@usi0hf wfeef@nn D wG af w? aeacs@&@dk . ,kwrf mr_u/dk ajyol&@dk . 'kucQ pH m;&r_wu d kd
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916
 Zmvkyu
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azmfxw k &f zk@d yif/ orkid ;f armfueG ;f wif&zk@d yif+zKu d af w? &ckid af jy ajrmufO;D +rK@d awmfukd Armaeacs@ ya'o&ku d f
odr;f yku d +f yD;a&aemufyidk ;f 1147-ck wef;cl;vu awmifrif;}uD;ausmx f ;DG a& nDnw G &f ;D wyfaygi;f pk vkyf
Ekid af tmif }uKd;pm;+yD;au Armaeacs@udk wku d cf u dk v f aD &? rkZEk w < }f uD;ba&$/ "g;jyefp;D Akv d af umif;pH&/D$
"g;ykid }f uD;pHay: &$&D @dk eef@ tiftm;pk+yD;au t&dt S Ed , dN ukr% ` eD ef@ r[mrdwaf zG@uwfaw? ya'o&ku d af e
acs@eef@ t&if;o#iaf eacs@ 2-wkid =f um;u usa&mufe&D a& &ckid v f rl t _ azG@tap;ukd auwifz@dk twGuf
yufyif;yÉdyuQ+zKduaf w? Armaeacs@udk &ckid af jywGi;f u wku d x f w k zf @dk twGuf vufeufta&mif;ta0
tultnDupd t P wGuf pum;qku d wfaw? ukr% ` u D ,dk pf m;vS,f pku d w f aumif;+rKd@0efeef@ awmifrif;}u;D
uk, d pf m;vS,f aemifawmf "g;ykid }f uD;pHay:&GD tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG;cuwfaw? a,auavh aqG;aEG;
ayG;twGi;f uyif &cdik af cgi;f aqmiftcsi;f csi;f pdw0f rf;auG;jym;r_ +zKduaf y:vmvk@d tcsO;f ED;S +zKduv f &D a&?
,if;tcsed f twk;d twGi;f u yaEM;acsmif;u|e;f pm; aumif;nGe&f efwikd af & “&aohawmifwu dk f
ayG;””rSm usq;Hk vD,m+zKduaf w? orRw&mZmrif;. om;awmf “oufpH&$”D r[morRw&mZmrif;.
nDawmf “csKdufvS&$D” &k@d a& ol&;D waxmifeef@ &rf;ajy@+rKd@udk wku d cf u dk v f muwfaw? Armaeacs@wyfu
tm;eef@zv d @dk &ckid rf if;om;ESpyf g;&k@d qkwcf &H a&? oHawG;+rK@d ukd vrkpm;Akv d [ f &D wyfr;_ Akv d &f ;D pH&@dk &oavmuf
&ckid t f iftm;eef@ zdwu dk af uavh Armaeacs@&@dk u vufO;D r_&xm;,m+zKu d v f @dk wyfqw k cf &H a&? rmefatmif
u|e;f u Akv d jf ra&mif/ Akv d xf eG ;f atmif&@dk Armaeacs@udk awmfveS w f u dk cf u dk &f mu ,_;H edr@f v@dk awmifuw k /f
*G/ }urd o f vDzufo@kd qkw+f y;D vD&a&? rmefatmifu|e;f u qD;orm;/ aA'ifwwftrsm;tjym;udk Armaeacs@
&k@d owfyu dk v f aD &/ ajrmufO;D +rKd@teD; +rKd@ou dk af csmif;u awmifrif;}u;D ausmx f ;DG a& Armaeacs@udk wku d cf u dk f
vDjyefa&? wku d af yG;ujyif;xefa&// ,if;wku d af yG;u &cdik af wmfveS &f ;D acgi;f aqmif}u;D rSm aoewfxrd eS v f @dk
1148-ckuqkev f rSm auGveG v f aD &? awmifrif;}uD;. rdz&k m;/ om;awmf/ orD;awm/f armif;rrd\&H @dk ukd
Armaeacs@&@dk u zrf;qD;/ csKid af ESmifjy;D au +rKu d rf mS ykud cf sv@dk owfjzwfvu dk af w? taemufcEk u dk cf &kid f awmif
pkid pf ae; t&yfom;&k@d uavh Armaeacs@ oku d pf mudrk cHab; awmfveS u f wfaw? &rf;ajy@pm;Akv d af ygv;Hk /
vrkpm;Akv d af ygcidk &f @dk yl;aygi;f +y;D xm;uwfaw? ,if;cg Armaeacs@&@dk u vufO;D r_&xm;+y;D +zKduaf wtwkid ;f
pae;wyfudk +zKdciG ;f yku d af w? 1149-ckEu d_ f uqkev f u pae;w&Gmvk;H ukd owf+y;D au +rv D eS yf u dk v
f u kd af w?
eH,v kH rm tdr&f rdS if;om; oufp&H rD$ m oDeyf'%f&meef@ auGveG v f aD &? aeacs@ya'o&ku d af rmif0idk ;f . &ckid f
ajyoltay: rSm &ufpuf,w k rf mr_um; urf;ukeaf &? &ckid t f rsK;d jyKef;atmif/ &ckid af wmfveS &f ;D pdw"f gwf
ukefcef;atmif/ tppt&m&mudk vlrqH/ olrqH/ &kdufcsKd;zsufqD;ykdufaw? rsKd;yGm;zkH;v$rf;ykdufaw?
aemufaemif rawmfvSefEkdifatmif “&ckdifbk&if tb,r[m&mZmrif;.om;awmf yawmif;pm;
pH&$Day:/ pENokre&mZmrif;.om;awmf ausmfZH/ "rR&kduf&mZmrif;.om;awmf &Daemufpm;
okaE<OD;/ wjcm;rif;om;/ rif;orD;rsm; 0dae;xkd&f/ o#Kdwfaomif;q&mawmf/ &wempHOD;q&m
awmf / ZZdd e rmef a tmif q &mawmf / avmurmef a tmif q &mawmf / yd a EM ; awmif q &mawmf /
yka&m[dwfrif;q&m/ o#KdufwkdifaA'ifwwf/ qD;orm;/ ukd,f&Hawm/f oli,fawmf/ a,mufsm;
10 17
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
rdef;r (7700)&dk@ uk d 1146ck/ waygif;vrSm Armaeacs@&kd@ zrf;qD;ac:aqmifvm;ca&? ydËuyf
3-ykH/ aA'ifAm[d&usrf; 56-apmifh&kd@ukdavh odrf;,lvm;ca&?”“ajrmufOD;+rdK@awmf[d ausmif;
=uD; 30/ ausmif;ai 3700/ wajyvkH;[d ausmif;uef/ apwDykxkd;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd &ckdifxuf&kd;
vuf& mqkdvkd@ rjrif& atmif Armrif ;trd ef @eef @ zsuf qD ;yk d u f u wf aw? ajrmuf OD ;&$ D +rKd @awmf
eef @ wuG &rR m 0wD + rKd @ awmf / arC0wD + rKd @ awmf / 'G g &m0wD + rKd @ awmf r S m [d a & eef ; awmf u sKH ;
ajrmif;pa& +rKd@t*F gtm;vkH;ukdavh Armrif;trdef@eef@ zsufqD;rD;wdkuf+yD;au +rDvSefykdufvkduf
uwfaw?” “&ckdif&[ef;awmf ax&f}uD;/ 0g}uD;&dk@ukdavh vlxkwfjyD;au ArmyÍif;ysKd&kd@yg;rSm
oduQmykdufwifpDa&? Armaeacs@ omoemjyKq&mawmf 12-yg; a&mufvm+yD;au &ckdif,kdOf
aus;r_t&yf&yfukd zsufqD;ykdufuwfaw? &ckdifpmyDusrf;*ef&dk@ukdavh zsufqD;+yD;au Armbm
omjyefqkduwfaw? Armpm/ ArmpmyD&kd@ukd &ckdifajyolwdyg;rSm tokH;jyKpDa&?” aeacs@r_udpP
t&yf&yf+yD;a&cg atmifZmwDeef@ odraf usmif;aqmuf vkyv f u D wfaw? ,if;twGuef ef@ 1150 (AD.
1788)up+yD;au &cdik v f uQ%mt&yf&yfw@dk ysupf ;D / wdrjf rKyfv&D a&? atum; 1146-ck Armaeacs@
&ckid af jyok@d 0ifuaw;up+yD;au 1150-ck Armaeacs@&@dk &ckid v f uQ%m t&yf&yfudk csK;d zsuv f u dk af w
tcsed x f d tusKid ;f csKyforkid ;f +zKduaf w?
1788-1794-- &ckid Af v dk rf if;/ wyfrif;taygi;f &k@d rmS Armaeacs@&@dk vufO;D r_&vm;csuu f dk jyefcsK;d
csz@dk t}urd }f urd f }uK;d pm;uwfauavh awmfveS &f ;D . t"du0if&;dk +zKu d af w ap;urf;[djcif;/ ap;vk;H nDnw G f
jcif;ukd t&raw aqmufEidk u f wfv@dk t,_;H eef@acs; &ifqidk ef u D wf&a&? ,_;H wdik ;f ,_;H wkid ;f &ckid af jytaemuf
ykid ;f a'orSm ckad tmif;eDuwf&a&? &ckid af jy taemufyidk ;f a'oudk ,if;tcsed u f b*Fvm;uko d rd ;f yku
d f
xm;a& +Adwo d # t&St d Ed , Nd ukr% ` u D tykid cf x H m;&m+zKduaf w? a'umvrSm &ckid af jyt&Szd ufwjcrf;ukd
Armya'o&ku d f aeacs@u pk;d rk;d vk@d tyk cf sKyfe, D m+zKduaf w// taemufzufwjcrf;ukd +Adwo d #t&if;o#if
aeacs@&@dk avS@pm;tkyf csKyfe, D m+zKduaf w// &ckid af wmfveS &f ;D acgi;f aqmif&@dk a& Armaeacs@yg;rSm pku d &f ;D t&
,_;H wkid ;f taemufo@dk qkw+f yD;au ,if;rSm ap;&k;H &D;vkyv f v d yk x f [duwfaw? &ckid af jyt&Szd ufjcrf;
ewf+rKu d u
f yif armfwifpeG ;f / [kid ;f }u;D u|e;f e*&ku d tf ilx?d taemufzufjcrf; ewf+rKu d u f yif taemufzuf
b*F g 12 +rKd@/ oufaxmif/ zvHaxmif/ Akv d rf if;axmif/ +rKHaxmiftxd? &ckid af jy t&Szd ufjcrf;[d/ 1150-
ck aemufyidk ;f u &ckid af jyol w&yfv;Hk ukd Armaeacs@&@dk "g;wiftyk f csKyfvaD &tcg &ckid af wmfveS &f ;D acgi;f
aqmifrsm;+zKduu f wfaw &rf;ajy@ pm;Akv d af ygv;Hk / au|;waumifEidk Af v dk /f Adv
k cf uG af ygu/f Advk pf ed af &mif/
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k jf ra&mif/ Akv d x f eG ;f OD;/ Akvd rf swaf rSmif jzL/ Akv d w f idk ;f csKu
d yf &H/ ewfawmifpm;Akv d af &$ausm/f aqpif;pD;Akv d f
vusmf jyef&mG tkyf Akv d w f ;Hk pH/ Akv
d af umapG/ '*F g;awmifpm; Akv d w f ;Hk pH&/D$ yvufpm;Akv d pf pH a& Akv
d t f aygi&f @dk a&
&ckid af jytaemufa'orSm ckv d v H_ @dk [d vDuwfaw? ,if;acgi;f aqmifwed ef@ ajyolw&yfv;Hk ukd Armaeacs@&@dk

xdkif;EdkifiHwGifav; eef;awmfudkrD;wdkufzsufqD;yem tm,k',+rKd@awmf[d bk&m;ausmif;uef&dk@udkav; zsufqD;cuwfaw?

tm,k',+rKd@udkvm;=unfhau ckxd wGdEdkifuwfyga&odha&?

1 11 8
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

0ifa&mufwu dk cf u dk of wfjzwfvadk & pdwf wzGm;zGm;ay:ayguef v D aD &? +Adwod #eef@ &ifqidk w f ;dk eDa&twGuf
Armaeacs@&@dk tzk@d tcGirhf om +zKduef cD a&? ,auavh tcGi&hf au&a&ykid f &ckid w f u
d dk owfjzwfvaD &?
1156-ck (AD. 1794) u Armae acs@a& ae;y&da,trsK;d rsK;d eef@ &rf;ajy@pm;Akv d af ygv;Hk / Akv
d cf u
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au|;waumifEkdif/ Akdvf 3-a,mufukd ukr`%Dtpkd;&yg;u awmif;cHvDa&/ ,if;tcg Armwdyg;u
vwfpm;xm;a& pku f aumif;+rKd@0ef/ um aevftmpude(f Colonel Erskine)u tqkyd gAv
d w dk f 3-
OD;&k@d uzdk rf;Asmvf Armaeacs@vufo@dk av$;tyf vku d af w? ,if;Akv d f 3-OD;&k@d uzdk rf;Asmvf Armaeacs@&@dk u
tr&yl&ok@d yk@d vu dk jf yefa&// ,if;rmyif ,if;acgi;f aqmif 3 OD;ukd (1157-ck-eH,ek v f )rSm um;pifwifAsmvf
roDr&Si/f wef;vef;wifv@dk owfyu dk vf aD &? au|;waumifEidk Af v dk uf m; xGu+f yD;vGwaf jrmufvm;ca&?
a,auav@ &ckid af cgi;f aqmifwu d m; &ckid rf mefurdk cs? +zKduaf wb0rSm +zKduaf wykid &f ek ;f uefuwfaw?
um;pifxufrmyif aeacs@ya'o&ku d uf dk qef@usif qENjy,if; auGveG v f m;cuwfaw?

(1794
(1794-- 1815) Akdvfcsif;jyefawmfvSef&D;
&ckid v
f rl t
_ azG;tap;rSm +ro D #iyf a'o&ku d pf E_u
d f aemufq;Hk ykid ;f awwHch sed u f mvrSm trsK;d om;
ap;vk;H r_ +yKdauG;vm;ca&twGuw f ma=umifh ukv d edk u
D |eb f 0ok@d usa&mufvm;ca& t&Szd uf&ckid af jy
wpdyw f a'oeef@ &ckid v f rl t_ azG;tap; wpdyw f a'oukd Armya'o&ku d af eacs@u &ufpufrr_ sK;d pkeH ef@
tkycf sKyfvaD &? taemufzuf &ckid af jywpdyw f a'oeef@ &ckid v f rl t _ azG;tap; wpdyw f a'oukd +Adwo d #
t&if;o#iaf eacs@&@dk odr;f ,l+y;D au b*Fvm;aeeef@ aygi;f pyfyu dk vf udk af w? Armaeacs@&@dk &ckid af jyuko d rd ;f ,l
a&E_u d f 1784 u 1788 xdtwGi;f rSm &ckid t f rsK;d om;w&yfv;Hk Armaeacs@udk cg;cg;oD;oD; awmfveS f
cuwfaw? ap;&k;H nDnw G jf cif;/ ap;urf;[djcif;/ pa&awmfveS &f ;D . t"du0if&;dk (0g) t*F gwd csK@d awhra_ =umifh
,if;awmfveS &f ;D rSm ratmifjrifEidk cf / Armaeacs@&dk @vrl qefa&pdwef ef@ &cdik af jyt&yf&yfrmS ode;f oef;csv D @dk
owfjzwfcuwfaw? ,if;acwfcg rSww f rf;rsm;t& Arm+rKd@0ef eENyuseo f wfyu dk cf pGm &ckid t f rsK;d om;
aygi;f 236000 +zKduaf w? (1784-88-twGi;f )? rmefatmif+rKd@0ef Armorkid ;f &D;G olrsm;uavh rmefatmif
u|e;f [d ynmaoaygi;f rsm;pGmukd owfjzwfca&? +rKd@ou dk af csmif; pkid ;f wifacsmif;/ awmifciG /f }udro f vD
ae&k@d rmS owfjzwfccH &a& ajyoltaygi;f rSmavh &Gmvku d /f e,fvu dk cf sv
D @dk +zKduaf w/ &or#&cdik o f ;Hk yef;eef@
ajyolwu d dk tkyv f u dk t
f yk vf u dk zf rf;+yD;au +rKduu f rf;em;rSm yifavurf;+cD&@dk rmS +cHcyf+yD;au jzm;&Deef@jrKyf
owfcpGm atedxufwikd f +cx H ;dk jyifwd [deo D ad &? AD-1788-rSm Arm+rKd@0ef+zKduaf w taemufwu dk 0f ef
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6000 +zKduaf w? 1797-ckrmS +rKd@0efrif;}uD; ausmx f ifped zf ;l vufxufrmS vlaygi;f 2000 rif;uGe;f apwD
1. "P.R.Pearn," King Bering, J.B.R.S, Vol. xxIII, 11,. 1913 P. 445 udka=u@?
2? &ckdifoHk;yef@ajrmufrsm;pGmudk zrf;+yD;au Armajyudk,lvm;? xdkif;oHk;yef@ 240000 ausmfudk zrf;+yD;au Armjynfodk@
,laqmifvm;a=umif; xdik ;f rSww f rf;&d@k rmS zwf&a&?
12 19
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
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vltaygif;&kd@rSm r&DwGufEdkifatmifyif+zKdufaw? Arm&kd@ ac|;wyfaqG;,lvm;cpGmavh trsm;tjym;
yif+zKdufaw// ,if;eef@ &ckdiftrsKd;om;&kd@a& &ckdifajytaemufzufjcrf; +Adwdo# t&SdtdEdN,ukr`%D
odr;f ,lxm;a&a'oudk uke;f a=umif;wrsK;d / &Da=umif;wzk/H xGu+f y;D vDuwfaw? pku d w f aumif; awmif&;dk
awm&kid ;f &k@d ukd wk;d 0ifvu D wfaw? vltaygi;f avh trsm;tjym;yif+zKu d af w// oHawG;/ &rf;ajy@/ rmefatmif/
pa& a'o&k@d uyifavh &Da=umif;zGiu hf m b*Fvm;t0u|e;f / u|e;f &kid ;f &d@k udk ckwx f iG , f iS ;f vif;Asmvf eDvD
uwfaw// vltaygi;f avh tajrmuftrsm;yif+zKu d af w? 1798-ck Arm&k@d ajrmufO;D ukd odr;f yku d f +y;D aemuf
14 E_u d t f =umrSm &ckid t f rsK;d om; ok;H ykEH pS yf aHk & &ckid af jy taemufzufjcrf; +Aw d o d #yidk ef ufo@kd ajymif;&$@d vm;
vDuwfaw? uy`wed [ f &d rf;aumpaumpf (Captain Hiramcox). tpD&ifcpH mt& “AD-1799-ckrmS
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a,mufpD oDq;Hk vDa&// vmvrf;wav#mufrmS vlot D avmif;xyfeaD &// vltw dk /d a&m*gaowd/ rdcifw/d
ta,Swrd mS c&D;=urf;wav#muf r&DrwGuEf idk af tmif oDq;Hk vDa&? trdtavmif;xufrmS Ek@d p@dk eaD &t
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&ckid tf rsK;d om;taygi;f &k@d a& ,if;tcgu toufroDv@dk usev f u
dk af w &ckid zf ;dk zD;ZlZmu qif;oufvma&
&ckid t f rsK;d om;wd +zKduaf wqkpd mG udk rrdtyf/ rrd&/ vl@awmfveS &f ;D orkid ;f qufudk vlrod& vlrsK;d qufudk
vlyifqufc&H zk@d yif+zKduaf w? ,if;ykid f +zKd ufecD sed rf mS 1798-ck Armbk&ifarmif0idk ;f u vlaygi;f 4 aomif;eef@
oDeyf 2-aomif;&k@d udk &ckid af jyuawmif;cHyga&? ,if;eef@Zk Arm+rKd@0ef&@dk u ac|;wyfaqG;eDv&D m ,if;E_u d f
1160-ck wef;aqmifrkef;vqef; 2-&uf t*F geDrSm vufsmjyef&Gmtkyf Akdvfwkd;pH/ AkdvfaumapG/
'*F g;awmif;pm; Akv d w f ;Hk pH&&DG @dk a& wku d af p/wu dk af rmif;wD;vk@d awmfveS w f u kd cf udk u f wfaw? ,if;awmfveS &f ;D
tiftm;pka& ia&;aumufrmS wyfawvk@d awmfveS u f wfaw? +rK@d o}l u;D OD;oHa'.om; Akv d cf si;f jyeforuf
vwf&;Hk Akv d /f yvufpm;Akv d pf &H @dk avh r,lurf;atmifwyfrmS wyfaw+y;D au awmfveS w f u dk cf u
dk vf aD &? &rf;
ajy@+rKd@o}l uD; Akv d pf jH rrSmum; Armaeacs@&@dk u Akv d cf si;f jyefeef@ qufou G af =umif;uko d v d m;vk@d uGyrf sucf H
vD&a&? AD.1811 (AC 1173)rSm Akv d cf si;f jyefum; ewf+rKu d uf rf;+cD [m&Aif;u vlpak &cg 1500 avmuf&
a&? r,lurf;atmifwyfo@kd a&mufawcg vl 3 aomif;txd&vma&// ,if;c&ku d Ef u d_ af rvrSm armifawm
+rKd@uo dk rd ;f +y;D au &ckid w f ajyvk;H awmfveS &f ;D tiftm; jzef@=uufvu dk af w ZGev f tavavmufrmS ajrmuf
OD;+rK@d awmfrt S y usew f ajyvk;H ukd Akv d cf si;f jyeford ;f xm;vku d af w? ,if;aemufyidk ;f Akv d cf si;f jyefa& up>ye'D
ukvm;wef+rKd uf taemufzuf ,k;d ilt&yfrmS aZ,sm0wD+rK@d ukd awaxmifvu dk af w? Akv d rf suaf wmifa&Sudk
“eENdaoeAE<Kv” aoG@eef@ pku d of }l uD;cef@vu dk af w// &ckid w f yfr/_ Akv d rf t_ aygi;f ukd &ckid af jyt&yf&yfrmS
wyfu, dk pf eD ef@ ap;tkyx f m;pDa&? vusmf jyeft&yfu yvufpm; Akv d pf w H yfr_ armif&&D$ @dk wm0ef,al &?
&$eD wfyifvrf;a=umif;u Akv d af tmif&&DS @dk wm0ef,&l a&? avmif;=uuf+rKd@a[mif;u Akv d af pmfau;wyfr_
1 32 0
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
Akv d af om=um/ &rf;0+rdKufu Akv d w f ;dk atmifausmf rtDt&yfu +rKHawmifpm; Akv d rf ;_ armif!/kd wyfr;_ Akv d f
!dak &mifjzL&k@d wm0ef,u l wf&a&? ajrmufO;D +rKd@udk Adv k rf suaf wmifa&S vrkpm;Akv d af &Gv&l @dk 0kid ;f 0efyw d f
qk@d xm;a&? rmefatmif+rKd@u vuf&ek ;f Akv d /f wdr=f um;Akv d &f @dk 0kid ;f 0efyw d q f @dk xm;a&? oHawG;+rKd@ukd +rKd@ou dk f
pm;Akv d af rmifa0 Akv d b f csKu d &f &DS @dk 0kid ;f 0ef;ydwq f @dk xm;uwfaw? ,if;tcsed af vmufrmS Akv d cf si;f jyefa& pku d w f
aumif;w&m;ol}uD;yg;od@k oHpmwapmify@dk vu dk af w? +Adwo d # t&St d Ed , Nd ukr% ` u D vufeufc, J rf;rD;
ausmufun l yD gu b¾mvufaqmify;D +y;D au rdwt f a=u;azG@ta=umif;ukd &D;om;vku d af w? ,if;tcsed f
uyif ,if;ykid v f yk pf mG a& Akv d cf si;f jyef. ae;AsL[myif+zKduaf w? awmifrif;}u;D usio hf ;Hk ca& ae;AsL[meef@
wla&? yufyif;umvrSm &ckid af jy. t"duywdyuQrmS Armaeacs@eef@ &ckid w f rsK;d om;vk;H +zdKufeaD & ywd
yuQ+zKduaf w? Armaeacs@rmS ya'o&ku d af eacs@+zKduaf w &ckid t f rsK;d om;w&yfv;Hk ukd ya'o&ku d v f w l ef;
pm;t& zdEydS o f wfjzwfeaD & trsK;d om;vuQ%mt&yf&yfudk zsuq f ;D eDa&? trsKo d m;w&yfv;Hk ukd rsK;d jzKwf
eDa& ,if;eef@Zk a'yÉdyuQudk az,Sm;wku d x f w k zf @dk twGuf Armya'o&ku d af eacs@. &efzuf+zKduaf w +Ad
wdo#t&St d Ed , Nd ukr% ` uD dk t&Htiftm;pkt+zdKuf rdwaf zG@,rl u _ dk awmifrif;}uD;&k@d Akv d cf si;f jyef&@dk }uKd;pm;
cpGma& obm0usa& rdwaf zG@&rHk [kwaf b; ajyukx d ;dk tyfaurSm;a&? a,auArmya'o&ku d f vuf
atmufcb H 0u +Adwo d #t&if;o#if aeacs@vufatmufcb H 0wk@d u|ev f ufajymif;vJvu dk &f &Hk musz@dk ?
Akv
d cf si;f jyef&@dk ,if;ykid u f rf;vSr;f csuu f dk ukr% ` t D pk;d &u rvSrd w hf ywfvyk x f m;a&? wzufrmS
pku d wf aumif;w&m;ol=uD; rpPwmyDap;vf (Mr. Pechak)u Akv d cf si;f jyefuzdk rf;zk@d twGuf 0g&rf;xkwf
xm;a&? tjcm;wzufrmS Akv d cf si;f jyef. v_y&f mS ;r_ukd a'guw f mrwf&;D (Dr. Merae)&k@d yidk f yk*K~ v d &f @dk uavh
&ckid af wmfveS &f ;D .wyfudk tultnDy;D eDjyefa& ,if;tcg +Adwo d #t&if;o#iaf eacs@&@dk rmS tar&duwku d f
ajrmufyidk ;f &k@d rmS / Oa&mywku d rf mS / tmz&duwku d af wmif;ykid ;f rSm/ tdE, Nd ajyrSm/ w&kyaf jyrSm/ jyifou dk /f
t&if;o#iaf eacs@&@dk eef@ pku d &f ;D / Edik if &H ;D / pD;yGm;&D;t& +ydKifqidk w f u dk cf u dk v f @dk [ed aD & ,if;eef@Zk &ckid af jyudpP
jrefrmajyudp&P @dk rmS ra,mifrav vkyx f m;jcif;+zKduaf w? ,if;tcgu +Aw d o d #urk % ` aD & Armya'o&ku d f
&k@d eef@ em;avatmif oHwreft}urd }f urd v f w $ +f y;D au rdwaf zG@z@dk }uKd;pm;eDa& tjcm;wzufrmS avh Armeef@
wGi;f &D;rSm jyifou dk &f @dk t+yKdit f qkid f +cu D w k zf @dk }ueH aD & ,if;twGuw f meef@ Akv d cf si;f jyef&@dk urf;vSr;f csuu f dk
rjyef=um;ab;eDcuwfaw? Akv d cf si;f jyefrmS ,if;E_u d w f rk;d vk;H &ckid af jyukd xde;f xm;Ekid u f wfaw? +Aw d o d #wyf
u xGuef u D wfaw tdE, dN trsK;d om; pku d o f m;wd rdrw d yfwiG ;f od@k 0ifz@dk aqG;aEG;vDa&? vufeuf&u d u Q dk
cufcufccJ pJ v k &D a&? rk;d ukeaf u Armaeacs@eef@ &ifqidk &f zd@k yif+zKd ufaw? pku d rf p_ u dk &f mudp&P @dk udk pD;pD;pku d pf u dk f
jyifqifxm;vDa&? a,auavh vufeufac;,rf;rD;ausmufeef@ pku d yf nmzufrmS aumif;aumif;}uD;
tm;eJeaD &? tcsK@d wyfom;&k@d rmS 0g;c|eu f ydk if vufeufuidk af qmif&a& pku d yf nmvdusi&hf ;D ukad vh pku d af yG;
wGi;f rSmvky&f a&vk@d q&dk zk@d yif? Zm+zKd uv f @dk av;qkad u pku d w f aumif;aezufu ap;&k;H &D;vkypf idk u f av; +Aw d d
o#&@dk rodatmif +rDatmufap;&k;H &D;uk&d m vkyEf idk cf a&? a,+yD;au pku d cf sv D m&a& wrk;d wGi;f vk;H rSmavh
vdu h sizhf @dk aumif;aumif;r&Edik ?f tk;d yku d /f tdryf u dk f +A;D v$m;eD&a& &ckid v f @l tazG;tap;a& aeacs@ 2-wkid =f um;

14 21
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
rSm &ke;f uefe&D pGmu avGa&tvkyrf [kw?f Zmyif+zKd u+f zKd uf Akv d cf si;f jyef.awmfveS &f ;D a& aeacs@qef@usi&f ;D
tpku d t f rSeyf if+zKduaf w? 1811-ck/ 'DZifbmvukad &mufvwfawtcg Armaeacs@ ya'o&du k af rmif
0kid ;f a& a=u;a=umif;/ &Da=umif;f pku d 2f -a=umif;u &ckid jf ywk@d vw $ v f u dk af w rtDacsmif;wku d af yG;rSm &ckid f
&k@d ,;H_ edr@f v@dk awmifyidk ;f u &Dwyftm;vk;H a& pae;cHwyfeef@pak p;eD&a&? yifava=umif;wku d af yG;rSm ,_;H edrhf
&jyefa& bkwt f pD; 300 vlwaomif;teuf 200 ysupf ;D vD&a&?
,if;a=umif; Akv d cf si;f jyefa& wyftm;vk;H udpk ak p;+y;D au used ;f u|e;f ucHck jH yefa&? tiftm;rr#v@dk
aZ0wDcw H yf+rKd@w@dk xyfqifq h w k cf mG &jyefa& 1812-ck/ ZEM0g&v D avmufrmS (1173-ck jymokv d ajy@ A'l;ed)
&ckid w f jyvk;H u vlaygi;f 90000 (uk;d aomif;)ukd odr;f ,lac:aqmif+yD;au pku d w f aumif;aezufo@dk ck0d if
vD&a&? Armaeacs@&kd@um; xuf=uyfvkdufygvm+yD;au armifawm+rKd@cJwyfu &yfvDuwfaw?
,if;aemuf Armaeacs@&@dk a& +Aw d o d #urk % ` yD g;ok@d oHpmurf;vSr;f +y;D au Akv d cf si;f jyef vuf&eHk ;f Akv d ef ef@wuG
&ckid af jyol&@dk udk jyefawmif;vDa& &ckid b f &k iftqufquf. ydik ef ufae+rD+zKduaf w pku d wf aumif;'*g;&k@d udk
jrefrmrif;bm; yD;tyf&efawmif;vDa&? ryD;tyfau pku d jf yKzk@d v@dk +cdr;f ajcmufvaD &?
1812-ck/ (1174-ck uqkv H )rSm Akv d cf si;f jyef. vuf&;GD pifwyfa& ia=u;awmifcw H yfukd 0ifp;D
+yD;au Armaeacs@wyfr;_ ivGe;f ajyudk uGyrf suv f u dk af w// ,if;tcsed af vmufrmS t*Fvyd pf u dk Af v dk f
ume,fvaf rmf*ef (Canal Margan)u Akv d cf si;f jyef. rdom;pkeef@ vuf&eHk ;f Akv d /f vrkpm;Adv k af &$&@dk udk
zrf;qD;+yD;au pku d w f aumif;tusKid ;f axmifrmS csKyfxm;pDa&// ,if;rSm vuf&ek ;f Akv d af uGveG v f aD &/ usef
awmfveS &f ;D rdom;pkukd '*g;+rK@d rmS tauscsKyef ef@ tdrw f aqmifrmS xm;vDa&? Akv d cf si;f jyefum; awmfveS &f ;D
atmifvu H v dk i$ xhf al jr; v$ix hf jl y;D au r,lurf; r*Fvm=u;D awmifrmS wyfcsxm;a&? aemifawmf av;+rK@d pm;
Akv
d af tmifausmf '*F g;awmifpm;Akv d wf ;Hk pHa&G/ Akvd af pmfum; a,mufzawmf Akv d o f ufE&HS @dk eef@ ap;&k;H +y;D au
Armaeacs@ukd qufvufwu dk cf udk af rmif;xkwaf w? rk;d apu|e;f wku d af yG; (1174–ck/ jymokv d )rSm ,_;H edrv hf @dk
a&Smufacsmif;zsm;wk@d qkwv f &D a&/ ,if;E_u d f wyk;d awG;vrSm o&ufcsK+d rKd @udk awvDusiaf &? crD;/ +rKd/ ouf/
csi;f / pa& vlrsK;d pktm;vk;H udk pkap;wyfazG;+yD;au orufawmfwrd =f um;Akv d u f dk wyfr;_ cef@tyfvu dk af w?
up>ye'D+rdKufnm/ ul0wku d af yG; (1175-ck/ jymokv d )rSm ,_;H edrv hf jD yefv@dk wyfqyk cf &H a&? ,if;vrSmyif
Akv d cf si;f jyefa& pku d w f aumif;aeok@d ck;d 0ifv&D a&?
1813-ck/ (1175-ck/ waygi;f v)rSm Arm+rK@d 0ef aemf&xmqko d al & &ckid v f ol efvjl yef&@dk eef@ pku d w f
aumif;ae+rDu jyefvmuwfaw tdraf xmifao pku d +f yD;&k@d uykd g &ifu"dk g;eef@acG;+yD;au us;D pm/ iSupf m/
au|;vDa&// tjcm;wzufrmS +Aw d o d #urk % ` u D avh Akv d cf si;f jyefuzdk rf;&au tdE, dN &_y'D *F g; 5000 ol@vuf
atmufcH Akv d u f zkd rf;&au &_yaD iG 1000 yD;zk@d v@dk qkaiGxw k q f ifh a=ujimvku d af w? AD-18 &mpktqk;H
19-&mpktp umvrSm tz&ckid af jyrSm 3 yGiq hf idk f pku
d af yG;cif;usi;f eDc&a&? aeacs@ 2 &ef=um;rSm &ckid v f rl _
tazG;tap;=um; ysKu d ef cD &a&? Armaeacs@ usL;ausmpf umvu &ckid v f @l tazG;tap;udk tvSyvEk;d
aqmifEid_ af &? acgi;f aqmifaumif;ray:xGe;f c? a,auavh trsm;pkukd wef;avG;acsmif;u awmifrif;}u;D

1 25 2
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
ausmx f ;DG OD;aqmifEikd cf a&// aeacs@ya'o&ku d u f dk t"duywdyuQxm;+yD;au +Adwo d #aeacs@udk vuf
atmufcH ywdyuQxm;vk@d t&Htiftm; tultiftm;t+zdKufxm;zk@d }uKd;pm;cuwfaw? a,auavh
uk, d &f @dk tcsi;f csi;f ap;&k;H r_tiftm;ae;yg;cvk@d awmfveS &f ;D ,_;H edr@f c&a&? ig&@dk cu dk t f wGuf ocFe;f pm,l
p&myif+zKduaf w? ,if;aemuf Akv d cf si;f jyefa& 3 yGiq hf idk pf u
dk af yG;ukd qufvufqifaEG;a&? ol@vufxufrmS
ap;&k;H &D;aumif;rGev f ma&? a,auavh vufeuftiftm;eef@ pku d yf nmtiftm; tqrwef edru hf seaD &
twGuef ef@ aeacs@ 2-&ef.'%fa=umif; ,H;_ edr&hf a&? ,if; 3 yGiq hf idk tf ax;rSm +Adwo d #aeacs@u y&da,
ta=uG0qk;H +zdKufv@dk &ckid t f iftm;ukd xGm;xGm;nufatmif pku d u f Zwf+yD;auxm;ca&? wzufrmS
Akv
d cf si;f jyefudk awmfveS &f ;D rvkyEf idk af tmif t=uyfuidk +f yD;au Armaeacs@udk rdwv f vdk /kd &efvv dk dk qufqH
xm;a&? vlrsK;d &D;pdwjf yif;xefa& Armaeacs@&@dk um; rGet f rsK;d om;udk rsK;d jyKwfatmifowf+y;D au rGeaf jyukd
Armajyvkyyf u dk v f u dk af wykid f &ckid af jyukv d yk zf @dk }uKd;pm;vDa& +Aw d o d #&@dk um; attuGuu f jdk rif+y;D om;+zKduf
aw? &ckid af jy jrefrmajyudk ol&@dk ord ;f yku d zf @dk }uKd;pm;eDuwfaw? &ckid t f iftm; xGm;xGm;ysuv f @dk evefr
xlEidk af tmifxd ol&@kd apmifah =u@ecD a&? ,if;+yD;rS&m &ckid u f t dk &Htiftm; rD;G Zyf+yD;au Armajyudo k rd ;f zk@d
tm;xkwx f m;a&// ,if;ykid t f m;xkw}f upH cD suu f dk t*Fvyd -f jrefrm pku d af yG; 3 ayG;pvk;H rSm oufot D +zKd uf
wG&d a&// ,if;pku d af yG;wd +zdKufvwfaw? &ckid pf u dk w f yf&@kd (Magh Corpo) azG@+yD;au ap;&k;H odr;f oGi;f
,lvm;ca& +Adwo d #t&if;o#iaf eacs@&@dk . y&da,um; azG;rD;eef@avhwal &? wazG@azG@avhavmifa&? 3-
yGiq hf idk &f ef ok;H OD;rSm tm;ae;qk;H +zKduaf w? &cdik u f dk &ckid t f z+rjD yifrmS yif Armaeacs@vufcsuef ef@ xGux f u G f
}uDatmif rodrom r[kwaf u odoo d mom uZwfxm;ca&? a,+yD;au &ckid u f t dk &Htiftm;vky+f yD;
au Armudw k u dk cf u dk of rd ;f ,la&;? &k;d ajzmifo h al & aumufusKu d af w t=uHorm;yg;rSm ,m,Dus&pajr;?
AD.1813-ck/ o&ufcsKd cHwyf+rK@d uqkw+f y;D au pku d w f aumif; awmif&;dk aeuk0d ifvm;ca&? Akv d cf si;f jyefa&
+rKHaxmif (Tripura State)jyefa& awmif&;dk wcGirf mS wyfpcef;wd jzef@aqmuf+yD;au &dumQ vufeuf
pkaqmif;xm;vDa&// *sLvkid v f rSm [&bif;uk0d ifp;D +yD;au rdr. d orD;awmfai 2 yg;udk ,lvm;ca& rdcif
'*grmS tzrf;cHe&D a&// &ckid t f abmifr&k@d eef@ twlwel x D idk af & ,if;orD;awmf 2 yg;ukd awmfveS &f ;D eD+ru D yif
rdred ef@twlex D idk pf aD &? atmufwb dk mvrSm Akv d cf si;f jyefa& ukr% ` t D pk;d &yg;ok@d pm&D;+yD;au rdru d , dk f
raESmif, h u S zf @dk &ckid af jyukd &ckid &f atmif}uKd;pm; tm;xkwaf w awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;ukd raESmif, h u S zf @dk
ta=umif;=um;vku d af w? ,if;tcsed rf mS ukr% ` t D pk;d &ukd w&m;ol}uD; rpPwmyDacvfu Armpku d w f yf
eef@yl;aygif;vkd@ &ckdifhawmfvSef&D;ukd t+rKdwfjzKwfzkd@}uHpDxm;a&? Armeef@qufqH&D; tqifrajya&cg
ukr% ` pD u dk o f m;wcsK@d udk wyfuxGu+f yD;a&ykid v f yk +f yD;au Akv d cf si;f jyefudk owfz@dk wifjyvDa&// ,if;w
&m;ol}u;D u &ckid &f @dk a& uk, d af jyuk, d jf yef&&D;rSm aumif;aumif; nDnw G u f wfawtwGuaf =umif; &ckid u f dk
vk;H 0tultnDryD;zk@d pku d &f ;D t& tquftoGurf vkyzf @dk uadk vh xyfrw H ifjyxm;cvDa&? Akv d cf si;f jyefum;
&ckid af jyukd &ckid jf yef&atmif toufuykd ;D qyf+yD;au toufxufq;Hk }uKd;pm;ca&? r,l+rKduaf =umif;u
wku d cf u dk v f @dk ratmifjrifEidk af &cg ukvm;wef+rdKwf!mS u pkeq f if;+yD;au ajrmufO;D +rKd@awmfukd jyeford ;f zk@d

16 23
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )

}uKd;pm;ca&? aemufq;Hk rSm AD.1815-ck/ *seef 0g&v D 25 &ufrmS "rRwmoabmtwkid ;f Akv d cf si;f jyef
auGveG v f aD &? 28 &uferd mS tavmif;awmfudk aumif;pGmrD;oif+*v õ vf aD &? Akv d cf si;f jyefauGveG +f y;D aemuf
&ckid vf rl t l azG;tap;rSm wpwp tiftm;qkw, f wk v f m;ca&// useaf &acgi;f aqmifwu d akd vh +Adwo d #
aeacs@&@dk u wa,mufcsi;f / wa,mufcsi;f ESrd ef if;yku d v f u dk af w? ewf+rKduu f xufjcrf; tpdycf &H a&// &ckid f
ajyrSm Armaeacs@&@dk vufcsuaf =umif; &ckid ohf ;DG yifavxGe;f eDca&? &ckid t f &k;d awmifyidk yf eHk aD &// wajyvk;H
rSmum; rD;ck;D wvlv/l cG;D wtlt/l rsuaf &wokwo f wk Ef y_ af & w,Sy, f yS f +zKd uef cD &a&? Zmykid yf if Armaeacs@
ya'o&ku d f vufatmufrmS 1146-u 1186-txd (AD.1784-1824) E_u d af ygi;f 40 wdwd u|eb f 0.
'kut Q aygi;f ukd u|eb f 0. tqk;H 0ef'%fudk i&JwiG ;f qk;H usatmifcpH m;cuwf&a&?

(c) NAdwdoQt&if;oQifaeacsUudkawmfvSefjcif;
19
19-- &mpk & ck d i f a wmf v S e f & D ;
&ckid af jytwGi;f rSm 3-yGiq hf idk f &efol 3 OD;teuf &ckid tf rsK;d om; awmfveS &f ;D tiftm;rSm Akv d f
csi;f jyef auGveG u f aw;u w&G@d &@Gd usqif;vm;c,m+zKdwaf w? t*ktcgrm +Adwo d #t&if;o#if aeacs@eef@
Armya'o&ku d af eacs@&@dk tif;tm;+ydKifqidk rf _ tpjyKvm,m+zKduaf w? +Adwo d #&@dk rmS usqif;+ydKysuef , D m
+zdKwfaw? &ckid t f rsK;d om; awmfveS &f ;D tiftm;ukd t&Ht+zdKuford ;f oGi;f ,lz@dk }uKd;pm;vma&// +Adwo d #&@dk
y&da,ukd Ak'b < mom0if &ckid af cgi;f aqmif}uD;&k@d u *wdpum;/ oku d pf mpum;vk@d ,kaH =uxm;uwfaw?
,if;eef@Zk +Adwo d #&@dk ,_Od ;f uyfvma&tcg "g;ykid }f uD;ausmyf o Hk m/ trf;pm;ajypk;d }uD;/ u|e;f tkyAf v dk af tmif
ZH&@kd u tavGwul oabmwlvu dk af w? tjcm;ta=umif;wcsuu f avh &ckid af jyukd "g;rk;d tkycf sKyfeaD &
Armya'o&ku d af eacs@vufatmufu vGwv f yfcsiaf &qEN jyif;jypGm+zKd wfaw// Armaeacs@ukd wku d xf w k f
+yD;au uk, d ahf jyukjd yeftyk cf sKyfz@dk vGwv f yfaw&ckid af jyt+zdKwf xlaxmifEidk zf @dk twGuf qENapmcpGm&m
+zdKwfaw// &ckid ef ef@ ukv d ekd t D pk;d &rSm rdwaf zG@+yD;au Armaeacs@udk wdu k x f wk Ef rdS ef if;zk@d twGuu f &dk m jyifyHk
ayguaf w? +Adwo d #aeacs@&@dk a& &ckid af jyukd qufvufaeacs@Eidk pf mG udk t"duxm;vk@d pdik ;f pm;yHrk ay:c?
,if;twGuw f meef@ &ckid t f rsK;d om; awmfveS &f ;D tiftm;pka& Akv d af usmx f ;DG / Akv d cf si;f jyef&@dk OD;aqmifa&
tcguykdif ukd,fykdifjyXmef;cGifh (Self-ifantification) eef@ r&yfawEkdifcab; +Adwdo#aeacs@&kd@.
t&Htiftm;pkt+zdKufu&dk m a&mufreS ;f roda&mufvm;ca&? ckyidk t f +zdKufrsK;d ukd zqAveef@ awG;zufc
uwfaw &ckid t f rsK;d om; tazG@tap;&k@d }uKH}uKducf uwfaw?
AD.1823-ckrm S pku
d wf aumif;+rKd@0ef *gwmowfeef@ "g;ykid }f uD;ausmyf &Hk @dk Armaeacs@ukd &ckid f
ajyu wku d zf @dk twGuf oabmwlncD supf mcsKyfwckukd csKyfqEdk idk cf a&?

16 1 72 4
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

,if;oabmwlnDcsuft&
(1) Arm&k@d ukd &ckid af jyuwku d x
f w
k &f ef?
(2) vufeufeef@ pku d o f m;wd tultnDy;D &ef?
(3) pku
d uf mvtwGi;f pku d pf &dwu f dk +Adwo d # ukr% ` t D pk;d &u wm0ef,&l ef?
(4) &efox l u G vf m;+y;D &ckid w f ajyvk;H ukd odr;f yku d +f y;D au &ckid af jyukd &ckid rf if;om;rsm; vufujdk yef
vDy;D tyf&ef?
(5) +Adwo d #urk % ` D tpk;d &uk&d ckid &f @dk u pku d pf &dwf 2 qwdwyd ;D tyf&ef?
(6) +Adwo d # ukr% ` t D pk;d &a& &ckid af jyu vk;H 0Ookex f u G cf mG vm;&ef?
(7) +Adwo d # tpk;d &a& &ckid af jy olrsm;yg;rSm uwdou dk pf maw&ef ajyol&@dk ukd r&ufpufrapmf
um;&ef?
(*) pkud cf s/D pku
d wf u dk &f m&k@d rm &cdik &f @kd u OD;aqmifv@dk vrf;nGejf y&ef?

trSefrkcs? oufpGefUMuavmU?
"rRwmvrf;rSe/f qk;d a=umif;=uHv#u/f
wHq;dk ukpd m;/ vdraf vhxm;aomf/
aemufom;wzef/ ao;rcHEiS ?hf
Ekid if w
H um/ [l&m&mY/
ynmESiOhf m%f/ oifph mG zefI/
wm0efrysu/f oku d pf m&Guv f su/f
toufuv dk ;DS / oD;G acsmif;pD;rS/
tjyD;=uH@cidk /f Ekid if w H idk ;f +rKd@/
tpk@d p@dk eef@/ uk, d +f rKd@u, dk af jy/
uk, d Xf maeuk/d &vDz;l w/
atavmuonf?
atmufus rcHcsiaf oma=umif;?
a';0ef}uD;u wkid ;f ajy. vGwv f yf&;D vrf;a=umif;twGuf toufpeG @f z@dk udk rawGa0uwfauh?
aeacs@&@dk . aumufusKu d pf idk ;f av;a& rw&m;zdEySd rf u l dk awmfveS w
f u
dk cf u
kd u
f wf? vGwv f yf&;D ukd oD;G eef@
&if;vk@d ,ul wf? wkid ;f ajywm0efuo dk u
d wf? oku d pf m[duwfv@dk rSm=um;xm;ca&? ol@u|erf cHpw d u f dk a&;a&;
awmufawmuf jyoazG@qx dk m;ca&?

18 1275
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )

“NrKd U ol B uD ; oD w rf ; pm&wk”
O'ge;f rusD / +zdKuf&vDjcif;/
wkid ;f ajyuk=d uH/ atmifausmZf rH mS /
=uHur$aD ESmuf/ wusyd af jcmuf&@dk /
,Gi;f azmufou dk pf m/ ol&@dk rmS um;/
0rf;pmpm;cGu/f wxyfwu G u f /dk
woufpmxif/ cG;D tjrifa=umif/h
wkid ;f cGio
f map/ ig&@dk ajyavh
olajy+zdKuf&/ 0rf;ae;pGaw;?
rdzq&m/ ayg&%m&k@d /
a0g[mxk;H a[mif;/ vlA;l a'gi;f uk/d
raygi;f azmf&m/ qkw d yHk gav;/
,Gi;f umowd/ aygi;f azmfrI d /
vuf['d u k /Q ig}uKH&.?
b0wpku d /f vljyef+zKd ufu/
toku d cf yk if/ =uHpcD sio f nf?
atwGif rrDEidk af oma=umif?h
+rKd@o}l uD;u tacsmiform; oku d pf mazmuf&@dk a=umifh olu|e+f zdKuf&auavh b0toku d /f
vljyef+zKd ufau/ qufv@dk trsK;d om;twGuf awmfveS zf @dk ta=umif;ukd azG@qrdk mS =um;xm;ca&? ,if;awmf
vSe&f ;D aemufyidk ;f rSm av;+rKd@acsmif;u Akv d cf sKu
d pf u
H av@ av;+rKd@acsmif; awmifov l ,form;&k@d udk ap;&k;H
+yD;au vlusirhf usiahf &aeacs@udk awmfveS af rmif;xkwzf @dk twGuf wku d af yG;okud /f vrf;pkid o
f udk wf &yfukd
csrw S v f u dk af w? ,if;aewcGiu f dk ap;&k;H +y;D au tckid t f rmwyfapG;xm;vDa&? vufeuftiftm;csi;f rr#v@dk
&ckid rf sK;d csKud /f ajycsKu d t f ajrmuftrsm; usq;Hk vm;ca&? Akv d cf sKu
d pf u
H avh &ckid af jyuqkwcf mG +y;D au Arm
ajyod@k c0dk ifvaD &? ,if;tcg Armbk&ifrmS armifviG +f zKu d af w? +Aw d od #urk % ` t D pk;d &u armifviG b f &k ifyg;wk@d
oHpm&G;D +yD;au &ckid af wmfveS &f ;D acgi;f aqmif Akv d cf sKu
d pf uH dk awmif;cHvaD &? bk&ifarmifviG rf mS +Adwo d #ukd
a=umufy&Hk a&? r[kwaf u tdref ;D csi;f Ekid if o H m;csi;f csi;f tmCww&m; }uD;rmykaH yguaf w? tm&Swu dk f
wwku d v f ;Hk udk u|ejf yKvkyzf @dk vma& +Aw d o d #&@dk &ef}u;D rm;yku H dk rjrifEikd af b; &ckid af wmfveS &f ;D acgi;f aqmif.
vGwv f yf&;D }uKd;yef;rlukd remvk0d efwpdk w d f xm;ykaH yguaf w? ,if;a=umifh &ckid af wmfveS &f ;D acgi;f aqmif

1? armifviG /f b}uD;awmf 1819-13

18 1 26
9
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
r[mrdwt f +zdKuf a=u@&zk@d tpm; ajymif;jyefa=u@+yD;au ayguq f ed &f ;dk vkycf a&? Akv d cf sKu d Zf u H dk zrf;+yD;au
+Adwo d #urk % ` t D pk;d &ukd qufovku d af w? bk&ifarmifviG . f tjrifwrdk /l tjrifusKOd ;f rla& Armorkid ;f ukd
ykv
d @dk nduyf wfpaD &?
Akv
d cf sKud pf uH kd +Adwo d #&@dk u pku d af wG tusKid ;f axmifrmS csKyfxm;vku d af wcg axmifwiG ;f rSmyif
tusKid ;f om;&k@d uakd p;&k;H +y;D au axmifwiG ;f awmfveS &f ;D vkyjf yefvaD &? ,if;a=umif; trsK;d om;vGwv f yf&;D
twGuf usL;ausmo f al eacs@ukd armif;xkww f u dk x
f w k zf @dk }uKd;pm;vk@d Akv d cf sKu d pf u H kd usL;ausmaf &aeacs@&@dk u
w&m;pD&ifjyefa&? }uKd;rde@f csrw S u
f m owfjzwfjyefa&? AD. 1829 azazmf0g&v D rSm oHawG;aeu tav
ausmo f }l u;D Akv d af tmifomOD;a& awmifov l ,form;&k@d ukd ap;&k;H +y;D au &ckid af jyol&@dk udk oD;G pkwaf csavSeD
a& +Aw d o d #aeacs@udk wku d cf u dk af w? uk, d w hf yftiftm;eef@ oHawG;+rKd@udk csw D ufwu dk cf u
dk af wtcg aeacs@
t&m[d+zKu d af w uy`wed af *:'if (Captain Gordon) usq;Hk vDa&? a,auavh oHawG;+rK@d uu kd m; rodr;f
ykud Ef idk cf // a,+yD; rt/D ykvyd pf cef;ukd 0ifp;D +yD;au ykvyd t f m;vk;H ukd uGyyf suv f u dk af w? +Adwo d #wyf&@kd u
xyfqifh zdwu dk v f ma&cg tiftm;rr#v@dk Armajyax;od@k qkwv f &D a&// ,if;rSmyif Akv d af tmifomOD;
auGveG v f aD &? AD.1831-rSm }udro f vDq&mawmfa& +Adwo d #aeacs@&@dk ukd armif;xkwzf @dk twGuf trsK;d
om;awmfveS &f ;D w&yfudk vkyaf qmifca&// awmifyidk ;f aewcGirf mS q&mawmf. vkyaf qmifcsuw f ad &
aumif;aumif;xda&mufca&// aemufq;kH rm ESrd ef if;pGmudk cHvu dk &f a&/?
AD. 1870-71rSm ajrmufO;D +rK@d aeu Akv d af rmifO;D jzLa& &ckid rf if;qufou dk w f &yfudk xlaxmifz@dk
vk@d awmifov l ,form;&d@k ukd ap;&k;H +y;D au trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D w&yfudk vkyaf qmifvaD &? usL;ausmo f l
aeacs@&@dk um; vufeuftiftm;eef@ Akv d af rmifO;D jzLukd wku d cf u dk zf rf;qD;+yD;au owfjzwfvu dk af w? AD.
1890-oHawG; }uDovDu ausmufprd ;f Akv d f x=uGawmfveS af &? ,if;E_u d rf mS yif oHawG;q&mawmfO;D
aqmif+y;D au oCFmawmftrsm;u Ak'o < moemawmfudk rdpm> +Aw d od #aeacs@ vufatmufuauwifz@dk
awmfveS u f wfaw// oHawG;+rdKufw&k;d u vlo&l @dk uakd p;&k;H +yD;au +rKd@u0dk ifp;D a&// ,if;wku d af yG;rSm q&m
awmfeef@wuG &[ef;awmft&dk usq;Hk ysv H eG v f m;&a&/ use&f [ef;awmf&@kd rmS avh tzrf;tcsKyfcu H wf&a&?
,if;E_u d rf mS yif ajrmufO;D +rKd@ae ausmufawmf+rKd@ae/ &aohawmif+rKd@ae&k@d rmS awmfveS x f =uGrl trsm;
tjym; ay:aygucf a&? Akv d =f umxGe;f / Akv d af &$v/S Akv d b f &k@d a&/ +Adwo d #aeacs@udk awmfveS w f u dk cf udk f
uwfaw? oHawG;aeu Akv d af usm0f uavh awmifyidk ;f uyif ajrmufyidk ;f txd a'guaf csmufawmfveS f
wku d cf u dk vf aD &// ajrmufO;D +rKd@ae/ ausmufawmf+rKd@ae&k@d rmS av; t}uD;taus awmfveS w f u dk cf u dk ef aD &//
aemufq;Hk rSm usL;ausmo f &l @dk u zrf;qD;owfjzwfvu dk af w? AD.1891-ck/ pufwifbmvrSm &aohawmif
+rKd@ae/ ulawmif&mG . 3 qufajrmuf u|e;f tky+f zKduaf w Akv d cf si;f zk@d eef@ om;armifazmfatmif&@dk a& r,l
urf;wcGif awmifov l ,form;&k@d ukd ap;&k;H +y;D au/ r*Fvm}u;D awmifeef@ qdy}f u;D csKid rf m wyfpcef;aqmuf
vkyx f m;uwfaw? +Aw d o d #aeacs@&@dk udk armif;xkw+f y;D au rif;qufou dk x f al wmifz@dk }uKd;pm;cuwfaw?
1892-ck/ azazmf0g&v D rSm om;tzESpaf ,mufpvH;k udk zrf;qD;rdv@kd pdu k af wGtusKid ;f axmifrmS wdu k f

20 1 92 7
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
ydu
k x f m;vdu k o f nf? a,tcg tusKd if;om;w&mavmuf axmifwiG ;f x=uGawmfveS +f yD;au Adv k cf si;f zdk
om;tzudk wdu k uf v$wv f u kd u f wfaw? ,+yD;au axmifuakd zmufxiG ;f zd@k wdu k cf u
kd uf wfaw? aemuf
qH;k rSm e,fcs@J &@kd . wefjyefwu kd cf u kd rf a_ =umifh trsm;usq;kH +y;D au +ird u f svm;c&a&? Adv k cf si;f zd&k @kd om;tzudk
e,fcs@J &@kd u }udK;rdy;D +yD;au owfjzwfvu kd af w? t*kyikd f awmfveS &f ;D wdu k cf u kd f x=uGrr_ sKd ;udk +Adwo d #
e,fcs@J &@kd u &ckid af jyudk rw&m;vdraf v odr;f ydu k +f yD;au 1826-ck/uyifpvDpmG 1916-ckx+d zdKufaw?
wap;w&H;k aw;/ wajyvH;k / wrsK;d om;vH;k awmfveS &f ;D rsK;d / ray:ayguEf ikd cf auavh wyg;u|epf epfuu kd m;
wcgav;acgi;f iH@k rcHcuwf? trsK;d om; awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;udak vh wcgavhravG;cuwf? ud, k ahf jyudk
ud, k jf yef&&D;twGuf tjrJwrf;}udK;yrf;cuwfaw? ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGih(f Self Indentily)udk toufy;D vd@k
toufxufq;kH wdu k v
f m;cuwfaw? 1916-ckEpS f aemufyikd ;f rSmum; &cdik v f rl t_ azG@tap; tawG;ac:
topftqef;wd odjrifvmuwfv@kd &ckid t f rsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D a& umvwckukd jzwfoef;eDca&?
+Adwdo#aecsJ@ t&if;o#ifwdk@udk trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;ESifh wdkufcdkufarmif;xkwfaw? &cdkiftrsdK;om;
acgi;f aqmif}uD;&d@k a& Zma=umihw f ,H;_ aw; ,_;H eD&av;qdpk mG udk ateD&mrSm wqdwaf uavmuf qef;
pdu
k +f yD;au aumufcsux f w k =f unfv h u kd af wtcgrmS atmufygtwdik ;f wd&G a&//
1? ,if;tcgu +Adwo d #e,fcs@J w@kd usio hf ;kH eDa&pepfrmS t&if;&Sipf epf+zdKufaw? awmfveS &f ;D
acgi;f aqmiftrsm; udik q f x JG m;a&pepfrm ya'o&du k pf epf+zKd ufaw? ,if;a=umifh pepfcsi;f t
& awmfveS &f ;D bufu wqifeh ed cD a&?
(2) +Aw d o#aecs@J &@kd udik pf x JG m;a&pGmu acwfrv D ufeuf+zKd uaf w? awmfveS &f ;D orm;&d@k udik pf x JG m;
a&pGmu omrmef &D;S vufeuf+zdKufaw?
(3) +Adwo d #aecs@J &@kd pdu k af p;urf;/ pdu k yf nm/ pdu k o f ;kH qD;0g;eef@ cku d rf OD ya't& ap;&H;k xm;a&
wyfazG@&@kd [ad &// ,if;wyfazG@tm;vH;k rm avhusi+hf yD;om;+zdKufaw? awmfveS &f ;D orm;&d@k rm
,if;ydik f t*F g&yfeef@ ajyhpakH &wyfazG@r[dc?
(4) ,if;tjyif &ckid t f rsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D orm;rsm;rSm ap;&H;k &D;/ ap;urf;xdr;f odr;f &D;/ pa&
awmfveS &f ;D . t"dut*F g&yfrsm; csKd @awhecD &a&? xyfv@kd &cdik t hf rsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D ordik ;f
a=umif;wckv;kH (18 &mpk awmfveS &f ;D eef@ 19 &mpkawmf vSe&f ;D ( 1784-1916)udk jyefav
oH;k oyfa=uhygau
(u) Armya'&mZfaecs@J ukd awmfveS &f mrm +zdKuf+zdKuf (1784- 1824)
(c) +Adwo d # t&if;o#iaf ecs@J ukd awmfveS pf mG rm +zdKuf+zdKuf (1824- 1916) t,H;_ aygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGmudk
&ifqikd cf pGmudw k @Gd &a&? Zma=umihf ,if;ydik q f ;kH ,H;_ pGm xyfe&D a&av;qdpk mG udk okawoevkyaf =u&h zd@k yif+zKd uf
aw? &oavmuf tcsut f vufwu d kd qef;pdu k af =uh&zd@k yif+zdKufaw? ,if; 18 &mpk/ 19-&mpkawmf
vSe&f ;D rm
(1) awmfveS &f ;D . t"du0if&;kd +zdKufaw ap;&H;k &D;tiftm;ae;yg;jcif;?

20 2 12 8
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
(2) awmfveS &f ;D oabmw&yf ckid cf ikd /f aESmif;aESmif;r[djcif;?
(3) &efot l ajctae/ ud, k t f ajctae/ ajyoltajcaet&yf&yfukd pdp/d pyfpyf rqef;pdu k af u
awmfveS &f ;D umv &ifusuaf tmifxd rapmifq h ikd ;f ab; awmfveS w
f u kd cf u
kd jf cif;?
(4) pdu
k &f ;D / pdu
k &f m/ wdu
k af e;/ wduk ef m/ vkyaf e;/ vkyef m ae;jcif;?
(5) r[mrdwt f iftm;pk/ t&Htiftm;pk&@kd ukd pepfwusrudik w f ,G jf cif;
(6) aecs@J ESpw f ikd t
f =um;rSm &ke;f uefr&jcif;? pa& tcsut f vufwad =umifh t,H;_ aygi;f rsm;pGm
eef@ &ifqikd cf uwf&a&? ,auav; ,if;acwfu awmfveS &f ;D rSm aumif;rGejf ywfom;a&tcsuw f d trsm;
}u;D [dpmG udak v;wd@G &a&?

,if ; &d k U um;—

(1) cH,cl suf cdik cf ikd af emif;aemif;[djcif;/ &ckid af jyudk Edik if w H Ekid if v
H @kd twdtusc, H jl cif;/ &ckid hf
vl@tazG@tap;udk woD;wjcm; vl@tazG@tap;t+zdKuf cH,jl cif;?
(2) &efou l kd oabmxm;jywfom;jcif;/ &cdik u f u
kd |ejf yKxm;ol aecs@J tm;vH;k udk cg;cg;/ oD;oD;/
jywfjywf/ om;om;qef@usijf cif;?
(3)olu|erf cHpw d f tajyht0[djcif;/ &ckid Ef ikd if eH ef@ trsKd ;om;vyfvw G &f ;D udk tjywftom;vdk
vm;jcif;?
trSeyf if ,if;acwfu awmfveS &f ;D rSm aecs@J qef@usi&f ;D / trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D yif+zdKufaw?
ya'o&mZfpepfukd vufcx H m;auavh aecs@J pepfuu kd m; jywfjywfom;om; qef@usiw f u kd cf u
kd cf uwfaw?
vyfvw G &f ;D wdu
k af yG;twGuf toufuykd ;D tyf+y;D au toufxufq;kH wdu k cf u
kd cf uwfaw? tz&cdik v f yG f
vwf&;D twGuf toufeef@o;GD udk +r}D u;D rSm yEMuaf usmuf+rKd ucf s+y;D au awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd v
f m;uwfaw?
,if;awmfveS &f ;D ausmuf+rdKufukd tqifq h ifjh rSiw
hf if+yD;au &cdik v f yG v
f wf&;D udk wnfaqmuf&zd@k yif+zdKuf
aw? a'trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D ordik ;f trGq D ufukd t*kacwf &ckid t f rsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH qufvufc, H &l zd@k
yif+zKd uaf w? a'ordik ;f quf&m ig&@kd twGurf eS u f efa& ordik ;f quf&m+zKd uaf w? obm0usa& ordik ;f quf
&m+zdKufaw? a,au ig&@kd Zmvkyu f zf @kd av;qdak u a'trsK;d om; awmfveS &f ;D ordik ;f qufukd qufvuf
wm0ef,&l zd@k v@kd ajym&zd@k yif+zdKufaw?

(*) NAd w d o QtdENEd,Ed

N,EdkifiHqdka& pD;yGm&D;pm;usufBuD;udk azGUap;jcif ;
AD. 1885 rm +Aw
d o
d #t&if;o#iaf ecs@J &@kd Armbk&ifoaD ygrif;udk zrf;qD;vdu
k +f y;D au ol@yikd ef uf
tm;vH;k udk odr;f ,lvu kd af w? ,+yD;au &ckid f/ o#r;f / ucsi/f u&if/ rGe/f csi;f / u,m;/ Arm tm;vH;k udk
k +f y;D au “+Adwo
pkaygi;f vdu d #Am;rm;”
m;rm;”vd@k ajyaewpfcak zG@vukd af w? ,if;ajyaeudk +Aw d o
d #tEd , dN txJrmS
aygi;f pyf+yD;au pD;yGm;&D;pm;usu}f uD;wcktjzpf azG@ap;ydu k v f ukd af w? t&if;o#if aecs@J &@kd a& a&muf&m
22 2 21 9
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
t&yfrmS ol&@kd . pD;yGm;/ Edik if &H ;D / vlrsK;d =oZmanmif;atmif pdu k &f ;D t& tEdik w f u kd cf u
kd +f yD;au taumif
txnf azmfvmuwfaw? ,if;ydik v f yk vf mvyfpmG rSm Edik if aH iwdukd ol&@kd pw d }f udKuftwdik ;f xifa&ydik f
vlrqefbJ vkyyf u d cf uwfaw? oufqikd &f mEdik if . H qENv;kH 0rygyJ ol&@kd twGuf (IC.ol&@kd . udv k ekd aD ecs@J
tusKd ;pD;yGm; oufouftwGu)f tqifajyydik f vkyyf u kd cf uwfaw? jyifopfaecs@J &@kd a& AD,ufemrf/ vmtd/k
uarBm'D;,m;&d@k ukd aygi;f csiyf ikd af ygi;f vd@k pyfcsiyf ikd pf yfyu kd cf uwfaw? vl@oabmvl@qENukd *&kpu kd &f rSe;f udk
ol&@kd *&kpu kd cf uwf? &cdik /f o#r;f / rGe/f ucsi/f u&if/ u,m;/ rGe/f Arm&d@k uakd vh +Adwo d #aecs@J &@kd u ol&@kd aygi;f
csiyf ikd af ygi;f vd@k pyfcsiyf ikd pf yfyu d cf a&? wjcm;urBmt&yf&yfrmS av; ol&@dk qENt& aygi;f ydu k cf pGm/ pyfyu kd f
cpGmwdtrsm;}uD;yif+zdKufaw// ol&@kd rmum;-ol&@kd twGuf aiG&mt"du+zdKufaw? vlopD mG ol&@kd twGuf
t"dur[kw/f wjcm;vlrsKd ; vlpikd rf rD+S zKd uv f m;pGm ol&@kdtwGuf pdik ;f pm;p&mr[kw/f ol&@kdtwGuf vl@usi0hf wf/
vl@ou d mQ qdpk mG vluv kd cl si;f *&kpu kd &f a&qdpk mG udek m;rav? em;avauav; ol&@kd twGuf t&mcyford ;f um;
aiG&m+zdKufaw? wajyeef@wajy/ wvlrsdK;eef@wvlrsKd; aygif;pyfvdkufawqdkpGma& omrHudpPr[kwf?
vl@tazG@tap;. tjrifq h ;kH vkyif ef; txGËt f xdyf tusq;kH vkyif ef;+zdKufaw// *kyikd v f @l upd }P uD;wckukd
vkyaf qmifz@kd twGuf oufqikd &f m ajyol&@kd .qEN tajy@t0ygz@kd vakd &? vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;eef@wrsKd ;/ wajyeef@w
ajyaygi;f ap;zd@k twGuf bH&k efow l u kd af yG;rSm tcsi;f csi;f / ap;vH;k nDnw G +f y;D au aygi;f ap;vm;cpGmrsKd ;[da&?
wcgwcg trsKd ;om;pD;yGm;&D;t& aygi;f ap;pGmrm ajyolqEN tajyht0ygau w&m;a&/ rSeu f efa&//
twif;tm;"rRvyk af u wdu k &f u kd +f zdKuf+zdKuf/ oG,0f u Sd v f @kd +zdKuf+zdKuf/ vdraf vusvm;+yD;au vlrsK;d wrsK;d
aw;udk A[kx d m;vd@k aygi;f ap;cau rw&m;/ rrSeu f ef// ,if;ydik q f akd u trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D a& rkcsay:
ayguv f m&zd@k ? t*k+Adwo d #t&if;o#if aecs@J &@kd azG@ap;vdu k af w +Adwo d # -Am;rm;eef@/ +Adwo# -tEN, d &d@k
=um;rm &cdik af & =um;ysKd ufygvm;ca&? ,if;ydik f pD;yGm;&D;pm;usuf azG@ap;&pGma& ol&@kd .tkycf sKyf&;D twGuf
aiGuek o f ufom&D;+zKd uaf w? uke=f urf;odr;f usKH ;0,f,pl mG vG,u f &l ;D ESihf ukeaf csmjh zef@jzL;pGmav; vG,u f &l ;D
a=umif+h zdKufaw? &ckid t f usKd ;qEN vH;k 0rygau tm;eef@zEd ydS cf sKyfcs,v f m;pGm&m+zdKufaw// vlom;qENukd
vHk;0jyXmef;cGifhrjyKbJeef@ ol&dk@acsvS,fcsifa&ydkif cs,fvS,fvm;cvdk@ igh&dk@trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;
ESrd ef if;cHvm;&a&? z&dzk &J+zdKufvm;c&a&?

(C) 1937-ck NAdwdoQ- Am;rm; cGJxkwfjcif;eefU rwf(uf) rdk[ef aeerdwfrsOf;aMumif;owf rSwfjcif;?

NAw
d o
d #Am;rm;udk +Awd od #tEd ,
dN eef@ waygi;f aw; azG@ap;xm;a&tcg &cdik o f rdik ;f tqufquf
owfrw S xf m;ca&? &ckid af jyrSm wpyfaw;/ wjyifaw; ul;vl;qufqEH ikd cf a&? Armya'o&mZfaecs@J
csKyfuikd x
f m;ca&? &cdik af jywpdywf a'oeef@ +Adwo d #t&if;o#if aecs@J &@kd csKyfuikd x
f m;a& tpdyt f ydik ;f &d@k rm
qdck a&twdik ;f wpyfaw; ul;vl;vm;vmEdik cf a&? 1935-ck +Adwo d #-Am;rm;udk acG;xkwzf @kd Oya't
wnf+zdKufaw? 1934-ckrSm ,if;Oya't& +Adwdo#Am;rm;vkd@ oD;jcm;udkvdkeDwckt+zdKuf +Adwdo#
tifyg,mrSm &yfwnfciG &hf vma&? ,if;twGuef ef@ oD;jcm;aeedrw d f owfrw f m&a&// “rwf(uf) rd[
S v k ef”

22 2 33 0
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
qdak & +Adwo d #vrl sKd ;wpfO;D u tpk;d &trdtwdik ;f aeedrw d rf sO;f a=umif;ukd &D;qGv J aD &tcg +Adwo d #Am;rm;
aeedrw d u
f kd t*kvuf[d aeerdwt f wdik ;f ewf+rKd ut f v,fu rsO;f cGv J aD &? ,if;twGuw f meef@ &ckid af jyrSm
xufjcrf;tpdycf v H &D a&? Armaecs@J odr;f ydu k cf a&tydik ;f udk +Aw d od #Am;rm;txJrmS axhvu kd af w? awmif
cGicf &dik f oHawG;c&dik /f ausmufjzLc&dik /f pdu k af wGc&dik /f &ckid af wmif&;kd a'o&d@k rm qdck a&twdik ;f +Adwo d #-
Am;rm;xJrmS ygvm;ca&? b*F g 12 +rdK@/ Adv k rf if;axmif/ oufaxmif/ zvHaxmif/ +rHKaxmif&@kd ukd +Adwo d #-
tdE, dN rm axhyu kd vf u kd af w? t*kyikd &f cdik af jy xufjcrf; tpdycf &H vdu k af wtcgrmS q&mawmf OD;OwWrax&f/
w&m;ol }uD;OD;aratmif/ OD;pdev f aS tmif/ qm&fay:xGe;f / qm&fxeG ;f atmifausm/f a'guw f mpHa&$atmif/
eef@wuG &cdik rf sKd ;csp/f ajycsp/f &[ef;yk*Kd~ vf/ vly*k Kd~ vf&@kd / ,if;acwfu xif&mS ;ausm=f um;ca& Edik if &H ;D tazG@
tap;toD;oD;&d@k ruef@ruGub f J eDcpGmum;/ wdu k af yG;r0ifbeJ cD pGmum;/ ig&h @kd &ckid af jytrsKd ;om;twGuf
aumif;aumif;&Suzf @kd aumif;a&// &ckid o f rdik ;f qufukd rsuu f , G jf yK&musa&? Zmyif+zdKuf+zdKuf vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;/
Edik if w H Edik if .
H oufqikd af &aeedrw d rf sO;f a=umif;a&/ ,if;trsKd ;om;&d@k . vufxrJ mS yif[ed aD &? ,if;t
rsKd ;om;&d@k . rsKd ;csppf w d /f ajycsppf wd /f owW/d ZG/J vH;k v/ 0d&, d tay:rmaweDa&?

(i)&cdkifeDNrD tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&jcif; ZmaMumihfav;

aumZmouU&mZf/ 1146 ckEpS /f wyg;u|ef +zdKufvmuaw;u &cdik +f rDa& tjcrf;jcrf;cGpJ yd cf &H pGma&
20 &mpktv,fyikd ;f umv/ Arm/ tdE, dN / ygupd w P ef/ vGwv f yf&;D &a& txd+zdKufaw? &ckid af jytjcrf;jcrf;
cGpJ wd cf &H jcif; (Partition of Arakan)a& ykv d efEikd if H cGpJ yd cf &H pGmxufq;kd oda&? ,if;ydik f tjcrf;jcrf; cGpJ yd cf H
&vGr;f vd@k u|eyf ek ;f udv k ekd bD 0txd xd;k qif;vm;c&a&? +Adwo d #Am;rm;rmyga& &ckid af jya'oudk +Adwo d #
tpd;k &u 1853-rSm &cdik w f ikd ;f vd@k owfrw S yf u kd v f ukd af w? {&m0wD +rKd uf0u|e;f ay:udk +Aw d o d #&@kd odr;f ydu
k f
vdu k +f yD;aemuf AD.1853 ckrm ausmufc|eaf csmif;uyif armfwifpeG ;f txd awmifciG cf &dik ef ef@ [dik ;f }uD;
u|e;f &d@k ukd ykord cf &dik rf m aygi;f awhvu kd af w? ,if;eef@Zk ,if;a'orSm &cdik w f ikd ;f u ayhxu G v f m;c&a&?
'kw, d urBmpdu k }f u;D +y;D qH;k a&cg tdE, dN / ygupd w P ef/ Armajy&d@k vGwv f yf&;D &uwfaw// a,tcg
jrHKaxmifrm tdE, dN ajyxJrmS ygvm;ca&? Adv k rf if;axmif/ oufaxmif/ zvHaxmifeef@ b*F g 12-+rdK@&@kd rmS
ygupd w P ef xJygvm;c&a&// “&cd i
k w
f i
k d ;
f ” ArmajyxJrmS yg0ifvm;c&a&? wcg Armtpd;k &u yvuf0g;c&dik f
(Northen Arakan Hill Cracks)udk csi;f 0daoowdi k ;f xJrmS 1952 ckrm aygi;f pyfvu kd af w? 20 &mpk
yxrydik ;f acwf &ckid t f rsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;a& vGwv f yf&;D qdak & atmifayG;eef@ tqH;k rowf
cbJeef@ vlwef;pm;awmfveS &f ;D (0g)ajyol'rD u kd a&pD awmfveS &f ;D qdak & 'kw, d pcef;qifo h @kd ckew f ufvm;pGm
udk wG@d &a&? ,if;twGuef ef@ &ckid t f rsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH . awmfveS &f ;D yef;wdik jf y\emrSm tjiif;yGm;&a&?
*kydkif awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif; avG;acsmfvm;&pGma& &cdkifajy.ordkif;udk rsufuG,fjyKvdk@+zdKufaw?

[dik ;f }uD;u|e;f tjyif udu

k ;kd u|eaf v; &ckid yf ikd ef ufxrJ mS yga&?

2 33 1
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
&cdik af jy. &kyw f &m;udk rsuu f , G jf yKvd@k +zdKufaw? &cdik af jy. &ky0f g'v D @kd emrnfcaH &vlwd &cdik &hf yk w f &m;udk
rudik af qmifbJ aemufvu kd 0f g'udk udik q f x JG m;uwfv@kd +zdKufaw? ,if;0g'a=umihf ygwpD 0JG g'/ *d% k ;f pG0J g'
(Factionalism) 0ifvmvwfv@kd &ckid t f rsKd ;om; vl@tazG@tap;rSm u|eyf ek ;f udv k ekd b D 0rm E_u d rf eG ;f eD&a&?
&cdik ef +D rt
D jcrf;jcrf; cGpJ yd cf &H jcif;a=umifh &cdik w f rsKd ;om;vH;k rm u|eyf ek ;f udv k ekd bD 0udk a&mufvm;c
&a&? awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif; vGaJ csmv f m;cuwf&a&? awmfveS &f ;D wpcef; vGev f m;c&a&? *kyikd +f zKd u&f pGm
Zma=umifv h /J trsKd ;om;ap;vH;k nDnw G &f ;D +yKd uv
JG @kd +zKd uaf w? ya'o&mZf +ro D #iaf cwfuqdak u trsKd ;om;
ap;vH;k nDnw G &f ;D +ydKuG&J jcif;. t"duta=umif;w&m;rSmum; a'opGpJ w d /f *d%k ;f *%pGpJ w d /f ud, k uf sKd ;
qefpw d &f @kd a=umifh +zdKufc&a&? 20-&mpkumvrmum; ygwpD pJG w d /f vrf;vGaJ csmrf /_ pcef;vG/J pcef;vGerf _
&d@k yv
kd ma&? tEkwv f uQ%mtwGuf ta=umif;w&m; rsm;vmpGmyif+zKd uaf w? &cdik t f rsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D
udk tzsut f qD; vkyv f ukd pf mG yif+zdKufaw?



24 2 35 2
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

tcef ; (4)
&ckdifhtrsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;vrf;aMumif; a&mxGD;vm;jcif;

(u)yxr 0HomEkacwfZmykdifav;/
+Adwo d #Am;rm;udk oD;jcm;razG@ap;cifuyif tdE, dN ukr% ` t D pd;k &a& &cdik af jyudk udv k ekd ED ikd if H
wpwp oGwo f iG ;f ,lvma&? &cdik af jy tazG@tap;.yHpk rH mS +rDo#iyf a'o&mZfpepf+zdKufeaD &? t&if;
o#ipf ;D yGm;&D;pm;usuf azG@ap;a&tcgrmS v,f,mvkyif ef;udk t+ct D +rKd ufxm;vk@d azG@ap;vDa&? v,f,m
vkyif ef;rSmav; vufrv _ ,f,m vkyif ef;+zKd ufaw? wHigvyk if ef;eef@ tjcm;v,f,mvkyif ef;rSmav; pepf
a[mif;u twdik ;f &m+zKd ufaw? ukr% ` t D pd;k &a& pD;yGm;&D;pm;usu+f zKd ufaw &cdik af jyudk t&if;o#ipf epf.
tvkyt f au|;+zdKufvmatmif yHo k iG ;f ,lvma&? vrf;yef;qufo, G &f ;D udk jrifw h ify;D vma&? ynm&D;/
tkycf sKyf&;D / w&m;Oya'pD&if&;D &d@k ukd jyKjyify;D a&? *kyikd v f yk pf mG a& udv k ekd tD yk cf sKyf&;D udk taxmuftul+zdKuf
vmatmif vkyyf ;D jcif;&m+zdKufaw? a&xGuyf apP&@kd ukd tvG,w f ul o,f,El ikd af tmiftwGu+f zdKufp/D
ol&@kd tyk cf sKyf&;D xda&mufz@dk twGu+f zdKufp/D vrf;yef;qufo, G &f ;D rSm oabFm/ armfawmfum;/ oH}udK;
pa&pGmwdukd toH;k jyKvma&? tkycf sKyf&;D / w&m;pD&if&;D &d@k rmS av; vctae;eef@ wdik ;f &if;om;&d@k ukd toH;k
csEikd af tmif bke;f }u;D ausmif;ynm&D;tpm; udv k ekd yD nm&D;udk vkyaf qmify;D a&? pufrv _ yk if ef;qdv k @kd qefpuf
rSwyg; tjcm;pufum; &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;yif+zKd ufaw? qefpufuakd w&pGmuavh ol&@kd p;D yGm;&D;twGuyf if+zKd uf
aw? &cdik w f ikd ;f &if;om;&d@k u t&if;o#i/f "eo#iq f v
kd @kd rdom;pko;kH av;pkavmuf&m[da&? ,if;"eo#if
wda& &cdik af jy. trsm;qH;k v,f,mwduykd ikd q f ikd cf uwfaw? b%fvyk if ef;udk vkyu f ikd cf uwfaw? w&kw/f
ukvm;/ "eo#irf o d m;pk oH;k av;pkavmuf&m[da&? yifv,fa=umif; ul;oef;a&mif;0,f&;D ESihf v,f,m
+rDtcsKd @ukd ol&@kd }udK;udik cf uwfaw? +Adwo d #trsKd ;om;&d@k u oabmFurk % ` /D &Deu H rk % ` ED iS hf tjcm;pufr_
vkyif ef;udk }uKd ;pm;vkyu f idk cf uwfauav; oabFmukr% ` w D ckaw;&m atmifjrifca&? &cdik w f ikd ;f &if;om;
"eo#iaf x;rS ig;vkyif ef;eef@ wjcm;vkyif ef;wdudk vkyzf @kd }uKd ;pm;cuwfauav; ratmifjrifc? tcsKyftm;
26 2 53 3
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
jzihq f akd u &cdik v f rl t_ azG@tap;rSmqdak u Armaecs@J +rDo#iyf a'o&du k v f ufatmufu +Adwo d #t&if;
o#i. f udv k ekd v D ufatmufc/H tazG@tap;vufatmufw@kd wqufquf ul;ajymif;eD,m+zdKufaw?
Armaecs@J ya'o&mZfvufatmufrm aqmufaw&mr& w&m;rJ@"m;rJh cHpm;eDc&a&b0u t&if;o#if
aecs@J &@kd . w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k &D;/ +ird 0f yfyjd ym;&D;/ &yf&mG tD;o#r;f &D;atmufo@kd a&mufvmcuwf,m+zKd ufaw?
,if;ydik f ul;ajymif;vwfawtcg Armaecs@J vufatmufrmS ya'o&mZf pepfq;kd a=umihf ysupf ;D qH;k &SLH ;
cpGmwda& t&if;o#iu f v kd ekd D tkycf sKyf&;D ,E &W m;atmufrm udv k ekd yD nm&D;/ vrf;yef;qufo, G &f ;D / vlr&_ ;D
&d@k a& ya'o&mZfvufatmufrmS xuf wd;k wufr[ _ cd &mum; &cdik v fh @l tazG@tap;a& umvwckukd jzwf
oef;eDc,m+zKd uaf w? +Aw d o d #urk % ` tD pd;k & &cdik af jyudo k rd ;f ,la& 1826-cku tpjyKv@kd t&if;o#iu f v kd ekd D
,E &W m;atmufrmS umvwckukd jzwfoef;eDc,m+zdKufaw? &cdik af jyudk ,if; 1826-ckEpS u f vufw
vH;k jcm; vdrv f @kd ord ;f +y;D au ,if;a'oudk b*Fvm;tkycf sKy&f ;D atmufrmS tdE, dN tkycf sKy&f ;D yHpk t
H wdik ;f tkycf sKyf
aw? ,if;tcgu &cdik af jyrSm &cdik t f rsKd ;om;wode;f &m[da&? +Adwo d # tpd;k &a& &cdik af jyudk trsKd ;rsKd ;
vdrfavzdESdrftkyfcsKyfvdk@ trsKd;om;awmfvSef&D;aygif; tajrmuftrsm; ay:aygufca&? 1852-ckrm
t*Fvyd /f jrefrm qufq&H ;D wif;rmvm+yD;au 'kw, d t}udrf pdu k +f zdKufuwfaw? atmufArmajy yJc;l /
rkwrW &d@k ukd pmcsKyzf t d m;eef@ odr;f ,lvu kd af w? 1862-ckrmS &cdik af jy (yvuf0g;c&dik /f pdu k af wGc&dik /f ausmjf zLc
&dik /f oHawG;c&dik /f awmifciG cf &dik )f yJc;l / rkwrW / weoFm&D&@kd aygi;f pyf+yD;au +Adwo d #Am;rm;vd@k pwifazG@
ap;vdu k af w? r[m0efo#iaf wmfrif;}uD;wpfO;D u yJc;l eef@&efuek u f kd A[dx k m;+yD;autkycf sKyfaw? wcg
c&d@k i/f +rdK@ae/ wdu k af e&d@k c+JG yD;au c&dik 0f ef/ +rdK@tyk /f wdu k o f }l uD;&d@k u tqifq h ift
h yk cf sKyfaw? wdu k o f }l uD;
vufatmufrmS &Gmacgi;f aqmif&@kd eef@ a=u;xrf;}uD;&d@k [ad &? *kyikd t f yk cf sKyf&;D udk &D+rDa'otvdu k f csrw S cf
auavh pD;yGm;&D;atmufusr/_ vrf;yef;qufo, G &f ;D nHzh si;f r_ bmompum;cufac;r_&@kd u xda&muf r_r
[dc? tcGeaf wmf&@kd uzkd ad umufv@kd ajyol&@kd rmS arG;jymus&a&? v,form;awmfveS rf _ trsm; tjym;ay:
aygucf &a&? &cdik rf if;qufopfxal xmifz@kd t}udr}f udr}f udK;pm;cuwfaw? pdu k af wGrmS +cDcsv@kd Edik if jH cm;
om;ukr% ` &D @kd / wdik ;f &if;om;ukr% ` &D @kd / x&D;'de;f &d@k / aumfy&kd ;D &Se;f &d@k / cspw f ;D ukvm;olaX;&d@k / qefpyg;eef@
tjcm;vkyif ef;&d@k ukd vkyu f ikd cf uwfaw? ,if;Edik if jH cm;"eo#i&f @kd / vuf0cD H wdik ;f &if;om;"eo#i&f @kd / &cdik v f ,f
orm;&d@k .v,f,m ud;k q,f&mcdik Ef e_ ;f a&muf[v d m;ca&? pdu k af wG+rKd @rmS av; Edik if jH cm;om;OD;a& ig;q,f
&mcdik Ef e_ ;f avmuf [dvm;ca&? OD;a&$omukr% ` &D @kd yikd /f ukr% ` w D v d yk t f m;c tae;eef@ vkyt f m;trsm;
yD;Edik af &? pyg;&du k o f m;ukr% ` wD ud kd ajyoltusKd ;pD;yGm; wckax;ud&k m=unf+h yD;au ajAmufaomufoiG ;f
,lcvd@k &cdik af jynfrmS “&Giu hf sm” ac: pyg;&dwo f m;ukvm;OD;a& wESpx f ufwESpf ruefruef wd;k yGm;c&a&?
1885-ckrmS oDaygrif;udzk rf;+yD;au txufArmajyudk +Adwo d #urk % ` t D pd;k &u odr;f ydu k v f u kd af w?
+Aw d od #Am;rm;ax;rSm txufArmajyudk oGi;f ydu k v f u kd af w? r[m0efo#iaf wmfrif;}u;D u tkycf sKyfaw?
1? &cdik -f jrefrmy¾dq&m}uD; OD;OD;omxGe;f u pmaw;udk &Giu
hf smrS &d[
k if*smod@k ajymif;vmonf[k
ajymzl;yga&/ bmomaA'ae;pedut f & toHajymif;av;vmEdik yf ga&
26 2 73 4
 Zmvkyu f wfz@kd av;
1897-ckrmS bk&ifcu H tkycf sKyaf w? vuf[&d cdik af jyudk Armajyrm aygi;f axh+y;D au 0efo#iaf wmfrif;}u;D u
tkycf sKyfaw? pdu k af wGrmS &H;k pduk af w/ wcgyvuf0g;c&dik /f pdu k af wGc&dik /f ausmufjzLc&dik /f oHawG;c&dik &f @kd ukd
c&dkif0ef}uD;wOD;utkyfcsKyfaw? awmifcGifc&dkifudkum; ykodrfc&dkifeef@ aygif;pyfvdkuf,m+zdKufaw?
,if;Oya'topft& c&dik 0f efatmufrmS aeydik /f +rdK@yikd /f &Gmol}uD;&d@k u tqifq h ift h yk cf sKyf&a&? wcg
c&dik 0f efatmufrm c&dik &f ;D 0ef/ opfawm0efaxmuf/ pdu k yf sKd ;0efaxmuf/ vrf;yef;0wfaxmuf/ ynm0ef
axmuf/ aiGwu kd 0f efaxmuf/ v,f0ef/ axmifyikd }f u;D / pufo#iw f &m;ol}u;D toD;oD; Xmeqdik &f m pDrt H yk f
csKyu f wf&auavh &efuek rf m &H;k pdu k af uawmh bk&ifcv H ufatmufrmS [duwf&a&? ,if;&d@k tjyif &efuek f
A[dt k yk cf sKy&f ;D XmerSm opfawmrif;}u;D / b¾m&D;rif;}u;D / taumufceG Xf merif;}u;D / wd&p>mefq;D ukeXf me
nGe=f um;&D;0ef}uD;/ use;f rm&D;Xme nGe=f um;&D;0ef ,du k rf sKd ;rif;}uD;/ tde*f sed ef , D mcsKyf/ qdyu f rf;rif;}uD;
pol&@kd yg0ifa&? a'XmetoD;oD;u oufqikd o f r# tr_xrf;&d@k a& &cdik af jyod@k vma&mufpD rHtyk cf sKyfuwf
aw?
t*kyikd f tkycf sKyfxm;vdu k pf mG avh 1927-ck wdik af tmif+zKd ufaw? udv k ekd t D yk cf sKyfa&;,E &W m;rSm
yg0ifeaD &? qdik &f mqdik &f mXmewdrmS udv k ekd yD nmwwf &ckid t f rsKd ;om; vlai&G,&f @kd twGuf v#ma&usp&m
+zdKufev D aD &? ,if;a=umifh &cdik yf nmwwf vlai&d@k tax;rSm &mxl;&l;0g'apG;eD&a&? t*kxufx+d zdKuf
aw? &mxl;vdi_ ;f om; }u;D }u;D rm;rm;wufvykd gau rdr/ a,mcreef@ vlayG;pm;&d@k . vla&mif;vla0 arSmif
cdpk s;D rSm ps;D aumif;aumif;eef@&Edik af & t*kx+d zKd uaf w? vifa&mif;vifa0;pEdu k af & trSeu f &cdik t f rsKd ;om;
,diS af us;r_rmS r[dc// t&if;o#ipf ;D yGm;&D;. yumoeavmurSm ay:vma& pepfq;kd &m+zdKufaw?
qdck a& 1826-ckuyif 1916 ckxd &cdik v f rl t_ azG@tap;a& +Aw d od #t&if;o#iaf ecs@J ukd ae;rsK;d pHek ef@
awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd f cuwfaweD&mrSm t,H;_ eef@csn;f yif &ifqikd cf auavh ud, k t hf csKyftcsmtm%m
ykid q
f ikd rf t _ wGuf rsKd ;qufrjywf awmfveS w f ukd cf ukd cf uwfv@kd &cdik t hf rsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;a&
qufav#mufe&D wke;f +zKd ufaaw? ,if;ydik u f mvrsKd ;rSm &cdik t f rsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D atmifvu H kd vGix hf +l y;D
au av#mufew D ;kH +zdKufaw? 1900-ck aemufyidk ;f udk usvwfawtcg txl;ojzifh qdck a& 1916-ck
aemufyidk ;f udk usvwfawtcg &cdik af jyrSm +Aw d o d #uv kd ekd u
D |eo f uf 100 eD;eD; [dvwf,m+zKd uaf w? ,if;
tcsed rf mS +Aw d o d #t&if;o#ipf epfrmS t&deS t f 0g wd;k wufwek ;f +zKd uaf w? tjcm;wbufrmS +Aw d o d #t&if;o#if
aecs@J eef@wuG t&if;o#if wavmuvH;k ukd odyaH` e;us qdak csvpf0g'u xd;k ESuw f u kd cf ukd w f ek ;f +zdKufaw?
*smr%Deef@ *syef&@kd uav; wpcef;xvmwke;f +zdKufaw? a'tcsed u f mvrSm &cdik t f rsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH a&
acwfopfurBm}u;D udk wd@G xv d mpjyKwek ;f yif+zKd uaf w? txl;ojzifh &cdik yf nmwwf vlwef;pm;a& urBmeef@
txdw@Gd q;kH +zdKufeaD &? &cdik &f [ef;ynmwwf vlynmwwf&@kd &cdik v f rl t
_ azG@tap;rm OD;aqmifre_ &D mudk
,lvmwke;f tcg+zdKufaw? txufuwifjyca&twdik ;f &cdik +f rDrm t&if;o#ipf epf xGe;f xGe;f ayguaf yguf
r[dcvd@k puf&/kH tvky&f }kH uD;wdr[dc? ,if;eef@ t*kpuf&t kH vkyo f rm; tvky&f /kH tvkyo f rm;wdqv kd @kd
aumif;aumif;r[d/ qefpuftvkyo f rm;&m tae;acs[ad &? rif;r_xrf;/ tpd;k &vcpm;&d@k &m[da&? a&S@ae
a&S@&yfav; oufatmifacs[ad &? rdom;pkav;pkavmuf[ad &? wdik ;f &if;om;t&if;o#i&f @kd rm b%fvyk f
28 2 73 5
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
ief;eef@ aiGcs;D pm;v,fu oD;pm;caumufeef@ toufr;GD +rL vdr, f el u D wfaw? aecs@J vuf0cD H "eo#if
(uGezf &m'd)k tqifrh m&m [decD a&? &cdik af jy. vlO;D &Dtrsm;rm v,form;+zKd uaf w? v,form;rm qif;&J
a&v,form;/ tv,ftvwfv,form;/ csr;f oma&v,form;vd@k oH;k rsKd ;oH;k pm;[da&/ tm;vH;k a&
vufwqkypf m &ckid "hf eo#if rdom;pkvufatmufcb H 0u tae;eef@trsm; ruif;vGwu f wf? ukeo f , G f
vlwef;pm; awmfoif&h [ kH ad uav; w&kw/f ukvm;ukeo f nfwad vmufrrsm;/ ol&@kd avmuf avywfrr_ [d?
atydik t f eDtxm;rSm[da& ig&h @kd vrl t _ azG@tap;udk Edik if &H ;D t&/ pD;yGm;&D;t& pkap;zd@k a&rvG,cf ? Edik if &H ;D t
& pkap;zd@k qakd u trsKd ;om; acgi;f aqmifru _ &kd atmif tazG@tap;wckcu k v_y&f mS ;yD;&zd@k yif+zdKufaw?
,if;ydik v f y_ &f mS ;r_vyk zf @kd qakd u urBmordik ;f pOf twdik ;f qdak u ynmwwfvw l ef;pm;u acwfrpD epfvy_ &f mS ;r_
yD;&zd@k yif+zdKufaw? a,au &cdik yf nmwwf&@kd eef@ &cdik t f &if;o#i&f @kd a& 1960-ck ywf0ef;usiaf vmufrmS
trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D wm0efukd &,lz@kd yif+zKd uaf w? ,auavh ,if;ydik rf +zKd ucf ? pD;yGm;&D;t& pkap;zd@k qakd u
pD;yGm;&D;A[dXk mewckck &cdik +f rrD mS ay:ayguzf @kd vakd &? pdu k af wG+rKd @ukd pD;yGm;&D;A[dXk met+zKd uf ukr% ` t D pd;k &u
jyKvkycf auavh b*Fvm; pD;yGm;&D;atmufurv$wcf ? ukr% ` yD ikd pf acwfO;D ydik ;f rSm b*Fvm;pD;yGm;&D;
vufatmufrmS [decD a&? 1937-ck +Adwo d #Am;rm;udk oD;jcm;cGx J w k v f u kd af wtcg &cdik t f &S;D bufjcrf;
(pdu
k af wG/ ausmufjzL/ oHawG;/ yvuf0g;)a& &efuek u f rkd suEf mS rle&D a&// &cdik t f aemufbufjcrf; (b*F g
12 +rdK@/ Adv k rf if;axmif/ oufaxmif/ zvHaxmif/ +rHKaxmif)a& b*Fvm;udk rsuEf mS rlvm&a&? +Adwo d #
Am;rm;udk oD;jcm;azG@ap;+yD;aemuf &efuek u f kd yxr+rdK@awmf/ rE aW v;udk 'kw, d +rdK@awmft+zdKuf owf
rSwv f u kd af w? &efuek af & tkycf sKyf&;D / w&m;pD&if&;D / w&m;jyKvky&f ;D / A[d&k ;kH pdu k &f m +zdKufvma&? pD;yGm;&D;
ynm&D;/ tcsut f csmaw&m +zdKufvma&? ,if;tcgrmS &ckid t f a&S@bufjcrf; (&cdik w f ikd ;f )a& tkycf sKyf&;D /
w&m;pD&if&;D / w&m;Oya'jyKvky&f ;D / pD;yGm;&D;/ ynm&D;t& &efuek . f wqifch +H zdKufvma&// wae; Arm.
wqifch +H zKd ufvmc&a&? ,+y;D au t*Fvyd pf mudk &H;k oH;k / Armpmudk +Aw d o d #-Am;rm; ajywGi;f oH;k vd@k owf
rSwv f u kd af w? ,if;tjyif +Adwo d #-Am;rm;. trsKd ;om;toGiv f uQ%mudk aumuf,&l mrSmavh Arm
trsKd ;om;toGif vuQ%mudk aumuf,x l m;ca&? ,if;a=umifh &cdik ef ef@wuG rGe/f u&if/ u,m;/ o#r;f /
ucsi/f csi;f / trsKd ;om; toGiv f uQ%mwdrm wqufquf wdraf umvm;uwfv&D a&?
,if;ydik f &ckid t
f rsKd ;om;toGif vuQ%mwdwrd af um+y;D au ordik ;f a=umif; r_e0f g;vm;vwftcgrm
&ckid t f rsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D orkid ;f a=umif;avh r_e0f g;vm;c&a&? *kyikd t f csed af vmufrm to#iOf wWr
rax&fa& 0HomEk&uQw d trsKd ;om;&D;w&m;udk ArmajywcGirf mS wGiw f iG }f u;D a[m=um;vma&? aecs@J qef@
usi&f ;D / trsKd ;om;nDnw G &f ;D w&m;udk &J&aJ wmufa[m=um;yga&? atto#iaf & &cdik t f rsKd ;om; &[ef;
awmfwpfyg;yif +zdKufauavh tdE, dN ajy Armajy&d@k rm&m Edik if &H ;D w&m; trsKd ;om;Ed;k =um;&D;w&m;&d@k ukd
&J&aJ wmuf a[m=um;ca&? ,if;ajywdrm&m tESu d pf uftrsKd ;rsKd ;cHv@kd v_y&f mS ;ca&? &ckid af jybufo@kd
ta&muftayguaf e;yg;ca&? ,if;q&mawmfum; aecs@J qef@usi&f ;D / tm&S0o H mEkacgi;f aqmif wpfyg;
yif+zdKufaw? &ckid t f rsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif; (0g)&ckid v f w G v f yf&;D vrf;a=umif; r_e0f g;vm;pGm

28 2 936
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
q&mawmfb&k m;u aecs@J qef@usi&f ;D / 0efomEktrsKd ;csp0f g' xm;[d&;D &d@k ukd tdE, dN ajy ArmajytES@H tjym;
rm a[m=um;eDca& tcsed w f rd m w&kwEf iS t hf Ed , dN ajywdrm wdik ;f &if;om; rsKd ;csKd ufajycsKd uf/ ynmwwfvl
wef;pm;rsm;/ v_y&f mS ;eDwek ;f +zKd uaf w// w&kw+f rrD mS a'guw f m qGe, f ufqif. ulrefwt H azG@}u;D v_y&f mS ;eD
wke;f +zdKufaw? (Dr-Sung Yed Sen Kuomintang) tdE, dN +rDrm uGeu f &ufygw}D uD; v_y&f mS ;eDwek ;f
r[wWr*ENd v_y&f mS ;eDwek ;f +zKd uaf w? Arm+rrD m(Y.N.B.A)toif;&d@k aemuf G.C.B.A toif; v_y&f mS ;eDwek ;f
+zdKufaw? &cdik +f rDrmum; a'tcsed rf m &ckid ef ikd if &H ;D vrf;a=umif;udk +Adwo d #/ Am;rm;ax;rSm cif;usi;f zd@k
}uKd ;pm;eDwek ;f +zKd uaf w? r_e0f g;vm;ca& &ckid t f rsK;d om; awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;udk &ckid rf sKd ;csKd u/f ajycsKd u&f @kd /
&ckid t f a=umif;udk pdw0f ifpm;a& &ckid t f rsK;d om;&d@k &cdik t f usK;d udpu P kd jrSiwhf ifvakd & &ckid f t&m[dw&d @kd a&
&ckid t f rsKd ;om;&D; v_y&f mS ;r_ukd &efuek o f @kd OD;aw,lvm;cuwfaw? ArmrsKd ;csKd ufajycsKd uf 0HomEkacgi;f
aqmif&@kd eef@ ,if;acwfu &ckid rf if;wdik yf if trwfwd yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G pf mG utp &cdik t f rsK;d om; awmf
vSef&D;vrf;a=umif;a& a&mxGD;vm;c&a&? &cdkiftrsdK;om;wd+zdKufaw OD;aratmif/ qm&fay:xGef;/
qm&fxGef;atmifausmf/ a'gufwma&$pHatmif/ OD;pdefvSatmif/ OD;pdefxGef;atmif pa& yk*~dKvf&dk@a&
+Aw d o d #Am;rm;ukv d ekd t
D azG@rmS 0ifa&mufvy_ &f mS ;&if; &ckid t f rsK;d om; awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif; a&mxG;D vm;
ca&? xdyk *k Kd~ vf&@kd a& &cdik af jyt+cDteDukd aumif;rGew f ;kd wufatmif vkyaf qmifcuwfpmG udak wmcg t
rsm;todyif+zdKufaw? &ckid af wmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;udk ArmawmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;eef@ abmifujJG ym;
atmif rvkycf pGmudak vh trsm;todyif+zdKufaw? ,if;tcsed Yf r&drS aESmif;tcsed af vmufu &ckid af jyrm
&ckid w f ikd ;f toif; vli,fwEd ;kd =um;&D;toif;/ &ckid w f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m pD;yGm;&D;tazG@csKyf/ wdik ;f &if;om;t
ap;tvH;k &d@k ay:ayguv f m;+yD;au &ckid t f &D;tcif; (Arakan Affair) wd;k wufvmatmif }udK;pm;v_yf
&Sm;cuwfaw?
at'D 1937-ck 'DZifbmvrm &ckid w f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m pD;yGm;&D;tazG@csKyfeef@ wdik ;f &if;om; tap;t
vH;k &d@k a& pdu k af wG@ wef;cd;k q&mawmfausmif;rm rsuEf mS pHn k aD qG;aEG;+yD;au &cdik w f ikd ;f vH;k qkid &f m wdik ;f &if;
om;tap;t&H;k udk wnDwnGwaf w; awaxmifvu kd af w? OuUXrSm OD;ompHvS 'k-OuUXrSm OD;atmifxeG ;f
OD;+zKd ufaw? a'umvrm &ckid t f rsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D jzwfvm;ca& umvwpfcyk if+zKd ufaw? trsKd ;om;
0HomEkumv v_y&f mS ;r_wv d yk ef aD & 0HomEkumvudk jzwfoef;eDc&pGmyif+zKd uaf w? wae; trsKd ;om;awmf
vSe&f ;D . t}uKd umvwckukd (0g)trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D . ap;&H;k &D;umvwckukd jzwfoef;eDcpGmyif+zKd uf
aw? 0HomEkumv (0g) trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D . ap;&H;k &D;umva& ajy@0r_/ &ifu h surf r_ [dau trsKd ;om;
awmfveS &f ;D a& a,mhusvm;wwfaw? avG;acsmv f m;wwfaw? atmifayG;r[dyJ qH;k &SL;vm;wwfaw?
Edik if w
H um0HomEkumvudk avhvm=unfv h u kd af u ,if;acwfumvrm ud, k q
f ikd &f m trsKd ;om;vuQ%m
udak zmfxw k jf cif;/ trsKo d m;vuQ%m jyefavqef;opf&;D jyKvyk jf cif;/ trsK;d om;vuQ%m jyefavyGiv hf if;&D;
vkyjf cif;&d@k uw kd @dG &a&? trsKd ;om;&D;v_y&f mS ;r_/ Edik if &H ;D v_y&f mS ;r_&@kd ukd rsKd ;csKd ufajycsKd uf vlvwfwef;pm;u
OD;aqmifpmG udw k @Gd &a&? w&kwaf jy 0HomEkumvrSm a'guw f mqGe, f ufqifyikd f w&kwyf nmwwf&@kd um;
30 2 93 7
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
OD;aqmifpmG udw k @Gd &a&// tdE, dN ajy 0HomEkumvrSm r[wWr*EN&D @kd OD;aqmifca&? Armajy0HomEkumvudk
to#iOf ;D OwWrrax&f/ ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f / a'guw f mbarmf&@kd yikd f ynmwwf&@kd OD;aqmifpmG udw k @dG &a&?
t*,ifyh if 0HomEkumvrm aecs@J uq kd ef@usi+f yD;au trsKd ;om;vuQ%m t&yf&yfukd azmfxw k &f a&?
aecs&J @kd . 0g;rsKzd ;kH vGr;f zd@k }uKd ;pm;csuf t&yf&yfuu kd muG,&f a&? ud, k thf rsKd ;om;,Ofaus;r_abmif/ trsKd ;om;
abmif&@kd ukd azmfxw k &f a&// jriS w hf if&a&// ud, k Ef ikd if /H ud,
k t
hf rsK;d om;,Ofaus;r_/ ud, k phf myDqakd & a=u;G a=umf
oH&@kd ukd ajymifajymifajrmufajrmuf azmfxw k yf ;D &a&// trsK;d om;&D;pdw"f gwef ef@ ,Ofaus;r_tiftm;
(National Spirit and Cultural)&d@k ukd trsK;d om;w&yfv;kH rSm ajy0 h &ifuh suv
f matmif ckid rf mvmatmif/
vkyaf qmify;D &a&? ,if;uwqifh Edik if &H ;D tiftm; Political Forceudk odyaH` e;ususweG ;f yD;&a&? txl;
rSwo f m;p&m a'ydik t f iftm;udk wGe;f yD;a&tcg a&;&ifjh ywfom;&a&? wcgwcg vufeufuikd af wmfveS f
&D;xd awmufav#mufvyk af qmifvm;&pGmudk urBmordik ;f t&yf&yfrmS odEikd af &? attydik ;f eef@ywfowfv@kd
ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;ordik ;f rm yHpk jH yp&m erlem,lp&maumif;wckyif+zdKufaw?

(c),au &ckdif0HomEkumvuZmydkifav;
pD;yGm;&D;/ Ekid if &H ;D / yx0Dt& a&mxD;G eD,m+zKd ufaw// &ckid v f rl t _ azG@tap;a& a'tcdseu f mvrm
taysmph m;tcsed u f akd &mufeaD &? trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;avh a&mxG;D eD,m+zdKufaw? a'ydik f
tajctaersK;d rm 0HomEkvyk &f yfa& pdpyfaocsmeDz@kd vakd &? jywfom;zd@k v@kd a&? ,if;acwf/ ,if;tcgu
&cdik v
hf y_ &f mS ;r_u=kd unfv h u kd af u &cdik &f mZ0ifukd ArmpmyDrmjyKvkyjf cif;/ &cdik t f a=umif;udk t*Fvyd pf myDrmS
azmfxw k jf cif;/ &cdik &f ;DS a[mif;pmyDukd ArmpmyDavmurmazmfxw k jf cif; vkyef cD uwfpmG udw k @dG &a&? &cdik f
r_t&yf&yfukd azmfxw k af &tydik ;f udk ,if;ydik w f @dG &+yD;aemufyikd ;f rm jrSiw hf ifa&tydik ;f udrk wG@d &? v_y&f mS ;a&
tydik ;f udrk wG@d &/ &cdik Ef ikd if u H kd ud,
k Ef ikd if /H &cdik t
f rsK;d om;a& ud, k t hf rsKd ;om;/ &cdik ,f Ofaus;r_a& ud, k , f Okd f
aus;r_/ &cdik pf myDa& ud, k phf myDv@kd a=uG;a=umfcpGmudrk wG@d &? ,if;acwfuynmo#i&f @kd vkyaf qmif}udK;
yrf;cuwfpmG a& trSeyf iftusKd ;[dyga&? ,auavh trsKd ;om;abmifukd jywfjywfom;om; rvkycf uwf
awtwGuef ef@ &cdik af bmifeef@ Armabmif a&mxD;G vm;cuwfaw? a&mxD;G vm;pGmrSmawmif wef;wl&, G f
wl a&mxD;G vm;pGmr[kwb f /J wqifch H vufatmufct H eDeef@&m a&mxD;G vm;cuwfpmG +zdKufaw? 0g;rsKcd H
&pGmxufq;kd oda&?
,if;eef@Zk t*kig&h @kd acwfrm &cdik rf m pm[d,ifv h m;/ &ckid rf m *Dw[d,ifv h m;/ &cdik rf m aw;jcif;
[d,ifv h m;/ &cdik rf m trsK;d om;0wfp[ kH , d ifv
h m; pa& &Suaf umif;xref; ar;cGe;f wd ay:vm&a&r[kwv f m;?
Zmavmufxdav;qdkygau “&cdkifa& vlrsdK;wrsKd;vm;” “&cdkifajyvm;/ &ckdifwdkif;vm;” “&ckdifa&
Armajy. tpdyftydkif;wckr[kwfvm;”“&cdkifajya& udkvdkeDwydkif;&m+zdKufaw? vHk;0udkvkd
eDr[kwf” “&cdkif trsdK;om;&D;vkyfau usdKif;ajrmif;a&/ &cdkif,dkOfaus;r_udk jrSifhwifhazmfxkwf
pGma& acwfaemufjyefqaJG &” pa& ar;cGe;f wd pum;wd ay:ayguv f mc&a&r[kwv f m;? Zmavmufxd

30 3 13 8
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
&Suzf @kd aumif;a&av;// a'&cdik 0f o
H mEkacwfrmS xda&mufawajy0h r_/ &ifu
h surf /_ jywfom;r_&@kd r[dcvd@k &ckid f
abmifeef@ Armabmif a&mxD;G vm;c&a&? trsK;d om;,Ofaus;r_ abmifawmifru Edik if &H ;D abmif/ awmf
vSe&f ;D abmifrmyg a&mxD;G vm;c&a&? trsK;d om;,SOd af us;r_abmifjywfom;rS trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D
abmifjywfom;zd@k / a,rS jywfom;a& trsK;d om;atmifayG;ud&k zd@k ? trsKd ;om;&D;abmifjywfom;rS trsKd ;
om;atmifayG;udjk ywfom;zd@k ? t*kyikd f abmifa&mxD;G pGm. ta=umif;w&m;udk rsuaf rSmufuvuyif
twdwu f mvtxd jyefavoH;k owfa=uhau atmufygtwdik ;f wG@d [&d a&?

(1) 20-&mpk yxrydik ;f &cdik Ef ikd if &H ;D acgi;f aqmif pmyD,Odk af us;r_acgi;f aqmif&@kd &cdik t f rsK;d om;
awmfveS f &D;vrf;a=uif;udk *&krpdu k jf cif;?
(2) 19-&mpkumvu +Adwo d #t&if;o#iaf eacs@&@kd &ckid pf ;D yGm;&D;/ Edik if &H ;D / ,Ofaus;r_/ vlr&_ ;D /
wdukd a&mxD;G ydu k jf cif;/ &cdik af jyudk cGpJ yd cf siyf ikd f cGpJ yd v
f @kd aygi;f pyfcsiyf ikd f aygi;f pyfyu kd jf cif;?
(3) 18-&mpkumvu Armya'o&mZfaeacs@&@kd &ckid t f rsK;d om; vuQ%mt&yf&yfukd zsuq f ;D
ydu
k jf cif; wajyvH;k udk aqmufaw&mr&atmif ESyd pf ufowfjzwfjcif;//
(4) 17-&mpk &cdik t f rsKd ;om;tcsi;f csi;f a'opGt J &/ *d% k ;f pGt
J & cGjJ cm;cuwfjcif;/ trsKd ;om;ap;
&H;k &D; +ydKuGyJ supf ;D jcif;&d@k +zdKufaw?
*kyikd yf suq f ;D eDpmG . o&kyu f kd aecs@J tqufquf udik w f , G zf suf qD;cauavh &cdik ahf cgi;f aqmif
tqufquf rudik w f , G rf jyKjyifcuwfv@kd rawmfveS cf uwfv@kd ig&@kd t*kyikd t f +zKd uq f ;kd teDq;kd wdukd &ifqikd f
vm uwf&pGm+zdKufaw? t*kxd Armaecs@J &@kd a& &cdik t f rsKd ;om;tax;udk *d% k ;f *epGpJ w d /f aopGpJ w d &f @kd ukd
&ckid o
f pPmazmufwu d wqif+h zKd uf+zKd uf/ wdu k &f u kd +f zKd uf+zKd uf owfoiG ;f eDwek ;f +zKd ufaw? ,if;eef@ t*kig&@kd
twGuf =uyf=uyfowdxm;p&m ocFe;f pm,lp&mav;+zKd ufaw?

(*) 20-&mpkyxrydkif; &cdkifawmfvSef&D;rsm;Zmydkifav;

19-&mpktukef 20 &mpktpydik ;f rm +Adwo d #aecs@J &@kd a& txufuwifjyca&twdik ;f +Adwo d #
tdE, dN udk azG@ap;+yD;au udv k ekd t
D +zdKufukd wqwfqwf oGwo f iG ;f eDwek ;f +zdKufaw? udv k ekd tD yk cf sKyf&;D
,E mW ;xda&mufatmif +zKd uzf @kd twGuf udv k ekd yD nm&D;udk ysK;d axmifatmifjrifew D ek ;f +zKd uaf w? vGwv f w G f
vyfvyf ul;oef;a&mif;0D&;D qdak & udv k ekd pD ;D yGm;&D; ausmuf+zKd uu f kd wqwfqwfcsvma&? nDwn l rD # w&m;
pD&if&;D qdak u udv k ekd w
D &m;Oya' pD&ifx;kH udk ysKd ;axmify;D vma&// ,if;eef@ t*k&ckid rf sKd ;quf wquf+y;D w
quf udv k ekd tD &dytf m0goudk cdv k v _H muwf&a&? Armaecs@J ya'o&mZf}u;D wd &ufpuf,u k rf mr_rsKd ;pHu k kd
&ifqikd cf &a&? &ckid v f rl t
_ azG@tap;twGuf +Aw d od #t&if;pepfa& tyef;ajzpcef; +zKd ufcpGmudk qef;a&vd@k
qdzk @kd r[kw?f ,if;umvrm &ckid af jyrm pD;yGm;&D;A[djk yK&m oD;jcm;+rdK@awmfr[djcif;// vrf;yef;qufo, G &f ;D
nHzh si;f jcif;/ *k%
d ;f *%pdw/f a'opGpJ w d v f r$ ;f rd;k eDjcif;/ Armaecs@J &@kd .'%fa=umif; evHrxlEidk o f jhd cif;/ +Aw
d o d #&@kd
32 3319
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
cGjJ cm;&D;pepf aESmif, h uS jf cif;&d@k a=umifh t&if;o#iu f v kd ekd b
D 0rm &cdik t f rsK;d om;w&yfv;kH aumif;aumif;
}u;D =umatmif tdyaf rmusecD &a&? ,if;tcsed rf sKd ;rSm tdE, dN rm trsKd ;om;ap;&H;k &D;vkyif ef; (0g) 0HomEkvyk f
ief; t[deaf umif;eDwek ;f +zdKufaw? ,if;tcsed af vmufrm Armynmwwfavmuudk tdE, dN v_y&f mS ;&D;
*,uf&u kd vf ma&? Oa&mywdu k of m; Ak'b < mom0if/ taomubduKQ taomutoif;&d@k ta=umif;
jyKvd@k 1906-ckrm Y.M.B.A udk &efuek rf mazG@ap;vd@k eaD &? ,if;tazG@tap;rm &efuek af &muf &ckid yf nm
wwf&dk@yg0if+yD;au acgif;aqmifvmuwfaw? OD;azatmif/ a'gufwma&$pHatmif/ qm&fay:xGef;/
OD;pdev f aS tmif&@kd yg0ifcuwfaw? 1919-ck/avmufrm to#iOf wWrax&fa& urBmt&yf&yfukd vSnahf v
+yD;au &efuek u f akd &mufvma&? trsK;d om;&D;w&m;&d@k ukd a&;a&;awmufa[m=um;vma&? trsKd ;om;
omoemqdak & tcsu}f u;D oH;k csuu f kd a=u;G a=umfvmuwfaw// a'umvrm q&mawmfeef@ tqdyk g&ckid hf
trsKd ;om;}u;D a& &ckid v f rl t
_ azG@tap;}u;D udk omrntqifrh mS xm;+y;D au tvkyv f yk af qmifcuwfaw?
&ckid tf rsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;udk OayuQmjyKuwfaw? ArmajyvGwv f yf&;D udk t"duxm;vd@k
vkyaf qmifcuwfaw?
1920-ckrm Y.M.B.A udk G.C.B.A jrefrmhtoif;csKyf}uD;t+zdKuf ajymif;vJxal xmifvu kd f
uwfaw? a'tcgrmavh &ckid t f rsKd ;om;ynmwwf trsm;tjym; yg0ifO;D aqmifcuwfaw? 1920-ck
&efuek f aumvdyo f ydww f ukd af yG;rm+zdKuf+zdKuf/ trsKd ;om;ausmif;vkyif ef;/ trsKd ;om;aumvdyf vkyif ef;
&d@k rm+zKd uf+zKd uf ,if;ynmwwf yk*Kd~ vf}u;D rsm;rm &cdik jhf y\emudk vufatmufcjH y\emt+zKd uf xm;c
uwfaw? &ckid t f rsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;udk OayuQmjyKcuwfaw? &cdik af jybufrmum; &ckid f
ynmwwfrsm;u vlr&_ ;D / ynm&D;rsm;rm oifah tmifacs v_&mS ;cuwfaw? tpd;k &. jrLeDpyg,v f yk if ef;rm
0ifa&muft&D;G cHcuwfaw? trsKd ;om;ausmif;vkyif ef;udk &efuek u f *,uf&u kd cf wfawtwdik ;f vkyf
aqmifcuwfaw? ,if;tjyif azmfjya&twdik ;f &cdik w f ikd ;f toif; vlai&d@k E;kd =um;&D;toif;/ &cdik w f ikd ;f
qdik &f m }uD;yGm;&D;tazG@csKyf wdik ;f &if;om;tap;t&H;k &d@k ay:ayguv f m+yD;au v_y&f mS ;vmuwfaw? t
oif;tazG@&@kd . r[mAsL[mudk ,if;toif;tazG@&@kd .emarudk =unfv h @kd oEd ikd af &? toif;tazG@wck.
emara& ,if;toif;. r[mAsL[mudk azmfneG ;f jya&? &cdik af jytpm; &ckid w f ikd ;f vd@k o;kH xm;pGmudk =unfh
uaw;uyif &cdik af jyudk Armajy.tpdyt f ydik ;f t+zKd uf cH,v l m;c,m+zKd ufawqdpk mG udk odEikd af &/ ,if;t
oif;tazG@&@kd . pdwrf mZm[dca&qdpk mG xuf ,if;&d@k Zm ajymca&qdpk mG xuf Zmvkycf av;qdpk mG u ydv k @kd
t&D;}uD;a&? ,if;toif;tazG@&@kd . &ckid af jytay:rm cH,cl suu f =kd unfv h u kd af u ,if;&d@k .r[mAsL[m/
ae;AsL[m&d@k a& a&mxD;G eD,mqdpk mG udo k Ed ikd af &? ,auavh ,if;yk*Kd~ vf&@kd a& &cdik rf sKd ;csKd uf/ ajycsKd ufpw d u f kd
arG;jrLcuwfaw? &ckdifudkjrSifhwifzdk@ }udK;pm;cuwfawqdkpGmudk rSwfwrf;&DG;xdk;xm;&zdk@yif+zdKufaw?
,if;yk*Kd~ vf&@kd a=umihaf vh t*ktajctaexd tqihq f ifh wd;k wufajymif;vJvmpGm+zdKufaw?

1920-ck &efuek af umvdyf oydww

f u
kd af yG;acgi;f aqmifrmS &ckid t
f rsK;d om; oHawG;om; OD;bOD;jzpfaw?

32 3 43 0
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

1923-ck/ ZGeef 0g&v D rm tdE, dN tpd;k & a*Zwftrde@f trSwf 1192 t& Armajyudk bk&ifct H yk f
csKyfaw ajyaet+zdKufu awaxmifvu kd af =umif; a=umfjimvdu
k af w? ,if;+yD;au 'dik t
f mcD (The
Dyarchy System)udk yD;tyfvu kd af w? ,if;pepfa=umif; Armajyrm ygwED ikd if &H ;D ay:ayguv
f ma&
G.C.B.A tjcr;fjcrf; +yKd uGv
J m;ca&?

(1) OD;o#pv f i_d f G.C.B.A eef@

(2) OD;pd;k ode;f G.C.B.A
(3) OD;pG G.C.B.A
(4)21 OD;ygwD
(5) [kr&R yk gw/D
(6) ajyol@ygw/D
(7) o&pygwt D rsm;ay:xGuv f ma&//
,if;ydik f ArmhEikd if &H ;D avmurm q&may:xGe;f / qm&fxeG ;f atmifausm/f &rf;jAOJ ;D armifarmif pa& &cdik yhf nm
wwfrsm; Edik if &H ;D oHo&m a0hv@JS ecD uwfaw? &ckid &f @kd 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKy&f ;D tazG@rm tm%m&zd@k }uKd ;pm;eDwek ;f
&ckid t
hf rsKd ;om;&D;vrf;a=umif; aysmufu, G pf mG xuf aysmufvm;c,m+zKd uaf w? pdu k af wGuwcsKd @ b*Fvm;
jyef/ bdvyfjyef&@kd rmum; trsKd ;om;&D;udk "n0wDuvyf/ qef;a';uvyf/ +rKd @ruvyf&@kd avmufyif pdwrf 0if
pm;cuwf// Armajyutrde@f cs+yD;au ayG;w+cdr+hf cdrphf eJ u D wfwek ;f +zdKufaw?
1917-ck rGew f *l (Sir E.S.Montagu). tpD&ifcpH mt& +zdKuf+zdKuf 1927ck qdik rf eG f (Sir
Johnsimon) . tpDt&ifcp H mt&+zdKuf+zdKuf/ Armajyudk tdE, dN ucGx J w k zf @dk ukd vef'eftpd;k &u o
abmaygu+f y;D +zKd ufaw? ,auhavh Armajyrm cG&J ;D / awG;a&;jy\emay:aygucf a&? vdi_ /f jrwf/ay: tazG@
(OD;csKd ufvi_d /f OD;jrwfom'Ge;f / qm&fay:xGe;f )/ armf/ jrSi/hf ajyh tazG@(a'guw f mbarmf/ ausmjf rif/h &rf;+AJO;D
armifarmif)/ ajyhoyl gw/D a&$awmif=um;ygwq D +kd yD;au cGzJ @kd awG;zd@k pum;wd t+ydKiftqdik af [meDcuwf
aw? q&mawmfO;D OwWrax&frm a'cG&J ;D / awG;&D;jy\ema=umifh trsKd ;rsKd ;'kuaQ &mufawmfrcl a&// a'jy\
emrSmavh &cdik &f [ef;awmf&@kd &ckid yf nmwwf&@kd aumif;aumif; wufwuf=uG=uGyg0ifcuwfaw? &ckid f
ajyudk Zmeef@cpJG w d x f m;av;qdpk mG udk *&kjyKcuwfyrkH aygu/f &cdik jf y\emudk omrmefvufatmufcH jy\
emt+zKd ux f m;cuwfaw? ,if;jy\ema=umihf ArmajytwGuf pm;ayG;0dik ;f aqG;aEG;ayG; (Round Cable
Conferance) udk 1931-Ed0 k ifbmv 25 &uferd mS vef'ef+rdK@ txufvw G af wmfrmS usi;f yvDa&? ,if;
aqG;aEG;ayG;rm Armacgi;f aqmif&@kd eef@wuG OD;xGe;f atmifausm/f a': jrpde/f pa& &ckid t f rsKd ;om;/ trdsK;
orD;&d@k wufa&mufca&? 1935-ck Armajytkycf sKyf&;D tufOya't& 1937-ckrm Armajya& tdE, dN tkyf
csKy&f ;D pepfu cGx J u G +f y;D au oD;jcm;t+zKd uf +Aw d od #tifyg,mtwGi;f rm ay:ayguv f ma&? &cdik af jyrmum;

34 3431
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
txufuwifjyca&twdik ;f yif tpdypf yd u f vJG @kd yif [dew d ek ;f +zdKufaw? Armajyrm xif&mS ;eDuwfaw
Zmaumif;aqmifuavh tuGu J t JG jym;jym; a&mufeu D wf&a&// trsKd ;om;wdupkd ak p;zd@k tjcrf; jcrf;uGeJ aD &
&ckid af 'oudjk yefavpkap;zdrk }udK;pm;cuwf? ud, k af jyjy\emudk vufatmufcH omrncsn;f xm;c
uwfaw? r[kwaf r/ *d% k ;f apG;/ ygwaD pG;/ a'oapG;udk t"duxm;uwfaw? r[kwaf u ud, k }f uKd ufpmG udk
v_y&f mS ;eDcuwfaw? ,if;a=umifh ig&h @kd acwfrmS trsKd ;om;Zmwferd fh (Degeneration) +zKd uef &D a&? ajymif;&$d
eDa&trsKd ;om; (0g) &$iu hf smvlrsKd ; (Migrating Nation)+zdKufe&D a&? acG;&D;/ awG;&D;jy\em *,ufxeD
wkef;umv 1933-ckavmufrm “Armajyonf 'dk@ajy/ Armpum;onf 'dk@pum;/ Armpmonf
'dk@pm/ 'dk@ajyudkcsdKufyg/ 'dk@pmudkcsdD;jrihfyg/ 'dk@pum;udkav;pm;yg?” v;pm;yg?”qdka& a=uG;a=umfoHeef@twl
ArmhrsKd ;csKd uf ajycsKd ufval irsm;. “Armhtap;t&H;k ””a& a&;a&;awmufawmuf/ xGe;f xGe;f ajymifajymif/
ay:xGuv f ma&? attazG@0ifval i&d@k a&“ocif “ocif”qdak &bG@J ukd emrnf&rSd mwwfvmuwfaw? 'd@k Arm
tap;t&H;k a&/ wd;k wufaw/ v_y&f mS ;a&/ Edik if eH ef@trsK;d om;twGuf b0udt k yfv@kd }udK;yrf;cuwfaw?
a'tazG@0ifvlai&dk@um; ynmwwfvlaiwdyif+zdKufuwfaw? a'tazG@tap;.=oZma& &cdkifvl
aiynmwwf&@kd tay:rm txl;anmif;ca&? bdvyfjyef&cdik /f b*Fvm;jyef&ckid &f @kd a& t*Fvyd q f efuwfa&ydik f
a'acwf &efuek jf yef&cdik &f @kd avh Armqefuwfaw? a,awmifru tcsKd @&efuek af usmif;om; &cdik v f l ai&d@krm
'd@k Armtap;t&H;k 0if ocifw+d zKd uv f muwfaw? a'umvxd &cdik v f @l tazG@tap;rSm aemufvu kd 0f g'a& wku d f
&du k +f zKd u+f zKd u/f oG,0f u
Sd v f @kd +zdKuf+zdKuf aqG;ajr;eD,m+zdKufaw? 1936-ck 'kw, d wuUov kd af usmif;om;
oydwaf rSmufawtcg &cdik af usmif;om;&d@k tax;u tud! k x
kd eG ;f / tudak usm&f if/ tudb k pH&@kd a& xif&mS ;
vma&? “u|efynmtvdkr[d”vd@k a=uG;a=umfvmuwfaw? a'&cdik af usmif;om;&d@k um; &ckid af jyod@k
jyefvmuwfawtcgrmS &ckid af jyrSm v_y&f mS ;r_tcsKd @ukd vkyaf qmifcuwfaw?
,if;umvrm “91 XmetkyfcsKyf&D;” pepfopftkyfcsKyf&D; ay:aygufvma&// ,if;tkyfcsKyf
&D;ed'ge;f tprm a&G;aumufayG;usi;f ya&tcgrmS ArmEdik if &H ;D ygww D d rJ+zdKufuwf&a&? ,if;tcg “ig;yGifh
qdik yf gw”D twGuf q&mawmfto#if OwWrax&f yg0ifun l cD uwfv@kd t}uD;tus,f ykwcf wfc&H awmf
rla&? a&G;aumufayG;t+yD;rm a'guw f mbarmf. nGe@f aygi;f tpd;k &azG@a& ,if;tpd;k tazG@rm q&may:
xGe;f / q&mxGe;f atmifausm&f @kd yg0ifcuwfaw? *kyikd f ArmEdik if &H ;D +Adwo d #t&if;o#i;f &d@k . vSnu hf u
G t f
wdik ;f &D0x J ;kd eDc&a&? Armacgi;f aqmiftrsm;pkrm Armajy/ ArmtrsK;d om;twGuf arar&&/ xdxad &muf
a&muf rpGef;aqmifEdkifbJ EdkifiH&D;tyD;t,lvkyf&if; tcsdefjzKef;eDcuwf&a&? ,if;ydkif&DpHkarsmpGmrm
&ckid af cgi;f aqmiftrsm;jym;avh 0ifr@D$ ecD uwfaw? Armacgi;f aqmif&@kd um; Armhvw G v
f yf&;D vrf;a=umif;udk
rsK;d qufwquf+yD;wquf twG@d t}uHK/ tawG;tac:wduo kd ;kH oyf+yD;au &SmazGeu D wfpmG +zdKufaw?
&cdkifacgif;aqmifwdum; baZmifygvJ? xdk&cdkifacgif;aqmif&dk@. v_yf&Sm;ca&ordkif;a=umif;udk
qef;pdkufa=uhau &cdkifvGwfvyf&D;vrf;a=umif;udk &SmeDcuwfawvdk@ajymzdk@ rvG,fpGmudkwGd@&a&?
&ckid jf y\emudk vufatmufcx H m;jcif;udk ygw*D % kd ;f *e tm%m&&D;ud&k m OD;pm;yD;cuwfpmG ud&k mwG@d &a&?
34 3 45 2
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
ygwED ikd if &H ;D &k@d ,if;acwfu &DpakH rsmc&a&ta=umif;udk a'guw f mbarmfuw kd ikd f ol. (Burma at the
beginning of the Second World War) twef;rm 0efcx H m;pGmudk zwf&E_ ikd af &?
1938-39-avmufrm 'dk@Armtap;t&Hk;0if ocifrsdK;csdKuf Armvlai&dk@a& ArmvGwf
vyf&;D twGuf txl;}uKd ;yrf;vmuwfaw? tcuftcJ@rsK;dpu kH kd &ifqikd v f muwfaw? wuUov kd af usmif;
om; ArmrsKd ;csKd uf&@kd a& tiwfiwf tjywfjywfcAH sm,f? Edik if &H ;D ud}k udK;pm;vmuwfaw? bHpk epfuakd w
aqmufz@kd twGuf Edik if v H yG v f yf&;D udk yxr}uKd ;pm;&zd@k pmG udk jrifvmuwfaw? ArmhtrsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D
ordik ;f a=umif;udk a&;a&;&if&h if/h awmufawmufxeG ;f xGe;f azmfaqmifEikd af tmif oufpeG @f }udK;yef;vm
uwfaw? Edik if jH cm;pdu k uf &l mS azGvmuwfaw? ,d;k ',m;/ w&kw/f *syefu+kd zdKufp/D tdE, dN ud+k zdKufpD xGuf
vm+yD;au pGe@f peG @f pm;pm; tultnD&mS vmuwfaw? ,if;tcsed af vmufrm bpde/f xGe;f tkyf 'd@k Arm
tap;t&Hk;eef@ ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;. 'dk@Armtap;t&Hk;vdk@ ESpfjcrf;uGJeDa&? *kydkifuGJeDa&tcgrSmavh
&ckid vf al iwd *k% d ;f zufvu kd v f @kd yg0ifcuwfaw? 1939-ckrm trsKd ;om;wyfaygi;f pk oabm0ifvma&?
“ArmxGu&f yf*% kd ;f ””udk a'guw f mbarmfEiS hf ocifatmifqef;&d@k O;D pD;+yD;au xlaxmifcuwfaw? ,if;
aemufyikd ;f rm 'd@k Armtap;t&H;k ESpjf crf;uGu J m ocifval irsm;&d@k a& ud, k af e;ud, k [ hf efEiS hf tquf&mS ,if;
*syefxad &mufvm;cuwfaw? ESpjf crf;vH;k u ArmvlaioH;k usyd af & yDeefu|e;f rm qH;k ap;vDuwfaw?
a&;abmfo;kH usyd v f @kd aemifwiG v f aD &? 1939 u 1945-ck twGi;f 'kw, d urBmph u kd }f u;D +zKd ufymG ;eDa&// emZD/
*smr%Dzufqpf/ tDwvDzufqpf *syef&@kd yg0ifa&? uGejf rLepfqef@usi&f ;D r[mrdwt f azG@eef@ +Aw d o d #/ tar
&duef/ jyifopf/ qdAk , D ufyg0ifa&? r[mrdwt f azG@&@kd wdu
k af yG;aygi;f ajrmufrm;pGmudk wdu k cf u
kd vf @kd [ud wf
aw? “urBmvHk;. ajyol@pdkuf r[mAsL[ma& zufqpfEdkifiHwdudk wdkufcdkuf&zdk@+zdKufaw?” w?”vkdk@
qdAk ,D uf&&k mS ;u a=ujimvdu k af w? ,if;a=umifh urBmv h uf0t J iftm;pktm;vH;k avh zufqpfpepfukd
jyif;jyif;xefxef qef@usiw f u kd cf ukd v
f @dk [dev D aD &? zufqw d *f syefa& 1941-ck 'DZifbmv 26 &ufrm
a&;abmfo;kH usyd &f @kd a& ,d;k ',m;rm oD;G odu k pf ma&aomufuwf+yD;au Adv k b f @JG cv H @kd “Armajy vGwv f yf
&D;wyfrawmf” (Burma Indenpendance Army) B.I.A udk azG@ap;vdu k u f wfaw? aumif;r=umcif
Armajyod@k 0ifa&mufvmuwfaw? ,if;pyf=um;umv tpydik ;f rm Armajyudk tdE, dN pduk af oemywdu
xde;f odr;f xm;&a&? aemufyikd ;f tajctaeqd;k vwfawtcgrmS bk&ifcq H m&fa':refprdof (Smith Sir
Reginald Dorman) eef;&if;0ef qm&fay:xGe;f eef@ tpd;k &wazG@v;kH tdE, dN Edik if H qdrrf vm (Simlar)
+rdK@o@kd ajymif;&$v d m;cuwfaw?
*syefeyH gwf 15 wyfrawmfu Armajywku d af yG;udk wm0ef,&l a&? ,if;wyfukd qdik *f ;kH (Saigon)
+rdK@[d *syefpu kd Xf mecsKyfu wm0ef,u l u G u f &J a&? ,if;wyfrmS trSwf 33 wyfreef@ trSwf 55 wyfr
(33rd Division of 55th Division)&d@k yg0ifa& ,if;wyfu &efue k rf mtajcpdu k +f y;D au 1942-ck rwfv
15 &ufrm *syefpu kd t f yk cf sKyf&;D udk pwifa& B.I.A Arm 15 eHygwf vufatmufo@kd a&mufvm;ca&?
ateD&mrSm a&;abmfo;kH usyd &f @kd t+zKd uef ef@ "g;ydik }f u;D ausmyf /kH a';0efrif;}u;D atmifausm&f /D$ +rKd @o}l u;D atmif
36 43
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
ausmZf t H +zdKufa& cyfqifqifwel aD &? 20 &mpkrm zufqw d *f syefaecs@J &@kd . vSnu hf u G rf m a&;abmfo;kH
usyd cf &H a&ydik f 19 &mpku +Adwo d # t&if;o#i&f @kd . vSnu hf uG rf m 'g;ydik }f uD;&d@k cu
H wf&a&? tEdik Ef ikd if o H rdik ;f
rmavh *kyikd t f uGurf sKd ;udwk @dG &a&? aecs@J qo kd r#/ vlrsKd ;}uD;0g'orm;qdo k r#um; wyg;vluu kd |ejf yKzd@k
}udK;pm;jrJ+zdKufpmG udk =uyf=uyf/ owdxm;&zd@k pmG yif+zdKufaw? B.I.A udak vh *syef{u&mZftrde@f t&
*syefpu kd Af v kd f tD;'g; (General Shajiro Sida ) u “Armh ArmhumuG,&f ;D wyfrawm awmf (Burma Defence
Army BDA) t+zKd uf ajymif;vJazG@ap;vdu k af w? B.I.Audrk zsucf if B.I.Awyfwwyfukd Adv k &f efatmif
OD;pD;+y;D au *syefwyfeef@twl &ckid af jyod@k 0ifvmvwfaw? Amrm/ *syef&@kd eef@ &ckid w f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m wdik ;f &if;
om;tap;t&H;k eef@ qufo, G rf ud wfaw? &cdik af cgi;f aqmif&@kd +zdKufuwfaw q&mawmfto#if OD;pdEmN
ax&f/ to#iyf nmoD[ax&f/ to#iaf uo& "dywdax&f/ OD;ompHv/S OD;tmifxeG ;f OD;/ OD;atmifxeG ;f jr/
OD;atmifomOD;/ tudb k pH/ tudak usmjf r/ tudn k xkd eG ;f / tudak rmifxeG ;f 0if;/ tudak rmife/D tudAk akH yguf
omausm&f @kd eef@ qufo, G rf u
d wfaw? tqdyk gy*k Kd~ vf&@kd teuf t*Fvyd t f r_xrf;tcsKd @&@kd *syefy;D a& tpd;k &
tr_xrf; t&m[dt+zdKuf vkyaf qmifuwfaw? +idr0f yfyjd ym;&D;udk aqmif&u G uf wfaw? c&dik 0f ef/ aeydik /f
+rdK@yikd /f w&m;ol}uD;/ toD;oD;+zdKufvmuwfaw? 1942-ck *sLvdi_ v f avmufrm Adv k &f efatmifwyf&if;
&efuek o f @kd jyefvaD & ? 1942-ckrm bl;oD;awmif/ armifawma'orm &ckid /f ukvm;t"du&ke;f udk Adv k &f ef
atmifzefw;D ca&? &ckid 'f u k o Q nf 1760 udw k ifxm;a& oabFma& bl;oD;awmifqyd u f rf;u *du k f 50
tuGmrmjrKyfv@kd vlo;kH &mausmo f cD &a&// ukvm;&efuakd =umufv@kd +yD;&mrm atmufom;pdu k Af v kd v f uf
csuef ef@ oD;qH;k c&a&// atvlrsKd ;&D;t"du&ke;f rm ukvm;/ &ckid f pkpak ygi;f 7500 ausmo f q D ;kH c&a&?

(C) *syef a wmf v S e f a &;c&D ;

,if;tcsed af vmufrm *syefzufqpfaecs@J ukd awmfveS zf @kd uGejf rLepfygw0D if(Armajy) ocifp;kd /
ocifoed ;f azjrSi/hf ocifwifjr/ ocifwifa&$/ tdE, dN [d &cdik af cgi;f aqmif&@kd eef@ v#Kd @0u S af qG;aEG;+yD;au
ocifoed ;f azjrif/h ocifwifa&$&@kd &cdik af cgi;f aqmif&@kd . tultnDu, kd +l yD;au tdE, dN ajyod@k qufvuf
c&D;ESicf uwfaw? ,if;rmr[mrdw&f @kd . tm&Spu kd rf suEf mS &d@k rm ajymufusm;pdu k q f ifa& 136-wyfazG@
eef@qufo, G rf ad &? tdE,
dN uGejf rLepfygweD ef@av; qufo, G rf u d wfaw? tdE, dN a&muf tjcm;a&;abmf&@kd
eef@av; tquftoG,v f yk af w? ocifp;kd / ocifjr&d@k um; rif;jym;u oHawG;txd qufav#muf+yD;au
Armajyudjk yefvm;cuwfaw? vrf;rSmol&@kd ap;&k;H &D;udk csrw S v f m;cuwfaw? oHawG;rSm tudak usm&f if
&d@k eef@ qufo, G rf ud wfaw? 1947-ckrm *syefu Armajyudk vGwv f yf&;D yD;zd@k q@kd v@kd a'guw f mbarmf
OD;pD;+yD;au “qif;a&;om;ygw”D udk azG@ap;vDa&? &cdik w f idk ;f vH;k qkid &f m wdik ;f &if;om;tap;tvH;k . OuU
}u;D OD;omZHvrS m tazG@0ifwpfO;D +zKd uaf w? ,if;tazG@.tap;ta0;udk wufa&mufz@kd vmvwfawtcg
rm ,if;E_u d f &efuek af q;&Hk }uD;rm OuUX}uD;uG,v f eG v
f aD &?

3 74 4
 Zmvkyu f wfz@kd av;
rSwfcsuf/ ?*syefudkawmfvSefzdk@/ t*FvdyfudkqufoG,fzdk/@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@twGuf
&ckid af jyuawmfveS &f ;D acgi;f aqmifwed ef@ vma&mufw@dG qakH qG;aEG;a&tcg &cdik cf gi;f aqmif&@kd u +Adwo d #
Am;rm;vGwv f yfau &ckid af jyudk oD;jcm;vGwv f yf&;D yD;&zd@k v@kd awmif;qdak &tcg Armud, k phf m;vS,&f @kd u
tvG,w f ul oabmwluwfaw? ,if;avmufeef@ rvHak vmufov d @kd AHak yguo f mausmu f , kd wf ikd f &efuek f
zqyvXmecsKyfrm aqG;aEG;cgavh ,if;twdik ;f oabmwlncD su&f ca&// ,if;eef@Zk bH&k efozl ufqw d f
*syefukd awmfveS &f ;D twGuf &ckid af cgi;f aqmif&@kd Armacgi;f aqmifwed ef@ yl;aygi;f cuwfaw? (AHak yguf
omausmf awmfveS &f ;D c&D;a0 tawG; 11) 1943-ck =o*kwf v 1-&uferd m *syefpu kd Af v kd }f uD; tD;"g;u
*syef{u&mZftrde@f eef@ pdu k tf yk cf sKyf&;D udo k rd ;f +yD;au Armajyudk vGwv f yf&;D yD;a=umif;a=ujima&? a'guf
wmbarmf. qif;a&;om;ygwDeef@ 'dk@Armtap;t&Hk;&dk@a& yl;aygif;+yD;au “ 'dk@Armqif;a&;om;
tap;t&Hk;””udk xlaxmifvu kd u f wfaw?
r=umcifyif &ckid w f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m wkid ;f &if;om;tap;t&H;k a& 'd@k Armqif;a&;om;tap;t&H;k
avmufrm v#Kd ;0ifvm;ca&? ,if;aemufyikd ;f rm ArmEdik if aH & *syefeef@ pdu k rf [mrdwaf zG@+yD;au +Adwo d #
r[mrdwt f azG@ukd pdu
k af =ujima&? 1944-ckaemufwESpf =o*kwv f yxrtywfrm Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;
OD;aqmif+yD;au *syefuakd wmfveS zf @kd tpDtpOfvyk x f m;a&? Armwyfrawmf uGejf rLepfygwD ajyolt&D;
awmfyykH gw&D @kd yl;aygi;f +yD;au zufqw d w f u kd zf su&f ;D ajyol@vw G v f yf&;D tazG@ (zwyv)udk awmfveS &f ;D
wyfO;D t+zKd uf azG@ap;vdu k af w? a,tcg &cdik w f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m wdik ;f &if;om;tap;t&H;k rm &efuek u f nGef
=um;csut f wdik ;f zwyv+zdKufvma&? aemuf&ckid w f ikd ;f zqyv+zdKufvm;ca&? Zma=umifah v;qdak u
'd@k Armqif;a&;om;trsm;pkyif zwyvudk azG@ap;vdu k v f @kd +zKd ufaw? 'd@k Armqif;a&;om;tap;t&H;k (&ckid f
wdik ;f )acgi;f aqmifw+d zdKufuwfaw tudb k pH/ tudpk w H if/ tudak usmEf /k tudak rmife/D tudak tmifxeG ;f
0if;&d@k a& zqyvrm yg0ifO;D aqmifcuwfaw? ,if;tjyif uGejf rLepfygwD (Armajy)eef@av; qufo, G rf d
uwfaw? tudAk akH yguo f mausm/f tudv k aS usmpf a& &ckid v f al iwpkav; udak usm+f idr;f udb k aqG&@kd .
ajyol@ t&D;awmfyykH gweD ef@ qufo, G rf u d wfaw? ,if;aemuf tudb k pH/ tudak usmjf r/ tudak rmifapmOD;/
(Adv k af tmifausm)f &d@k acgi;f aqmif+yD;au ajrmufO;D +rdK@rm wyfazG@wazG@ azG@uwfaw? c&dik 0f efO;D atmif
xGe;f OD; tultnDu, kd +l yD;au *syefAv kd u f mevf rD,m0guu D kd t*Fvyd u f wkd ukd cf ukd zf @kd v@kd tpDtpOfukd
vdraf vwifjyvdu k u
f wfaw? ,if;twGuef ef@ *syefyg;u vufeuftcsKd @&a&? Adv k w f memumu ajymuf
usm;pdu k yf nmudk ,if;wyfazG@uo kd ifjya&? to#iyf nmoD[/ Adv k =f umvSatmif OD;aqmifazG@ap;a&
wyfazG@a& yvuf0aeudk odr;f ydu k v f u kd af w? ,if;wyfazG@rmS Adv k =f umvSatmif/ Adv k af rmifapmOD;/
tudOk ;D ausm/f tudak rmife&D @dk O;D pD;ca&? ,if;aeudk odr;f &a&apmfu *syefuakd wmfveS zf @kd twGuf t[m
rdw&f @kd eef@ tquftoG,v f yk zf @kd +zdKufaw? ,if;+yD;aemuf to#iOf pD Ed mN ax&f/ to#iyf nmoD[ax&f/
OD;atmifomOD;/ tudb k pH/ tudak usmjf r&d@k A rmajyod@k vm;+yD;au zwyveef@*syef awmfveS &f ;D eef@
Burma During the Japanese occupation, simla, Intelligence Bureau, government
of Burma, 1st oct, 1943 udka=u@yg?
38 45
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
aqG;aEG;uwfaw? 1944-ck *|ev f rm tdE, dN rm r[mrdw&f @kd eef@ qufo, G zf @kd upd u P kd }udK;pm;vk@d [ed aD &?
udk!dkxGef;a& &ckdifajyodk@jyefa&mufvm+yD;au *syefawmfvSef&D;twGuf zwyv(&ckdifwdkif;)eef@
vma&mufaqG;aEG;a&? ,if;aemuf tud! k x dk eG ;f a& tudpk o H mausm/f tudpk aH tmif&@kd uakd c:+yD;au
tdE, dN od@k jyefvm;ca&?
,if;aemuf yvuf0ae umuG,&f ;D wyfazG@ukd Adv k =f umvSatmif/ Adv k af rmifapmOD;&d@k O;D pD;
&a& tudak usmjf r/ tudak rmife/D tudak rmifxeG ;f 0if;&d@k u tkycf sKyf&;D udk wm0ef,&l +y;D au aepyfuwqifh
vlai&d@k ukd tdE, dN rm pdu k o
f ifwef;wufz@kd y@kd y;D &a&? 1944-ck/ =o*kwv f rm ,if;pdu k o f ifwef;twGuf
apvGwv f ukd af w yxrtazG@tap;rm yg0ifuwfaw vlaitrsm;eef@ tcsKd @rmS tudpk aH tmif&@kd +zKd uaf w?
tudAk akH yguo f mausm&f @kd uav; tudx k eG ;f atmifausm/f tudak tmifvaS usm&f @kd ukd ,if;rmod@k yif v$wf
vdu k u f wfaw? aemufwokwf ,if;wd@k vm;uwfawvl&@kdrmS to#iyf nmoD[ax&f/ Adv k o f mxGe;f atmif/
tudOk ;D ausm/f tudak tmifyef;/ tudjk ratmif/ tudx k eG ;f vS/ tudak rmifapmjzL/ tudpk ed x f eG ;f / tudk
csKdufvSjzL/ tudkapmxGef;/ tudka0vm/ tudkpHxGef;/ tudkomausmf/ tudkrdk;om/ tudkbodef;/
tudpk ed af rmif&@kd +zKd uu f wfaw? ,if;ESu d f ajrmufO;D +rKd @ae/ ysm;aw;udk to#iyf nmoD[u wm0ef,&l a&?
tudb k pHu ajrmufO;D +rdK@/ armif;aqG;/ ayguaf wm/ pufom;&Gm/ rif;jym;/ pdu k af wGwcGirf mS ap;&H;k v_yf
&Sm;&a&? to#ipf Ed aN x&f/ AHak yguo f mausm&f @kd u ajryH/k ayguaf wmwcGirf mS ap;&H;k &D;v_y&f mS ;&a&? 1944-
ck 'DZifbmvqef;avmufrm tudck s;D wd;k udk &efuek zf wyvXmecsKyfukd v$w+f yD;au &ckid af jytajct
aeeef@ zufquf*syefukd awmfveS &f zd@k ta=umif;udk tpD&ifc&H a&? 1944-ck 'DZifbmv tv,favmuf
rm zufqw d *f syefukd awmfveS zf @kd twGuf +Aw d o d # 136 wyfazG@ tdE, dN rm pdu
k o f ifwef;wuf+y;D au &ckid v f l
ai&d@k ukd vDx;D eef@ wpk+y;D wpfpck sy;D a&? ausmufawmf+rKd @ae ig;a,mufuikd ;f &Gmtem;rSm ar*smw&l;/ tukd
!kx d eG ;f / tudak rmifapmjzL/ tudo k mxGe;f atmif&@kd ukd eDa,S&mG teD;rm Adv k af rmifuav;/ tudo k mausmf
rpPwm*sed ;f &d@k u/kd ,if;&GmteD;rSmyif “jcaoF ”
h emrnfcH w&kyaf r*smwpfO;D / tudck sKu d v f jS zL/ tudpk x H eG ;f /
tudpk ed x f eG ;f jzL/ Adv
k af 0vm&d@k uakd vhaumif;/ yef;az;acsmif;a'orSm ajrmufO;D +rKd @ae/ pufom;&Gmtem;rSm
vleef@vufeuf toD;oD;csy;D a&? jAef;*if;/ umbdik /f pwef;*if;/ ajcmufv;kH jAL;pa& vufeufrsKd ;pHk 500
ausmfcsyD;a&?
1944-ck 'DZifbmv tukeaf vmufrm vDx;D wyfazG@wd pHv k ifa&tcg Adv k =f umvSatmifeef@
Adv
k af rmifapmOD;&d@k wyfazsmuf+y;D au ausmufawmfo@kd qif;vmuwfaw? ausmufawmf+rKd @ae/ Zif;cgacs
aus;&GmrSm Adv k af rmifapmOD;wyfazG@a& *syefzufqw d w f yfazG@ukd pwifawmfveS w f u kd cf u dk af w? ,if;wdu k f
ayG;rSm *syefo;kH OD;usq;kH a&? ,if;uwcg ,d;k acsmif;ok@d csw D ufaw? 1945-ck *sE0M g&D 1-&uferd m to#if
ynmoD[eef@ tudAk akH yguo f mausm&f @kd wyfu ysm;aw;wdu k af yG;rSm *syefuw kd ukd cf u
kd f okwo f ifvu kd af w?

ar+rKd@ rd;k =unf/ Adv

k cf sKyfatmifqef;. rde;f cef;rsm; pmtkyw
f iG f Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;u zufqpf*syefukd &ckid &f @kd OD;pGmyxr
awmfveS cf pGmudak jym=um;ca&?
3 46
9
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
vufcyk yf if&if;uwqifh Adv k =f umvSatmif/ tudak rmife/D tudak usmjf r&d@k u wyfeef@twl ,d;k acsmif;od@k
csw D ufuwfaw? ,d;k acsmif;rSm tud! k xkd eG ;f &d@k wyfazG@eef@aygi;f +yD;au em&Duef&mG wcGirf m v_y&f mS ;ap;
&H;k uwfaw? Advk pf v
H w
S yfu ,d;k acsmif;wyfazG@rm *syefavmif;ig;pif;udk E_u d +f rKyv
f u
kd af w? aemufw&ufrm
ykÀm;u|e;f +rdK@ae bJc;kd &GmrSm *syefig;a,mufukd okwo f ifvu kd af w// em&DuefuwyfazG@tm;vH;k a&
pufom;&Gmod@k cswD ufvm+y;D au tudb k pH&@kd wyfazG@eef@ yl;aygi;f a&? vD,mOfysu H csy;D vdu
k af w vufeufwd
udpk +k yD;au ,if;&GmrSmyif “rsdK;csdKufArmhwyfrawmf” &ckid w f ikd ;f (Patriot Burmese force ( PBF),
Arakan Division) udak zG@ap;a&? Adv k =f umvSatmifukd Adv k }f uD;t+zdKufwifajrmufaw?

wyf a zG U Ad k v f & d k U rS m
(1) Adv k =f umeDatmif/
(2) Adv
k pf v H /S
(3) Advk af pmxGe;f atmif/
(4) Adv k af rmifapmOD; &d@k +zdKufuwfaw?
wyfacG;wckrmS vl 150 yga&// pdu k w f yfyikd f pepfwus azG@ap;a&? “rsdK;csdKufArmwyfrawmf” wHqyd w
f d
xkwyf ;D aa&?

EkdifiH&D;t& wyfeefUtwlvIyf&Sm;yD;a& acgif;aqmif&dkUrm

(1) q&mawmfto#if OD;pdEmN ax&f /
(2) q&mawmfto#if ynmoD[ax&f/
(3) tudak rmifvaS usmf
(4) tukad rmifeD
(5) tudk armifxeG ;f 0if;
(6) tudb k pH
(7) tudpk o H mausmf
(8) tudo k mxGe;f atmif
(9) tudak &$om &d@k +zdKufuwfaw?
tudAk akH yguo f mausm&f @kd uavh wyfazG@ap;a&qdck a& “jcaoFh” emarcH w&kyaf r*smwpfO;D .
emarud, k +l y;D au “jcaoF”h ygwv D @kd xal xmifa&? ayguaf wm/ rif;jym;/ ajryHwk cGirf m awmfveS v f y_ &f mS ;a&?
jcaoFyh gw0D ifval i&d@k rmS tudAk akH yguo f mausm/f tudo
k mausm/f tudx k eG ;f vdi_ /f Adv
k af rmifuav;/ Adv k f
omausm/f Adv k af 0vm/ tudb k xGe;f &d@k +zdKufuwfaw? ajrmufO;D +rdK@ae/ ykÀm;u|e;f +rdK@ae/ ayguaf wm
+rKd @ae&d@k rmS v_y&f mS ;uwfaw? 1945 *seef 0g&v D 1-&uferd m ysm;aw;wdu k af yG;u pwifatmifayG;cH+y;D au
40 47
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
pif;jyGe;f yif&if;wdu k af yG;rm *syefEpS af ,mufuzkd rf;&a&? pufom;&Gmwdu k af yG;rSm *syefwpfa,mufusa&?
,if;uoJo&m/ ql;&du k af csmif; od@k csw D ufaw? ql;&du k af csmif; anhwu kd af yG;rSm *syeftrsm;tjym;usa&?
ewfacsmif;wku d af yG;rSm *syefEpS q f ,favmufusa&? vufeufac;,rf;rD;ausmuf&@kd odr;f ydu k &f [da&?
“qif+cHwdkufayG;””rSm *syefwpfa,mufusq;kH a&// *syef&@kd xu G +f yD;vGwaf jrmufvm;a&? ql;&du k af csmif;/
ajrmif;jzm/ anmifyifv,fwcGirf mS ajymufusm;pduq f if&;D twdik ;f yif wdu k cf ukd of #i;f vif;a&? olaiawmf
wku d af yG;rSm &efot l csKd @usq;kH a&? ud, k v hf w l OD;usq;kH a&? ,if;&Gmrm &efot l iftm;aumif;eDv@kd r[mrdwf
vDwyfukd owif;yD;vdu k af wtcg vDwyfuvma&mufwu kd cf u kd v f @kd &efot l rsm; us&if;qkw+f y;D vm;ca&?
rif;jym;+rdK@ae/ ajryH+k rdK@aewcGirf m 1945-ck/ azazmf0g&v D 14-&ufrm Adv k pf vH wS yfcu JG Adv k o f mausmf
OD;pD;a& wyfpw k pk wdu k cf u kd v f y_ &f mS ;a&? +cw d af wmif&mG u ajryH+k rKd @aeod@k csw D uf&m vr;fa=umif;wav#muf
wG@d or#&efow l u d kd ajymufusm;pdu k af e;eef@ wdu k cf u dk o f w k o f ifvm;ca&?
1945-ck/ azaz:0g&D 15-&ufrm jca&Sjyif&mG wku d af yG;rm &efo&l @kd &;kH_ edrv hf @kd xGu+f yD;vm;c
uwfaw? 17-&uferd m jca&Sjyif/ rvdaygu/f owfyek ;f / acsmif;aEG/ auovmr zavmif;jy&d@k ukd jzwf
av#mufcsw D ufaw// 18-&uferd m qufvuf+y;D au ZD;yif}u;D / atmufzm;+yKd &mG udk jzwfacsmufcsw D uf&m
awmif+cDem;rSm *syefig;a,mufeef@ wdu k af yG;+zdKufaw? wpfa,mufusv@kd qkw+f yD;vm;cuwfaw// 21-
&uferd m arvGe;f &Gmwku d af yG;rm *syefo;kH a,mufus/ 2-a,mufzrf;&/ vufeufrsm;odr;f rda&? pdu k af wG
c&dik rf m rsKd ;csKd ufArmwyfrawmf (&ckid w f ikd ;f ). &ckid af jymufusm;a&;abmf&@kd . v_y&f mS ;wdu k cf u
dk rf a_ =umifh
r[mrdww f yf&@kd 2-ESu d w f ikd w f ikd f (1943-44)wdu k cf u kd rf &a&*syefwyfukd 2 vavmufrmyif r[mrdww f yf
&d@k u odr;f ydu k Ef ikd cf a&? ajymufusm;wyfom; 3000 yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cuwfaw? ,if;aemuf ausmufjzLc&dik /f
ajryH+k rdK@ae +rdKufem;/ acsmif;em;/ awmawmifxx l yf&mrm *syefwyfr[m 2 cku cHwyftcdik t f rm aw
aqmuf+y;D au ckcw H u kd cf u kd ef aD &? “uHah umf0”wk ” u d af yG;vd@k wiG v f aD &? azazmf0g&v D 25 &ufuyif rwfv
2-&ufex d d ig;&ufwikd w f ikd f &Dwydik ;f uke;f wydik ;f pdu k q f ifwu kd cf u kd &f a&? r[mrdwv f wD yfuavh xd;k ESuf
wdu k cf u
kd af w? ajymufusm;wyf/ r[mrdww f yf/ yl;aygi;f wdu k cf u kd uf wfaw? *syefwyfom;ESpaf xmif/
r[mrdww f yfom; ajcmuf&mausmu f sq;kH a&? ausmufjzLc&dik /f trf;+rdK@ae/ arvufarmif;&Gm &xk;d }uD;
awmifrm tudb k apm/ Adv k af &;atmif/ Adv k af rmifapmjzL Adv k af tmifapm/ ar*smurf;vJvef ef@ tjcm;
Adv k w f pfa,muf ajcmufa,muf vDx;D eef@qif;uwfaw? Adv k af &$rif;OD;pD;a& ajymufusm;wyfazG@rmS
csi;f trsKd ;om; 73 OD;yga&? wdu k ,f if;cdu k , f if; wyfom; 130-xdw;kd vma&/ ,if;wyfazG@a& 'vufaerSm
wyfawG;eDa&? *syef 6000 wyfukd xd;k azmufwu dk cf u kd af w// *syefwyftqkwrf m Zif;jyeG pf cef;/ =uufa&pcef;/
uke;f }uD;pcef;txd ajymufusm;wdu k af e;eef@ wku d cf u kd af w? aemufpu kd af =umif;wckrm vrf;eD/ trf;/
&xd;k awmif/ rJawmif+c&D if;/ eDumawmif/ 'vufaeuGe;f 0/ 0g;awmifaus;&Gm/ ud;k vH/ oifyek ;f awm0txd
*syef&@kd ukd vdu k v f w H u kd cf u kd af w?

4 14 8
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

oHawG;c&dik rf m to#iaf uo&"dywdax&f/ OD;&ef}u;D atmif/ OD;a&G}uKd i/f OD;oef;armif/ OD;omxGe;f

atmif/ tudak usm&f if&@kd zufqw d *f syef awmfveS w f u kd cf ikd &f ;D udk v_y&f mS ;ap;&H;k uwfaw? tudak usm&f ifrm
1945-ck 'DZifbmvavmufrm zwyvXmecsKyfo@kd vm;a&mufwm0ef,el &D vd@k useaf cgi;f aqmif&@kd u
wm0ef,u l wfaw? zwyvnGe=f um;csut f wdik ;f vkyaf qmifcuwfaw? vufeufwpd +k yD;au ajymuf
usm;wyf azG@uwfaw? &d;k awmifrmawaqmufxm;a& *syefvufeufwu kd u
f kd azmufxiG ;f uwfaw?
udik ;f cH&k mG wdu
k af yG;rm *syef&@kd ud&k m vdu
k 0f ifp;D wdu
k cf u kd vf u kd af w?

pd k u f B uD ; twG i f ; u *syef u d k a wmf v S e f wd k u f c k d u f z d k U azG U ap;ca& rsKd ; csd K uf A rmh

wyf r awmf (&ck d i f w d k i f ; )wyf a zG U acgif ; aqmif & d k U rm
(1) tudn k x Sd eG ;f
(2) Adv
k }f uD;=umvSatmif/
(3) Adv k af pmxGe;f atmif
(4) Adv k af pmomatmif
(5) Adv k =f umeDatmif
(6) Advk pf v H S
(7) Adv k af tmifausmf (ac: ) Adv k af rmifapm&D;
(*) Adv k Of ;D ausmf
(9) AHak yguo f mausmf
(10) Adv k af rmifuav;
(11) Adv k o f mxGe;f atmif
(12) Adv k o f mausmf (qHjcL)
(13) Adv k o f mausmf (uef;oif;)
(14) Adv k pf o H mausmf &d@k +zdKufuwfaw?
pufom;&GmrSmazG@+y;D aemuf aemufxyftpHt k vif azG@ap;vdu k pf mG +zKd ufaw? txufuqdck a& ajrmufO;D
+rdK@ae olaiawmfwu kd af yG;+yD;aemuf rsK;d csKd ufArmhwyfrawmf (&ckid w f ikd ;f )udk ysm;aw;pcef;od@k qwk cf mG zd@k
+Adwo d #r[mrdw&f @kd u trde@f xw k v
f ma&? +Adwo d # 136 wyfazG@u vufeuftyfz@dk trde@f csvma&?
vufeuftyfrtyfupd t P wGuf aumif;aumif;aqG;aEG;,l&a&? ,if;tcsed rf m Armajyrm zufquf
awmfveS &f ;D rpodv@kd t+cDteDt&yf&yfa=umifh qef+zdKufvm;zd@k pmG udk pd;k &drv f @d (k z w y v )0if &ckid af cgi;f
aqmif&@kd vufeuftyfz@dk oabmwlvu dk &f a&? 1945-ck azazmf0g&v D aemufq;kH tywfrm ,if;upPukd
t+yD; aqmif&u G v f u kd &f a&// ausmufjzLc&kid u f ajymufusm;wyfazG@rm 1945-ck *|ev f ukeaf vmufrm
ajryk+H rKd @ae urf;axmif;}u;D &Gmrm wyfzsuo f rd ;f +y;D au vufeuftyf&a&? &ckid af cgi;f aqmif&@dk . r[mrdwf
42 4 49
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
Armacgi;f aqmifwt d ay:rm r[mrdwyf o D wfcuwfaw? awmfveS &f ;D ukd tjrifausauseef@ =unfah &vk@d
qk&d zd@k vm;rajymwwf? &ckid af jyrm pku d Of ;D usK;d jy;D au qkwjf y;D vm;ca&// *syefwyftoD;oD;a& Armajyrm
av; awmfveS w f udk cf u
dk jf cif;ukcd cH &a&// 1945-ck rwfv 27 &ufrm Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifa&
rsK;d csKu
d Af rmwyfrawmf pwifawmfveS w f u
dk cf u dk af &// av;vavmufa&S=uma&? ,if;aemuf r[m
rdww f yf0ifvma& &ckid af jyrmykid f ajymufusm;wyfazG@tm;vk;H u vufeuftyf&a&//

(i) auh p f - bD vuf a tmuf &cd k i f a jy

(CAS -B) Regims)
1945-ck =o*kwv f 19 &ufrm zwyv u aeol&rd af yG;&krH m vlxt k ap;ta0;}uD;usi;f ya&
zufqw d w f u dk zf su&f ;D / ArmvGwv f yf&;D / Armxlaxmif&;D / ArmnDnw G &f ;D a&a&Gcsuf 4-csuf csrw S x f m;a&?
zwyv. A[kOd ;D pD;tazG@ukd Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;vk@d azG@a& tm;vk;H 21-OD;yg0ifa&// &ckid t f rsK;d om;
OD;atmifZaH 0 OD;zk;d jr (uou)OD;ausm&f if&@dk av yg0ifuwfaw? pufwifbmv 4 &ufrm t&Sad wmif
tmo# pku d af oemywd “avm'farmifbwWe”f . zdwaf c:csut f & oD[u dk |e;f uE +DW rKd@o@dk Akv
d cf sKyfatmif
qef;tygt0if 11-OD;c&D;xGuu f wfaw? &ckid t f rsK;dom; OD;!Sx d eG ;f wa,mufav;yg0ifa&// +Adwo d #&@dk .
Armajyrm ArmwyfrawmfazG@ap;&D;ukd aqG;aEG;uwfaw? wyfom; 5000/ t&Hwyfom; 300 t&m[d
200&k@d udk ArmrsK;d csKu d w f yfrawmfudk zsuo f rd ;f +y;D au ,if;u&G;D acscef@tyfz@dk udk oabmwluwfaw? qD;0g;
uko&D;utp wyfrawmfom;&k@d . tcGiv hf pm pa& &oif&h xku d af wtcGit hf &D; udpw P yd g0ifa&? a,au
avh uE pDW mcsKyft& &ckid w f yfom;&d@k twGuf rxl;jcm;c// t*ktcsed x f d &ckid af jy Armajytm;vk;H ukd
“au@pb f D”(CAS-B, Civil Affair Staff Burma) pku d t f yk cf sKyf&;D tazG@u tkycf sKyfew D ek ;f +zKduaf w?
1945-ck atmufwb dk mv 15&ufrm&m pku d t f yk cf sKyf&;D uk&d yk of rd ;f vd@k t,ifb&k ifcH “qm&fa':ref
prdof”a&mufvma& ol@rm”qrR ”qrRvmpDrHudef;” (puULjzLpDru H ed ;f )ygvma&? ,if;pmwrf;pDru H ed ;f t&
Armajy &cdik af jy&d@k ukd jyefavxlaxmifz@kd }uKd ;pm;cauavh t&mra&mufc? ,if;ydik t f csed t f wd;k twGi;f rm
&ckid af jyum;azG;yH/k jrLyH+k zdKufe, D m/ ia&;yH+k zdKufe, D m? auhpb f v D ufatmuf wajyvH;k 'kurQ sKd ;pHu k kd cHpm;
eDuwf,m? 1945-ck tpydik ;f avmufrm azmfjyca&twdik ;f *syefaecs@J ukd &ckid af jyu ESix f w k +f yD;au
r[mrdww f yfwd 0ifvmEdik u f wfaw? r[mwyfwyfwu d kd +Adwo d #uOD;pD;ygvma&? &ckid af jyudk pdu k t
f yk f
csKy&f ;D eef@ tkycf sKyaf w? &cdik af jyu zwyv tazG@0ifw/d ajymufusm;a&;abmfa[mif;wdeef@ wrsKd ;om;vH;k
udk vlrqef/ olrqef zdEydS cf sKycf s,af &/ txl;ojzifh to#iOf ;D pdEmN udk +Aw d o d #&@kd rsurf ek ;f tusKd ;qH;k +zKd uaf w?
pdut f wGi;f q&mawmfvufatmuf wyfom;&d@k u uy`wed rf wf(pf)wwf acgi;f aqmifa&? tkt d wf(pf)
twf(pf)(OSS) tazG@uwqifh tar&duefpu kd w f yfeef@ qufo, G cf vd@k q&mawmfudk &ef+idK;azG@+yD;au
zrf;qD;zd@k ap;cdik ;f vma&? q&mawmfwrd ;f a&Smifvm;a&tcg wG@d &mrmypfowfz@kd trde@f xw k q f ifv h u kd af w?
a,+yD;au &aohawmif+rdK@ae +ydKif;awmif&mG om; tudx k eG ;f pde/f tudak rmifv;kH jzL to#ief &'ax&f
4 35 0
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
(aygufawm)pa& &ckdifrsdK;csdKuf/ ajycsdKuf &[ef;awmf&dk@udk ta=umif;rJhzrf;qD;+yD;au ajryHkrm 17
&ufcsKyfxm;a&? xrif;wxyf&mau|;xm;a&? Adkvf}uD;=umvSatmifnD Adkvf=umeDatmifudkav;
trsKd ;rsKd ;tjypf&mS +yD;au 0g&rf;xkwv f u kd af w? ,if;tcg Adv k =f umeDatmifu to#iOf ;D pdEmN ax&feef@w@dG
qH+k y;D au t}u^H m%fawmif;cHa&? q&mawmfu Zmydik t f csed rf sKd ;rm aecs@J &@kd u qlyx l =uaG tmif baZmif
yifvyk v f yk f awmfveS w f u kd cf u
dk zf @dk r+zdKufEikd af =umif; txl;ojzifh *syefv;kH 0ruif;pifcif rawmfveS Ef ikd f
a=umif; awmfveS pf u kd rf a&mufcif r#m;uke+f zdKufvm;Edik af =umif;/ r[kwrf rSeo f wif;rsKd ;pHk xGuv f mau
av; qifjcifoifah =umifh o#i;f vif;jyvdu k af w?
,if;aemuf Adv k =f umeDatmifu “0g&rf;+yD;or*~”udk awaxmif+yD;au &&mvufeufwu d pkd k
aqmif;a&? ud, k u hf u kd , kd u f uG,&f ;D (Self-Sefence)twGuf jyifqifxm;a&? awmifarmf&mG tem;rm
pdu
k o f m; 700 yg0ifa& +Aw d o d #wyfwwyfu vma&muf0ikd ;f 0ef;xm;ca&tcgrm 0g&rf;+y;D or*~ wyfom;&d@k
u ajymufusm;wyfae;eef@ ckcu H muG,w f yfcu kd vf u kd v f @kd tustqH;k r[d vGwaf jrmufca&? wdu k af yG;rSm
oH;k em&D=uma&? &efob l ufu oH;k a,mufusa&? q,fa,muf'%f&m&vm;ca&? vDwyftuln, D +l y;D au
0g&rf;+yD;wyfom;wdukd wdu k cf ukd v
f muwfaw? ,if;tcg 0g&rf;+yD;wyfom;r[d,m+zdKufaw? ,if;ydik f
tcgrsKd ;rm zwyv &ckid af cgi;f aqmifwd 0ifa&mufjzef+zv D @kd wqdwaf u tyD;t,l&ca&? aemuf0g&rf;+y;D
wd vufeuftyfvu kd af w? 1946-ck azazmf0g&v D 14 &ufeu d yif pdu k v f , D mOfeef@ to#iyf nmoD[
ax&f (&ckid w f ikd ;f / zwyv .=o0g'p&d,) Adv k }f u;D =umvSatmif/ tudak usmjf r (twGi;f &D;rSL;)/ tudOk ;D apm/
ol&@kd uu kd mvuwWm;od@k ac:,l+y;D au tus,cf sKyx f m;a&? tpcg ( CAS -B),M.A(Civil Affair Staff-
Burma Military Administration)ac: pdu k tf yk cf sKyf&;D tazG@0if&@kd u aqG;aEG;zd@k v@kd ac:+yD;au *kyikd f
ysix f m;ca&// 2 vcGaJ vmufxm;a&? aemufq&mawmfu ajAmifa=ujimcsux f w k zf @kd rde@f =um;+yD;rS&m
jyefy@kd vu kd af w? q&mawmf&@kd umvrm &ckid af jytajctaea& aumif;aumif;qd;k 0g;eDa&?
q&mawmfjyefa&mufawaemufyikd ;f rm +idr;f csr;f om,m&D;twGuf pdu k tf pd;k &eef@ vufawG;vkyf
aqmifuwfaw? ,if;twGi;f uyif aecs@J &@kd bufu azmufzsuv f muwfaw? 0g&rf;+yD;&d@k ukd +idr;f +idr;f /
csr;f csr;f usatmif q&mawmf&@kd upDpOfy;D a&? aecs@J &@kd um; 0g;&rf;+yD;wdukd rw&m;trde@f xw k q f if+h yD;au
zrf;qD;zd@k vyk v f u dk v f @kd 0g&rf;+y;D &d@k vufeufcs tyfvu kd jf yefauavh/ xyfrzH rf;qD;ESyd pf ufjyefa&? q&mawmf
ynmoD[rm pdu k t f pd;k &eef@ 0g&rf;+AD;=um;rm tm;}udK;rmefwuf pDpyf&;D vkyef cD &a&? pdu k tf pd;k &bm;u
uwdtrsKd ;rsKd ;awmif;cH+y;D au puULjzLuwdt&av;aumif;/ vDax;rSmaysmufu, G af & pum;t&+zKd upf /D
0g&rf;+yD;eDuwfaw &cdik t f rsK;d om;rsK;d csKd uf Armwyfrawmfom;&d@k ukd vm;ac:a&? acsmah rmhazsmif;zsa&
trsKd ;rsKd ;tmrcHv@kd ac:a&? vlai&d@k uav; acgi;f aqmifwu d kd tm;ud;k +yD;au vufeufcstyfvu kd u
f wf
aw? yvdy*f gwo f @kd a&mufauvlaiwdrm ae;rsKd ;pHek ef@zEd ydS /f E_u d pf ufc&H a&? vlprH rDatmif tESyd pf ufc&H a&?
q&mawmfrm wckavhrwwfEikd /f arwWm/ *&k%myGm;jcif;/ a'go/ rmefax;cif;rSwyg;/ wckacsavhrwwf
Edik cf a,cg &ckid af cgi;f aqmif&@kd tcsi;f csi;f aqG;aEG;uwfjyefa&// tajzaumif;udrk &? &cdik v f al i&d@k rm
44 51
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
ud, k Zf mudv k ckd siaf &vd@k rajymwwf,m/ Zma=umifh ud, k &f @kd Zmydik +f zKd uf&a&av;vd@k rjrifuwf,m? ajyol
av;rGJvm;c,m/ acgif;aqmifwdum; ZmydkifvJ “&ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;ordkif;udk owd&yHkr
ay:yg” +Aw d o d #Am;rm; rmY.M.B.A acwf G.C.B.A acwfrm Armt&if;o#iaf ygupf ynmwwfvw l ef;
pm;&d@k trsKd ;om;&D;Ed;k =um;p 0HomEkvyk if ef;udk vkyaf qmifa&tcgrm &ckid yf nmwwf&@kd uavh a&m0if
vkyu f wfaw? Armynmwwf&@kd rm ArmtrsK;d om;vGyv f yf&;D yef;wdik u f kd ypfrw S x f m;vd@k }udK;pm;a&tcg
&cdik yf nmwwf&@kd u ypfrw S t f rSeu f kd &G;D cs,cf yHrk ayguf ? Edik if &H ;D wm0efukd &mxl;xifv@kd ief;ief;wufvu kd f
eDcuwfaw? ,if;eef@Zk &cdik v f }l u;D tcsKd @ ArmEdik if &H ;D orm;=um;rm a*smu f m+zKd uef cD a&? tepfemcHvyk af w/
acgi;f aqmifwqdwaf u [dcauavh &cdik af jyolukd ud, k pf m;rjyKcuwf? &ckid v f rl t_ azG@tap;ax;rSm
rv_y&f mS ;cuwf? ,if;eef@Zk &cdik Ef ikd if &H ;D vrf;a=umif; aysmufu, G v f m;cuwf&a&? &ckid yf nmwwf&@kd
&mxl;rufarmeDcuwfv@kd / vrf;av#myf pfcuwfv@kd Zmydik t f usKd ;qufwd wwef;}u;D +zKd uv f m;c&a&vJqkd
au ,if;ynmwwfwt d v kd mau 'kw, d urBmph u kd f c&D;twGi;f rm &ckid yf nmwwfval iwdtcsKd @ &cdik Ef idk if H
&D;udk vkyaf qmifvmuwfaw? ,if;vlai&d@k avh ArmEdik if &H ;D avmurm Ed;k =um;vmuwfaw vlaiwdrsm;
a&? ,if;vlaiwdeef@ Armajyu ynmwwfvw l ef;pm; Edik if &H ;D orm;&d@k eef@ vufawG;vm;cuwfpmG udk
pduk }f u;D t}uKd umvrmwG@d &a&? pdu k t f wGi;f rm +Aw d o d #uq kd ef@usiu f wfaw ukvm;/ &cdik f t"du&ke;f rm
ydrk qd;k atmif vkycf uwfaw? &yf&mG +ird 0f yfyjd ym;&D;twGuf }uKd rf;yrf;cuwfaw? a,auavh aemufyikd ;f
umvrm *syefawmfveS &f ;D vkyaf wtcg &efuek o f @kd vm;qufuwfaw? zwyvtazG@eef@ vm;qufuwf
aw? &ckid w f ikd ;f qdik &f m wdik ;f &if;om;tap;t&H;k a& zwyv emrnfopfeef@ Arm*k%af qmif xGe;f ajymif
atmif }udK;pm;vmuwfaw? &ckid rf sKd ;csKd uf/ ajycsKd ufval iwdukd acgi;f aqmifwu d rsKd ;csKd ufArmwyfr
awmfrmoGi;f +yD;au ArmvGwv f yf&;D twGuf toufupkd aw;+yD;au wdu k cf ikd cf uwfaw?
pduk t f wGi;f rm *syefeef@aygi;f vk@d &mxl;,lo, l /l +Adwo d #qef@usi&f ;D pdu k +f yD;csed af vmufrm
*syefuq kd ef@usi/f +Adwo#eef@rw d af zG@v@kd &mxl;,lv, l /l +Adwo#pu kd t f yk cf sKyf&;D / &ckid af jyod@k a&mufa&tcg
&ckid af cgi;f aqmifwu d kd pdu
k t f yk cf sKy&f ;D uzdEydS v f ma&? ajyolw&yfv;kH a&;abmftrsm;tjym;/ pdu k t f yk cf sKy&f ;D
atmufrm vlrqef/ olrqef Edu S pf ufccH &a&? *syefawmfveS &f ;D eef@Cas-B vufatmufumv&d@k rm
&ckid rf sKd ;csKd ufval iwd Armajyod@k vm;vdv k m;/ tdE, dN odv k m;vdv k m;/ oD[o dk @kd vm;vkv d m;// ,if;ydik v f m;
or#um; ap;arh/ urf;arhr[kw/f zqyvXmecsKyfu zdwv f @kd vm;pGm? zqyv OD;pD;tazG@rmyg0ifv@kd Arm
vGwv f yf&;D &cge;D ,m? ol@nD OD;!dx k eG ;f u uE +DW rKd @o@kd Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;eef@ twlygvm;cjyefa&? &ckid o f m;
wdtwGuf *k%, f pl &mr[kwv f m;? Armwyfrawmfupd u P kd aqG;aEG;cuwfaw? ,if;ydik t f csed rf m +Aw d o d #
pdu k tf yk cf sKyf&;D u &cdik af jyudzk Ed ySd v f @dk aumif;wke;f / t,ifu &ckid t f &m[da[mif;wdukd toH;k csv@kd aumif;
wke;f / &ckid t f &m[da[mif;wdavh oH;k ESpo f ;kH rd;k tm%mrjyc&pGm/ yg0grjyc&pGmudk apmifeh &D vk@d aus;Zl;
o#iaf jyol&@kd ukd tm%mjyvmuwfaw? txl;ojzifh oH;k ESpo f ;kH rd;k ol&@kd cadk tmifecD uwfaw u|e;f
&Gmv,form;&k@d ukd &uf&ufpufpuf vkycf uwfaw? aumif;aumif;&ifemzd@k aumif;a&? 'kw, d urBm

4 55 2
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

pdu
k }f uD;a=umifh &ckid w f ajyvH;k pD;yGm;&D;/ vlr&_ ;D / ynm&D;rm t}uD;tus,f usq;kH vm;ca&? ausmif;r[d/
uefr[deef@ vlaiwdvv D iG u hf ek af &// pm&dwyW suu f ek af &// vlr&_ ;D rm&Suaf umif;xref; &kid ;f pdik ;f vma&//
&kww f &uf iGpD uULwdukd +Adwo d #&@kd u &kwo f rd ;f ydu
k vf u kd v f @kd av; v,form;&d@k rm vufeufz0g;&m usef
vdu k af w// t0wftxnf/ tpm;tpm/ qD;0g;r[dv@kd oD}uDuwfpmG avh 'keef@a';? r,lurf;a'ou vl
wduq kd akd u uk, d af 'ood@k rjyefEikd , f m ukvm;&cdik t f "du&ke;f cgu +AD;vwfcuwfaw &cdik t f rsK;d om;&d@k
ud, k af 'ood@k rjyefuwfab; ukvm;wefw&d;k rm av;+rKd @+rKd uw f &d;k rm tajcpdu k v f muwfaw? &yf&mG +ird f
0yf&;D av; tysuyf sut f ,Gi;f ,Gi;f +zdKufvmc&a&? &Gmwdik ;f / &Gmwdik ;f rm "jr&efa=umifrh awh+idrv f @kd +rdK@o@kd
ajymif;vm;&a&? ,if;eef@Zk aus;&Gmv,f,mvkyif ef; ysupf ;D qkw, f w k v f m;c&a&?
+rdK@&@kd rmavh r+idrrf ouf edwikd ;f txdyw f vef@eef@ +rdK@aeuvlwd c&dik +f rdK@o@kd a&mufvm
uwfaw? c&dik +f rdK@}uD;wdrmuav; t,ifuydik f pD;yGm;racsmif ukev f yk if ef;/ b%fvyk if ef;uav;rpm;
om? v,f,mtaumufceG u f av;r& ,if;eef@Zk +rKd @uvlvwfwef;pm; ynmwwfwd ola=u/G olaX;wd
&ckid af jyrmeDv@kd r+zdKuf,m? &efuek o f @kd ajymif;&$v d m;c&jyefa&? +Adwo d #pu kd t f yk cf sKyf&;D atmuf &ckid af jyrm
ia&;bHyk ikd af csmif,m &cdik v f @l tazG@tap;tzd@k acwfq;kd wacwfukd &ifqikd v f mcjyef,m+zdKufaw? 18
&mpk/ 19 &mpku t,ift h ,ifu &cdik t f usKd ;qufwad & ordik ;f wav#mufrm acwfq;kd wdukd jzwfav#mufc
&auavh ud, k o hf rdik ;f a=umif;trSef ypfrw S tf rSeu f kd rrdraysmufcuwf? ud, k yf pfrw S u f kd ud, k }f uKd ;pm;vk@d
acwftqd;k udk &ifqikd cf uwfaw? ud, k t hf rsKd ;om;. ypfrw S u f dk (0g) ud, k w hf rsKd ;om;vH;k . a&a&Gcsuyf ef;
wkid u f /kd b0ukpd eG @f v@k d vkyaf qmifcuwfaw? a&a&Gcsut f wGuf b0udt k epfemcHcuwfaw? acwfrpSD mG
rrDpmG udrk ajymvd?k wm0efauspmG udak jymvdak &? a&a&Gcsut f rSet f wGuf b0ukt d epfemcHcuwfpmG udk
armfueG ;f xd;k vdak &? a'acwf 20 &mpktpydik ;f rsKd ;qufEu d_ q f uf (Two Generations) rmum; &cdik t f rsK;d
om;ordik ;f a=umif;udak v; rxDarhjrifjyKcuwfaw? trsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;udak v; opPm
azmufuwfaw? trsKd ;om;a&a&Gcsut f rSeu f akd v; *&krpdu k u f wf? olrsm;a&a&Gcsurf m ta&ma&mt
a,mifa,mif aemufuvdu k cf uwfaw? a'rsKd ;qufEu d_ q f uf vkyyf u kd cf pGmrm ig&@kd trsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D
vrf;a=umif; aysmufq;kH c&a&? touf&iS ef &D ufom;eef@oeD &D a&? &ckid af & Arm+zdKufecd &a&? ,if;rsKd ;
qufEu d_ q f ufu &cdik af jyolw&yfv;kH udk Armvl@tazG@tap;rm oGi;f vko d iG ;f &ckid Ef idk if &H ;D awmfveS &f ;D udk
zqyvrm oGi;f vdo k iG ;f rsKd ;csKd ufArmwyfrawmfrm oGi;f vko d iG ;f eef@ vky&f yfrrSeu f ef a&a&Gcsurf rSeu f ef
vkyyf pfcuwfv@kd t*kyikd +f zdKufe&D a&? &ckid af & Arm+zdKufe&D a&? Armvufatmufrm u|eyf ek ;f udv k ekd b D 0
+zKd ufe&D a&? ,if;rsKd ;qufEu d_ q f ufum; 0dik /f tmrf/ bD/ ateef@ *s/D pDbaD tacwf &ckid rf sKd ;qufeef@ zwyv
eef@ zqyvacwf &ckid rf sKd ;quf&@kd +zdKufuwfaw?
*kyikd &f ;GD vd@k a'rsKd ;qufwu d kd apmfum;apmfr[kw?f tem*wfordik ;f rm *kyikd t f rSm;rsKd ;rxyfatmif
tusKd ;jyK a0zefjcif;&m+zKd ufaw/ ud, k t hf jriftwdik ;f yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; tjyKoabm a0zefjcif;&m+zKd ufaw?
+Adwo d #pu kd t f pd;k &vufatmuf 1946-ck {+yDv yxrtywfrm yxr t}udraf jrmuf &cdik af jyvH;k qdik f
46 53
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
zwyv nDvmcHobif}uD;udk ajrmufO;D +rdK@ae ysm;aw;&Gmrm usi;f yvdu k af w? q&mawmfto#if pdEmN
ax&feef@ wjcm;Edik if &H ;D acgi;f aqmif&@kd rm 0g&rf;xkwq f ifjh cif;cHe&D uwfv@kd nDvmcHobif}uD;ok@d yGiyhf iG fh
vif;vif; rwufa&mufEikd cf uwf? q&mawmfto#if oD[ax&feef@wuG useaf &Edik if &H ;D acgi;f aqmif&@kd
tm; pHpk v kH ifvif wufa&mufEikd u f wfaw? pdu k }f uD;twGi;f tdE, dN ajy tusKd if;axmifrm tzrf;cHvD
uwf&a&? tudak pmxGe;f atmif/ tudak usmOf ;D / pol&@kd av; vGwv f muwfv@kd wufa&mufuwfaw?
pdu k af wG/ ausmufjzL/ oHawG;/ oH;k c&dik f ud, k pf m;vS,af ygi;f oH;k &mig;q,feh ef@ wjcm;yk8Kd~ vf&akd v; wuf
a&mufuwfaw? aus;&Gmaygif;ESpfaxmifausmfu vlaygif;ESpfodef;cGJ wufa&mufawvdk@ rSwfwrf;
rmwG@d &a&? tvm;tvm cufac;&D;=um;u *kyikd w f ufa&mufuwfaw y&dwo f wf&@kd txl;wufwuf
=uG=uG [deu D wfaw? ud, k &f @kd acgi;f aqmifwu d kd txl;tm;ud;k eDuwfaw? ud, k &hf @kd acgi;f aqmifwad &
ud, k &hf @kd 'u
k t Q aygi;f wdukd y,fzsuEf ikd v f rd , R v f @dk txl;tm;ygeu D wfaw? pcef;rSe/f vrf;rSeo f @kd tua,mif
yif yd@k y;D Ekid v f rd ahf rvd@k tm;wufeu D wfaw? acgi;f aqmif&@kd .rsuEf mS udk zl;ar#mcf siu f wfaw/ toHu=kd um;
csiu f wfaw? =o0g'udck , H cl siu f wfaw/ vrf;nGe&f mudk vdu k ef mcsiu f wfaw? t,ifcgu acgi;f aqmifeef@
ajyolrm uaumif;ap;&H;k vd@k [v d aD &? acgi;f aqmifwd ap;&H;k r_ wufxeG ;f eD,m+zKd ufaw? *kyikd pf mG rm vrf;
rSeaf u yef;wdik rf eS u f kd a&mufEikd af &r[kwv f m;//
nDvmcHac:,l&a& ta=umif;&if;um; pdu k t f wGi;f t+zdKuftysuef ef@ +Adwo d # pdu k tf yk cf sKyf
&D;atmuf tajctae&d@k ukd o#i;f vif;wifjyzd@k zwyv. aqmif&u G cf surf sm;udw k ifjyzd@k &cdik v f xl }k u;D eef@
Edik if &H ;D orm;&d@k ukd aoaocsmcsm vrf;nGejf yzd@k +zKd uaf w? yvdyt f &m[d&@kd pdu k of m;&d@k av; vufeufrsKd ;pHek ef@
tap;ta0;rSww f rf;wd ul;,lz@kd a&mufeaD &// yxredrm &ckid af jyajymufusm;wyfom;&d@k . eduef mcsuw f d
&cdik af jyt&yf&yfu jy\emwdukd yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; wifjyuwfaw? =o0g'p&d,q&mawmf to#iyf nm
oD[/ +Adwo# pdu k t f yk cf sKyf&;D udk jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefcsKyfcsvu kd af w? +Adwo d #tpd;k &a& &cdik af jyudk
r[mrdwfteDeef@ rjyKrlcab;? pdkuf&HSL;wdkif;ajywajyydkif jyKrlqufqHeDa=umif; &cdkifajyolvlxkudk
t*kyikd zf Ed ydS ef pD mG a& &cdik w f ikd ;f zqyvudk zsuq f ;D zd@k vakd =umif; +Aw d od #tpd;k &. tkycf sKy&f ;D udk cdik af jr;pDcsiv f @kd
*kyikd v f yk ef pD mG +zdKufa=umif;/ ,auavh &cdik af jyolvx l rk m +Adwo d #uw kd cg/ *syefuw kd cg 2 qlwikd w f ikd f
awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd cf vd@k oHr%dyikd f cdik rf meD,m+zdKufa=umif;/ tcgtcGi&hf au w+ydKifeuf awmfveS x f =uG
uwfz@kd +zdKufa=umif;&d@k ukd wifjyvm;ca&?
+Adwo d #Am;rm;. wyfrawmfo@kd pdu k o f m;oGi;f &D;jy\emudk tus,w f 0ifh aqG;aEG;uwf
aw? 1945-ck pufwifbmvujyKvyk af w uE<t D ap;ta0; qH;k jzwfcsuw f ud kd +Aw d o d #tpd;k &u vdu k ef m
vkad &qENr[dv@kd ,Hrk mS ;oHo,+zdKufeu D wf&a&? ,if;ydik +f zdKuf&pGmrmav; uE o DW abm wlncD surf sm;
twdik ;f ajymufusm;wyfom;&k@d ukd vcxkwrf yD;ab; t*kxd qdik ;f xm;pGma=umif+h zdKufaw? wyfrawmf
twGuf &ckid pf u kd Af v kd qf ,fa,mufavmuf ,lz@kd q+kd yD;au wpfa,mufaw;&m a&G;cs,x f m;a&? &cdik f
om;ig;&mudk vufczH @kd qakd uav; vufrcHo/d / &cdik w f yfom;a[mif;trsm;tjym; ykvyd &f @kd u ae;rsK;d pHek ef@

4 75 4
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

ESyd pf ufeuD wfaw? atydik yf if uE o DW abmwlncD suu f kd +Adwo

d #&@kd u azmufzsuzf @kd }udK;pm;eDuwfaw?
,if;eef@Zk ajymufusm;wyfom;&d@k ukd vpmcsucf si;f xkwyf ;D zd@k rw&m;oufouf tcsKycf eH &D a& ajymufusm;
wdudk jcGif;csufr[d csufcsif;v$wfyD;zdk@/ ajymufusm;wyfom;&dk@udk acG;jcm;uef@owfjcif;r[dbJ
pdu k w f yfw@kd oiG ;f zd@k / r0ifvakd & vlwu d kd “ajyola&;abmf”wyfazG@u0kd if+yD;au vlxt k usKd ;aqmifciG yhf ;D
zd@k pa& tqdu k kd qH;k jzwf+yD;au awmif;qdu k wfaw?

,if ; aemuf nD v mcH B uD ; u-

(1) Edik if &H ;D tusKd if;orm;wdukd jcGi;f csurf v hJ w G yf ;D zd@k ?
(2) Edik if &H ;D acgi;f aqmif&@kd ukd xkwx f ma& 0g&rf;wdeef@ tus,cf sKyftrde&f @kd ukd &kyo f rd ;f zk@d /
(3) ajyol@vw G v f yfciG &hf zd@k
(4) pdu k af =umifh ,d, k iG ;f ysupf ;D eDa& ajyolajyom;&d@k ukd oufom/ acsmifcspd +D yD;au ,m,Dtpd;k
&tazG@ukd zwyvtazG@csKyf (&efuek )f jyefvyD sKd ;axmifz@kd eef@ csucf si;f aqG;aEG;zd@k ?
(5) zdEydS rf &_ @kd eef@ v'fpm;r_&@kd ukd wku d cf u
dk zf @kd ?
(6) 6-vtwGi;f ajyolvw $ af wmf ac:Ekid af tmifjyifqifz@kd pa& qH;k jzwfcsuw f ud kd csrwS u f wf
aw?
ud, k uhf kd ud, k yf ikd af qmif&u G &f ;D vkyif ef;}u;D twGuf ap;&H;k uwfz@kd uakd vh qH;k jzwfuwfaw? *kyikd f
us,jf yef@a& nDvmcHobif}u;D udu k si;f y+y;D au tvkyt f r_aqmif &G;D aumufuwfaw? qH;k jzwfcsuw f u
d kd
taumiftxnfazmfEikd af tmif trsKd ;rsKd ;}uKd ;pm;tm;xkwu f wfaw? atumvrm zwyva& &cdik af jy
jy\emudk OD;aqmifajzo#i;f vk@d [ed cD a&? pdu k tf pd;k &udk atmufwb kd mv 15 &ufrm &kyo f rd ;f +yD;au
qm&fa':refprdof tkypf ;kd a&; jyefa&mufvmvwfawtcgrm &ckid af jyrm +Adwo d #AsL&du
k &wf t&m[d
qd;k wd/ &ckid t
f &m[dq;kd wd/ &ckid pf ;D yGm;a&orm;wd/ +Adwo d #p;D yGm;&D;orm;wd wpcef;xvmuwfaw?
&cdik wf ajyvH;k rmum; pdu k 'f g%af =umifh t0wftxnf&mS ;yg;vd@k &GmjyifrmeDxikd &f a&// rdom;pkwd
&Gmwdik ;f rmydik f [dvmuwfaw? tdrw f iG ;f yke;f eD&a& rdom;pkw/d xrde&f ifvsm;eD&a& trsKd ; orD;wd[v d ma&?
txl;ojzifh crDtrsKd;orD;&dk@twGuf +cDcif,Sm;yg;r_a=umihf &GmjyifrmeDuwf&pGmu trsm;tjym;?
tpmt[m& csKd @awhra_ =umihf a&m*gxjl ym;vma&? qD/ qm;/ i&kw/f =uGuo f eG /f rpm;&vd@k ,m;em/
0Jemaygrsm;vma&? 0rf;a&m*g/ ausmufa&m*g/ rsupf ad &m*g yGm;rsm;vma&/ iSuzf sm;a&m*g xljym;vma&?
qD;yD;cef@rvHrk avmuf/ q&m0ef/ qD;pyfo/l olemjyKrvHrk avmufv@kd vltoDtaysmuf xljym;vma&?
ajrmufO;D +rdK@ae/ t&ufaor&Gm w&Gmaw;rm *sE0M g&v D twGi;f vl 45 a,muf oDq;kH c&a&? *syefacwf
vlai&d@k pm&dwyW suv f ma& tm;vyfcsed w f /d tyef;ajzpcef;ur[d/ vlaiwdt&ufaomuf/ avmif;upyf/
taysmfvdkuftcsdefjzKef;eDuwfaw? ,if;a=umihf vlaiwdynm&D;rmavh aZmufxdk;usqif;vma&?
ausmif;rvHrk avmuf/ q&mrvHrk avmuf/ y&dabm*rajyhrpH/k tpd;k &uwckav;jyefrajz@? at*kyikd f
48 55
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
u|e;f eDajyol vlxrk ma&m/ +rKd @evD x
l rk myg azmfjyyguyfq;kd }u;D wdeef@ jyefav&ifqikd ef u
D wf&,m? ,if;tcg
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k af =umihf qd;k usKd ;cHpm;vm&auavh *kawmhcg pDru H ed ;f eef@pepfwus yHpk aH zmfxm;a& aecs@J ,E mW ;a=umifh
&ckid af jyrm taxGaxGuyfq;kd }uD;wd &ifqikd ef u D wf&a&? ,if;tcsed rf m ukepf s;D E_e;f u wufvma&?

“iyd -1odu k -f 1d/ pyg; 10-awmif;eef@za&? qm; 1-odu k /f 1d pyg;q,fawmif;eef@za&/ i&kyf 1-odu k f 4d/
pyg;eef@rz/ qD 1-yd\m 12d/ pyg;25 awmif;eef@za&? axv#m;wax 8d/ pyg;25 awmif;eef@za&?
attxufyg yapP;&d@k a& v,form;&d@k twGuf roH;k r+zKd uaf w yapP;wd+zKd uaf w? &Deq H w D ykvif; wpfusyf
jym;&Spq
f ,f pyg;eef@rz// ESr;f qD 1-ykvif; wpfusyjf ym;&Spq
f ,f pyg;eef@rz? o=um;wpfy\ d m &Spu f sy— f
pDuvdyf 1-bl; 12jym; vzufa& 1-cGuf 4jym;? tdraf qmufvyk zf @kd ukeyf apP;wd. ps;D E_e;f ud=k unfjh yefau
0g;w&mudk 40d u 60d-xd pyg;eef@rz? tke;f w&mudk 80d? }udrw f &m 15d/ ,if;tcgu ukepf s;D E_e;f wuf
oavmuf ajyol0ifaiGrwd;k jrSi/hf pyg;ps;D rwuf/ pyg;ps;D raumif; 100 udk 30d E_e;f ps;D &m[da&? ulvw D
a,muf wed0ifaiG 12jym; atmufwef;pm&D;wOD; wv0ifaiG 50d/ &Gmausmif;q&m wv0ifaiG 25d/
vufaxmuf pm&D;wOD; 80d ykvyd t f r_xrf; wv0ifaiG 21d txufwef; 90d acwfumv

vl O D ; a& xGufpyg; vdkpyg; a&mif;pyg; avsmhpyg;

pdu
k af wG pdu k rf jzpfrD 780,705 467,000 195,000 276,000 r[d
pdu k jf zpf+yD; 6 84,635 186,000 171,900 14,910 r[d
ausmufjzL pdu k rf jzpfrD 252,285 89,000 63,000 26,000 r[d
pdu k jf zpf+yD; 227,053 35,600 56,700 1,100 r[d
oHwJG pduk rf jzpfrD 139,747 62,00 35,00 27,000 r[d
pdu
k jf zpf+yD; 125,773 24,800 31,500 6,700 r[d
yvuf0g; pdu k rf jzpfrD 34,005 6,000 9,000 300 r[d
pdu k jf zpf+yD; 30,605 2,400 8,100 2,700 r[d
t*kEpS f pkpak ygi;f 1,068,066 249,600 2 68,200 14,900 33,700

*kyikd f pD;yGm;&D;t=uyf&u
kd ef pD ikd f tpd;k &u 0Jvzf , J m oufomacsmifcs&d ;D (Welfare)ukepf 0D iD &S ;D Xme
rsm;udk zGivhf ukd yf ;D auav; vufw@kd pedwf arSmifcv kd yk if ef;ud&k m tmyD;&ma&mufvm;ca&? zqyvu
or0g,rzG@J pnf;+yD;au twwfEikd q f ;kH ajz&Si;f Edik af tmif }udK;pm;cuwfaw? tem*wfuykd ikd q f ikd af &
vlairsm;. ynm&D;twGuu f akd v; zqyvyif OD;pD;}udK;udik cf a&? pdu k af wGtxufwef;ausmif;}uD;udk
jyefvjD yKjyify;D ca&? tjcm;a'o&d@k rmavh ,if;ydik fvyk yf ;D ca&? tudo k mausmu f avh “vlaiwdtpnf;
t&H;k ””udk xlaxmif+yD;au zqyveef@ qufaoGxm;a&? vlairsm;.ynm&D;/ use;f rm&D;/ qufq&H ;D wd@k

4 956
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
aumif;rGew f ;kd wufvmatmif }uKd ;pm;vkyaf qmify;D ca&? att+ct D eDrm pD;yGm&D;uwfq;kd u 0ifa&muf
aESmuf,u S v f mjyefa&? t&m[d&@dk uav; arSmifv h ma&? +Adwod #t&if;o#ief ef@ uGeyf &m'dak eacs@ vuf0D
cH&@kd aumif;=urf;vma&? &ckikd af jyrm vlO;D a&t&+zdKufp/D pyg;xGuEf e_ ;f t&+zdKufp/D pyg;pdu k af v{ut&
yif+zdKufp/D pdu k =f uD;+yD;aemuf t+cDteDrm qkw, f wk v
f muwfaw? ,if;tjyif vlxu k av;cdu k rf rD/S
wdik ;f ajyuav;r+ird rf oufv@kd avvkyif ef;rm usqif;vd@k [ed aD &? tckxyd if+zKd ufaw// pdu k rf +zKducf ifp&if;
rm 1943-ck qdyrf vm+rKd @u xkw0f aD & “Armajytpd;k &vrf;nGe”f pmtkyu f ul;,lpmG +zKd ufaw? t*kpu d f
+yD;aemuf cef@reS ;f +cDrm pdu k t
f wGi;f toDtqH;k a=umihf vlO;D a& wpfq,f&mcdik Ef e_ ;f usavsmv h m;ca&?
pyg;ig;yHo k ;kH yHk avsmv h m;a&vd@k ,q
l +yD; cef@reS ;f wGuxf m;a& pm&if;wd+zdKufaw? pyg;csed rf m wefcsed +f zdKuf
aw? txufygp&if;p,m;t&qdak u &ckid af jyc&dik f av;c&dik t f euf pduk af wGc&dik w
f ckwnf;u&m pyg;wef
csed af ygi;f 14900 ydek aD &// wjcm;oH;k c&dik u
f avsmeh aD & pyg;udak ygi;f vdu
k af u 33,500 wef+zdKufaw?
,au &cdik w f ajyaevH;k twGuf ,ckEpS f 1946-ckrm pyg;wefaygi;f 18,600 avsmeh pD mG udw k @Gd &a&?

(p) t*kydkifpyg;txGufEIef; avsmheDpGmZmaMumifhav;?

wzufrm av,mvkyif ef; cdu k rf rDv S @kd pyg;txGuaf vsmeh pD mG ydik f wjcm;wbufrmS pyg;pdu k {f u
jyKef;vm;pGma=umihf u|/J EGm;wdq;kH ,_;H r_a=umihf pyg;txGuaf vsmv h m;&a&? 1941-ck/ p&if;t& pyg;pdu k f
{u 931,000 [dpmG pdu k t f wGi;f ig;yHo k ;kH yHak vmufjyKef;vm;ca&? u|/J EGm;aumif&D 237,600-[dpmG
1940-ck avxGecf sed rf m ig;yHEk pS yf &kH mtoH;k csEikd af &? vlO;D a&avsmah e;vm;vd@k avvkyif ef;tm;ae;vm;
&a&? avu&d,mwd pHpk v kH ifvifr[dv@kd av; usqif;vm;&a&? ,if;twGuw f ma=umifh ,if;Edu _ u
f
&Spq f ,f&mE_e;f avorm;&d@k &@kd rm 0rf;pmrvH+k zdKufe&D a&? ,if;ESpw f vif;odr;f csed af vmufrm &ckid af jy.
av,mtm;vH;k ud;k q,f&mcdik Ef e_ ;f udk ydik q f ikd uf wfaw OD;a&;ausmo f ul rk % ` /D oE mW jzLukr% ` /D OD;a&$
omukr% ` /D OD;ay:xGe;f atmifurk % ` &D @kd ay:ayguv f muwfaw? tpd;k &eef@avorm;&d@k uakd v; oifah tmif
acs aphpyf,u l wfv@kd wrde@f vyk o f ifvu dk af w// ,if;a=umifh zqyveef@ awmifoal vorm;or*~u tpd;k &
eef@ avydik o f #i&f @kd ukd ,if;Edu
_ rf m tcGerf aumufz@kd / avcraumufz@kd ukd awmif;yefvu kd &f a&? atmifjrif
oif&h akH vmuf[cd a&? ,if;tcg zqyveef@ awmifoal vorm;or*~&@kd . cef@reS ;f +ct D & &ckid af jyvlO;D &Deef@
pyg;txGurf m csed rf udu k +f zdKufecD a&/ pyg;ydek aD &? pdu k af wGc&dik rf m ,if;E_u d u f 0rf;pmrvH+k zdKufe&D a&?
pyg;ae;yg;a&// ausmufjzLc&dik /f oHawG;/ yvuf0 c&dik &f @kd rmqdak uum; ydrk q kd ;kd 0g;vmzd@k pmG yif+zdKufaw?
wajyvH;k twdik ;f twmt& o#pq f ,f&mcdik Ef e_ ;f avorm;&d@k rmS 0rf;pmrvHak vmuf +zKd ufe&D a&? ,if;t
csed rf m +Adwo d #ae@cs@J tpd;k &eef@ taygi;f tyg pD;yGm;&D;aomif;use;f a& ukr% ` w D d vlxyk *k Kd~ vfwd v'fpm;t
&m[dwu d awmifoal vorm;wdukd ydv k @kd q;kd 0g;pDa&?
1945-ck/ 'DZbFmvrm tpd;k &u pyg;ps;D awmif;w&mudk 85d usyEf e_ ;f oufrw S v f ukd +f yD; &cdik f
wajyvH;k twGuf pyg;t0,fXmewckwnf;udk pdu k af wGrmzGiv hf u d_ xf m;a&? trSerf m tpd;k &pyg;t0,f
50 57
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
Xmea& pwD;bk&m;om;ukr% ` /D bHak bbm;rm;ukr% ` /D x&D;'de;f ukr% R w D /d aumfy&kd ;D &Se;f wd pkaygi;f xm;
a&Xmewck+zKd ufaw? aiGuakd vh ,if;ukr% R w D b d m;u&m xkwyf ;D xm;a&? ,if;t0,fXme. t&m[dwd
rSmav; xkdukrR%Da[mif;wd. vkyfom;a[mif;wdyif+zdKufaw// yHkpHwckjy&zdk@qdkau ,if;tcgu
tpd;k &t&m[d }uD;+zdKufaw “ar*smrm,m” rm,m”rm ,if;ukr% R . D vkyo f m;a[mif;}uD; wpfa,mufyif
+zdKufaw// ,if;a=umifh ,if;ukr% ` aD & ud, k &f @kd . vkyo f m;a[mif;}uD;wdyg;uwqifh tpd;k &udak csv, S f
Edik af &? tpd;k &rm pyg;ps;D E_e;f udk owfrw S &f mrm pedwrf us tae;qH;k ps;D E_e;f udak v; owfrw S rf yD;/ ,if;Zkeef@
trsKd ;rsK;d u&du k u f xdu k +f zdKuf&a&// avorm;&[da& pyg;ps;D rSm owfrw S x f m;a& ps;D E_e;f twdik ;f r[kwf
w0ufausmrf uae;eDa&? pyg;w&mudk 25d rS 45d rm&m[duwfaw? tpd;k &tzG@J uYkd rm trsK;drsK;d vkyef D
uwfaw? ud, k &f @kd vuf0cD H +rGyD ;GD vufyg;pD&@kd ukd vufowf+yD;au ps;D trsKd ;rsKd ;eef@ pyg;0,feaD &? yHpk jH y&zd@k
qdak u pdu k af wGom;Zmwd (,if;tcgu ajrmufO;D rmeDa&) ayG;pm;OD;armifv;kH jzLqdo k u l kd tpd;k &Xmeu
aiGxw k yf ;D a& ausmufawmfae/ ajrmufO;D ae&d@k rmS pyg;w&mudk 25-usyf 30d ps;D E_e;f eef@&m0,fa&? aiGt
=uyf&u kd ef aD & avorm;wdbm;u pyg;udyk ifaxmif0,fpmG udak v;vkypf aD &? ,if;tcgu &vma&pyg;wdukd
OD;armifv;kH jzLu pyg;t0,fXmerSmoGi;f a&? t0,fXmeu t*Fvyd rf suEf mS jzLt&m[d&@kd a& (ukr% R v D l
a[mif;wd)t,ifu pyg;wdut kd 0,fXmerm pyg;w&mudk 85dps;D E_e;f eef@ toGi;f jyvdu k jf yefa&? OD;armif
vH;k jzLudk ayG;pm;cyD;vdu k af w? *kyikd +f zKd ufeaD & Edik if jH cm;ukr% R }D u;D &d@k u tpd;k &udk }uKd ;qG+J y;D au ayguq f ed &f ;kd
&ckid af yG;pm;ukeo f nfrsm;udk cg;ydu k af qmifxm;ca&? a,+yD;au avorm;&d@k . ac|;aEG;pmvkyt f m;cudk
tjrwf}u;D pm;acgi;f yHjk zwfvu kd af w/ t&mavhwrsKd ;[djyefoad & ,if;tcgu &ckid af jyrm ao,ly@kd aqmif&;D
uraumif; pdu k rf +zdKufab; oabFmarmif;wduo dk ;Hk +yD;au ajywGi;f rmvm;vmeD&a& oabFmc&D;pkid u f
avhrrSe/f avorm;pyg;wduadk vhrwif/ ,ift h +zKd uf *syefcu dk wf cku d vf ;Hk u avorm;&k@d rm [doavmuf
avmif;*sw D ud avh ysuq f ;D qk;H &S;H / uke;f vrf;uav@raygu/f "g;jr/ocl ;dk / vlq;dk uavhaomif;usr;f / *kyidk pf mG rm
avorm;qif;a&;om;&k@d rm pdu k af wGo@dk yapmifa&mufz;l uwfz@dk av;? aw;zk@d / ckzd @dk e&D m0g uk, d &f @dk u *syef
wcdu k v f ;Hk rm ulnv D u
dk af w +rK@d ut&m[d t&mcHwu d adk v; ,kpH mG r[kw?f a=umufv@dk yife&D oda&? ,if;ykid f
tajctaeqk;d ukd csuaf umif;csuef pD mG u cku d yf suo f al X;wd/ ukvm;/ w&kwf olaX;wd/ uGeyf &m'kd vuf0cD H
ayG;pm;ukeaf owd/ ol&@dk o&l @dk a& avmif;}uD;/ pyf}uD;/ orŠmef}uD;wdeef@ u|e;f urf;tES@H av@+S yD;au pyg;wd
ukv d u dk af 0a& tae;qk;H aps;eef@vu dk af 0a&? avorm;&k@d rm 0wfz@dk /pm;zk@d u tylwjyif;vkv d ma& yif
axmifa&mif;olua&mif;/ 0rf;pma&mif;olua&mif;/ r[du[du +cKd uAf smvf,mAsmvf a&mif;csvu dk af w?
ol&@dk &vma&pyg;wdudk tpk;d &yg;rm 85 ps;D eef@oiG ;f +yD;au 1-jyef2-jyefjrwfaw/ bl;oD;awmif
armif;awmukd 100-ps;D eef@vm;a&mif;au oH;k av;jyefjrwfaw// pdu k w f aumif;ok@d vm;+yD;au 125-
ps;D eef@a&mif;auav; 4-5 jyefjrwfaw// wcsK@d upyg;ukad vSmifxm;a& ajywGi;f rm pyg;o#m;eDa&tcg
tjrwf}u;D pm;eef@ a&mif;zk@d avSmifxm;uwfaw/? *kyidk t f iwfz;D eef@&ifqidk v f @dk vma&tcg pD;yGm;&D;orm;
&k@d um; vkypf m;aumif;wke;f avorm;&k@d rmum; uk, d v f yk pf mG udk uk, d rf pm;& tjrwf&zk@d pmG ukx d m; iwfjyef

5 15 8
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
odrf;a&tcg aemufESpfpyg;twGuf 'ga'gifcs+yD;au pyg;avSmifxm;a&vlwdyg;u pyg;jyef+yD;au
a0&jyefoad &? &cdik w f ajyvH;k . pdu k zf ;D '%ftm;vH;k udk uke;f jymatmifcpH m;eDuwf&a&// avorm;vkypf mudk
+Adwo d #/w&kw/f ukvm;uav; oH;k ESpo f ;kH rd;k twGuf t+idK;ESit hf jrwf,al &// &ckid pf ;D yGm;&D;orm; ud, k cf si;f
rnSm tjrwf,al &? ol@&@kd o@l &@kd rm ysuv f cor#p;D yGm;&D;udk tzwfq,fEikd af tmif acgi;f yHjk zwfeu D wfaw?
ol@&@kd o&l @kd tzwfaqvm;pGmu avorm;.vkyt f m;ud;k ?
t*kyikd f &ckid tf rsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH udk vlprH rDaS tmif +Aw d o
d #t&if;o#if aecs@J tpd;k &a& pD;yGm;&D;t
&av;aumif;/ vlr&_ ;D t&av;aumif;/ Edik if &H ;D t&av;aumif; zdEu _d cf sKyfacsa&twGuaf =umifh &cdik af jyrm
atmufus/aemufus ajywajyt+zKd ufo@kd aZmufx;kd usqif;&jyefa&? jyefvx D al xmif&;D vkyif ef;udak v;
waphauhavhrvkyyf ;D // +Adwo d #t&if;o#iaf ecs@J um; &ckid af jyudk ESpcf gvrd v f @kd ESpcf gtyk cf sKyfv, D m// 19-
&mpk tpykid ;f uwcg &ckid t f m;udk t&Htm;t+zKd ufo;kH +y;D au &wemydpk mcsKyft& &ckid af jyudo k rd ;f ydu
k cf a&?
&ckid &f @kd xifpmG u “+Ad w o
d #a & u,f w if
& i
S r
f [mrd w ”
f +zdKufaw? 20-&mpkrmwcg &ckid t f m;udk t&Htm;
oH;k +y;D au zufqpf*syefukd wdu k xf wk cf a&// &ckid af jyudk 'kw, d t}urd f vmtkycf sKyfjyefa&// a'w acgurf m
&ckid af &t&Htm;t+zdKuf toH;k cH&apmfrmawmif &ckid t f +zdKufeef@ toH;k cHpmG r[kwf &ckid af cgi;f aqmifwd
azmufjyefcvd@k Armt+zdKufeef@ toH;k csc&H pGm+zdKufaw? ,if;eef@Zk pdu k 'f %fuakd v;cH/ pdu k +f yD;jyefau
r[mrdw&f @kd . tEdu _ t f pufuakd v;cH/ ,if;eef@Zk &ckid af jyol&@kd u +Aw d o d #ukd xyfraH wmfveS cf siu f wfaw?
acgi;f aqmifwrd m aeacs@uakd wmfveS zf @kd awmif;qdek u D wfaw? ajyol&@kd um; acgi;f aqmifwad vmuf
tjrifraus/ acgi;f aqmifwjd rifa&ydik rf jrif/ acgi;f aqmifwjd rifepD mG udk ajyolwed m;rav acgi;f aqmif
wdjrifepD mG u Armajyu zqyvtazG@csKyfukd aqG;aEG;csKyfqkd }udK;yrf;a=uhvm&zd@k // ArmvGwv f yf&;D udk
&cdik af jyolwd rD;ydik yf el &D a&b0udk u,fEikd zf @kd wdu k af yG;0if&zd@k / vrf;!$eyf ;D zd@k wm0efum; zqyv(&ckid w f ikd ;f )
rSm wm0ef[v d aD &? ,if;a=umihf t*kEu Sd t f pnf;ta0; awmuefnv D mcHa& emrnf}uD;a&?

awmuefnDvmcHu 5? 4? 46-rS 9? 4? 46 qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;-

(1) to#iOf ;D pdEmN udk ab;rJah =ujimyD;&ef?
(2) zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf u _ kd &yfap;&ef?
(3) t*kEpS rf m avcGeef ef@+rDceG f raumufc&H ef?
(4) Armajyudk vH;k 0vGwv f yf&;D yD;&ef?
(5) &yf&mG umauG&;D tazG@eef@ ajyola&;abmftazG@wu d kd vufeufxwk yf ;D &ef?
(6) &ckid af jyrm vrf;yef;azmufaoG&;D eef@ tvm;tvm vHjk cHK&D;twGuf aqmif&u G yf ;D &ef?
(7) iwfrw G af cgi;f yg;&D;udk umauG&ef?
(8) Edik if jH cm;eef@ qufaoG&ef?

52 59
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
(9) ynm&D;?
(10) Edik if &H ;D tusO;f orm;wdukd v$w&f efeef@ tcsKyfacsukd z,fzsu&f ef?
(11) awmifoal vorm; oufoma&Smifcspd &D ef?
(12) &ckid Af 'k b < momeef@ &cdik rf q l vifrsm;wd@k &if;ES;D pGmaygi;f oif;qufqH csKu d af =uph mG eDxikd =f u&ef/
(13) wdik ;f ajy jyefavxlaxmif&;D pDr&H ef
(14) auGveG o f l Edik if &H ;D orm;acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;udk owd&eDatmif ausmuf&yk af w&ef?
(15) wdik ;f ajytwGuf toufpeG @f ca& ola&;aumif; ajymufusm;rsm;udp&P @kd yif+zdKufaw?
1906-ck 0dik t f rfabDat tazG@ tap;ta0; pdu k af wGaus;vufa'o&Gmrm zqyv nDvm
cH}uD;usi;f ya& 1946-ckxd &cdik Ef ikd if &H ;D a& aemufvu kd 0f g'+zdKufpmG udk ,if;twd;k twGi;f v_y, f mS ;cuwf
aw? yk*Kd~ vfwa,mufcsi;f vkyaf qmifcsu/f Edik if &H ;D tazG@tap; toD;oD;&d@k vkyaf qmifcsu&f @dk uakd =uhau
xifxif&mS ;&Sm;wd@G [Ed ikd af &? +Adwo d #ut kd m;ud;k vd@k +Adwo d #u|eEf pS cf g+zdKufc&a&ydik f Armud, k rkH mS ;vd@k Arm
u|eEf pS cf g +zdKufe, D m+zdKufaw? aemufvu kd 0f g'eef@ aemufvu kd 0f g'&D @kd ig&@kd vt l azG@tap;rSm qdwo f Ok ;f
vm;atmif wku d zf surf &S m vrf;rSepf cef;rSeef ef@ ydu k rf w S t f rSeu f kd &Edik u f wfz@kd +zdKufaw? 1945/ 46-ckrmS
ArmEdik if &H ;D *d%k ;f *%udp/P yk*v d~ udp&P @kd u wqufquf jyif;xefvma&? ,auavh ArmtrsK;d om;&d@k .
ydurf wS u f m;raysmuf/ a&a&Gcsuu f m;raysmuf/ ud, k , f akH =uhcsu/f a&a&Gcsuu f kd b0ukt d ESu d ef mcHv@kd
aqmif&u G ef u D wfwek ;f yif+zKd ufaw? 1945-ckavmufrm ocifp;kd / ocifoef;xGe;f &d@k a& uGejf rLEdu _ yf gwu D kd
Am;u&mrm qdik ;f bkww f ifxm;uwfaw? udak usm+f ird ;f / udb k aqG&@kduavh ajyolvw G v f yf&;D / qdak csvpfygwD
,cif ajyolt&D;awmfyykH gwu D kd qdik ;f bkww f ifvmuwfaw? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;uavh awmfveS &f ;D
a&;abmfa[mif;wdupkd +k yD;au ajyola&;abmftazG@ukd qdik ;f bkww f ifvu kd af w?
1946-ck ZGE0M g&v D rm zqyv ajyvH;k u|wn f v D mcH}u;D udk a&$w*d b kH &k m; taemufbufuek ;f rm
usi;f yvku d af w? vGwv f yf&;D twGuf awmif;qkcd suw f u d kd csrw S u f wfaw? ,if;aemuf OuUXt+zdKuf
Adv
k cf sKyftmifqef;udak v;aumif;/ twGi;f &D;r_;t+zdKuf OD;ausm+f idr;f udak v;aumif;/ awG;buftwGi;f &D;
r_;t+zKd uf ocifoed ;f azjrihf (uGejf rLEdu _ yf gw)D udak v;aumif; toD;oD;wifajrmufvu kd uf wfaw? 1946-
ck azazmf0g&v D rm uGejf rLEdu S yf gwD uGt J ufjyefa&? ocifp;kd / ocifjr/ a':apmjr pa& a&;eDcEk pS Of ;D cGx J u G +f y;D
au uGejf rLEdu _ yf gwD (Armajy) tvHeyD gwu D kd xlaxmifvu kd u f wfaw? ocifoef;xGe;f uavh useaf &
ygweD ef@ ArmajyeG jf rLEdu S yf gwD (0g) tvHjzLygwu D kd xlaxmifvu kd af w? t*kyikd f ArmEdik if &H ;D ygww D d uGt J ufyg
vwfawtcg &cdik af cgi;f aqmif&@kd avh vdu k v f @kd ujJG ym;uwfaw? acgi;f aqmifujJG yefau aemuf vku d w f ad vh
uGjJ ym;uwfaw// acgi;f aqmifwd wdu k uf wfau aemufvu kd af &;abmfwd oD}uDusKd ;yJu h wf&a&?
(1) OD;ndx k eG ;f / Adv
k }f uD;=umvSatmif/ Adv k pf o H mausm/f OD;omxGe;f / Adv k af rmifuav;/
Adv
k af tmifausm&f @kd ajyol@a&;abmftazG@o@kd ygvm;cuwfaw?

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 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
(2) to#iyf nmoD[&d@k rm zqyv OD;ausm+f idr;f / OD;baqG&@kd eef@ wbufaw; OD;bpH&@kd avh
ajyolvw G vf yf&;D qdak csvpfygwu D kd pdu k af wG&yl &GmrSm vdu k v f @kd xal xmifvu dk jf yefa&?
(3)AHak yguo f mausm&f @kd u tvHeu D eG jf rLEdu_ yf gwb D ufo@kd ygvm;ca&?
(4) OD;ausmjf r&d@k u tvHjzL uGejf rLEdu S yf gwb D ufo@kd ygvm;ca&?
q&mawmf to#iOf ;D pdEmN um; 0g&rf;+AD;eD,if;yif qdak csvpfygw0D if ocifjr/ OD;baqG/ OD;ausmf
+ird ;f &d@k eef@ wd@G qakH qG;aEG;+y;D auaemufyikd ;f A[k=d o0g'tmp&d, tazG@csKyu f kd xlaxmifvu kd af w? ,if;ESprf mS
yif q&mawmfu &ckid af jyvuf0n J nD wG &f ;D udk ac:qdv k u kd af w? uydik af csmif;&Gm awmpcef;weD&mrSm
csKd @0uS u f si;f ya&? OD;!kx d eG ;f / OD;omxGe;f &d@k ajyol@a&;abmftazG@ ud, k pf m;vS,t f +zKd ufav;aumif;/ OD;b
apmu uGejf rLEdu S yf gwD ud, k pf m;vS,t f +zKd uaf v;aumif;/ zqyv ud, k pf m;vS,t f +zKd uf rsKd ;csKu d af usmOf ;D
u ajyolvw G v f yf&;D qdak csvpfygwD ud, k pf m;vS,t f +zdKuf OD;omausmu f av;aumif;/ toD;oD;wuf
a&mufvmuwfaw// tppt&m&mudk aqG;aEG;!dE_ i_d ;f uwfaw? vuf0n J n D w G &f ;D wyfaygi;f pk+zdKufEikd f
atmif tpDtpOfcsrw S cf uwfaw?
aemufyikd ;f rm &ckid af jyrm zqyv/ uGejf rLEdu _ yf gw/D ajyola&;abmftazG@/ ajyolvw G v f yf&;D /
qdak csvpfygw/D A[d=k o0g'tmp&d, tazG@csKyf&@kd tygt0if ajryH/k ayguaf wm nDnw G &f ;D wyfaygi;f pk
nDvmcHukd atmifatmif/ jrifjrif vkyaf qmifvu kd u f wfaw? ,if;nDvmcHukd Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;eef@
OD;baqG&@kd wufa&mufvmuwfaw? ,if;tcsed rf m Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; bk&ifco H u kd t f pd;k &tazG@ acgi;f
aqmif+zKd ufe, D m? zqyvtpd;k & 31 tm%m&eD,m? Adv k cf sKyfzqyvtpd;k &azG@+y;D pu Armhvw G v f yf&;D
r&au wdu k , f zl @kd ppD Ofxm;auavh bdvyfuv kd m;vd@k atmifqef;twWvpD mcsKyu f kd csKyq f +kd y;D aemufyikd ;f rm
awmfveS &f ;D tpm; ajymif;vJr&_ @kd ukd vkyaf qmifvm&Asm,f? OD;atmifZaH 0wpfa,mufum; zqyv
tazG@rm yg0ife&D a&? ajryHn k vD mcHrm &ckid af cgi;f aqmifwed ef@ Adv k cf sKyf&@kd tqifrajyc? +Adwo d #vuf
atmuf &ckid af jya& zqyvvufatmuf &cdik af jyod@k ul;ajymif;pjyKvm,m+zKd uaf w? ,if;nDvmcHt+y;D
&rf;+AJu|e;f u a&;abmfb[efeef@ a&;abmfO;D aEG&@kd tzrf;cH&a&? q&mawmft&Siq f ENmu ,if;udpP
twGuf vlxw k u kd af yG;0ifz@kd =uGvmawmfral &tcg zqyvtpd;k &u oabFmxufrmyif q&mawmfukd
zrf;qD;vdu k af w? om,0wDaxmifrm csKyaf ESmifxm;vdu k af w? q&mawmf xmifax;rSmoDwif;oH;k eDpikd f
&cdik af jyvuf0n J n D w G &f ;D um; a,mh&;D &D;+zdKufvma&? wrsK;d om;vH;k udk acgi;f aqmifEikd pf rG ;f [da& q&m
awmfr[da&tcg ap;vH;k r_avhusqif;vma&? ,if;ydik pf mG rSm tqd;k qH;k um; ArmhEikd if &H ;D orm;wd *d% k ;f cGJ
pGmudck eH u D wfaw? &ckid v f uf0aJ cgi;f aqmif&@kd a& Armvuf0XJ mecsKyf toD;oD;rm wuGw J jym;yg0ifeD
uwfpmG a& ,if;tcguyif t*kx+d zdKufaw? tpdik t f vmwckyif+zdKufeaD &? ol&@kd twGuq f akd u ud, k yf dkif
jyXmef;cGihf (Self Indetity) a& vH;k 0qdwo f ek ;f eD,m+zKd uw f ? usKd i;f ajrmif;/ arSmifru kd v f aS & aemufvu dk 0f g'
wdu k cf ef;usKd i;f rSm tydu k cf eH &D uwfaw? ,if;yk*Kd~ v}f u;D ai&d@k ukd ig&h @kd &ckid t f azG@tap;u =uyf=uyfoak woe
vky&f zd@k yif ol&@kd trSm;udk awmfveS &f ;D ocFe;f pmt+zdKuf rSwo f m;xm;&zd@k yif+zdKufaw? Adv k cf sKyfatmif
54 61
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
qef;a& zqyvtpd;k &udk azG@ap;+yD;aemuf 0ef}uD;csKyftwWv. D zdw=f um;csut f & vef'ifo@kd vu kd vf &D
a&? ,if;rm 1947-ck ZEM0g&D 12 &uferd m Armhvw G v f yf&;D tm&HOk ;D a&mifjcnfeef@wal & atmifqef;
twWvpD mcsKyfukd csKyfqEkd ikd cf a&? ,if;ujyefvm+yD;au &Sr;f ajyyifv+kH rdK@rmS &Sr;f / ucsif ud, k pf m;vS,f
&d@k eef@twl“yif “yifvHkpmcsKyf”udk 12/ 2/ 47 ckrm csKyfqEkd ikd cf a&? 19/ 7/ 47 ckrm Adv k cf sKyftvky}f uHc&H a&?
olauGveG +f yD;aemuf ArmhEikd if &H ;D tajctae uaumif;qd;k 0g;vmvwfaw? ArmajyrmuGv J @kd &cdik af jy
rmavh uGv J muwfaw? ,if;u XmecsKyu f nGe=f um;wdik ;f a'uXmecsKyu f vku d ef ma&? ,if;ydik u f mvrm
q&mawmf. jy\em &cdik af jy.jy\emt&yf&yfrm r_e0f g;vm;ca&? wdraf umvm;ca&? vufatmufcH
omrn+zdKufvm;c&a&? ArmajyuGejf rLEdu S yf gwXD mecsKyfu a&;abmfausmjf r&d@k O;D pD;xm;a& zqyv
(&cdik w f ikd ;f )udk uk, d t hf iftm;pkt+zdKuf owfrw S x f m;a&? q&mawmfto#ipf Ed mN . ajyolvw G af jrmuf
&D;ygwD (People’s liberation Party) (A[d=k o0g'tazG@ukd jyefv@kd todu k w f pfzef azG@ap;vdu k af wygw)D udk
qdkacsvpfygwD (OD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD;baqG&dk@acgif;aqmif)u ol@tiftm;pk t+zdKufowfrSwfvdkufaw/
,if;a=umihf ArmajyuGejf rLEdu k yf gwu D kd zqyv tazG@csKyfu xkwyf u kd v f u kd af w tcg &cdik w f ikd ;f zqyv
uGejf rLEdu k yf gwu D kd rxkwEf ikd +f zdKufe&D a&? 1947-ck &aohawmifnv D mcHrm uGejf rLEdu k yf gwu D ol@tvdk
wlxu G v f m;pGm&m? zqyvrm qdak csvpftiftm;pk +ydKifbufr[dbJ wd;k wufvmvwfaw// ,if;jyif
qdak csvpfygwaD & OD;ndx k eG ;f acgi;f aqmifa& “ajyol@a&;abmfygwD”udak v; &cdik af jyqkid &f m qdak csvpf
tiftm;pkt+zKd uf owfrw S jf yKvkyv f okd ad &? t*if, h ifyif &cdik ahf wmfveS &f ;D orm;/ Edik if &H ;D orm;wdukd Armh
Edik if &H ;D ygwt D oD;oD;u cg;ydu k af qmiftajrmif vkyx f m;vmuwfaw// vuf atmufcw H ynfv h yk x
f m;
uwfaw// a,bk,stm;jzifh &ckid Ef ikd if &H ;D orm;&d@k . aemufvu kd 0f g'eef@ ArmEdik if &H ;D orm;&d@k . vlrsK;d }uD;
0g'rm aumif;aumif;tqifajyeDca&? ,if;eef@ vifr,m;ydik /f &dv S m;aemufvu kd nf eD cD a&? ocifeef@
u|eyf ikd /f txufatmufnn D w G cf a&? tjcm;wbufrm pdu k rf eS af &acgi;f aqmif (uaumif;/ ,Sm;,Sm;/
yg;yg;) tcsKd @um; awmfveS &f ;D orm;tcsi;f csi;f &cdik /f ArmrcJjG cm;bJ odu k pf mxm;cuwfaw// a&;abmf/
a&;bufou kd pf mudk Zmolzsuzf suf ol@&@kd rysuaf b; cdik rf meDcuwfaw// awmfveS &f ;D .t"du&efo+l zKd uf
aw +Adwo#t&if;o#if aecs@J bm;ok@d &m r[mAsL[mr#m;OD; awxm;cuwfaw? ,if;tcsed rf m EktwW
vDpmcsKyfukd 17/ 10/ 1947-ckrmS csKyfv@kd atmifjrifvm;c,m+zdKufaw// ,if;aemuf 4/ 1/ 1948-ckrm
ArmhvGwfvyf&D;yef;wdkifudk Armhvl@tazG@tap;a& tcuftcJhaygif; axmifaomif;udkausmfjzwfvdk@
atmifatmifjrifjrif a&mufvm;cuwfaw// +Adwdo#Am;rm;udk “ajyaxmifpk orRwjrefrmEdkifiH”
t+zKd uf a=ujimvdu k af w// atmifayG;obifusi;f yuwfaw? uAsmazG@uwfaw? ,if;umvrm Armhvw G f
vyf&;D armfueG ;f 0if &cdik af cgi;f aqmif}uD;ai&d@k rmum; tcsKd @tm%m& zqyvygwaD emuf vdu k v f m;cvd@k
vGwv f yf&;D t&omudpk m;vd@k / wcsKd @um;awmcdv k @kd wcsKd @um;=um;xkid v f @kd ? ArmhtrsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D um;
Armhvw G v f yf&;D eef@ wpcef;owfvm;c,m? oDaygrif;tzrf;cH&a& 1885-cku 1948-cktxd Edu k af ygi;f
62-Edu _ t f =umrm udv k ekd u
D |eb f 0u vGwaf jrmufvm;ca&? &cdik t f rsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D um; baZmif
5 562
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
av;? &cdik o f rRw&mZmtzrf;cH&a& 1786-p+yD;au u|e+f zdKufvmvwfpmG t*kxufwikd rf vGwo f /d /
&ckid tf rsK;d om; awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;rm &cdik v f w G v f yf&;D atmifayG;yef;wdik rf a&mufo?d ArmvGwf
vyf&;D atmifayG;udk &cdik v f w G vf yf&;D atmifayG;vd@k ajymvd@k r&? wdik ;f ajyvuf[&d yk w f &m;u Zmudt k
ajzyD;eDa&av;? &ckid t f vkyo f rm;xk/ avorm;xk/ ynmwwf "eo#iaf ygupf xk/ wdik ;f &if;om;"eo#ix f k
Zmydik cf pH m;eD&pGmav;// jywfjywfajym&zd@k qakd u &cdik t f rsK;d om; awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;eef@ ArmtrsKd ;
om; awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;od@k a&mxD;G vm;cvd@k atmifayG;rcHEikd o f ?d a&mxD;G pGmrmwcg wef;wla&
wl a&mxD;G pGmr[kwaf b;/ wqifch H vufatmufct H +zdKufeef@ a&mxD;G vm;&pGm+zdKufv@kd &cdik t f rsK;d om;
awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif; tazsmufcv H m;c&a&// vGr;f rd;k cHvm;c&a&// zH;k auGcv H m;c&a&// ,if;eef@Zk
raoGz/D rwdr;f apmif;uwfauh? ravG;racsmu f wfauh/ trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D udk odu k pf mrazmufuwf
auh? ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiuhf kd OD;xdyx f m;uwf&zd@k / ArmvGwv f yf&;D &+y;D aemufyikd ;f rm Armvlrt _ azG@tap;a&
ajyol@'rD u kd a&pDpcef;qifh (0g) awmfveS &f ;D . 'kw, d pcef;qihf wd;k wufvm;c&a&? &cdik v f rl @_ tazG@tap;
um; trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D pcef;qifrh m umvwckukd jzwfoef;eD&wke;f +zKd uaf w? ,if;tcsed af vmufrm
*syefcu kd u f pkap;nDnw G &f ;D &cdik ahf cgi;f aqmif&@kd a& wuGw J jym;pDeef@ 'kw, d pcef;qifu h q kd ifaEG;zd@k vufeuf
udik af wmcd+k yD;au Armygwt D oD;oD;rSm yg0ifyem awmfveS v f m;cuwfaw// wcsKd @avh zqyveef@
awG;eDvu kd af w// =um;xdik v f m;cuwfaw?
Armhvw G v f yf&;D &vkvu k mvrm ocifp;kd acgi;f aqmifa& uGejf rLEdu k yf gwD (Armajy)0g tvHeyD g
wD awmcd+k yD;au &ckid af jya&;eD AHak yguo f mausm&f @kd avh awmcdak &// tvHeyD gwD nGe=f um;csut f wdik ;f
uGejf rLEku d yf gwD (&cdik af jy)xlaxmifvu dk af w// tvHeyD gwv D @kdwiG vf aD &// Armhvw G vf yf&;D &+y;D ,if;Edu _ rf wfv
28 &uferd mS ocifoef;xGe;f acgi;f aqmifa& ArmajyuGejf rLedwyf gwaD wmckad &// &cdik af jyu a&;abmfausmf
jrav; ,if;ygw0D ifteDeef@ awmcdak &// Auy &cdik w f ikd ;f udak zG@ap;vku d af w// &wn ajyaeawmif;+y;D aemuf
a&;abmfausmjf rtqifrh m ajyaewm0efct H qifx h d wd;k vma&? Auy(&cdik af jyae)vd@k av;ajymif;vJvu kd f
aw// 1948-ck/ ar 5 &uferd m Armajy0ef}u;D csKyfOED u k vuf0n J nD w G &f ;D rl 14 csuu f akd =ujik ma&? aemuf
14-csuf +zKd uv f m;c&a&// q&mawmf to#io f [D acgi;f aqmifa& &cdik w f ikd ;f zqyvuavh ,if;rltwdik ;f
vdu k ef ma[m=um;a&// 1948-ck *sKefv 26 &uferd m ajyol@a&;abmfEpS jf crf;uGaJ &? Adv k zf ;kd uGe;f acgi;f
aqmifa&wjcrf;u a&;abmfjzLvk@d emrnfcaH &// Adv k rf LS ;atmifausmf acgi;f aqmifa&tjcrf;u a&;abmf0g
vd@k emrnfcaH &? a&;abmfjzL&d@k awmcdak &? a&;abmf0gu zqyveef@usev f u dk af w? a&;abmfjzLawmcdak &
tcg &cdik af jyu a&;abmfwazG@v;kH awmcdak &? Adv k }f uD;=umvSatmif/ Adv k pf o H mausm/f Adv k af tmifausm/f
Adv
k af rmifuav; &k@d yg0ifa&// q&mawmf to#ipf Ed mN vGwv f m+yD;au ajyol@vw G af jrmuf&;D ygwaD v;
awmcdka&?

56 63
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
(q) 1948-ckaemufydkif; &cdkifajy vufeufudkifawmfvSef&Davmu
(1) to#if OD;pdEmN acgi;f aqmifa& ajyhov l wG af jrmuf&;D ygw/D
(2) a&;abmfausmfjracgif;aqmifa& “Armajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD gwD”&ckdifwdkif;/
(3) a&;eD bHak yguo f mausmf acgi;f aqmifa& “uGefjrLEd_ufygwD” &ckid af jy/
(4) Adv k }f uD;=umvSatmif OD;aqmifa& “ajyola&;abmfygwD’’’vdk@ ygwaD v;ygwD ay:ayguf
eDa&// av;ygwpD vH;k . r[mAsL[mrm ajyol@'rD u kd a&pDawmfveS &f ;D / (0g)vlwef;pm;awmfveS &f ;D yifjzpfaw?
&ckid af jyudAk rmajy. udv k ekd w
D ydik ;f vd@k cH,x l m;uwfaw// pifpu kd af & a'r[mAsL[mrm Armacgi;f aqmif
&d@k u Armajy.&kyw f &m;t& ol&@kd c, H cl sut f & cif;usi;f xm;a& r[mAsL[myif+zdKufaw// &ckid af jy.
vuf[d &kyw f &m;eef@um; vH;k 0r[yfpyfoad & r[mAsL[myif+zdKufaw//
atudprP mS &ckid af cgi;f aqmifwed ef@ Armacgi;f aqmifwu d kd Edi_ ;f ,di_ af =uhz@kd vv kd rd ahf r? Armacgi;f
aqmif&@kd a& rsKd ;quftqufqufrmS udv k ekd u
D |eb f 0udk tvdrk [duwf? tqufquf aecs@J qef@usi&f ;D
pdkufudk qifaEG;cuwfaw? trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif;udk rdrd&&qkyfudkifxm;uwfaw//
Adv k rf if;a&mifawmfveS &f ;D / q&mpHawmfveS &f ;D &d@k ukd ordik ;f rSww f idk t
f +zdKuf udik af qmifxm;uwfaw?
'kw, d awmfveS &f ;D twGi;f rmav; *syefaecs@J u+kd zKd u+f zKd u/f +Aw d o d #aecs@J u+kd zKd u+f zKd uf cH,cl su/f &yfawcsu/f
OD;awcsuf/ rSefrSefuefuefeef@ awmfvSefwdkufckdufuwfaw// aemufqHk; trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;.
ydu k rf w S tf a&muf csw D ufvmuwfaw? vGwv f yf&;D atmifayG;udk qifEEJG ikd u f wfaw?
ig&h @kd &cdik af cgi;f aqmif&@kd rmum; trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D ordik ;f a=umif;udk *&krpdu k /f t"durxm;/
cH,cl su/f &yfawcsu/f OD;awcsurf jywfom;/ awGa0,dr;f ,dik v f muwfaw// awmifrif;}uD;/ Akv d cf si;f jyef/
"g;ydik }f u;D / rif;om;}u;D &d@k awmfveS &f ;D udk ordik ;f rSww f idk t
f +zKd uf rudik af qmifcab; aemufq;kH rm trsKd ;om;
awmfveS &f ;D yku d rf w S f aysmufvm;cuwfaw? Armhvw G v f yf&;D aemufrm ud, k t hf rsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D
ratmifjrifab;eef@ 'kw, d pcef;qifh ajyol@'rD u kd a&pDawmfveS &f ;D udk ckeaf usmw f ufvm;uwfaw? Arm
ajyol 'Dru kd a&pDawmfveS &f ;D abmifrm a&mygvm;cuwfaw? ArmhtrsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D uavh ,if;Arm
abmifrma&mygvm;cpGma& t,ifuav;a&m t*kav;a&m/ a&mygzefrsm;au ud, k ahf bmifurkd jrif
Edik u f wf,m// Arm/ csi;f / ucsi/f o#r;f acgi;f aqmif&@kd a& yifvpkH mcsKyfrcsKyfqrkd D rdr&d @kd ajyeef@ trsK;d om;&d@k t
wGuf tmrcHcsuu f &kd [datmif }uKd ;pm;cuwfaw// 1947 ck/ azazmf0g&D 6 &uf/ rGe;f vGJ 2 em&D cGt J csed rf m
yifv+kH rdK@rmusi;f ya& o#r;f eef@ucsif aumfrwDtap;ta0;. qH;k jzwfcsuif g;csuf tcdik t f rmcsrw S f
xm;cuwfaw//
yxrwcsurf m jrefrm&d@k eef@ tqift h wef; tcGit hf &D;/ wef;wl&ydik cf iG [ hf &d ;D / wef;wl'rD u kd a&pD
usus cHpm;cGi[ hf &d ;D / yOPrwcsurf m vGwv f yf&;D &[d+yD;a&aemuf jrefrmajyaxmifprk S u|Eykf &f @kd tcsed rf
&D;G cGx J u G cf iG [ hf ad rqdak & tcsuw f u d kd tmrcHcsu&f atmif }udK;yrf;uwfaw// azazmf0g&v D 7 &ufed

5 764
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
rd;k axmuf 9 em&Dtcsed rf m yifv+kH rKd @rm usi;f ya& csi;f / ucsi/f o#r;f yl;awG;aumfrwD. qH;k jzwfcsuu f akd =uh
1?(u) o#r;f / ucsi/f csi;f / ud, k pf m;vS,w f yd g0ifa& awmifwef;om;&d@k ap;vH;k nDnw G &f ;D tr_aqmif aumfr
wDw&yfukd azG@ap;awaxmif&ar// 4if;tr_aqmifaumfrwDrm awmifwef;om;&d@k eef@ jrefrm ajytpd;k &&d@k
t=um;rm ay:ayguo f r#aom ay:vpDqidk &f mudpP tm;vH;k eef@pyfvsOv f @dk tqH;k tjzwfy;D Edik af & tm%m
tajyh tpH[ k &d ar? (ul;/ abmf/ vS/ rsK;d / ajyaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if 0H if pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm; 1968-ckEu d_ f
247/ 248/ 249)// ,if;aemuf Armud, k pf m;vS,&f @kd eef@ “awmifwef;om;&dk@ ap;vHk;nDnGwf &D;t
azG@’’ (wpnz)eef@ azazmf0g&D 12 &uferd m yifvpHk mcsKyfukd csKyfqu kd wfaw// ,if;pmcsKyf csKyfq+kd yD;
rS&m csi;f / ucsi/f o#r;f &du k Armhvw G v f yf&;D awmif;qdck suu f kd axmufcu H wfaw// ,auavh txufazmf
jyyg qH;k jzwfcsu&f @kd u ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGihf (Self-identity)jywfjywfom;om; azmfxw k jf yoxm;a&// 20
&mpkyxrydik ;f &ckid af cgi;f aqmif&@kd rm ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiu hf kd wcgacsavh w&m;0ifajymqdpk mG udrk wd@G c&//
aemufu,m;ajyuavh ol&@dk u, dk yf idk jf yXmef;cGiu hf dk ajyaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf azG@ap;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccH
Oya'rm twdtusaz:xkwx f m;a&? u&iftrsK;d om;&k@dk qadk u 1948-ck azaz:&Dv 5/ 6/ 7-&ufrm
nDvmcHobif}uD; usi;f y+yD;au u&ifu, dk yf idk f jyXmef;cGiu hf &dk [dv@dk ? &ckid af jyum; uk, d yf idk jf yXmef;cGiehf ef@
tcsKyftcsmtm%mykid q f idk rf _ qk;H eDpmG a& ESpaf ygi;f 200 [dz@dk &m? 18-&mpk ukv d edk u
D |eb f 0ok@d trsK;d om;
ap;vk;H nD!w G rf _ +yKducJG vd@k usqif;ca&tcguyif/ trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D vkyv f mpGm 19-&mpkwav#muf
vk;H +zdKufaw? 20 &mpktpykid ;f ok@d a&mufawtcgr&S m vrf;a=umif;a&mxD;G vmc&a&// uk, d yf idk jf yXmef;
cGiu hf adk v;owdr&? t*kEt k wWvpD mcsKyt f & ArmvGwv f yf&;D &a&tcg jAwdo#vufatmufcH &ckid af jya&
ArmvufatmufcH &ckid af jy+zdKufvma&? u|eyf ek ;f ukv d edk ED idk if H +zdKufvm&a&? ,if;a=umifh csi;f / ucsi/f
o#r;f / u,m;/ u&if/ Arm&k@d . trsK;d om;v_y&f mS ;rl&@kd trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D &k@d u4dk if;/ o&kyaf cG;vDvm;zk@d
aumif;,m// uk, d Ef idk if tH rsK;d om;*k%u f adk qmif+y;D au uk, d v hf rl t
l azG@tap;tax;rm uk, d t hf csKyt f csm
tm%mukd atmifjrifpmG csrw S x f m;&a&qkpd mG ukd avhvmzk@d aumif;,m// tcsKyftcsmtm%m arha&
vltazG@tap;w&yfrm uk, d @f yidk jf yXmef;cGiahf vhr[d/ trsK;d om;trGt D ESpw f &yfrm tcsKyftcsmr[dau
vGwv f yfra_ v;qk;H ,H;_ &a&// ,if;ykid t f rsK;d om;rm tem*wfr[dEidk ?f a'eD &ckid t f rsK;d om;rm tcsKyftcsm
tm%mr[d/ uk, d yf idk jf yXmef;cGirhf [d/ vGwv f yfrr_ [d/ tem*gwrf [d+zdKufe&D a&? tem*gwrf [dau &ckid f
qdwo f Ok ;f &zk@d ? &ckid v
f @l tazG@tap;a& a'eda'cgrm vufeef@z0g;&m[da&// Ekid if w H Ekid if rH m Ekid if &H ;D twGuf
rSm;au xkEd idk if . H trsK;d om;&D;w&yfv;Hk twGuf touftoD;G / t&k;d ukyd ;D qufv@dk rukeaf vmufatmif
+zKduv f m&a&? acgiaf qmifwuGurf mS ;au/ aemufvu dk . f toufaygi;f rsm;pGm tk;d tdrf aygi;f rsm;pGm
ysupf ;D vm;&a&? aemifvmaemufom;wd urf;vm;&a&? wkid ;f ajy.&kyo f rkid ;f ukd *&krpku d af u awmfveS f
&D;w&yfv;Hk rSmavh tavG;taoG ysupf ;D uwf&a&? awmfveS &f ;D w&yfysupf ;D vm;au wkid ;f ajyrm olyek /f
oluef 0g'0ifvma& &ckid af jyrm ,if;ykid +f zKdu&f a&? t*ktcgrmqkad u &ckid af wmfveS &f ;D ygw&D @kd rm pdu k &f ;D
oDeDa&// EkdifiH&D;+yKdeDa&/ pD;yGm;&D;jcpm;eDa&/ vlrl&D;,dkifaus;rl qdwfokef;eDa&/ w&ufxufw&uf
58 65
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
vk;H yg;yg;vma&? trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D twGuf ap;&k;H &D;vky&f zk@d umvrm 0HomEkvyk if ef;wd vkyaf qmif&zk@d
tcsed u f mvrm awmfveS &f ;D r&ifu h suab;eef@ ajyol'rD u dk a&pDawmfveS &f ;D ukd ,if;20-&mpkyxrykid ;f &ckid f
awmfveS &f ;D wd vkyyf u dk cf vk@d awmfveS &f ;D om; acsmvm;&a&? 1949-ckEpS af vmufrm Armajy uGejf rLE_u d yf g
wDu OD;aqmif+yD;au ajyol'rD u dk a&pD nDnw G &f ;D wyfaygi;f pk A[kad p;&k;H &D;aumfrwD azG@ap;vku d af w?
,if;ap;&k;H &D;atmufrm &ckid af wmfveS &f ;D ygwD yg0ifvcjyefa&? &ckid af jytwGi;f rmavh ajyol'rD u dk a&
pDwyfaygi;f pk ay:ayguv f ma&? yvuf0/ ausmufjzL/ oHawG;c&kid &f @dk rm &ckid af wmfveS &f ;D wyfaygi;f pku
odr;f vku d jf yefa&? pdu k af wG+rKd@uadk yvk@d pdu k af wGwckv;Hk ukad vh odr;f vku d jf yefa&? 1950-ckrmqkad u pdu k f
awG+rK@d rt S y wajyvk;H ukd &ckid af wmfveS &f ;Fd ygww D d odr;f ykud v f u dk af w? &ckid t f rsK;d om; awmfveS &f ;D +zKu d af w
uk, d yf idk jf yXmef;cGirhf t
l wGuf tcsKyt f csmtm%mtwGuf a&;a&;awmufawmuf wku d af yG;0ifew D ek ;f +zKu d f
aw? u&ifajy u&iftrsK;d om;twGuf tcGit hf &D;wd rSerf eS u f efuef awmif;qkd wku d af yG;0ifew D ek ;f +zKd uaf w?
,if;ykid t f csed rf m &ckid af jyrm &ckid af cgi;f aqmif&@dk u ygwD 3-4 ckeef@ ajyol@'rD u dk a&pDawmfveS &f ;D ukd
ArmXmecsKyfo;D oD;&d@k . nGe=f um;csut f wdik ;f a&;a&;awmufawmuf wku d af yG;0ifaewke;f +zKduaf w?
aemufwcku ygupd w P efu &ckid af jyok@d 0ifvma&? ygupd w P efuv k m;wdu tpPvefbmom&D;ukd tajc
cH+y;D au &ckid rf ,lurf;ajcrm usKid ;f ajrmif;a& ya'o&ku d v f rl sK;d &D;/ awmfveS &f ;D ukv d mvkyaf w? &ckid f Ak'b < m
om&[ef;&dk@/ &ckdiftrsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;&dk@ukd zrf;qD;csKyfaemifxm;+yD;;au trsKd;rsdK;apmfum;a&/
,if;awmfveS &f ;D ygwrD m “rl*sm['f”ygwv D @dk emarcHa&? &ckid u f adk &m ukvm;ukyd g ESyd pf ufapmfum;a&//
rl*sm[d'af cgi;f aqmif “umqdrf;”rmqk ” ad u r,lurf;/ r*Fvm}uD;awmifrm cHwyf}uD;aqmufv@dk &$o D
&zlaqmif;jy;D au &m*smbG@J ucdk aH & aemufr*l sm[d'f ya'o&ku d af wmfveS &f ;D ysupf ;D vm;ca&? umqdraf v;
ygupd w P eftax;ok@d xGu+f y;D vm;ca&// aemufyidk ;f rm vky}f uo H wfjzwfjcif;ukcd v H &D a&? &ckid af jywyfaygi;f
pkav; Armajyuwyfaygi;f pk+ydKuGaJ &cg +ydKuGjJ yefa&// &cdik rf if;tqufquf ydik q f ikd xf m; cor#aeajrwdudk
vufvw G cf &a&// aemufq;Hk rm acgi;f aqmiftcsi;f csi;f ruku d v f @dk Arma&;abmftrsm;tjym; oDq;Hk c&a&?
usK;d uef;ysupf ;D uwfvaD &? vlr&l ;D / pD;yGm;&D;usqif;vmca&? ,if;eef@ 1985-ckrm usev f udk u f wfaw
rl*sm[d'f t=uiG ;f tusew f u d av; vufeufcsvu dk uf wfaw? 1958-ckrm q&mawmfO;D pdEmN . “ajyol@
vGwfajrmuf&D;ygwD” Adv k }f uD;=umvSatmif&@kd OD;aqmifa& “ajyhol@a&;abmfygwD’’ a&;eD AHak yguo f m
ausm&f @kd acgi;f aqmifa& “tvHeDygwD”trsm;pk/ ArmajyuGejf rLEdu _ yf gw0D if trsm;pk&@kd zqyv tpd;k &
yg;rm tvif;0ifvu dk u f wfaw// awmwGi;f rmqdak u ArmajyuGejf rLEdu _ yf gwD (&cdik w f ikd ;f )eef@ tvHeyD gwD
csK@d &@kd &m usev f ukd uf wfaw// rl*sm['f t=uGi;f tusew f u d av; vufeufcsvu kd uf wfaw//



566
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uWef ; yk e f ; cd k u f

(u) 'kwd,&cdkif0HomEkcdkuf (trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;\ap;&Hk;&D;umv)

20-&mpk 'kw, d ydik ;f od@k a&mufawtcg &cdik v f @l rt_ azG@tap;a& ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiehf ef@ tcsKyf
tcsmtm%mydik q f ikd &f ;D udk *&kjyKvmuwfaw? tav;teufxm;vmuwfaw? &cdik v hf @l rt _ azG@tap;.
&kyv f uQ%mudk t+yde;f oH;k oyfa=uhau ukv d ekd u
D |ev f uQ%m/ avorm;vuQ%m/ AsL&du k a&pD/ rif;arh/
*d% k ;f apG;/ a'oapG;/ bmomapG;/ vlrsKd ;apG; awmfveS &f ;D pcef;vGerf /_ &mxl;rufarmr_qakd & vuQ%mqd;k
aygi;f rsm;pGmudw k @Gd &a&? &ckid v f rl t _ azG@tap;rm udv k ekd u
D |evf uQ%m+zdKufaw// cdu k rf rDjS cif;/ pD;yGm;&D;/
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raumif;r_wad jyheaD &? txufuatmufut kd Edik cf jH cif;/ ajympGmud*k &krpdu k jf cif;/ trsm;qENu*kd &krpdu k f
jcif;qdak & AsL&du k a&pDq;kd wdajyheaD &? ap;urf;rvdu k ef mjcif;/ trde@f tm%mudk *&krpdu k jf cif;qdak & rif;arh
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cGjJ cm;csiuf wfoad &// ,if;ydik v f yk ef u D wfpmG udk pcef;vGeyf gwu D arSmufarSmuf,mS ;,Sm; tm;yD;axmufceH D

60 67
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
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S af ysmufvm;
c&a&// trsKd ;om;ap;vH;k nDnw G &f ;D aysmufvm;c&a&// ,if;a=umif; pcef;vGeaf wmfveS &f ;D ygw&D @kd a& &ckid f
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auavh aecs@J qef@usi&f ;D twGuf &cdik t f csi;f csi;f nDnw G &f ;D twGuf ,dik +f yKd iaf p;vH;k vma&tcg vlwef;pm;
awmfvSef&D;u 0g'rwlvludk 'kwd,pcef;qifhtwdkif; wdkufcdkuf+cDr_ef;&D;udk csrSwfvma&// ,if;tcg
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rwdu k af b; rwlau+ydKifqikd af & twGuw f ma=umifh taysmph m;vdv k dk +zdKufvm&a&// vlwef;pm;orm;
tac:cHvw l u d rwlau tuef;uef;t,rf;,rf;/ wku d cf ukd +f cDre_ ;f vd@k tjyif;pm;vd@k +zdKufvm&a&// trSef
um; trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;rm o#i;f &zd@k yif+zKd uaf w// aemuftrsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D u vlwef;
pm;av;&yfukd ap;vH;k ,la&tcg vlwef;pm;awmfveS &f ;D u vlwef;pm; E_u d w f ef;pm;udak p;vH;k vd@k useEf u d_ f
wef;pm;udk wdu k cf u
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6 68
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 Zmvkyu
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&d@k (0g)zqyv &cdik w f ikd ;f acgi;f aqmif&@kd tax;u trsm;pk&@kd rm ajyoleef@uif;vGwpf mG udk wd@G &a&// ,if;
acgi;f aqmiftcsKd @rm &ckid af jyudk pGe@f yu kd xf m;c,m+zdKufaw// wcsKd @rm vlxq k ef@usirf u _ kd tajr;cHpm;
vm;c&a&// ajyolou kd pf mazmuf p&if;0ifwv d @kd awmif oHcsyx f ;kd cHvmuwf&pGmudw k @Gd &a&//
awmwGi;f acgi;f aqmif&@kd rmum;/ ygww D iG ;f wku
d af yG;/ wyfaygi;f pkwiG ;f wdu k af yG;/ +rKd@ord ;f wdu k f
ayG;udk qifaEG;uwf+y;D au vufeufcs tvif;0ifuwfawtcgrm ajyoleef@uif;uGmvm;pGmudw k @Gd &a&?
txl;ojzifh ,if;acgi;f aqmiftcsKd @&@kd ygvrD efa&G;aumufayG;/ jrLeDpyg,af &G;aumufayG;&d@k rm tjywf
towf&LSH ;edrphf mG udak =uah u odEikd af &// aemufwcsuu f avh ,if;acgi;f aqmifwrd m ajyaea=u;G a=umfoeH @J
a&G;aumufayG;Edik ef aD &// &wntazG@eef@ xdyw f u dk vf mwGv d @kd rpm;om,m+zdKufvm;ca&// &wnum;
&ckid yf gvrD eftrwfwd xlaxmifvu kd af wtazG@+zdKufaw// 1951-ckrm ajyaxmifpo k rw jrefrmEdik if H
awmfrm 'kw, d t}udraf jrmuf ygvrD efa&G;aumufayG;udu k si;f ya&// ,if;tcgu 1947-ck yxrt}udrf
ajrmuf a&G;aumufayG;wke;f u +ydKifbufr[d tEdik &f vm;ca&// zqyv trwfa[mif;wda& tjywft
owf&KHS ;edrv hf m;ca&// &ckid af jytwGuf ajyolvw $ af wmftrwf 18-ede&f m/ vlrsK;d &D;vGwaf wmftrwf 5-
eD&mteuf woD;yk*v d~ &ckid t
f rwfwd t&D;G cHc&a&// ,if;trwfwu d “&ckid af jy ygvrD eftrwf rsm;t
azG@’’ud
’ k azG@uwfaw// ,if;uwqifh 1952-ck pduaf wGoabmFusi;f rm ,if;trwfwd OD;aqmif+yD;au
“&cdkifajyvHk;qdkif&m wkdif;&if;om; nDnGwf&D;tazG@csKyf(&wn)” &wn)”udk 0wDav;&yfv;kH qdik &f m nDvmcH
}u;D u azG@ap;vdu k af w// &wn. r[mAsL[mrm a'otvku d f ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKy&f ;D (Regional Autono-
mal) +zdKufaw// ae;AsL[mrm ygvr D efwiG ;f wdu k af yG;0ifz@kd yif+zdKufaw// &wnudk OD;ausmrf if;f / OD;b+rdKif/
OD;armifausmZf pH a& wdik ;f &if;om;rsKd ;csKu d /f ajycsKu d f "eo#i/f ynmwwf "eo#iaf ygupf &d@k u OD;aqmifc
auavh trsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH udk Edik if &H ;D oabmw&m;w&yfukd csrw S +f yD;au ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef ikd rf pkap;Edik cf //
&cdik &f yk b
f 0eef@uu kd nf aD & trsK;d om;&D;udk a=uG;a=umfcvd@k vlxak xmufcrH u _ kd vdu _ v f u _d vf v JS JS &[dEidk f
cpGm&m+zdKufaw// &wnay:ayguv f m+yD;au &ckid af jyrm ajyaev_yo f #m;&D;/ trsK;d om;&D; v_yo f #m;&D;/
,dik af us;r_vy_ o f #m;&D; tpysKd ;vma&// trsKd ;om;&D; v_yo f #m;r_t&yf&yfrm Armaecs@J &@kd eef@ trsK;d om;&D;
abmif cGv J muwfaw//

&cd k i f h t Ek y nmig;&yf N zd K uf a w
(1) ud;k auGrq
_ ikd &f m ,dik af us;r_/
(2) bmom pmyDqikd &f m ,dik af us;r_/
(3) okcrk tEkynmqkid &f m ,dik af us;r_/
(4) qif,if xH;k azG@rq _ ikd &f m ,dik af us;r_/
(5) ydou k mqdik &f m ,dik af us;r_ pa& &ckid t hf rsKd ;om;vuQ%m t&yf&yf&@kd uakd vh wqufquf
ay:xGuv
f muwfaw//
62 69
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
&ckid &f aD eqef/ &cdik t f wfzavmf&q D ef@ (Arakan renaissance and Rakhine afflorercance
) vkyv f muwfaw// at'D 1788-ckrm &cdik v hf uQ%mt&yf&yfukd Armbk&ifarmif0ikd ;f u tptqH;k zsuf
ydu k cf a&avmufuyif wdraf umqdwo f ek ;f vm;c&pGm t*ktcgrm wqdwaf uavmuf tnGe@f wuf
cGi&hf vma&// ajyolw&yfv;kH uavh tm;wwfoa&m yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;vmuwfaw// &ckid t f rsKd ;om;&D;udk *&kr
pduk u f wfab; pcef;vGerf S (Nibiliats) ty tm;vH;k &cdik t f rsKd ;om; wd;k wd;k wdu k w f u
dk f vufcv H muwfaw?
ajyaev_y&f mS ;&D;udk &wn uygvrD efrmS wdu k af yG;0ifa&// ArmoHCmhor*~ aomwk*eftazG@csKyf &ckid af jy
trsKd ;om;wyfaygi;f pk (&rnw)&d@k uavh Oya'wGi;f wku d af yG;rsKd ;pHek ef@ wdu k af yG;0ifuwfaw// &rnw
a& 1958-ck ajyolvGwfajrmuf&D;ygwD/ tvHeDuGefjrLEd_ufygwD0iftrsm;pk/ ArmajyuGefjrLEd_ufygwD
0iftrsm;pk&@kd tvif;0if+yD;aemuf Oya'wGi;f rm azG@ap;vm&a& tazG@+zdKufaw// vlwef;pm;tod[ad &
wd;k wufawtazG@wck+zKd uaf w// awmfveS &f ;D pcef; tqifw h qifq h w k v f ma&// yk*Kd~ vw f x d al xmifvu kd af w
tazG@tap;wckavh+zdKufaw// &wneef@ vufw@Gd wu kd af yG;0ifv@kd “wdkif&if;om;vlaitazG@”[da&/
&rnweef@ vufw@Gd wu kd af yG;0ifv@kd “wdk;wufvlaitazG@” [da&// &rnw acgi;f aqmifpek ef@ &wn
acgi;f aqmif&@kd rm cH,cl su/f &yfawcsu/f ,Hak =uhcsu/f OD;awcsu/f a&a&Gcsu&f @kd t& uGjJ ym;r_[ad &// vuf0/J
vuf,mtoGiu f kd toD;oD;aqmifeu D wfaw// ,if;ydik u f mG jcm;r_[ad uavh a'wcgrmum; ig&h @kd acgi;f
aqmif&@kd a& vuf0/J vuf,m t"durwifxm;uwfab; “ajyae&,l&;D ’’ ’’udk t"duwifxm; uwf+yD;
au twlwuG yl;aygi;f aumfrwDazG@v@kd tvkyv f yk af qmifuwfaw// r[moHCmhor*~u D m; em,utazG@
teDeef@ tppt&m&mrm }u;D rSL;yD;ca&// ,if;eef@Zk ygvrD efwiG ;f jyifwu kd af yG;&d@k rm xGe;f ajymifca&// ,if;ydik f
v_y&f mS ;r_&@kd tzufzufu wd;k wufvma&twGuf a'cdu k u f dk &cdik 0f o H mEkcu kd f (0g) &cdik t f rsK;d om; ap;&H;k &D;
cdu
k v f @kd owfrw S Ef idk af &// 'kw, d urBmpdu k rf +zKd ufcifu &ckid w f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m wdik ;f &if;om;tap;tvH;k acwf
rmavh 0HomEkcu kd w f cdu k f +zdKufay:eDca&twGuw f ma=umifh &ckid af jyrm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; &ckid 0f o H mEkcu kd f
E_u d cf u kd f +zdKufay:eDca&// ,if;eef@Zk yxr0HomEkcu kd /f 'kw, d 0HomEkcu kd v f @kd owfrw S &f zd@k yif+zdKufaw//
'kw, d urBmpdu k }f u;D *syefawmfveS &f ;D / +Aw d od #awmfveS &f ;D &d@k ukd tav;xm;+y;D au wzufwcsurf m *syef0H
omEkcu kd af [mif;eef@ cdu k o f pfv@kd ay:xGe;f uwfpmG &ckid o hf rdik ;f rm xl;jcm;csuyf if+zdKufaw// yxr&cdik 0f H
omEkcu kd af & Arm0HomEkcu kd . f =oZmruif;pGmudk ,if;cdu k u f pmtkypf mwrf;wd/ rSwpf w k /d a[majym
csuw f /d v_y&f mS ;r_wu d kd avhvmokawoejyKvkyaf u aumif;aumif;odomEdik af &// jywfjywfa0zef&zd@k qkd
au ,if;0HomEkcu kd af [mif;a& &ckid rf /l &ckid [ f efukd omreft+zKd uf vspv f sLjyKcpGmudw k @Gd &a&// txl;ojzifh
ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiu hf kd t"durxm;ab; vkyaf qmifcuwfpmG udw k @Gd &a&// 'kw, d 0HomEkcu kd rf m txufu
wifjyca&twdik ;f ta&twGuu f ta&tcsi;f od@k wqufquf/ wufvrS ;f vmuwfpmG udw k @Gd &a&// &[ef;
oHCmh / ausmif;om;/ vl}u;D / vlai/ trsK;d om;/ trsK;d orD;/ vuf0/J vuf,m/ crD;/ ouf/ +rKd / csi;f / r&mrm}u;D /
'dik ;f euf/ rcGjJ cm;ab; tm;vH;k ap;ap;vH;k vH;k / v_y&f mS ;vmpGmudw k @Gd &a&// txl;ojzifh &ckifd t f rsKd ;om;

673 0
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
awmfveS &f ;D udk OD;awv_y&f mS ;eDa&twGi;f ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiehf ef@ tcsKyftcsmtm%mtwGuf v_y&f mS ;
vmr_a=umif+h zdKufaw// xl;jcm;a&cdu k o f pf+zdKufaw//
Edik if wH Edik if . H 0HomEkcu kd af & trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D . ywdoaE< aweDa&tcsed rf m+zdKufaw//
awmfveS cf &H zk@d aecs@J 0rf;wGi;f ax;rSm trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D ywdoaE< qG, J jl cif;+zKd ufaw// a'0HomEkcu kd f
ywdoaE<umvud, k rf /l ud, k [ hf ef+zKd uzf @kd t&D;}u;D a&// trsKd ;om;pdw/f Edik if &H ;D pdwf Ed;k =um;vmzd@k t&D;}u;D a&?
,if;ydik +f zKd uEf idk cf au ,if;ydik rf Ed;k =um;Ekid cf au awmfveS &f ;D orm; av#mv h m;wwfaw// awmfveS &f ;D wydik ;f
olyek af x;cif;wydik ;f (0g) bHrk [kwf ywfr[kwf awmfveS &f ;D rsK;d +zKd uv f m;wwfaw// ud, k &hf yk w
f &m;udk rudik f
pGaJ b; wyg;aemufvu kd f awmfveS &f ;D vkyaf u ,if;awmfveS &f ;D wyfrm cg;ydu k af qmiftar#mifwyf +zKd uv f m;
&a&// ig&h @kd .yxr0HomEkcu kd rf m ta&tajy0h r&ifu h suaf b;eef@ 'kw, d urBmph u kd }f u;D udk &ifqikd v
f u kd &f a&?
zufqw d *f syefaeacs@ukd awmfveS v f ukd &f a&// +Adwo d #aeacs@ukd awmfveS v f u kd &f a&// ,if;aemuf +Adwo d #
udv k ekd b D 0u Armhuv kd edk u D |eyf ek ;f +zdKufvm;&a&// ,if;a=umifh Armaecs@J uw kd cg qef@usiv f m&a&?
a'umvrmqdak u 0HomEkcu kd o f u kd f xGe;f um;vma&// ,if;uwcg trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D udk OD;awvm
&a&// trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D +y;D rS&m vlwef;pm;awmfveS &f ;D wufvrS ;f &zd@k yif+zKd uaf w// urBmyh apP;arh acgi;f
aqmif}uD;&d@k uav; trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D r[dau qdak csvpfawmfveS &f ;D r+zdKufEikd v f @kd twdtusqkd
xm;a&// &ckid 0hf efomEkcu kd rf m aemufx;l jcm;csuw f csu[ f o d ad &/ ,if;tcsuu f m; +rKd @xufOya'wGi;f rm
ajyaev_yo f #m;&D;+zdKufay:eD&a&tcg awmwGi;f rm vlwef;pm;v_yo f #m;&D; +zdKufeo D ad &// atv_yo f #m;
r_Eu d_ cf ak & xdyw f u dk +f ydKifqidk v f m&a&// wbufrm zqyv ta,Smiform;wdu “Armajyaxmifpk”
pdw"f gwef ef@ rdi_ ;f csvmuwfaw// aecs@J eef@u|eyf ek ;f udv k ekd D &ckid af jyol&@kd t=um;[d trsK;d om;ywdyuQukd
zH;k auGz@kd }uKd ;pm;uwfaw// awmwGi;f ygw&D @kd uav; a'oapG;pdw/f ygwaD pG;pdwu f kd &uf&ufpufpuf ukid x f m;
+y;D au trsK;d om;ywdyuQukd r_e0f g;pDca&// aecs@J &@kd uwcg ukvm;Armt"du&ke;f udk zefw;D +y;D au &ckid af jy
olnn D w G &f ;D udk +zKd cyJG ukd zf @kd }uKd ;pm;vmoda&// ,if;jy\ema& &ckid v hf rl t _ azG@tap;rSm aumif;aumif;}u;D
taESmift h ,Suyf ;D ca&// *kyikd t f csed rf sKd ;rm 1958-ck Armtpd;k & tm%m& zqyvtazG@csKyf +yKd uGv J ma&?
Ek/ wif/ oef@/ vdi_ f zqyv eef@ aqG/ +ird ;f (zqyv)vd@k E_u d jf crf;uGv J m;a&// &ckid zf qyvuav; vdu k v f @kd uJG
a&// “Ekwifuajyaxmifpyk gw’D ’’(yxp)vd@k azG@vu dk af w// &ckid u f avh yxpvd@k ay:vmjyefa&// qdik ;f bkwf
teDt0g/ xrdet f eDt0g/ trsKd ;rsKd ;ajymif;uwfaw// ygvrD efwiG ;f rm OD;baqGu OD;Ektpd;k &udk t,Ht k
a=ur[d tqdo k iG ;f a&tcg aqG+ird ;f trwfrJ 100 &eDa&// OD;Ek. Ek/ wif (zqyv) rJ 50 &m&a&? yrnw
rJ 45 rJ@eef@ woD;yk*v ~ rJ 26 rJ/ (&wn)rJ 6 rJaygi;f 77 rJu 0ifuv l u dk vf @kd OD;Ekqufvuftm%mjrv J m;
a&? ,if;tcg ajyae&,l&;D twGuf o#r;f / csi;f / ucsi/f u&if/ u,m;/ rGe/f trwf&@kd rsuaf rSmufrm &ckid f
ajyae oabmwlncD suu f kd OD;Ekeef@ &wn trwf&@kd vufrw S x f ;kd xm;uwfaw// oHawG;/ ausmufjzL/
pdu k af wG/ oH;k c&dik v f ;kH rm ajyaeqENjyrJwd tk@H t@kH / ususf u+f zKd ufvma&// 1960-ckrm (yxp)rJtjywfEikd v f @kd
OD;Ektpd;k & xyfrw H ufvma&// &ckid af jyrmav; &wntazG@tap; tjywftowfEikd v f @kd ajyaev_y&f mS ;

64 71
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
&D;rm wd;k wufwifw h if;vma&// {+yv D 5-&ufrm 0ef}u;D csKyfO;D Eku tpd;k &rl0g'udw k ifjya&tcgrm “ouf
qdkif&m wkdif;&if;om;awG&J@pdwfrm ajyaevdkcsifwJhpdwf wu,hfEd_ufE_dufcgcg &dS=uw,fqdk&if
&ckdifjy,faeESifh rGefajyaeudk pDpOfay;yghr,f// u|efawmfwdk@ uwday;zl;ygw,f// 'Drdkua&pDae;
ESifhtnDav;aumif;/ a'otwGif;aexdkif=uwJh ajyolvlxktwGuf at;at;csrf;csrf;/ cspfcspf
cif c if / aysmf a ysmf & G i f & G i /f tusd K ;&d S & d S +zd K uf a prnf h enf ; ES i f h t nD v nf ; aumif ; / ouf q k d i f & m
wkdif;&if;om; ajyolvlxk&J@ wu,fhqENudk od&atmif jyK+yD;wJhaemuf od&wJhtcsufudkrlwnf+yD;
uwdtwdkif; tapmqHk;pDrHaqmif&Gufay;ygr,f? oufqdkif&mjynfolvlxk&J@ qENudkodatmif
jyKrlwJhudpPrm jyKyHkjyKenf;udkowfrSwf+yD; u|efawmfwdk@rm oufqkdif&m acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
wdik yf ifygr,f” ajyaeopfrsm; xlaxmify;D &D;udpu P kd wifjyvm;ca&// &cdik af jyae/ rGeaf jyae xlaxmif&;D
twGuf 0ef}uD;csKyf. ajyaexlaxmif&;D aumfr,Siu f kd azG@ap;+yD;au tajctaet&yf&yfukd pHpk rf;a&?
ArmEdik if H tajccHOya'udjk yifqifz@kd &ckid t f rwfwd }udK;pm;uwfaw// ,if;ydik t f cgrm 0ef}uD;&mxl;udpP
a=umihf &wneef@tazG@uGJ&a&// ODb}udKiftkyfpk/ OD;ausmf+idrf;tkyfpkvdk@ ay:aygufvma&// 1962-ck/
azazmf0g&v D 25 &uferd m o#r;f ajyawmif}uD;+rdK@rm ajyvH;k u|wn f v D mcHu tawjyKcsut f & o#r;f
ajyuwifoiG ;f a& ajyaxmifpjk refrmEkid if H azG@ap;tkycf sKyyf t kH ajccHOya' jyifqif&;D pmwrf; xGuaf y:vma&/
“z'&,fvrf ”l vd@k trsm;ac:wGiaf &// vuf[ad jyaxmifp. k azG@ap;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'rm ajyaeeef@
vlrsKd ;pktwGuf wef;wlnrD #&;D twGuf vHak vmufpmG jyXmef;xm;jcif; r[da&twGuaf =umifh ajyaeeef@
vlrsKd ;pk wef;wlnrD #pzD @kd twGuf tajccHOya'udk “ajyaxmifpk pdu k pf ukd rf ”l eef@ jyefvjD yKjyif&;D qGzJ @kd atz'
&,fru l kd wifjyvm&a&//

,if ; rl r m
(1) ArmajyaeazG@ap;&D;/
(2) ajyaxmifpk ygvrD efvw G af wmf 2-ckukd tm%mwly;D &D;/
(3) vlrsKd ;pkvw
G af wmfo@kd ajyaewdik ;f u nDr#a&ud, k pf m;vS,v f w
$ &f ;D /
(4) A[dak jyaxmifpt k m; atmufygXmeudv k t
J$ yf+yD; use[
f ad &/ tm%mrsm;eef@ tcGit
hf &D;
wdukd ajyaersm;od@k vt J$ yf&ef?

(u) Edik if jH cm;qufq&H ;D ?

(c) ajyaxmifpu k mauG&;D ?
(*) ajyaxmifpb k ¾m&D;?
(C) aiG'*F g;eef@ aiGpuULxkwv f yk &f ;D ?
(i) pmwdu k ef ef@ a=u;eef;qufaoG&;D ?
675 2
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

(p) rD;&xm;vrf;/ &Dvrf;a=umif; qufaoGEidk &f ;D ?

(q) ajyaxmifpk w&m;pD&if&;D ?
(Z) yifavqdyu f rf; tcGeaf umuf&;D ?
(ps) ajyaxmifpk b¾mawmfukd r#wpGm cGaJ 0&D;&d@k +zdKufaw//
a'awmif}uD;nDvmcHo@kd OD;armifO;D ausm/f OD; omxGe;f OD;/ udo k mausm(f AHak ygu)f pol&@kd wufcu D wfaw?
,if;o#r;f rl (0g)ajyaxmifppk u kd pf u kd rf u l kd wifjyvku d af wtcg Armaecs@J &@kd zdzw d ek vf y_ v f m;cuwfaw//
vlrsKd ;}u;D 0g'[da& Armwkid ;f / ArmajyaeazG@z@kd pmG udk r}uKd uu f wf/ ajyaxmifppk w d "f gwu f kd wGiw f iG }f u;D [du k f
atmfeaD &// Armaecs@J &@kd u ajyaxmifppk u kd pf u kd rf u
l kd vH;k 0raxmufcEH idk u f wf// vlrsKd ;}uD;acsmifyikd 0f g'udk
udik af pG;xm;a&// Armhwyfrawmfqakd u vH;k 0rcHEikd /f / ,if;a=umihf o#r;f rlukd ta=umif;jy+yD;au 1962-
ckrwfv 23 &ufecd g Adv k cf sKyfae0if;acgi;f aqmifa& Armhwyfrawmfu tm%modr;f ydu k v f u kd af w// o#r;f
acgi;f aqmiftm;vH;k udak vh zrf;csKyfvu kd af w// &ckid 0f ef}uD; OD;b}udKifudkavh zrf;csKyfvu kd af w// 1962-ck/
rwfv 2 &uferd m &ckid af jya& Armzufqw d af ecs@J . u|e;f yke;f udv k ekd b
D 0od@k a&mufvm;&jyefa&// &ckid f
ajyum; vH;k 0udv k ekd +D zKd uv f @kd &cdik t
f rsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D eef@ &ckid v f wG v f yf&;D udk t&,lz@kd yif+zKd uaf w// vGwf
vyf&;D qdpk mG a& trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D . atmifayG;&m vGwv f yf&;D +zdKufaw// pdu k t f m%m&Sif Adv k cf sKyf
ae0if;u awmfveS &f ;D aumifpu D kd azG@ap;vku d af w// jrefrmqdak csvpfvrf;pOfygwD (rqv)udk xlaxmifvu kd f
aw/ &ckid af jyudw k ikd ;f cGJ 13 vd@k owfrw S v f u kd af w// &efuek w f ikd ;f vH+k cHK&D;eef@ tkycf sKyfra_ umfrwD (wvu)
,if;aemuf evu/ rvu/ &vu tqifq h ifah zG@+yD;au tkycf sKyfaw// jrefrmae;/ jrefrm[efeef@ qkad cs
vpfpEdu _ o f @kd cswD ufuwfaw// wwd,awmfveS &f ;D pcef;qifo h @kd cswD ufeu D wfpmG yif+zKd ufaw// &ckid u f ,kd f
ydkifjyXmef;cGiu hf kd *&krpdu k u f wfab; &cdik v f }l u;D wd rqvygwu D kd 0ifvm;uwfjyefa&// u|eyf ek ;f udv k ekd b D 0rm
aw[deaD & &ckid af jytm%mudk pdu k t f m%meef@ qdak csvpfpcef;od@k a&mufatmif Armaemufucsyd +f y;D au
armif;ESiu f wfjyefa&// zufqw d 0f g'&D @kd a& &ckid t f rsKd ;om;v_y&f mS ;&D;udk yku d pf yd wf ukd v f u kd v f @kd ESrd Ef iS ;f eDa&//
1967-ck =o*kwv f 13 &uferd m pdu k af wGqENjyayG;}u;D udk pdu k v f ufeufeef@ ajyol@tiwfxu k kd ydu k cf wfv@kd
twH;k t&H;k oDq;kH &a&// trSeaf jym&zd@k qakd u a'umvrm &cdik t f rsKd ;om;ap;&H;k &D; ydrk &kd ifu h suv f ma&//
zdErdS pf mG jyif;xefoavmuf wGe;f uefpmG avh jyif;xefvma&// ,if;ydik w f ukd af yG;wGi;f rm&mavh trsKd ;om;
w&yf &ifu h suv f mzd@k +zdKufaw//

(c)&cdkiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;ygwD tazGUtap;wd ay:aygufvmjcif;

20-&mpk 'kw, d ydik ;f od@k a&mufvwfawtcg &ckid Ef ikd if &H ;D avmurm ta&tcsi;f ajymif;av;&D;
w&yf+zKd ufay:vma&// trsK;d om;&D;v_y&f mS ;r_ t&yf&yfa=umifh trsKd ;om;&D;pdw"f gw/f awmfveS &f ;D pdw"f gw/f
&ifo
h efvma&// Armaecs@J vuf0cD H "eo#iyf gvrD eftpd;k &wd (zqyvtpd;k &/ yxptpd;k &). 0rf;Adu k f
ax;rm &cdik 0f o
H mEkpu
kd f ywdoaE< wqufquf&ifrh mvma&// wqifq h ifah jymif;vJ wd;k wufvmvwfaw?
66 73
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D . ap;&H;k &D;umv &if;usuv f mpGm+zKd uaf w// 1952-cku 1962-ck twd;k twGi;f rm
(0g) &wn tazG@tap;udak zG@v@kd ajyaev_y&f mS ;&D;udpk a& 1962-ck Armzufqw d af eacs@ ae0if;tpd;k &
tm%modr;f a&// 1962-ck twd;k twGi;f &ckid w f ajyvH;k v_y&f mS ;&D;rm yg0ifcuwfaw// trSerf m trsKd ;om;
ap;&Hn k nD wG &f ;D twGuf }udK;yrf;cuwfpmG yif+zdKufaw// ,if;umvrm ygvrD efwiG ;f wku d af yG;a& tqH;k
tjzwf tjzpfq;kH rm[da&// wjcm;v_yo f #m;r_wu d m; t+cDteDy;D a& tydik ;f rm[deaD &vd@k trsm;u,lq
uwfaw//
1958-ckrm &ckid af jywGi;f ygw&D @kd tvif;0ifuwf+y;D au xuf/ av/ atmufa&;abmftoD;oD;&d@k
Oya'wGi;f v_y&f mS ;&D;&d@k rm yg0ifaqmif&u G v f muwfaw// tm;vH;k yif &ckid t f rsK;d ;om;&D;udk *&kxm;+y;D au
aqmif&u G vf muwfaw// a'umvrm &cdik af jyawmwGi;f t+ct F eF ajymif;vJvmvwfaw// 1960-ck *|ev f
10 &uferd m &aohawmif+rdK@aerm ajyol@rsKd ;csKu d tf azG@ay:vma&// 1962-ckrm ayguaf wm+rdK@aerm
“&ckdifajyuGefjrLEd_ufygwD” “&uy “&uy””ay:ayguv f ma&// a'E_u d af zG@pvH;k tvHeu D eG jf rLEdu_ yf gwD (Arm
ajy)yg;u acG;xGuv f muwfpmG yif+zdKufaw// a'tazG@Eu d_ af zG@a& &ckid tf rsKd ;om;abmifrm &yfawvm
uwfpmG av aumif;aumif;rGejf rwfaw// ,if;E_u d f rwfv 2 &uferd m ae0if;tpd;k &wufvma&// ,if;tpd;k
a& ajyol@qENt& wifajrmufxm;a& tpd;k &tazG@eef@ ygvrD efuzkd suo f rd ;f ydu
k v f u dk af w// ajAmifvo l wf
vma&// tm%meef@zEd rdS cf sKyfacsr&_ @kd vkyv f ma&// ,if;twGuef ef@ a'tpd;k &a& zufqw d t f pd;k &+zKd ufaw?
ygvrD efwiG ;f jyif v_y&f mS ;r_qadk u vH;k 0r[dvu kd , f m+zdKufaw// qdwo f ek ;f vm;c,m+zdKufaw//
a,tcg &cdik rf sK;d csKud /f ajycsKu d f vlaitrsm;pkuvyf azG@ap;+y;D au trsKd ;om;v_y&f mS ;&D;twGuf ae;rsKd ;pHek ef@
}uKd ;pm;vmuwfaw// t,ifawmfveS &f ;D a&;abmfa[mif;&d@k wufval i&d@k tygt0if tm;vH;k csKd @0u S u
f vyf
ap;wd azG@ap;+y;D au vufeufuikd af wmfveS &f ;D twGuf v_y&f mS ;vmuwfaw// ,if;ydik t f csed rf sKd ;rm trsLd ;
om;pdwjf yif;xefvma& vlaiwcsKd @u tcsed w f akd wmfveS &f ;D w&yfukd jyKvkyv f u kd u f wfaw? pdwq f EN
apmr_a=umihf +zdKufay:vma& ,if;awmfveS &f ;D u wrsKd ;om;vH;k udk ausausjyef@jyef@ ap;&H;k v_y&f mS ;zd@k r&
vduk af b; &efo. l vufO;D r_u&kd m cHvm;uwf&a&// vdsK@0u S af &;abmftrsm;pkrm rouFmr_a=umihf oHo
,eef@eDvmuwf&a&// t"dutpDtpdkifwd aESmifhaES;&yfqdkif;vm;c&a&// *kydkifaygufuGJvm;&pGma&
awmfveS &f ;D oabm t&yf&yfurkd udik pf v JG @kd ocFe;f pm,l&zd@k yif+zKd ufaw/ a,auavh +rKd @wiG ;f uvyfap;wd
v_y&f mS ;r_um; t[derf avsmh wae;r[kw/f wae;}uKd ;pm;uwfaw// awmwGi;f vufeufuidk f tiftm;pk&@kd
eef@ aqG;aEG;uwfjcif;/ u&if/ rGe/f o#r;f / awmfveS &f ;D tiftm;pkwed ef@ qufaoGjcif;&d@k ukd pGe@f pm;vkyaf qmif
cuwfaw// tpd;k &uif;*wf&@kd / aiGwu kd &f @kd / 0g,mvuf&;kH &d@k ukd 0ifp;D zd@k tpDtpOfwu d kd wm0eftvdu k f
csrw S xf m;uwfaw//
,if;ydik pf mG rm taygu0f uif;wyfeef@ ausmufawmf+rKd @ukd 0ifp;D zd@k tpDtpOfwad &// wm0efusa&
tao#miform; wdu k Of ;D E_u
d Of ;D a=umihf owif;aygu=f um;vm;&a&// *d% k ;f *%qefa& vuf0u J |e/f pGe@f pm;
&D;0g'D vlaiwpka=umifah vh rvdv k m;csuw f d ay:ayguv f m;&a&// u&if/ rGe/f o#r;f &d@k eef@ qufaoG&;D rmav;
6774
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

tao#miform; vuf,m0g'w D csKd @a=umifh uarmufur+zKd ufvm;&a&// a'ydik t

f csut f vufwad =umifh
&cdik t
f rsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D a&;abmftrsm;tjym; tzrf;tqD;cHvm;uwf&a&// ,if;ydik t f +zdKufq;kd
}uKH }uKd u&f a&tcgrm tcsKd @a&;abmfwd vGwaf jrmufvm;cuwfaw// OuUXt+zKd uf Adv k }f u;D =umvSatmif/
twGi;f &D;rSL;t+zdKuf a&;abmfxeG ;f a&$0g&@kd u wm0ef,al qmif&u G uf wfaw// tdE, dN u rDZakd wmfveS &f ;D /
em*awmfveS &f ;D eef@ qufaoGuwfaw// +rdK@wiG ;f uvGwaf jrmufvm;a& aemuftiftm;pkwpku “&cd &cdik f
trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D;wyfOD;” (&vw)emareef@ &aohawmifaeod@k awmcdv k m;+yD;au “ajyol@
rdsK;csKduftazG@”eef@ yl;aygi;f vdu k af w// 1962 ck pufwifbmv 9 &uferd m atE_u d af zG@aygi;f um “&ckdif
ajy trsdK;om;vGwfajrmuf&D;tazG@csKyf” &rvzudk xlaxmifvu kd u
f wfaw// a'ydik f &ckid t f rsKd ;om;
awmfveS &f ;D E_u
d af zG@aygi;f Edik u
f wfpmG a& aumif;jrwfaw tvkyw f ckyif+zdKufaw//

&rv tazGUcsKyf\ cH,lcsufrm

(1) &ckikd af jya& oD;jcm;Ekid if w
H Ekid if H &ckid v
f rl t
_ azG@tap;a& oD;jcm;trsKd ;om;w&yf?
(2) &cdik wf ajyvH;k udvk ekd eD ef@ ya'o&du k f wydik ;f Edifk if b
H 0u vGwaf jrmufa&;?
(3) Arma& ae@acs@yif+zdKufaw// r[mAsL[mrm trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmuf&;D / ae;AsL[mrSm
vlwef;pm;av;&yf(tvkyo f rm;/ avorm;/ "eo#iaf ygupf / rsKd ;csKu d /f ajycsKu
d "f eo#i)f yg0ifa&// wyfaygi;f
pkazG@ap;&D; udik af qmifxm;a& oabmw&m;vufeufrm rmufp0f g'. uGejf rLEdu _ 0f g'yif+zdKufaw//

&ckdifajy uGefjrLEdIufygwD\ cH,lcsufrm

(1) &cdik af jya& oD;jcm;Edik if w H Edik if /H &ckid v f rl t _ azG@tap;a& oD;jcm;trsKd ;om;w&yf
(2) &ckid af jya& vH;k 0udv k ekd ED idk if eH ef@ ya'o&du k w f ykid ;f Edik if H
(3) Arma& vH;k 0vlrsKd ;}uD;0g'udk usio hf ;kH a&// r[mArmyif+zdKufaw//
(Armudk r[mArmvd@k owfrw S vf u kd af w// &cdik af & vlrsKd ;ai (Minority) +zKd uv f m;&a&// &ckid af &vlrsKd ;ai/
Arma& yifrvlrsKd ;}uD;vd@k qd&k ma&mufaw// &cdik v f rl t _ azG@tap;a& Armhvrl t _ azG@tap;. tpdyt f ydik ;f
vd@k cH,&l ma&mufaw// ,if;ydik q f akd u &ckid v f rl t _ azG@tap;a& oD;jcm;toGiu f kd raqmifEikd ,f m// &cdik Ef ikd f
iHavh oD;jcm;Ekid if w H pfEikd if t
H oGiu f kd raqmif,m// ,if;ee@Zf k a'tcsurf m cH,cl suf t+r;D tajrmufrawh
+zKd ufe&D a&// &daS emufrnDrnGw+f zKd ufe&D a&// r[mAsL[mrm ajyol@'rD u kd a&pDawmfveS &f ;D (0g)vlwef;pm;
awmfveS &f ;D ('kw, d pcef;qif)h +zdKufaw// ae;AsL[mrm &ckid af jyol@orRwEdik if H xlaxmif&;D yif+zdKufaw?
(r[mAsL[meef@ ae;AsL[mrmavh rjywfom;/ &daS emufrnDrnGwf +zdKufe&D a&//) aemufc, H cl suf rjywf
om;r_wcsu[ f ed aD &// &cdik af jya& vH;k 0udv k ekd vD @kd owfrw S xf m;au aeacs@ut kd wdtusazmf&vdrrhf ,f//
t*kaeacs@aysmufeaD &ydik +f zKd ufeaD &// vH;k 0udv k ekd qD akd u trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D udw k qifh qifaEG;&vdrrhf ,f/
*kvw l ef;pm;awmfveS &f ;D ud&k m r[mAsL[mcif;xm;a&// ,if;tjyif Akv d }f uD;=umvSatmifO;D aqmifa&
68 75
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
“&ckid af jy trsKd ;om;nDnw G &f ;D tazG@’ &rnz/ u&ifawmfveS &f ;D eef@ qufaoG+yD;au tiftm;pkap;vd@k
xlaxmifvu kd af w// “&ckdifajyvGwfvyf&D;wyfOD;’’ ’’&vw&d@k avh trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D abmifrm ay:
ayguv f muwfaw// &rvz rm ajyol@'rD u kdf a&pDawmfveS &f ;D u wpcef;qkwv
f ma& tazG@+zdKufaw?
tvHeu D eG jf rLEdu
_ yf gw(D Armajy)u xGuv f ma&tazG@wazG@+zKd ufaw &rnzeef@ &vw&d@k rm 0HomEkum
vwvSr;f wd;k +y;D au trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D udk a&mufvmuwfaw tazG@ 2-azG@+zKd uaf w// oH;k azG@pvH;k rm
&if;ES;D u|r;f 0ifuwfaw// rdwaf qGtazG@&@kd +zKd uu f wfaw// &rvz/ &rnz/ &vwqdak &oH;k ygwrD m Edik if &H ;D t&
eD;pyfuwfawtazG@wd +zdKufuwfawtwdkif; 8/ 12/ 1967 rm “Armaeacs@qef@usif&D;/ &ckdifajy
trsdK;om;vGwfajrmuf&D;wyfaygif;pk”azG@ap;xlaxmifvdkufuwfaw// ,if;aemuf-

wyf a ygif ; pk \ cH , l c suf & d k U rS m um;

1? &cdik af jya& Edik if wH Edik if . H t*F g&yfeef@ajy@pakH & wdik ;f ajywajy+zdKufaw//
2? &cdik af jy vl@tazG@tap; vuQ%ma& vH;k 0udv k ekd eD ef@ ya'o&du k wf ydik ;f vl@tazG@tap;
+zdKufaw//
3? &ckid jf y. vl@tazG@tap; vuQ%ma& vH;k 0udv k ekd eD ef@ ya'o&duk w f ydik ;f vl@tazG@tap;+zKd uf
a=umif; &cdik af jyolvx l . k t"duawmif;qdck surf m trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmuf&;D yif+zKd ufaaw
vd@k wnDwnGwaf w; cH,u l wfaw//
4? ,if;a=umihf &ckid af jy. awmfveS &f ;D vuQ%ma& trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D (awmfveS &f ;D . yxr
pcef;qifh vuQ%m+zdKufaw//
5? &cdik af jy. t"du&eforl m vuf[u d mvrm Armaeacs@ zufqw d f ae0if;tpd;k &+zKd uaf wvd@k
wnDwnGwaf w; cH,u l wfaw//
6? wdu k af yG;vrf;pdik ef ef@ywfowfv@dk Oya'wGi;f wdu k af yG;a& t+cDteDu&kd myD;+yD;au vufeuf
udik af wmfveS &f ;D wdu k af yG;rmum; tqH;k tjzwfuykd ;D a&vd@k wnDwnGwaf w; cH,u l wfaw/
7? a'aeacs@ya'o&du k f qef@usi&f ;D pdu k u f kd “ajyol@pu kd ”f wlnpD mG cH,u l wfawyif+zdKufaw?
wyfaygi;f pka& t+cDteDeef@ tvm;tvmaumif;wdudk zefw;D Edik cf auavh wyfaygi;f pkaw
aqmuf&mrm tpraumif;vd@k taESmif;raocsmc// yHpk jH y&zd@k qakd u &vw OuUXa[mif; a&;abmf udk
omEd;k eef@ OuUXodu k f udak tmifausmo f m&d@k rm &rvz. tazG@0ifw+d zdKufygv#uef ef@ &vwudk oD;jcm;
xlaxmifjcif;// &vwrm oHawG;c&dik u f yif ayguu f v JG mpGmudk zdz;kH xm;+y;D au a'rmwyfaygi;f pkvmaazG@
jcif;/ &rnzrmqdak u &uy. wyfaygi;f pk0if+zKd ufe+D y;D rS a'rmvmvk@d wyfaygi;f pktodu k rf m yg0ifazG@ap;
jcif;/ &rvz rmavh E_u d jf crf;uGeJ jD cif;&d@k a=umifh a'wyfaygi;f pkrm oH;k vom;avmuf&mcHca&// 1968-ck
ZEM0g&v D avmufrm wyfaygi;f pku &rnz Ekwx f u G cf a&// ta=umif;jypGmuawmhcg wyfaygi;f pkEu d_ af zG@
0if +zKd uef aD &twGuw f ma=umifv h @kd qakd &// azazmf0g&v D aemufyikd ;f rm &rvzeef@ &vw&d@k a& wyfaygi;f pkudk
676
9
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
+zdKufajrmuf&;D tqifo h @kd csxm;vdu k uf wfaw// 1968-ck/ {+yDv 15-&uferd m &rvzeef@ &vw&d@k y;l
aygi;f vdu k +f yD;au “ &ckdifajytrsdK;om; nDnGwf&D;wyfOD;” (&rnw)udk azG@ap;xlaxmifvu kd af w?
&ckdifajyuGefjrLEd_ufygwDuavh “zufqdwfwdkufzsuf&D;/ trsdK;om;nDnGwf&D;wyfaygif;pk
(&ckdifajy)”
jy)”udk OD;aqmif+yD;au xlaxmifxm;a&// ,if;wyfaygi;f pkEu d_ w f yfeef@ &rnz&d@k yl;awG;ap;&H;k
&D;aumfrwDw&yfukd azG@ap;vdu k u
f wfaw// &rnz u“zuf “zufqw d w f u kd zf su&f ;D wyfaygi;f pk”eef@ “Arm
ajyaecsJ@qef@usif&D; wyfaygif;pk” ESpcf pk vH;k rm yg0ifxm;vd@k ESpcf pk vH;k u Ekwx f u G +f yD;au “zufqw d f
aecsJ@qef@usif&D; wyfaygif;pk”rm0ifzdk@vdk@od&a&// vufwdG@rmum; ArmaecsJ@qef@usif&D; wyfaygif;
pkuxGuv f m;a& xdw k yfaygi;f pkum; t*kxrd xGuo f ?d ,if;+yD;au zufqw d w
f u kd zf su&f ;D wyfaygi;f pkrm
rif;jym;+rdK@aerm &uyeef@ “&ckdifajy csif;trsdK;om;vGwfajrmuf&D;tazG@” yl;aygi;f ap;vH;k &D;aumfr
wDw&yfukd azG@ap;vdu k u f wfaw// &aohawmif +rdK@aermavh &uyeef@ “&ckdifajy rlqviftrsdK;om;
vGwaf jrmuf&;D tazG@” yl;awG;ap;&H;k &D;/ aumfrwDw&yfukd azG@ap;vdu k u f wfaw// ArmajyuGejf rLEdu _ yf gwD
Auy u “trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD nDnGwf&D;wyfaygif;pk” (r'nw)udk Armajyrm xlaxmifvu kd af w?
(Auy) &ckid af jyaeuavh &ckid af jyrm“vl “vlrsdK;pktazG@” (vrp) eef@ vufawG;+yD;au r'nwabmifrm
twlw&l yfuwfaw// ,if;eef@Zk 20 &mpk 'kw, d ydik ;f wd@k 0ifa&mufvma&tcg &ckid t f rsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D
a& Edik if u
H *kd &kpukd v
f mpGmudw k @Gd &a&// ,if;Edik if .
H &kyo f rdik ;f udk *&kpukd vf mpGmudw k @Gd &a&//

atcd k u f r m trsd K ;om;awmf v S e f & D ; ud k r[mAsL[mcif ; +yD ; au ay:ayguf v ma&t

azG @ tap;eef @ &cd k i f a jyol @ orR w Ek d i f i H x l a xmif z d k @ ae;AsL[mcif ; usif ; xm;+yD ;
ay:ayguf v ma& tazG @ tap;&d k @ um;
(1) &ckid af jy vGwaf jrmuf&;D tazG@csKyf (&rvz) 1960-ck/
(2) &ckid af jy uGejf rLEdu
_ yf gw(D &uy) 1962-ck/
(3) &ckid af jy vGwaf jrmuf&;D wyfO;D (&vw) 1962-ck/
(4) &cdik af jy trsK;d om;nDnw G &f ;D tazG@ (&rnz) 1964-ck/ &d@k yif+zdKufaw//

,if;&dkUtjyif &ckdiftrsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;atmufrm wdkif;&if;om; (trSefuEkdifiHom;)

tazGU tap;eefU olUvlrsKd;pktazGUtap;
(1) &cdik af jy csi;f trsKd ;om; vGwaf jrmuf&;D tazG@ (acG;eDatmif acgi;f aqmifa&)?
(2) vlrsKd ;pktazG@ (a&;abmf armifped jf zLacgi;f aqmifa&)?
(3) &cdik af jy rlqviftrsKd ;om; vGwaf jrmuf&;D tazG@?

70 77
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
&ckdifajyrm ajyol'Drdkua&pD awmfvSef&D;udk r[mAsL[mrm cif;usif;xm;a& ygwDwGif;
rmum;
(1) uGejf rLEdu _ yf gwD (&ckid af jyaumfr,Si/f tvHeyD gw)D atygwaD & rsuaf rSmufumvrm &ckid af jy
rmr[d,m?
(2) Armajy uGejf rLEdu _ yf gwD (&ckid af jyae)
(3) &ckid af jy uGejf rLEdu _ yf gw&D @kd yif+zdKufaw//
,if;+yD;au &cdik t f rsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D udOk ;D awvd@k rsKd ;csKu d af jycsKu
d f tazG@tap;&d@k / tiftm;pk&@kd / woD;
yk*v ~ &d@k / rsm;jym;pGmay:ayguv f @kd [ad &// ,if;twGuef ef@ a'umvudk trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D . ap;&H;k &D;um
vvd@k owfrw S xf m;uwfpmG yif+zdKufaw// ap;&H;k &D;umvrm trsKd ;om;ygww D /d trsKd ;om;tazG@tap;
wd/ rsKd ;csKu d /f ajycsKu d t f iftm;pk woD;yk*t ~ rsm;tjym; wuGw J jym; ay:ayguuf wfpmG a& awmfveS &f ;D .
+zdKuf&;kd +zdKufpikd f oabmwckyif+zdKufaw// pdu k yf sut f m;aieDp&mr[kw/f / ,if;tauG;tjym;+zdKufeaD &
obm0w&m;udk nDnw G &f ;D abmifo@kd a&mufvmatmif ap;&H;k odr;f oGi;f +yD;au wyfaygi;f pkw&yfukd
awaqmuf&zd@k yif+zdKufaw// ,if;wyfaygi;f pktiftm;eef@&m Armaeacs@ukd &ckid Ef ikd if u H armif;xkwEf ikd f
zd@k +zKd ufaw// udv k ekd ED ikd if rH m udv k ekd aD jyoleef@ aeacs@&@kd .ywduw Q &m;rm t"duywdyuQw&m;yif+zKd ufaw/
,if;t"du ywdyuQw&m;udk trsKd ;om;nDnw G &f ;D wyfaygi;f pk tiftm;eef@&m awmfveS w f u
kd cf u
kd f armif;
xkw&f zd@k +zKd ufaw//



771 8
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

tcef;(6)

trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;eefU awmfvSef&ar
r[mAsL[m? ae;AsL[meefU cH,lcsufrsm;
atr[mAsL[m ae;AsL[meef@ cH,cl su&f @kd a& 1968-ck Zlvikd v f rm wuUov kd &f @kd rm tu|e&f @kd
pwifazG@ap;ca&// “&ckdifajyawmfvSef&D;tiftm;pkk” Arakan Revolutionary Force –ARF udk
1969-ck atmifwb kd mrm wd;k acs@azG@ap;vdu S cf a& ARF. r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[meef@
k +f yD;aemuf csrw
cH,cl suw f +d zdKufyga&// atARFudk 1970-ck arvrm &ckid af jyvGwv f yf&;D tazG@ (Arakan Indepen-
dence Organization AIO) t+zdKuf ajymif;vJazG@ap; wd;k acs@cyga&// AIO . rlvrf;pOfa& tae;t
usO;f wd;k acs@ajymif;vJr[ _ ad uavh tajccHrrl mARF. rltwdik ;f +zdKufyga&// *kwifujyvdu k af w r[m
AsL[m/ ae;AsL[meef@ cH,cl su&f @kd a&ARF. tajccHrv l rf;pdik +f zdKufyga&//

csdKufawa&;abmftaygif;&dkU
ated ZmawmfvSef&D;udk vkyf&zdkUav; tajzum;oQif;eDyg,m/
1// trsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D ordik ;f qufukd OD;xdyx f m;vd@k qufc&H zk@d ? 18-&mp/k 19-&mpkcu kd uf
&ckid rf sKd ;csKu
d af jycsKu d f tmZmenfoal &;aumif;&d@k . trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D a& w&m;a&/ rSeu f efa&/ ,if;
acgi;f aqmif}uD;&d@k a& &ckid af jyeef@ &ckid w f rsKd ;om;vH;k vGwv f yf&;D twGuf awmfveS w f u
kd cf u
kd cf uwfaw?
a'awmfveS &f ;D wm0ef&@kd ukd OD;xdyx f m;+yD;au ig&h @kd qufvuf wm0efxrf;aqmifuwf&zd@k +zdKufaw?
2? &cdik t f rsKd ;om; vGwvf yf&;D twGuf trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D ud&k m vkyaf qmif&zd@k 18-&mpk
19-&mpk &cdik t f rsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D +yD;au &ckid v f rl t
_ azG@tap;rm 20-&mpk yxrydik ;f rm yxr &ckid 0f H
omEkcu kd ef ef@ &ckid af jy *syefawmfveS &f ;D &d@k +zdKufay:ca&// ArmvGwv f yf&;D twGuf ArmrsKd ;csKu d /f ajycsKu
d &f @kd

72 79
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
ArmtrsKd ;om;wd vkyaf qmifcuwfaw v_y&f mS ;r_&@kd rm a'yxr0HomEkcu kd ef ef@ &ckid af jy *syefawmfveS &f ;D &d@k
a&mygvm;ca&// ,if;eef@Zk &ckid af bmifeef@Armabmif a&mxG;D vm;c&a&// ,_yx f ;GD vm;c&a&// 20-&mpk
'kw,
d ydik ;f rmum; 'kw,
d 0HomEkcu kd f ay:ayguv f ma& &ckid t
f rsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D twGuf a'cdu k t
f wGi;f rm
ap;&Hk;v_yfo#m;vmuwfaw &ckdif&kyfb0u awmif;qkdv_yf&Sm;vmpGm+zdKufaw// &cdkifwrsdK;om;vHk;
vGwv f yf&;D twGuf &cdik o
f m;awmfveS &f ;D udo
k m vkyaf qmif&zd@k qpkd mG awmfveS &f ;D odu k pf mw&m;yif+zKd uf
aw?

3? ig&d k U \cH , l c suf /

(u) &cdik af jya& oD;jcm;Edik if H wEdik if +H zdKufaw? &cdik v f rl t _ azG@tap;a& oD;jcm;trsKd ;om;
w&yf+zdKufw?
(c) &ckid af jya& vH;k 0udv k ekd eD ef@ ya'o&du
k w f ydik ;f Edik if +H zdKufaw//
(*) ig&h @kd .t"du &efoal & Armaecs@J +zdKufaw//
(C) vufeufuikd af wmfveS &f ;D &m &ckid af wmfveS &f ;D udk tqH;k jzwfy;D zd@k +zdKufaw/ Oya'wGi;f
wdu k af yG;&d@k um; tultnD taxmuftyHah vmufu&kd m yD;Edik v f rd ahf r+zdKufaw//
(i) t&if;o#if aeacs@qef@usi&f ;D pdu k u
f kd ajywGi;f pduk f (Civil War) vd@k avhrcH,/l / ajyol@pu kd f
(People War )vd@k avhrcH,l / trsK;d om;pdu k f (National War ) vd@k &mcH,al &//

4/ (u)&ckdifajya& oD;jcm;EkdkifiHwEkdifiHNzdKufaw/
&ckdifvlr_tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm; trsdK;om;w&yf+zdKufaw// vl@tazG@tap;w&yfudk
trsKd ;om;w&yf. t*F gvuQ%meef@ ajyhp/kH rajyhpq kH pdk mG udk baZmifae;eef@ axmufqa=uhuwfz@kd v/J /
awmfveS &f ;D acgi;f aqmif }uD;&d@k u
(1) wlnaD & yx0D taetxm;[djcif;
(2) wlnaD & pD;yGm;&D; obm0[djcif;
(3) wlnaD & bmom pum;[djcif;
(4) oD;jcm; trsK;d om;,mOfaus;r_[jd cif;qdak & tcsu}f uD;av;csuef ef@ axmufqa=uhuwf
aw?

1/ wlnDa& yx0D teDtxm;[djcif;?

&cdik af jy yx0Dtaetxm;udk a=uv h u kd af u t&db
S ufeef@ ajrmufbufrm &cdik &f ;kd rawmifwef;
}uD;/ taemufbufeef@ awmifbufrm b*Fvm;yifavatmf&@dk a& obm0aeedrw d &f @kd t+zKduf rajymif;/
rvGEJ idk af b; =uH@=uH@cidk cf idk af w[deaD &? a'wlnaD & yx0Dtaetxm;twGi;f rm &ckid v f @l tazG@tap;a&
7 38 0
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

bk;d awmftOPerif; %m0pdaENued ;f r+zdKcif ouU&u dk f 5995(BC-3323 )avmufuyif eDxikd cf a&vk@d

&du0f ifrw S w f rf;&d@k rmS wd@G [&d a&// ,if;tcsed u f yif tde'f t kd m&d,efvrl sKd ;/ oufvrl sKd ;/ +rKd vlrsKd ;&d@k a& a0om
vD 'Gg&0wD/ "n0wD+rdK@awmf&@kd ukd awaxmifuwf+yD;au trsKd ;om;Edik if w H ckukd ausmuf+rdKufcscuwf
aw// ordik ;f cdu k tf qufqufrm &ckid af jya& trsK;d om;Ekid if w H Edik if tH +zKd uf (Nation State) t+zKd uf rm;rm;
rufruf&yfaweDca&// tm&yf/ yg,eS /f [dELN / oD[/kd ay:wl*/D a'hcs/f t*Fvyd /f jyifopf/ rav;&Sm;/ tif'ekd ;D &Sm;/
xdik ;f / Arm/ rGe/f o#r;f / w&kw/f tmoH/ r%dy&l &d@k eef@ omoem&D;/ pD;yGm;&D;/ Edik if &H ;D / pdu k &f ;D t& *k%w f al &wl
ul;vl;qufqcH a&? &cdik Ef ikd if eH ef@ trsKd ;om;ukad v;aumif;/ &ckid rf if;eef@tcsKyftcsm tm%mudak v;
aumif;/ a&mufvmor# Edik if jH cm;om;&d@k u t&dt k aotav;tpm; todtrSwjf yKxm;+yD;au quf
qHcuwfpmG udk ordik ;f tpHpk /kH rSww f rf;tpHpk &kH @kd rm &D;G rSwx f m;cuwfaw// &ckid af jy.aeerdwu f kd aemuf
om;aemufvm&d@k tjiif;tcHrk +zKd u&f atmif at'D-1454-ck &cdik Ef u d_ f 816/ wef;cl;vqef; 6-&ufwevFm
edrm &cdik b f &k if“e&Ek
“e&Ek”rif;w&m;}uD;a& Armbk&if tif;0e&ywdrif;eef@ &ckid Af rmaeerdwu f kd &d;k rawmif
wef;}uD;wavsmuf ausmufwidk pf u kd +f yD;au ud, k ahf e/ ol@ae w&m;0ifowfrw S cf a&// &d;k rawmif&;kd w
avsmufowfrw S cf a&// &ckid af jyaeerdwaf x;rm &d;k awmifp, G t f qH;k / armfwifpeG ;f / [dik ;f }uDu|e;f / e*&dik ;f
tilx/d i0Hjrpf/ ykord jf rpf taemufbufurf;w&d;k / &ckid af jyaeerdwt f +zdKuf owfrw S cf a&//
at'D 1537 (&ckid Ef pS f 897 jymodv k )rm '*g;+rdK@ueDv@kd rif;bmbk&if}uD; trde@cf srw S +f yD;au
'vDyqm ukvm;rif;bm;od@k yD;vdu k af w &du f rH m/ “tm%mxGef;vif;/ rif;qufrsm;pGm/ taemuf
k o
rsufESm/ &uQyl&/ wkdif;EdkifiH/ ukrRdvm+rdK@txd// taemufbm*D& e'D&Dtjcm; armufolZm+rdK@/
umvuwWm; oabFmqdyfodk@txd/ taemufajrmuf a&mifjzL+rdKuf/ taemuf vDvuf+rdK@
txd/ ydik af wmfro l nf?” vd@k azmfjyxm;a&// ,if;aemuf &ckid rf if;eef@ ukvm;rif;&d@k a& bm*D&e'D &d;k t
jcm;rm r[mrdwaf zG@uwf+yD;au ud, k ahf eol@ae owfrw S cf uwfaw// &ckid b f &k iftrsm;yif &ckid af jy.ae
erdwu f kd ZmwDaw+yD;au/ uefw;l +yD;au/ wGi;f wl+yD;au/ ausmufwidk pf u kd +f yD;au/ owfrw S cf uwfaw//
txl;ojzifh a0omvD/ pEN&m;rif;rsm;/ aumvd,rif;/ '\&dv k m/ rif;xD;bk&if/ e&Ekwrf if; w&m;}uD;/
rif;bm}uD;/ rif;zavmif;}uD;/ rif;&du k mU }uD;/ rif;carmif;}uD;/ oD&o d "k rR&ukd ef ef@wuG tquf trGaD wmf
rif;rsm;&d@k a& Edik if aH eerdwu f kd txl;*&kpu kd f apmifxh rd ;f cuwfaw// ,if;eef@Zk ig&h @kd &ckid t f rsK;d om; awmfveS f
&D;u ig&h @kd ordik ;f tqufquf owfrw S cf uwfaw &ckid Ef ikd if &H ;D taust0ef; aeerdwu f kd qufvufowf
rSwv f u kd af w// t*krsuaf rSmufumvrmum; &ckid v f tl azG@tap;w&yfv;kH u &kyu f sus/ 'dXusus/ jyxm;
a&aeerdwfudk igh&dk@todtrSwfjyK+yD;au vufcH&zkd@yif+zdKufaw// “ordkif;trDGtquf aeerdwfeef@
&ckdifvl@tazG@tap; vuf[d'dXaeerdwf E_dufckrSty wjcm;Zmaeerdwf rsOf;a=umif;udkav;
igh&dk@vufrcHEdkif// a'aeerdwfE_dufckteuf wckckudkigh&dk@&DG;acs&vdrfar? &ckdif&kyfb0u awmif;qdk
a&twdkif; igh&dk@&DG;acs&vdrfhr,f// t&mZmaeerdwfrsOf;udkavh igh&dk@vufrcHEdkif/ todtrSwfr
jyKEdkif/ igh&dk@udk,fpm;vS,frygyJ igh&dk@wrsdK;om;vHk;qENrygab; +Adwdo#aeacs@&dk@/ Armaeacs@&dk@
74 81
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
owfrSwfxm;ca& owfrSwfeDa& aeerdwfrsOf;a=umif;udk igh&dk@vHk;0vufrcH//’’a'eD /’’ &mrm w&kwf
Edik if /H tdE,dN Edik if /H ygupd wP efEikd if &H @kd . aeerdwjf y\emudk udik w f ,G u
f wfy/kH ajz&Si;f uwfyukH kd txl;avhvm
a=uhz@kd vdt k yfvrd ahf r// ,if;tcsut f vuf&@kd ukd axmuf+yD;au ig&h @kd &ckid v
f @l tazG@tap;u wlnaD &yx0D
taetxm;[da&/ Ekid if w H ck[ad &qkpd mG xif&mS ;a&// &ckid Ef ikd if rH mum; ordik ;f tqufqufrm cdik rf ma&
aeerdwrf sO;f a=umif;udk w&m;0ifowfrw S +f yD;au urBmth avrm axax0g0g tifeef@tm;eef@ &yfawc
a&? cdu k tf vdu k w f ;kd wufca& Edik if w H Edik if +H zdKufaw//

2/ wlnDa& pD;yGm;&D;obm0[djcif;
&ckid v f rl t_ azG@tap;rm wlnaD &pD;yGm;&D;obm0a& t,ift h ,ifuyif *kxad weDa&? &ckid yf a'
o&du k cf u kd t
f qufquf/ Armya'o&du k af eacs@. vufatmufccH u kd /f +Adwo d #aeacs@ t&if;o#iaf eacs@
vufatmufccH u kd /f *syefzufqwfaeacs@ vufatmufccH u kd /f +Adwo d #t&if;o#iaf eacs@. 'kw, d vuf
atmufccH u kd /f Armaeacs@vuf0cD H ygvrD eftpd;k &. vufatmufccH u kd /f Armzufqw d af eacs@. vuf
atmufccH u kd /f a'cdu k t f qufqufrm &ckid Ef ikd if . H t"dupD;yGm;&D;rm av,mvkyif ef;+zdKufaw// wqifch H
tpG,t f zGm; pD;yGm;&D;wdrm O,mOfvyk if ef;/ wHigvyk if ef;/ qm;vkyif ef; pa&pGmwdyif+zKd ufaw? &ckid w f rsKd ;
om;vH;k rm pD;yGm;&D;wlnaD & obm0[da&//
t,ifu &ckid yf ifav&Da=umif; ul;oef;&D;rm aumif;aumif;xGe;f ajymifca&// a0omvDcu kd rf m
ausmufavSum; oabmFqyd +f rKd @uakd waqmuf+y;D }u;D }u;D ausaus ul;oef;a&mif;0,fca&// av;+rKd @cu kd f
rm/ av;+rKd @(pwk*gr)a'orm oabFmqdyyf if+zKd ucf &a&// ajrmufO;D cdu k rf m abmif;wGwo f abmFqyd +f rKd @}u;D
udk awaqmuf+yD;au yifav&yfjcm;wdik ;f wyg;eef@ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fca&// &D'$ *F g;/ aiG'*F g;&d@k ukd oGe;f vkyf
c+y;D au pEdu _ w f us ul;oef;a&mif;0,fc&mrm ,if;cdu k f urBmrm xdyw f ef;Edik if w
H ck+zKd ucf a&// tmo#wu kd f
rm““yDudef;/ ajrmufOD;/ *dktm/ Oa&mywdkufrm vef'ef/ trfpwm'rf”a'ig;+rdK@/ (Peking (china),
Mrauk U (arakan), Goa(India), London(Britain), Amsterdan(holloand) urBmtqift h wef;rD
+rKd @awmfw+d zKd ufawvd@k taemufwikd ;f om;c&D;ao&d@k u rSww f ef;wifxm;cuwfaw// ,if;cdu k &f @kd u t"d
uxkwu f ek rf m qefpyg;+zdKufaw// t"duoGi;f ukerf m oH+zdKufaw// *syefou H kd trsm;wifoiG ;f ca&//
t*kcu kd rf mum; qefpyg;tjyif &De/H opf/ puUL&d@k ukd xkwv f yk Ef idk zf @kd +zKd uaf uavh Armaeacs@&@kd zdEydS rf a_ tmuf
&ckid pf ;D yGm;&D;rm aZmufx;kd usv@kd [ed aD &/ t*kcu dk f &ckid pf ;D yGm;&D;udak =uhau aumif;aumif;odEidk af &?
ae0if;tpd;k & &Dew H ;l zd@k &ckid af jyrmcHwyfawa&// wl;vd@k &a& &De&H ikd ;f udk Armajyod@k wify+kd y;D au ,if;rm"gwf
qD/ &Deq H /D za,mif;wdik pf a& ukeaf csmwdt+zdKufxw k v f yk zf @kd / ,if;ukeaf csmwdukd Armajyu wify@kd a&mif;
csz@kd +zKd ufaw// &ckid &f eD u H kd &ckid t f usKd ;rcHpm;&/ Armaeacs@&@kd u vuf0g;}u;D tkyf oD;G pkwx f m;a&// a'o#iahf &
Armaeacs@u &cdik af jytay:rm ajAmifaeacs@um udv k ekd pD Edu_ u f kd usio hf ;Hk xm;pGm+zKd uaf w// &cdik q f efpyg;udk
av; Armaeacs@u udv k ekd pD Edu
_ t
f wdik ;f tjrwf}uD;pm; xkwv f yk af &mif;cseaD &// wjcm;&ckid pf ;D yGm;&D;
7852
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

wd;k wufz@kd vyk if ef; (Oyrm) pdik ;f wif puULpufvyk if ef;&d@k uu

kd m; csKd ;ESrd x
f m;a&/ zsuq
f ;D xm;a&/ trSerf mqdk
au &ckid Ef ikd if rH m trsKd ;om;pD;yGm;&D;w&yfukd aumif;aumif;xlaxmifEidk af & tiftm;eef@ajyhpv kH @kd [ad &?

3/ wlnDa& bmompum;[djcif;
&ckdifajyw0ef;vHk;rm &ckdifpum;udk t"duajymqkdoHk;apG;uwfaw/ &ckdiftrsdK;om;&dk@rm
a'otvdu k f [dik ;f }uD;u|e;f toH/ awmifciG o f m;toH/ &rf;+AJ}uD;/ aitoH/ rpJoH / acsmif;om;toH /
rmefatmiftoH/ ausmufjzLtoH/ av;awmiftoH/ pdu k af wGtoH/ awmifpudik ;f toH/ av;+rdK@om;
toH/ aumufuwefom;toH/ Adv k rf if;axmiftoH/ yvuf0g;acsmif;zsm;om;toH/ +rdKom;toH/
ausmufzsmom;toH/ t0om;toH/ pa&pa& toHbvHtrsKd;rsKd;/ ZmavmufyifuGJuGJ &ckdifpm
&ckid pf um;yif+zKd uaf w// ,if;toHwd ,if;pum;toH;k tE_e;f wd ,if;pGmwdukd tqDtavsm/f tnDtnGwf
odik ;f 0dik ;f aygi;f ap;yD;zd@k v@kd qakd u &ckid pf um;eef@ &cdik pf mrm t*kxufw;kd wufa=u0G a&// bmompum;w&yf
pmyDw&yf+zdKufvmEdik af &// &ckid w f ikd ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d wd+zdKufuwfaw “wdbufwdkarm&ifudk” tkypf 0k if
wd+zdKufuwfaw +rdK/ ysL/ csi;f / acgipf @kd / tEk/ 'k/H o#r;f 'l;/ vif;uJ/ ouf/ 'dik ;f euf/ r&mrm}uD;/ acsmeef@ &ckid f
pa& vlrsKd ;wd tcsi;f csi;f av;aumif; tjcm;&ckid w f ikd ;f &if;om; tcsi;f csi;f av;aumif; wwdik ef ef@wwdik f
qufq&H mrm &ckid pf meef@ &ckid pf um;udk t"duajymqko “wdbufwdk
d ;kH E_e;f uwfaw// ig&h @kd tm;vH;k rm“wd
arm&if” tkypf 0k if+zdKufuwfawtwkid ;f &uQ0Àbmomudk ajymqdo k ;kH pGu
J wfaw// ,if;eef@Zk tcsi;f
csi;f pkaygi;f um ckid rf meufae;a& ausjyef@a& trsKd ;om;pmyDw&yfuakd v; xlaxmifEikd af &// ig&h @kd &ckid v f @l
tazG@tap;rm &d;k awmifeef@ yifav=um;rmaw[dev D @kd ig&h @kd &ckid t
f rsK;d om; bmompum;rm obm0
tm;jzifh awm&d;k awmif&;kd qdik &f m a0g[m&wd/ yifav/ +rdKufacsmif;qkid &f m a0g[m&&d@k rm aumif; aumif;
a=uG0vSa&// ,if;eef@Zk ig&h @kd a& wlnaD &bmompum;[da&tjyif &ckid t f rsKd ;om; bmompmyDw&yfukd
aumif;aumif;xlaxmifEidk af & tiftm;eef@avh ajyh0pHv k ifepD mG udw k [Gd &d a&//

4/ oD;jcm;trsKd;om;,dkifaus;rI[djcif;/
trsK;d om;,dik af us;r_w&yfukd t*F gig;&yfeef@ axmufcsed Ef ikd af &/ ,if;ig;&yfrm
(1) ud;k auGrq_ ikd &f m ,dik af us;r_
(2) bmompmyD;qdik &f m ,dik af us;r_
(3) okcrk tEkynmqdik &f m ,dik af us;r_
(4) qif,ifx;kH azG@rq _ ikd &f m ,dik af us;r_
(5) ydou k mqkid &f m ,dik af us;r_yif+zdKufaw//

76 83
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
1/ udk;auGrIqdkif&m ,dkifaus;rI
&ckid vf rl t
_ azG@tap; tm;vH;k vdv k ykd if Ak'b < mom0ifw+d zdKufuwfaw/ c&pf,mefbmom0if
av; tcsKd @[ad &// tpPvmrf bmom0ifwt d csKd @[ad &// &d;k &mewfuakd uG;r_av;[da&/ &ckid &f u kd 0f ifrw S w f rf;
t& Ak'b < moma& &ckid af jyod@k rZ<srd a'ou Ak'v < ufxufawmftcguyif a&muf[v d ma&vd@k o&d a&?
&cdik af jyrm Ak'b < momax&0g' xGe;f um;a&// &[ef;awmf&@kd rm {upm&*d% k ;f eef@ A[kpm&*d% k ;f qdyk em
ESp*f % k ;f [da&/ t,ltquGv J @kd *d%k ;f uGeJ pD mG r[kw/f / t&n0oD awm&yfraSD & &[ef;awmf&@kd ukd {upm
&Dv@kd ac:a&? ,if;&[ef;awmftpkukd {u&*d% k ;f vd@k ac:a&// +rKd @w&d mG wdrm oDwif;oH;k a& &[ef;&k@d ukd *gr0goD
(0g) rEkZm&Dv@kd ac:a&// ,if;&[ef;awmf&@kd tpkukd A[kpm&D*% kd ;f vd@k ac:a&// tckcu kd rf m uH*% kd ;f / 'g&G 0wD
*d%
k ;f vd@k uGjJ ym;eDuwfaw// uH*% kd ;f vd@k ac:a0:eDuwfaw*d% k ;f rm pifpu kd f Armajyuvma& uH*% kd ;f r[kw?f
t,ifu &ckid af jyrm &[ef;awmf&@kd . *d% k ;f quf/ *d% k ;f aiwd&m+zdKufaw// &ckid q f &mawmf}uD;tcsKd @rm
Armq&mawmf}u;D tcsKd @eef@ 'Gg&*d% k ;f udk xlaxmifvu kd u f wfawtcg &ckid &f [ef;awmf&@kd avmurmav;
'Gg&*d% k ;f ay:ayguv f ma&// &ckid yf Ëd uyfawmf&@kd jrwfpmG bk&m;. t*~om0u +zKd uaf wmfral &// t&SiAf guv k r
ax&feef@ r[mpENmol&, d rif;}uD;&d@k ay:ayguv f ma&vd@k &cdik &f u kd 0f if rSww f rf;&d@k rmwd&G a&// ,if;aemuf
oD[dkpwkwWoHCmh,emrleef@ ,if;tqufquf wdkufqufaw;jzwfxm;cuwfaw// &cdkifajyAk'<
omoemawmfrm r[mrkeu d ,kd pf m;awmfav; txGwt f xdy+f zdKufaw// rZ<srd a'o/ =o&do/ oD[/kd rGe/f
Arm/ xdik ;f / o#r;f / &ckid &f @kd rm omoem&D;t& ordik ;f eef@cs+D yD;au aumif;aumif;&if;ES;D uwfaw Edik if H
wd+zdKufaw// &d;k &mewfu;kd auGrr_ m &daS [mif;cdu k uf ausmufw;kH / ausmufaqmif}uD;wdukd ud;k auGjcif;/
awmtkyf/ opfyif}uD;wdudk udk;auGjcif;/ acsmif;ajrmif;/ +rdKuf}uD;/ +rdKufaiwdudk udk;auGjcif;&dk@u
+rdKufzsm;cHvmpGm+zdKufaw// &d;k &mewfu;kd auG&mrm &ckid /f +rdK/ ouf/ 'dik ;f euf/ r&mrm}uD;/ csi;f / pa&
wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k &d@k rm aumif;aumif;/ qifwrl [ _ ad &// a,+yD;au &ckid t f mZmeD&@kd ukd ajy&Si/f ajy&Sirf
t+zdKuf wifajrmufuwfaw//
,if;a=umifh &d;k rawmifp, G t f qH;k / armfwifpeG ;f / &rf;+AJawmifp, G tf qH;k / awmifeaD wmif&;kd /
awmifet D qH;k / used ;f awmifwef;/ awmif&;kd awmifp, G t f qH;k / =o&r awmif&;kd awmifp, G tf qH;k / r,lurf;
awmif&;kd awmifp, G t f qH;k / pdu
k w f aumif;awmif&;kd / awmifp, G t f qH;k acsmif;&d;k / +rdKufzsm;&d@k tqH;k &d@k rm
ewf&/kH ewfueG ;f / t}uD;tai aqmufvyk +f yD; ylaZmfyowke;f +zdKufaw// ewf&ekH wfu|e;f eef@ tjcm;eDjcm;/
aeerdwrf sKd i;f a=umif;&d@k ukd owfrw S x f m;cpGmav;[da&// &cdik &f @kd u ewfu;kd auGru _ kd ajycsKud pf w
d /f rsKd ;csKu
d pf wd f
&d@k ukd azmfneG ;f azG@ap;pGm&d@k uakd vhw@Gd &a&//

7 87 4
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

2/ bmompmyDqkdif&m ,dkiifaus;rI
&cdik t
f uQ&mrm oD[/dk Arm/ rGe/f xdik ;f / avm/ uar<m'D;,m;/ o#r;f trsKd ;om;&d@k . tuQ&mwdyikd f
tdE,
dN ajrmufyikd ;f jA[dt
R uQ&mu qif;oufvma&// a0omvDcu kd f (at'D 320- 957) twd;k twGi;f rm
tuQ&m0À qef;odu k wf ;kd wuf +zdKufxeG ;f vma&//

&cdkifpmyDavmurm
(1) pum;ajy
(2) vuFpum;ajy 2 axGa&m
(3) ta&G@tzGiv hf @kd o;kH rsKd ;/ oH;k pm;uGjJ ym;pGmudw k @Gd &a&//
"rRoufav#mufx;kH / jzwfx;kH / edygwyf jkH yif/ &du k 0f ifrw S w f rf;/ rSwpf pk a&pGm&d@k ukd pum;ajyeef@ t&D;G rsm;a&?
wcgwcg vuFmpum;ajy ESpaf xGa&meef@ azG@aEG@a& vuFmtrsKd ;tpm;yg0ifa&// pmyDavmuudk uAsm
usrf;/ o'Ngusrf; tbd"mefusrf;&dk@uxdrf;a&// &ckdifpmyDavmuudk &ckdifuAsmusrf;/ &ckdifo'Ngusrf;/
&ckid t
f bd"rRmefusr;f &d@k uxde;f a&// &cdik pf myDavmurm okw0gp qef;usr;f (a0omvDcu kd f jrefrmjyef)
uAsmqefusr;f / u0d*E<ygoqef;usr;f (ajrmufO;D cdu k )f ay:aygucf a&// o'Ngusr;f wd/ tbd"geu f sr;f wda&
ay:aygucf a&// ,if;eef@Zk ig&@kd wm0efw&yfrm cdu k rf t D rsKd ;om;pmyDw&yfukd cdik cf ikd af emif;aemif;/ ausaus
jyef@jyef@ xlaxmif&zd@k yif+zdKufaw//

3/ tEkokckrynmqdkif&m ,dkifaus;rI
&cdik o
f ck rk tEkynmrm eufae;odraf rG@a&// qef;a=ua&// obm0toHuv kd u
kd v f @kd *Dwaw;oGm;
trsKd ;rsKd ;wDxiG +f yD;au oDqw kd ;D r_wu
f wfaw// *k%&f oajrmufru _ kd t"duxm;uwfaw// t&dw S ikd ;f qef
qefyif pJ0g;nDnw G rf x
_ uf *k%&f oajrmuf om,mr_/ OD;pm;yD;uwfaw// pdu k ef ef@qv kd mau pdu k o f ;GD /
pdu k rf mef/ ajrmufvmatmif ajrmS ufw;D &a&// vlxak yG;}u;D usvmvwfau/ oHcsyx f ;kd vd@k td;k pnf/ AHak rmif;
xd;k uwfaw// &d;k &mewfayG;rm ywfw;D a&/ xdrjf rm;/ r*FvmayG;rm yef;wsm;wD;uwf&a&// &Sijf yKayG;rm
orufwufayG;rm r*FvmpnfwaD &// bk&m;wuf ausmif;wufawtcg aumif;r_pnfuw kd ;D a&// usiaf yG;rm
usipf nfw;D &a&// rom/ tokbrm 'H;k pnfw;D &a&// t+ird @f w;D 0dik ;f rsKd ;rm yvDtrsKd ;rsKd ;/ wl&, d mtrsKd ;rsKd ;&d@k ukd
tjcm;wl&, d m&d@k eef@ awG;+yD;au +idrahf nmif;om,mpGm csKd wodro f rd /hf csr;f w+idr+f idr/hf wD;r_wu f wf&a&//
wD;yHw k ;D [efeef@ywfowfv@kd t=urf;wD;/ tEkw;D / taEG;taysmif;wD;/ tvGr;f wD; toGm;wD;vd@k &ot&
uGjJ ym;wD;uwfawydik f t=urf;/ t+idr/hf tEk/ taEG@/ taysmif;/ tvGr;f / toGm;vd@k cGjJ cm;oDqu kd wf&a&?
cGjJ cm;uckeu f wf&a&// u[efrm vufacsmif; t,ltiif/ rsuEf mS trlt&ma& aumif;aumif;t&D;}u;D a&?
nm+c/D nmvuf b,f+c/D b,fvufrm &ckid . f t"du uuGu+f zKd uaf w// ,if;&d@k a& tu.o&kyu f kd aqmif

78 85
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
a& tu.*k%fo&udkaqmifa&// &ckdiftrsdK;om;okckrtEkynmrm &mpkEd_ufrsm;pGmuyif udk,frl/
ud, k [
hf efeef@ ajyhajyh00qif;oufvmvd@k urBmtavrm axax0g0g wrlw[ef woD;wjcm;&yfaw
vd@k [ed aD &//

4/ qif,ifxHk;azGUrIqkdif&m ,dkifaus;rI
&cdik t f rsKd ;om;0wfprkH m cdu k t
f vdu k f wd;k wufajymif;vJr[ _ ad &// t,ift h ,ifcgu a,musmf ;rde;f
rtm;vH;k qefx;kH xH;k uwfaw// ykw;D / em;a'gi;f / vufpyG /f vufaumuf/ +ccD si;f 0wfuwfaw// trsKd ;orD;&d@k
rm qefx;kH udk tqef;wa=u tvSty/ xH;k avh[u d wfaw// trsKd ;om;vl}uD;&d@k rm acgi;f aygi;f xD;xD;
aygi;f avh[u d wfaw// tusx ô ikd rf odr;f / ykq;kd awmifa&S&@kd ukd cef@cef@em;em; 0wfqifuwfaw// ta&G
a&mufaw trsKo d rD;&d@k rm &ifwifygwu kd xf ydeu f kd &dpS xm;vd@k 0wfuwf&a&// cg;}uKd ;&mrm &ckid t
f rsKd ;orD;&d@k
. wifw h ,fa& tqif;wefqmwck+zdKufaw// &ckid &f ;kd &m0wfpu kH dk ta&Gvu kd /f tv$mtvdu k /f ayG;vrf;/
obiftvdu k /f woD;woef@pD owfrw S xf m;a&// trsKd ;om;w&yf. trsKd ;om;=uufoa&aqmif+zdKuf
awydik /f &cdik t f rsKd ;om;0wfpakH v; &cdik t f rsK;d om;. trsK;d om;usuo f a&aqmifyif+zdKufaw//

5/ Adokumqkdif&m ,dkifaus;rI
tif't kd m&d,ef&@kd . ,dik af us;r_taiG@toufukd a0omvDcu kd f taqmuftOD;&d@k rmwG&d a&?
av;+rdK@cu kd f ajrmufO;D cdu k &f @kd rmum; &ckid rf &l ckid [
f efygyg Adou k mynm&yf xGe;f um;ca&? txl;ojzifh
ajrmufO;D cdu k f vuf&m&d;k rm aumif;aumif;ajymifajrmufa&// o#paf omif;odr}f uD;/ ud;k aomif;odr}f uD;/
'kwu f eford /f av;rsuEf mS bk&m;/ ajrmufwef;aqmif/ jrwef;aqmif/ tHawmford /f &wemyH/k avmifyeG ;f
ajymufw/d *lawmifb&k m;/ ausmufwvH;k bk&m;/ *l0bk&m;/ rmefig;yg;apwDawmf&@kd / OD;&du k af wmfapwD
awmfeef@ Asm'dw0f ifapwDawmf&@kd / ,iftjyif r[mrkeu d ek ;f awmf/ a0omvDausmufavSum;/ yk&rd f eef;&m
uke;f awmf/ ajrmufO;D eef;&muke;f awmf/ oHawG;eef;&muke;f awmf&@kd rm &S;D a[mif;&ckid v f uf&m Adou k m
ynm[d xGe;f ajymifcsuw f u
d kd nGe@f jyvd@k [v
d u D wfaw//
csKu
d af wa&;abmf&@kd a,au &ckid af jya& oD;jcm;Edik if w H Edik if +H zdKufaw// &cdik v f rl t
_ azG@tap;a&
oD;jcm; vlrt _ azG@tap; +zKd ufawqdpk mG udk jyefaumufuwfr,f// a'tydik ;f udk oif&h t kH aus&;GD vku d pf mG u
av; &ckid v f rl @_ tazG@tap;rm trsKd ;om;vuQ%m zsuq f ;D a&0g'wD d ay:ayguef v D @kd yif+zdKufaw// &ckid rf m
a& ordik ;f tqufquf[jd cif;/ cdik rf ma&aeerdwf wdwu d sus[jd cif;/ ordik ;f tqufquf qufqv H mo
r#Eikd if &H @kd rm Edik if eH ef@ trsKd ;om;bk&ifeef@ tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk av;av;pm;pm; todrw S jf yKcH&jcif;eef@
ajyph akH &twGuw f ma=umihaf v;aumif;/ wlnaD &yx0Dtaetxm;[djcif;/ wlnaD &pD;yGm;&D;obm0[djcif;/
wlnaD &bmompum;[djcif;/ oD;jcm;trsKd ;om;,dik af us;r_[jd cif;&d@k eef@ ajyhpakH &twGuw f ma=umifah
vhaumif;/ ig&h @kd &ckid af jya& Ekid if w H Edik if H t*F g&yfvuQ%meef@ twdtusajyhpakH &// &ckid Ef ikd if rH m ouU&u kd f

86
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

1000 ajyh (AD-1638)uyif trsKd ;om;ap;vH;k nDnw G &f ;D usqif;&jcif;/ wyg;vufatmuf udv k ekd +D zKd uf
eD&jcif;/ eD+rDtjcrf;jcrf; tpdycf eH &D jcif;&d@k a=umifh tiftm;usqif; qkw, f w k vf m;&auavh &cdik Ef ikd if . H
trsKd ;om;t*F gvuQ%ma& vH;k 0qdwo f ek ;f vm;pGmr[kw/f Edik if w H pfEikd if u H kd aeacs@wwdik ;f u odr;f ydu k rf ad u
cdu
k af [mif;rSmyif+zdKuf+zdKuf/ cdu k of pfrmyif+zdKuf+zdKuf/ t"dutede@f eef@ ,if;odr;f ydu k cf eH &D a& trsKd ;om;
vuQ%mt&yf&yfukd zsuq f ;D yduk uf wfaw// pD;yGm;&D;/ Edik if &H ;D / pdu
k &f ;D / vlr&_ ;D wqifq h if+h zKd u+f zKd u/f w[kex f ;kd
+zKd u+f zKd uf ESrd Ef iS ;f wku d zf suyf u
kd u
f wfaw// ,if;ydik v f yk uf wfpmG a& t"dutm;jzihf xdv k ufatmufcEH ikd if u H kd
+crD e_ ;f pGmyif+zKd ufaw// at'D 1784 rS 1788 twGi;f Armya'o&du k af eacs@rif; armif0ikd ;f u ig&h @kd &cdik t f rsKd ;
om; vuQ%mt&yf&yfukd 0wDav;&yfpvH;k rm vdu k vf zH suq f ;D ydu
k v f u kd pf mG udk &duk 0f ifrw S w f rf;&d@k rm zwf&_
&a&// aeacs@&@kd Zmavmufzsuzf su/f udv k ekd aD jyolu &ke;f uefawmfveS u f wfawtcg rysuEf ikd /f / Edik if w H &yf
nhaHh &tcg udv k ekd +D zKd u&f auav; wd;k wufvma&tcg wd;k wufp+r+J zKd uaf w// ,if;eef@Zk trdsK;om;ap;&H;k &D;
umva& trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D tp ed'ge;f ysKd ;jcif;+zdKufawvd@k qdv k u kd af w// trsKd ;om;ap;&H;k &D;umv
uyifp+yD;au trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;twdik ;f wdu k &f ;D cdu
k &f ;D a& ,if;trsKd ;om;vGwv f yf&;D
yef;wkid o f @kd trSe{f uefa&muf[&d a&// ,if;ydik v f w G v f yfvmau ,if;Edik if . H trsKd ;om;vuQ%mav;
ordik ;f trDq G uft&av;aumif;/ cdu k tf & pEdu _ tf &av;aumif; xGe;f um;vm&a&yif+zdKufaw//

3/ (c)&ckdifajya& vHk;0udkvdkeDeefU ya'o&dkuf wydkif; EdkifiHNzdKufaw //

w//
t=uifEdkifiHwEdkifiH. tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk tjcm;EdkifiHwEdkifiHu rw&m;csKyfudkifxm;/
rw&m;odr;f ydu k x f m;/ rw&m;csKyfacsxm;au xkEd ikd if rH m udv k ekd u
D |ebf 0od@k qif;vm;c,m+zdKufaw//
pdu
k &f ;D t&yiford ;f odr;f / Edik if &H ;D t&yiford ;f odr;f / pD;yGm;&D;t&yiford ;f odr;f / todr;f cH&a&Edik if aH & udv k ekd D
yif+zdKufaw// t,if 18-19 &mpktcgu udv k ekd pD Edu_ af [mif;xGe;f um;ca&// 19-20 &mpkavmufrm
('kw, d urBm@pu kd +f yD; aemufyikd ;f rm) u|eyf ek ;f udv k ekd D ay:xGe;f vma&// txl;ojzifh vGwv f yf+yD;pEdik if t H
wGi;f rm u|e;f yke;f udv k ekd w
D d trsm;}uD;[da&// ajyaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if v H @kd ac:wGiaf & Edik if t H wGi;f rma=uhyg/
&ckid af & Arm.u|e;f yke;f udv k ekd +D zdKufe&D a&// a'udpeP ef@ywfowfv@kd ordik ;f a=umif;eef@ wqdwaf u aqG;
aEG;r,f// &cdik uf kd Armya'o&du k af eacs@b&k if armif0ikd ;f odr;f ,la&tcg &cdik t f csi;f csi;f ap;&H;k r_+ydKuGpJ mG udk
ta=umif;jyKvd@k 0ifa&mufcsKyfuikd v f u kd pf mG +zdKufaw// aemufyikd ;f rm &cdik u f okd rd ;f ydu
k vf u kd af w// +Adwo#
t&if;o#iaf ecs@J &cdik u f t dk pyxrcg &cdik af cgi;f aqmifwed @J vufawG;um 0ifa&mufvmpGmudw k @Gd &a&//
aemufrS pdu k tf iftm;eef@ rw&m;odr;f ydu k v f u kd pf mG +zdKufaw// aemuf+yD;au Armhvw G vf yf&;D udk +Adwo d #
bm;u awmif;uwfawtcg &ckid u f kd csKyfuikd o f rd ;f ydu k v f u kd af w// t*kqakd u &cdik af & ArmvufatmufcH
+zKd ufeaD uavh &cdik t hf csKyftcsmtm%mudk Armh&@kd u rw&m;odr;f ydu k xf m;auavh “ajyaxmifp”k qkad &
a0g[m&eef@ zH;k tkyx f m;a&// “ajyaxmifp”k ax;rSm zH;k auGxm;a&// ,if;eef@Zk &cdik rf m udv k ekd +D zdKufeaD u
av; tzH;k t0du S cf eH &D jyefoad &// wae; u|e;f yke;f udv k ekd D +zdKufe&D a&//
87
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
ated urBmt&yf&yf u|eyf ek ;f udv k ekd t D rsm;tjym; awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd ef u D wf,m+zdKufaw//
bD,mz&mawmfvSef&D;/ em*awmfvSef&D;/ rDZdkwmfvSef&D;/ ucsifawmfvSef&D;/ u&ifawmfvSef&D;/ rGef
awmfveS &f ;D / o#r;f awmfveS &f ;D / &cdik af wmfveS &f ;D (ygupPwefrmS abvlcspD wefawmfveS &f ;D ) aeacs@qef@
usi&f ;D trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D &d@k yif+zdKufaw// vGwv f yf&;D twGuf awmfveS &f ;D pdwef ef@ wdu k cf u kd ef u D wf
pGmyif+zdKufaw// &cdik o f uU&u kd f at'D 1784-ck avmufrm &cdik v f @l rt_ azG@tap;. tcsKyftcsmtm%m
udk rw&m;odr;f ydu k xf m;uwfpmG a& atedtxd+zKd ufaw// aeacs@Arm/ aeacs@+Aw d o d #/ aeacs@*syef/ aeacs@
+Adwo d #/ aeacs@Armh&@kd rm vufajymif;/ vufjyef &cdik t f csKyftcsmtm%mudk rw&m;odr;f ydu k x f m;uwf
aw// ig&h @kd .+rDay:+rDatmuf pD;yGm;&D;wdukd ol&@kd vuf0g;}uD;tkyf oD;G pkwaf csavSxm;a&// &cdik u f u dk ek ;f =urf;
ajywajyt+zKd uf zefw;D +y;D au Armhuukeaf csmxkwf ajywajyt+zKd uf zefw;D eDa&// *kyikd &f ckid u f kd ArmupD;
yGm;&D;wzufapmif;eif; zdEydS +f yD;auqufqaH &// ol@&@kd .ukeaf csmwdukd a0,lo;kH apG;a&// a'ydik +f zdKufatmif
zefw;D eDa&/ zefw;D xm; a&// wae; Edik if &H ;D t&‚if;/ pD;yGm;&D;t&‚if;/ &ckid u f kd Armuudv k ekd vD yk x f m;a&//
aemufArmtpd;k &. pdu k &f ;D tm%mudak v; &ckid w f ajyvH;k rm jzef@=uwfxm;a&// pdu k &f ;D t& &cdik v f rl t _ azG@
tap;wckv;kH udk zdEu d_ af w/ ajAmifvo l wfaw/ awmyefZif;/ ref;yifZif;/ rus;D uke;f / pGe&f ;D / pdu k af wG&@kd rm
tpkvu kd t f +yHKvdu k f ajAmifvo l wfaw//
&ckid w f OD;csi;f vGwv f yfr/_ &ckid w f rsKd ;om;vH;k vGwv f yfru _ kd zdEydS cf sKyfacsxm;a&// &cdik rf m ud, k f
ydik jf yXmef;cGihf (Self Indentity)vH;k 0r[d/ ud, k phf myDukd ud, k rf oif=um;&// ud, fk t hf pd;k &udk uk, d &f ;GD acsciG rhf &/
xlaxmifciG rhf &/ ud, k yf ikd pf ukd w f yf xlaxmifciG rhf &/ ud, k yf ikd yf nm&D;/ use;f rm&D;/ vlr&_ ;D t&yf&yf&@kd rm ud, k &f @kd
obm0eef@uu kd n f aD tmif vkycf iG rhf &// Edik if jH cm;eef@vw G v f yfpmG pdu k &f ;D / Edik if &H ;D / pD;yGm;&D;t& rqufaoG&?
&cdik Ef ikd if .H ukvor*~0ifEikd if H tcGit hf &D;udak v; ol&@kd zEd u dS x f m;a&// &cdik af eerdwu f akd v; ol&@kd o#iaf &ydik f
owfrw S jf cm;eDa&// tcsKyftm;jzifah jym&au &cdik u f o kd @l &@kd vufatmufcH u|et f +zdKuf zdEu dS x f m;a&//
,if;tjyif &ckid v f rl t _ azG@tap;rm pD;yGm;&D;t&+zdKuf+zdKuf/ Edik if &H ;D t&+zdKuf+zdKuf/ pdu k &f ;D t&+zdKuf+zdKuf/
,dik af us;r_t&+zdKuf+zdKuf/ vlr&_ ;D t&+zdKuf+zdKuf zdEu dS cf eH &D a&// ig&@kd u, kd yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiu hf kd ol&@kd csKyfuikd af cs
avSxm;a&// ig&h @kd tcsKyftcsmtm%m ig&h @kd vw G v f yfru _ kd ol&@kd rw&m;odr;f ydu k x f m;a&// ,if;aemuf ig&h @kd
Armaeacs@vufatmufrm vH;k 0udv k ekd +D zdKufe&D a&// rsuaf rSmufcu kd f &cdik af jyrm +rDo#iyf a'o&du k pf Edu _ f
tajyht0r[d,m// &ckid +f ro#iyf a'o&du k }f uD;wd+zdKufaw +rdK@pm;/ &Gmpm;/ acsmif;pm;/ u|e;f pm;/ u|e;f &yf
&d@k r[d,m// 'kw, d pdu k rf +zdKufcifu [dca&// Edik if jH cm;om; +rDo#i}f uD;wda& wdik ;f &if;om;+rDo#i}f uD;wd/
jyKaumif;wd/ csyd yf ikd w f ad v; r[dvu kd , f m? a,auavh +Adwo d #ya'o&du k pf Edu _ f t=uGi;f tusew f [d d
oda&// ,if;eef@Zk &ckid rf m +rDo#iyf a'o&du k w
f ydik ;f &kyu f susowfrw S x f m;jcif;+zdKufaw// aeacs@uakd wmf
vSeef aD &umvrm a'+rDo#ipf Edu _ f t=uGi;f tuseu f kd ig&h @kd a& t"duxm;vd@k r&/ av,m+rDawmfveS &f ;D udk
trsK;d om;ap;&H;k &D; umvrm+zdKuf+zdKu/f trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D umvrm+zdKuf+zdKuf t"duxm;vd@k r&/
,if;eef@Zk trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D umvrm av,m+rDjyKjyifajymif;av&D;udk vkyaf qmif&zk@kd +zdKufaw//

88
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D umvrm udv k ekd aD jyoleef@ aeacs@.yÉdyuQ&m t"du ywdyuQ+zKd uaf w// vH;k 0udv k kd
eDeef@ ya'o&du k w f ydik ;f Edik if rH m+zKd uf+zKd uf/ udv k ekd w
D ydik ;f eef@ ya'o&du k w f ydik ;f Ekid if rH m+zKd uf+zKd uf/ trsKd ;om;
awmfveS &f ;D vkycf sed rf m +ro D #ief ef@avvkyo f m;&d@k . yÉdyuQrm vufatmufcH yÉdyuQ+zKd ufaw// ,if;eef@Zk
t"duudk t"duxm;vd@k / vufatmufcu H kd vufatmufcx H m;&zd@k // t"duwdyuQukd awmfveS &f zd@k vuf
atmufcyH wdyuQukd jyKjyifajymif;vJ&zk@d a,au vH;k 0udv k ekd eD ef@ ya'o&du k w f ydik ;f [da& ihg&@kd &cdik af jyrm
trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D udk qifaEG;,if; av,m +rjD yKjyifajymif;vJ&;D udk tcuftvuf t+zKd ufxm;+y;D au
vkyaf qmif&zd@k +zKd ufaw// tu,kwyf if av,m+rD jyKjyifajymif;av;&D;udak wG;+y;D au trsKd ;om;awmfveS f
&D;udk vkyaf qmifvm;jcif;a& tem*wfumvrm wd;k wufawavmuudk wufvrS ;f Edik zf @kdtwGuf +cv D rS ;f opf
wvSr;f vSr;f xm;pGm+zKd ufaw// awmfveS &f ;D w&yf qifaEG;a&tcgrm Edik if &H ;D / pD;yGm;&D;/ ,dik af us;r_qikd &f mrSm
armif;ESi;f &D;tiftm; oH;k &yfyg0if&a&// Ekid if &H ;D t& awmfveS w f u kd cf u
kd ef aD &eD&mrSm pD;yGm;&D;t&awmfveS &f
jcif;/ ,dik af us;r_t&awmfveS &f jcif;&d@k ukd +yKd iw f v l yk vf m;vd@k r&// tEdik Ef ikd if H awmfveS &f ;D ordik ;f rm oufo[ D d
a&// ZmEdik if rH mav; awmfveS &f ;D oH;k &yfukd a&ma&mxD;G xG;D vkyaf qmifvm;vd@k atmifayG;qifca&vd@k r[dz;l ?
,if;ydik v f yk af vhrvkycf uwf// ,if;twGuw f ma=umifh pD;yGm&D;/ awmfveS &f ;D . ed'ge;f +zdKufaw av,m
+rjD yKjyifajymif;av;&D;udak wG;vd@k vkyaf qmif&a&ae;wl ,dik af us;r_awmfveS &f ;D . ed'ge;f tp+zKd ufaw Edik if H
jcm;,dik af us;r_ukd qef@usi+f y;D au trsKd ;om;,dik af us;r_ jyKjyifajymif;av;&D; (&Dae;qef@/ twfzavmf&q D ef@)
udk awG;vd@k vyk af qmif&a&//
&ckid af jyrm q&mawmf to#ipf Ed mW ax&f oufawmfxif&mS ;[dpikd u f “&ufacsmif;nDvmcH”
rm &cdik af cgi;f aqmiftrsm;pku av,m+rDjyKjyif ajymif;av;&D;eef@ywfowfv@kd Oya't&yf&yfukd &D;qGcJ
uwfaw// ,if;av,m+rD Oya'udrk +SD y;D au rsuaf rSmufumv awmfveS &f ;D awmwGi;f ygww D u d topfjyKpk
vd@k toH;k jyKuwfaw// tcsKd @av; ,if;Oya'twdik ;f yif toH;k jyKuwfaw// av,m+rjD yKjyifajymif;vJ&;D eef@
ywfowfv@kd wqdwaf uavmuf qufvufaqG;aEG;yg&pD/ tajccHawmfveS &f ;D r[mAsL[meef@ awG;ajrmS if
+yD;au av,m+rDjy\emudk &cdik af wmfveS &f ;D ygww D d Zmydik q f mif&u G af wqdpk mG udk tusO;f acsavmuf
aqG;aEG;wifjyyg&pD//

av,mNrDawmfvSef&D;\ t"dua&a&Gcsufrm
(1) av,mvkyo f l av,mydik q
f ikd &f ;D /
(2) cdu
k rf rSaD & av,mvkyif ef;udk cdu k rf aD & av,mvkyif ef;t+zdKuf ajymif;av;&D;/
(3) avxGuyf apP;wdukd avorm;tajyht0 cHpm;&D;yif+zdKufaw//

avorm; vlwef;pm; tvGmt&

(1) +rDo#i}f uD;
89
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
(2) csr;f oma& avorm;
(3) tavtvwfwef;pm; avorm;
(4) qif;a&;a& avorm;vl@tv$m av;v$mowfrw S x
f m;a&//
,if;av;v$mtay: oabmxm;rmum; “+rDo#ifudkwdkuf/ csrf;omudk=um;xm;/ tavtvwf
udkrdwfazG@/ qif;a&;udktajccH” vdk@yif+zdKufaw//

NrD,mawmfvSef&D;\ t"dua&a&Gcsufwdudk taumiftaxazmfzdkUtwGuf

wk d u f a yG ; vrf ; pd k i f r mum;
(1) oD;pm;wdu k af yG;/
(2) vufiw k /f vuf&if;/ vufrjyKwf&;D wdu k af yG;/
(3) av,m+rD/ ajyolyikd w f u
kd af yG;/
(4) pkaygi;f av,m vkyif ef;wdu k af yG; (0g) uGeyf sKef;wdu
k af yG;&d@k yif+zdKufaw//
trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D umvrm oD;pm;wdu k af yG;/ vufiwk /f vuf&if;rjyKw&f ;D wdu k af yG;udk qifE;GD uwfaw?
wae; v,f,m+rjD yKjyifajymif;av;&D;udk qifE;GD uwfaw// eDacs@qef@usi&f ;D wdu k af yG;udk qifE;GD pdik u
f mvrm
avorm;atmufwef;tv$mwd. zdEydS rf '_ %favsmyh g;vmatmif jyKvkyyf ;D jcif;yif+zdKufaw// avorm;
atmufwef;v$m&d@k ukd trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D abmifo@kd odr;f oGi;f / ap;&H;k ,ljcif;yif+zKd ufaw// wbufwiG f
+roD #i}f u;D eef@ csr;f oma&avorm;&d@k uakd v; &efrjyKod// ap;&H;k &D;toGirf mxm;odah &// t"duOD;awwdu k f
cdu
k ef pD mG um; eDacs@uykd if+zKduaf w//

a'awmf v S e f & D ; c&D ; pd k i f t wd k i f ; &cd k i f a jyrm

(u) &ckid af jy trsKd ;om;v$waf jrmuf&;D tazG@csKyf (&rvz)
(c) &cdik af jy trsKd ;om;nDnw G &f wD yfO;D (&rnw) (&rnw-&vw) &d@k yif+zdKufaw// a't
rsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D tazG@(2)azG@a& trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D umvrm av,m+rDjyKjyifajymif;av;&D;eef@
,dik af us;r_ jyKjyifajymif;av;&D;&d@k ukd awG;+y;D au vkyaf qmifv@kd [u d wfaw// &cdik v hf w G vf yf&;D atmifayG;a&
xdEk pS af zG@twGuf trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D . tqH;k tjzwf+zdKufaw// &ckid af jy uGerf sLedwyf gwD (&uy)/
ArmajyuGejf rLedwyf gwD (Auy)&d@k . awmfveS &f ;D tqH;k tjzwfcef;um; av,m+rD ajyolyikd v f yk pf mG yif+zKd uf
aw// a'2 ygw. D awmfveS &f ;D um; ajyol'rD u kd a&pDawmfveS &f ;D ('kw, d -pcef;qif)h +zdKufaw// &uy.
&cdik of rRwEdik if H awaqmuf&;D rm ae;AsL[m&m+zdKufaw// Auy. &cdik af jyeDrmav; ae;AsL[myif+zdKuf
aw// &uy/ Auy&d@k csw D ufeu D wfpmG um; ajyol'rD u kd a&pDawmfveS &f ;D ajyolyikd w
f u kd af yG;/ 'kw, d pcef;qifh
rSwqifh qdak &SvpfawmfveS &f ;D uGejf rLedww f ukd af yG; (wwd, pcef;qif)h +zKd uu f wfaw? &rvz/ &rnw&d@k .
csw
D ufeu D wfpmG um; &ckid v f w G v
f yf&;D atmifayG;od@k (yxr pcef;qif)h rSwqifh qdak cs@vpfawmfveS &f ;D
90
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

uGerf sLESu
d w f u kd af yG; wwd,pcef;qifo h @kd +zKd uaf w// ,edumv tEdik Ef ikd if . H awmfveS &f ;D udk qef;pdu
k v
f v
hd m
a=u@z@kd vakd &// tdE, dN / w&kw/f ud;k &D;,m;/ AD,ufemrf/ Arm/ tif'akd e;,Sm; awmfveS &f ;D ordik ;f t& oH;k oyfqif
jcifa=u@z@kd vadk &// ,if;Edik if &H @kd . &kyb
f 0rm ig&h @kd &cdik Ef ikd if .H &kyb f 0eef@ eD;pyfaw/ ateDA,
D ufemrf trsKd ;om;
w&yfv;kH tar&duefaeacs@ukd qef@usiw f u kd cf u
kd v f @kd [pd mG udk wajyvH;k u todyif+zdKufaw?

3/ (*)AD,ufemrfa& aeacsUudkqefUusif&mrm wrsdK;om;vHk;udk ap;&Hk;,la&/

(1) tvkyo f rm;udk t+cDct H m;?
(2) avorm;eef@ "eo#iaf ygupf ukd t"dutm;?
(3) rsKd ;csKd uf/ ajycsKd uf +rDo#i}f uD;/ "eo#i}f uD;wdukd t&Ht+zdKufxm;+yD;au/ trsKd ;om;awmf
vSef&D;udk jyif;jyif;xefxefqifEDG;eDa&/ twk,lp&myif+zdKufaw// xl;jcm;pGmwcku awmfvSef&D;'kuQd
wwd+zKd uaf w tusKd ;tuef;/ rdr@J / brJ/h vifr@J &@kd ukd qif;&Ja& avorm;wdeef@twlxm;+y;D au &efoyl g;u
odr;f aq;rda& av,mwdrm eD&mcsy;D a&// a'xl;jcm;a& vkyaf qmifcsurf sKd ;udk wEkid if rH mav; vkyaf qmif
pGmudrk wd[ G &d yg?
aemufw&kyaf jy av,m+rDjyKjyifajymif;av;&D;eef@ eD&mcsxm;yHu k akd v; vdv h ma=u@oihaf &//
ajywGi;f pdu k u f mvrm ajyol'rD u d a&pDawmfveS &f ;D av,m+rD ajyolyikd w f u
dk af yG;udk qifE;GD a&// *syefzuf
qdwaf eacs @usL;ausm0f ifa&mufvma&tcg ajyol'rD u kd a&pDawmfveS &f ;D udk vufatmufcx H m;vdu k +f y;D
au trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D pdu k u f kd qifE;GD vma&// w&kyaf wmfveS &f ;D auG;aumufoavmuf r[mAsL[m
ajymif;av;Edik v f @kd &m awmfveS &f ;D atmifayG;udk cHEikd jf cif;yif+zdKufaw// &efot l eDtxm; ajymif;av;o
avmuf awmfveS &f ;D r[mAsL[mudak v; rajymif;av;au ,if;awmfveS &f ;D a& ydu k uf iG ;f avG;vm;zd@k a&a&G
csu/f OD;awcsuf aysmufvm;&zd@k yif+zdKufaw? r[kwaf u awmfveS &f ;D ysupf ;D qH;k &H;_ vm;&zd@k yif+zdKufaw?
,if;eef@Zk wdik ;f ajy.&kyv f uQ%m/ wdik ;f ajy. &kyb f 0awmif;qdck suef ef@ &efot l eDtxm;&d@k ukd
txl;*&kpu kd &f zd@k yif+zdKufaw// a,+yD;rS&m rSeu f efa&r[mAsL[mudk cif;usi;f Edik zf @kd ae;AsL[mudk csrw S f
Edik zf @kd +zdKufaw// ,if;a=umif; cH,cl su/f &yfawcsuf rSeu f efjywfom;rS&m OD;awcsu/f a&a&Gcsuf r[mAsL
[m/ ae;AsL[m rSeu f efjywfom;Ekid zf @kd +zdKufaw// a,+yD;rS&m atmifayG;qifEikd zf @kd +zdKufaw//

3?/ (C)igh&dkU\ t"du&efolrSm ArmeDacsUjzpfaw////

Edik if w
H Edik if .
H tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk tjcm;Edik if w H Edik if u
H csKyfuikd o
f rd ;f yduk xf m;au/ pD;yGm;
&D;t&+zdKuf+zdKuf/ Edik if &H ;D t&+zdKuf+zdKuf/ csKyfuikd o
f rd ;f ydu
k x
f m;au/ ,if;Edik if aH & xdEk ikd if uH kd awmfveS w
f u
kd f
cdkuf&zdk@+zdKufaw// ,if;ydkifawmfvSefwdkufcdkufzdk@twGuf tzdESdyfcHajyolw&yfvHk; ap;&Hk;nDnGwf&zkd@
yif+zdKufaw// trsKd ;om;uGjJ ym;eDcsuf ywdyuQ+zdKufecD sut f m;vH;k udk ,m,D&yfqikd ;f xm;+yD;au (0g)jyKjyif

91
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
&D;tqifrh mxm;+yD;au t"dubH&k efo+l zdKufaw tEdik cf eH aD &Edik if u H kd wku d cf u kd &f zk@d +zdKufaw// ,if;a=umifh
tzdEydS cf H trsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH u tEdik cf eH aD &Edik if u H kd t"du&efot l jzpf jywfjywfom;om;/ xifxif,mS ;
,Sm;jrif&zd@k +zdKufaw//
&cdik Ef ikd if .
H tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk ArmeDacs@u odr;f ydu k x f m;a&/ pD;yGm;&D;/ Edik if &H ;D / ,dik af us;r_
t& csKyfacsxm;a&// wae; u|ejf yKxm;a&// eDacs@xm;a&/ ,if;ArmeDacs@ukd &ckid w f rsKd ;om;vH;k . ap;&H;k
nDnw G &f ;D tiftm;eef@ awmfveS w f u kd cf u
kd &f zd@k +zKd uaf w// ,if;ydik af wmfveS w f u kd cf u
kd &f zd@k twGuf wrsKd ;om;
vH;k ap;vH;k nDnw G &f ;D udk t&,lz@kd+zKd uaf w// &cdik t f rsKd ;om;ax;rm uGjJ ym;eDa& tcsut f vufw[ d ad uav;
,if;tcsut f vuftm;vH;k udk vufatmufcx H m;zd@k +zdKufaw// a,+yD;rS&m ArmeDacs@ukd wdu k cf u kd Ef ikd zf @kd
twGuf trsK;d om;ap;vH;k nDnw G &f ;D tm;udk pkap;Edik zf @kd +zdKufaw// ,if;a=umihf ArmeDacs@ukd t"du&efol
t+zdKufxm;+yD;au useaf & &efot l m;vH;k udk vufatmufcx H m;&zd@k +zdKufaw//
udv k ekd u D |eEf ikd if w H ckrm ywdyuQtrsKd ;rsKd ;[dauav; udv k ekd t D rsKd ;om;w&yfeef@ eDacs@.ywdyuQ
a& t"duywdyuQ+zdKufaw// ,if;ywdyuQa& t"du&efo+l zdKufaw// ,if;csiu hf kd trsKd ;om;nDnw G &f ;D
tiftm;eef@ awmfveS Ef iS x f w k &f a&// &ckid Ef ikd if rH m bmomapG;t& ywdyuQ/ a'oapG;t& ywdyuQ/ tv$m
t&ywdyuQ/ rsKd ;EG,pf t k &ywdyuQ trsm;tjym;[da&// ,dik af us;r_t& ywdyuQav; trsm;tjym;[da&?
vdit f &wdyuQ pa&ywdyuQ trsm;tjym;[doahd &/ ,if;&d@k xuf udv k ekd &D cdik t f rsKd ;om;eef@ ArmeDacs@&@kd .
ywdyuQ&mt"du ywdyuQ+zKd ufaw// a't"duywdyuQ}u;D udk trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D pdwef ef@ ajz o#i;f &
zd@k +zdKufaw// *ed &cdik t f rsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH . Edik if aH &;/ vlr&_ ;D / bmom&D;up t00udk ArmeDacs@&@kd u zdEydS f
xm;a&// ig&h @kd vw G v f yfciG u hf kd odr;f ydu k x f m;a&/ ig&h @kd .tkycf sKyf&;D / w&m;Oya'jyKvkyaf &;/ w&m;pD&if&;D qdak &
tcsKyftcsmtm%mydkifqdkifr_udk ArmeDacs@u odrf;ydkufcsKyfudkifxm;a&// igh&dk@.udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGihfudk
ydu k yf ifwm;qD; csKyfuikd x f m;a&// ig&h @kd .ud, k yf ikd t f cGit hf &D;udk zdEydS cf sKyfacsxm;a&// ig&h @kd wrsKd ;om;vH;k .
vGwv f yfciG hf ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGihf pD;yGm;a&;/ Edik if &H ;D / pdu k &f ;D / ,dik af us;r_&@kd ukd ArmeDacs@u zdEydS cf sKyu f ikd x f m;a&?
ig&h @kd .ajywGi;f vrf;yef;qufaoG&;D / ajyyEdik if jH cm;qufo, G &f ;D &d@k uakd v; ol&@kd csKyfuikd af csv, S x f m;a&//
ig&h @kd .trsKd ;om;qkid &f mtcGit hf &D;/ vlom;qkid &f mtcGit hf &D; tm;vH;k udak v; ArmeDacs@u zdEydS cf sKyu f ikd x f m;
a&// ,if;eef@Zk ig&h @kd rmS vGwv f w G v f yfvyf wd;k wufz@kd r&// vGwv f w G v f yfvyf v_y, f mS ;zd@k r&/ ap;&H;k zd@k r&//
ig&h @kd .tem*wftwGuf ig&h @kd rm tmrcHcsurf [dau ig&h @kd &ckid v f rl sKd ;.tem*wf awwh&H ;D / wd;k wuf&;D qdpk mG
udk pdwrf csEikd if /H ,if;ydik +f zdKufepD mG a& udv k ekd u D |et f rsKd ;om;&d@k . tqd;k qH;k vuQ%mw&yfyif+zdKufaw//
,if;eef@Zk &ckid w f rsKd ;om;vH;k tzk@d tem*wfumvrm &cdik w f [ d &d ;D / r[d&;D / &cdik af wwHah &; ysuq f ;D qdwf
oke;f &D;a& oD&;D &Si&f ;D yif+zKd ufaw// &cdik w f rsKd ;om;vH;k twGuf aumif;aumif;t&D;}u;D qH;k jy\emyif+zKd uf
aw// a'jy\emudk t"du&efoAl rmeDacs@eef@ &ifqikd af jzo#i;f &zk@d +zdKufaw// ArmeDacs@u &ckid u f , kd w f ikd f
&cdik jf y\emudk ajzo#i;f cGirhf jyK/ tem*wfumvrm &ckid [ f &d ;D / awwHah &;udk ArmeDacs@urvdv k m;// &cdik f
qdwo f ek ;f &D;/ jyKef;wD;&D;udk ArmeDacs@utEkae; t=urf;ae;/ rsKd ;pHek ef@vyk af qmifeaD &// ol&@kd twGuf &cdik f

92
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
vuQ%mt&yf&yfukd &cdik pf ;D yGm;&D;/ Edik if &H ;D / pdu k &f ;D / vlr&_ ;D t&yf&yfukd rsKd ;yGm;yku d zf @kd pmG a& t"duvkyif ef;
w&yf+zdKufaw// &cdik rf u l kd Armrlvyk yf u kd zf @kd (0g)&ckid u f kd csK;d ydu k zf @kd / vGiyhf u
kd zf @kd pmG a& ol&@kd .eDacs@ae;AsL[m
wd+zKd ufaw// ol&@kd utxufp;D ,l+y;D au &ckid Af rma&mxG;D ydu k zf @kd tajr;}uKd pm;eDa&// ol&@kd . eDacs@r[mAsL
[mt& ol&@kd vufatmufcH trsKd ;om;&d@k ukd ajyaxmifppk w d q f akd & rwfv;kH eef@wu kd +f yD;au pdu k &f ;D t&
tEdik , f xl m;zd@k Edik if &H ;D t& pD;yGm;&D;t& tEdik , f xl m;zk@d aemufq;kH Armvkyyf u kd zf @kd +zdKufaw// Armvkyaf e;
vkyif ef;ratmifjrifau xdcu kd v f mau/ ajyaxmifpu k +kd zdKcGaJ & trsKd ;om;pdw"f gwu f kd xdcu kd v f ma&vd@k
*a,mifuwef;xajyma&// &cdik &f @kd tzd@k rm trsKd ;om;vGwv f yf&;D a& oD&;D o#i&f ;D +zdKufaw// trsKd ;om;
nDnw G &f ;D a& oD&;D o#i&f ;D +zdKufaw// ig&h @kd .r[mAsL[mrm trsKd ;om;vGwv f yf&;D +zdKufaw// ae;AsL[mrm
&ckid w f rsKd ;om;vH;k nDnw G &f ;D +zdKufaw// a'r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[meef@ wdu k &f u kd &f ifqikd v f mwk;d pGma&
ArmeDacs@/ Armajyaxmifpv k yk &f ;D +zdKufaw// ,if;eef@Zk ig&h @kd r[mAsL[m/ae;AsL[meef@ ol@&@kd eaD cs@&;D a&
&cdik w f rsK;d omvH;k twGuq f akd u ArmeDacs@a& t"duywdyuQ+zKd ufaw// t"du&efo+l zKd ufw// ,if;&efukd
ESix f w k Ef ikd &f ;D / ,if;ywdyuQukd ajzo#i;f Ekid &f ;D rm ig&h @kd wrsKd ;om;vH;k . oD&;D &Si&f ;D +zdKufaw// tem*wfrm
&cdik [ f &d ;D /r[d&;D udu k pf +zKd ufaw// &ckid af wwH&h ;D jy\em+zKd ufaw// u|eyf ek ;f udv k ekd . D t"dujy\em+zKd uf
aw?
u|eyf ek ;f udv k ekd ED ikd if . H t"dujy\emrm trsKd ;om;awwH&h ;D / Edik if aH wwH&h ;D / Edik if rH yaysmuf&;D /
Edik if rH qdwo f ek &f ;D yif+zdKufaw// a'jy\em a't&D;udu k pf wdukd ajzo#i;f zd@k r[mAsL[m aoeuajymif;
0a& aeacs@&ifukd awhawhxm;&a&// ae;AsL[mrm ud, k t f rsKd ;om;&D;bm;u pkap;xm;&zd@k +zdKufaw//
,if; eef@Zk &ckid w f rsKd ;om;vH;k pkap;nDnw G af wtm;udk t&,l+yD;au *ed&ckid rf [mAsL[majymif;0udk
t"du &efo+l zKd uaf w Armaeacs@&if0udk awxm;&zd@k +zKd uaf w// Armaeacs@q&kd mrm ArmtrsKd ;om;ryg0if?
aeacs@Eikd if w H ckwiG f tcGix hf ;l cHvw l ef;pm;u tvkyo f rm;/ avorm;rsm;udk tajr;wrf;zdEydS x f m;pajr;
+zKd uaf w? *edArmtpd;k & zufqw d ef 0D if;vufxufrm pdu k 0f g'v D wl pkeef@ ol&@kd .vufyg;pDtcsKd @&m tcGix hf ;l
udck eH aD &? uset f vkyo f rm;/ avorm;/ ajyolvx l w k &yfv;kH rm t0wfcsK@d awh/ teDcsKd @awh/ teDtxdik cf sK@d
awh+zKd ufe&D a&? ajyolxw k u f ek f wefb;kd us+y;D au aiGazmif;yGvma&// wbufrm arSmifcu kd ek uf rkd ydu
k Ef ikd ?f
Edik if jH cm;yapP; ps;D wufeaD &// ,if;eef@Zk ol&@kd a=u;G a=umfxm;a& pm;0wfe&D ;D wd;k wuf&;D qdpk mG rm ol@&@kd tcGihf
xl;cHwpk. tusKd ;udq k pkd mG xif,mS ;eDa&// ajyol.vkyt f m;udk oD;G pkwaf csv, S ef pD mG xif,mS ;eDa&//
tjcm;wbufrm ajyolw&yfv;kH . tjcyftcsmtm%mudk ol&@kd rw&m;oufouf csKyfuikd x f m;a&//
tkycf sKyf&;D tm%mudk rw&m;udik x f m;a&// vky&f ;D tm%m/ w&m;pD&if&;D tm%mudk ol&@kd csKyfuikd x f m;a&?
ol&@kd .ygvrD efukd ajymif;vufeufeef@ odr;f ydu k x f m;a&// ,if;tm%mudk ol&@kd vufuikd jf yK+y;D au ajyolukd
zdEydS t f yk cf sKyfeaD &? ,edajyolrm vGwv f yfrt _ m;vH;k qH;k &H;_ eDa&// *ed ajyolukd ol&@kd cikd ;f csiyf ikd cf ikd ;f +yD;au
}udK;qGeJ aD &// *edajyolukd qdak &Svpfpum; azmif;azmif;ajym+yD;au zdEySd ef aD &// ol&@kd .Armqdak &Svpfvrf;
pdik rf m ajyolpm;0wfeaD &; usyaf w;eDa&qdpk m vufwdG ol&@kd qakd &Svpfvrf;a=umif;rm ukepf s;D E_e;f jrifw h uf

93
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
eDpmG / wuUov kd af usmif;om;wdukd ajAmifvo l wfpmG / w&kw-f Arm t"du&ke;f rm vlowfpmG / qefjy\em
ay:ayguv f m&pGm/ tvky&f /kH puf&}kH uD;wd (yHpk H pdu k af wmif;puULpuf) uarmufur+zdKuf&pGm/ vufpm;r_
qxufwyd;k wd;k eD&pGm&d@k a& xifxif,mS ;,Sm;+zKd ufay:eDa&// ol&@kd vufwqkypf m zufqw d 0f g'D tcGix hf ;l cH
vlwef;pm;&m ol&@kd .qdak csvpft&omudk cHpm;eDuwfaw// wyfrawmfwckv;kH udak v; cg;ydu k af qmif
vkyx f m;a&// pdu k tf rde@f eef@ wyfrawmfwckv;kH udk udik x f m;a&// qdck svpf0g'udk oGeo f iG xf m;a&// vlrsKd ;}u;D
pdw"f gwo f iG ;f xm;a&// ,if;ydik t f m;pk+y;D au ajyoluzkd Ed ydS af w? ausmif;om;wduo kd wfaw? wkid ;f &if;om;
w&kww f u d o kd wfaw? u|eyf ek ;f udv k ekd u D kd zdEydS af eacs@eaD &// ,if;eef@Zk zufqw d t f pd;k &rm cHpm;eD&a&
rmajyolw&yfv;kH rm ig&h @kd .r[mrdw+f zKd ufaw// tzdEydS cf AH rmajyol&@kd . vGyv f yf&;D wdu k af yG;eef@ &ckid w f rsKd ;
om;vH;k . vGwv f yf&;D wdu k af yG;udk *edb&kH efoAl rmeDacs@ zufqw d tf pd;k &udk awmfveS w f u kd cf u
kd af weD&mrm
yl;aygi;f &zk@d +zdKufaw// Armajyol&@kd . ajyolpu kd f ausqefeef@ zufqw d ef aD cs@tpd;k &udk wdu k &f zd@k +zdKufaw?
Armajyolu ajyol@pw d /f jc,fre_ ;f &D;pdwu f kd qifaEG;eDa&tcgrm &ckid t f rsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH udk trsKd ;om;armif;
ESiaf &;pdwu f kd qifaEG;&zd@k +zKd ufaw// t*k=uyf=uyfowdxm;&zd@k pmG wcsuu f Armajyol@pw d ef ef@ &ckid t f rsKd ;
om;pdwf ra&mxD;G ydu k zf @kd pmG yif+zKd uaf w// olpw d t f m;eef@ ud, k phf w
d tf m;udk r[mrdwaf zG@xm;zd@k yif+zKd uaf w?
bH&k efou l kd wdu k cf u
kd af &tcgrm r[mrdwaf zG@xm;&m+zdKufaw// &efou l rkd sujf c,frjywf&// aeacs@armif;
ESi&f ;D udk rsujf c,frjywf&// aeacs@a& t"du&efoq l pkd mG udk rsujf c,frjywf&// &ckid af wmfveS &f ;D ordik ;f rm
ocFe;f pmt}udr}f udrf vky+f yD;,m+zdKufaw// ,if;a=umifh *edig&h @kd . t"du&eforl m Armaeacs@+zdKufaw?
,if;&efou l kd trsKd ;om;pdwef ef@ wdu k cf u kd Ef iS xf w k &f zk@+d zKd ufawqdpk mG udk =uyf=uyfowdxm;&zd@k pmG yif+zKd uf
aw//

3/ (i) vuf e uf u d k i f a wmf v S e f & D ; &m vG w f v yf & D ; twG u f tqH k ; tjzwf y D ; &zd k U Nzd K uf a w/
Oya'wGi;f *ed Armaeacs@tpd;k &a& *syefawmfveS af &;umveef@ +Adwo d #qef@usi&f ;D umv
tawmtwGi;f u ud, k ahf &;abmfa&;zufaumif;+zKd uaf w &ckid t f rsK;d om;wdukd u|ejf yKxm;,m+zKd uaf w?
vufeufeef@wrsKd ;/ oabmw&m;eef@wzH/k zdEydS u f |ejf yKxm;,m+zKd uaf w// ,if;eef@Zk ig&h @kd av; vufeufeef@
awmfveS w f u
kd cf ukd &f zd@k yif+zKd uaf w// oabmw&m; vufeufuakd v; udik af pG;xm;&zd@k yif+zKd uaf w// ,if;ydik f
vufeufuikd af wmfveS &f ;D eef@&m ig&h @kd &ckid v f @l tazG@. tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk jyefavwdu k cf u
kd o
f rd ;f ,l&m
rSm tqH;k tjzwfy;D Edik zf @kd yif+zKd uaf w// Edik if &H ;D eef@pukd &f ;D t& Armaeacs@ukd &ckid af jywGi;f u awmfveS Ef iS x f w k f
Edik zf @kd yif+zdKufaw// atae;vrf;rSty tjcm;ae;vrf;r[d// eDacs@zufquftpd;k &. *edt+cDteDuakd =u@yg/
Oya'wGi;f wdu k af yG;a& qdwo f ek ;f vm;c,m// ygvrD eftwGi;f rm awmif;qdzk @kd av; ygvrD efr[d,m? pdu k af wG
qefjy\emwdu k af yG;rm ajAmifvo l wfpmG uav; txift,Sm;,m// ,if;eef@Zk Oya'wGi;f wdu k af yG;eef@
vGwv f yf&;D r&Edik /f ,if;wdu k af yG;wda& t+ct D eDtaxmuftyHu h ukd m; trSeyf ;D Edik af &/ awmfveS &f ;D qdpk mG a&
Edik if &H ;D tm%m jy\emyif+zKd ufaw// Edik if &H ;D tm%muav; aoeyfajymif;0u&mxGuv f ma&/ a'tqdk
94
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
wda& awmfveS rf eS u f efa& ordik ;f t&yf&yfrm Edik if aH &;tm%m jy\emtwGuf awmfveS w f u kd cf u
dk cf uwf
&a&? Edik if &H ;D tm%mtwGuf vufeufuikd af wmfveS &f ;D wdu k cf u kd cf uwfaw// vufeufeef@&m Ekid if aH &;
tm%mud&k ,lEikd af &// pmcsKyfpmwrf; oabmwlncD suq f pkd mG u vufeufuikd f awmfveS &f ;D aemufyikd ;f rm
ay:ayguv f m&pGmyif+zdKufaw// t*ki&d@k . trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D av; &ckid af jywGi;f rm/ &ckid Ef ikd if w H iG ;f rm
&ckid Af rmjy\emyif+zdKufaw// &ckid Ef ikd if w H iG ;f rm &ckid v f rl t_ azG@tap;. tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk &ckid yf ikd f
oifah &// Armrydik o f ihv f @dk wku d ef &D a& Edik if &H ;D jy\emyif+zKd ufaw// Armaeacs@u pdu k tf iftm;/ Edik if &H ;D tif
tm;eef@ &ckid Ef ikd if w H iG ;f rm tcsKyt f csmtm%mudk usL;ausmo f rd ;f ydu k x f m;pGmudk ig&h @kd uomref awmif;qdek D
vd@k r&// &cdik pf u kd t f iftm;eef@/ &ckid Ef ikd if &H ;D tiftm;eef@ awmfveS w f u kd cf u
kd &f zd@k yif+zdKufaw//
awmfveS w f u kd cf u
kd af weD&mrm vufeufa& aumif;aumif;wefc;kd xufjrwfaw// a,auav;
vufeufu&d , d ma& awmfveS &f ;D udk aumif;aumif;tqH;k tjzwfryD;Edik ?f vlu&mtqH;k tjzwfy;D Edik af &?
awmfveS &f ;D orm;u&m awmfveS &f ;D udk tqH;k tjzwfy;D Edik af &// oabmw&m;eef@ vufwu Gd kd aygi;f pyfuwf
aw// &ifu h suaf w awmfveS &f ;D orm;u&m qH;k jzwfEikd af &/ trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D umvrm pdu k &f ;D *s;D w
bufowf aumif;+y;D au Edik if &H ;D uef;eDa&wyfazG@u awmfveS &f ;D udk tqH;k tjzwfryD;Edik /f atmifayG;txd
rwdu k cf u
kd Ef ikd /f / Edik if &H ;D *s;D wbufowf apmif;xufe+D yD;au pdu k &f ;D jrKyfeaD & ygwu D av; awmfveS &f ;D udk
tqH;k tjzwfryD;Edik f atmifayG;txd rwdu k cf u
kd Ef ikd /f / pdu
k &f ;D / Edik if &H ;D ajyh0pHv k ifa& awmfveS &f ;D ygwu D &m
tqH;k tjzwfy;D Edik af &//

*edtrsKd;om;umvrm ygwDa&
(1) pif=u,freG jf rwfaw trsKd ;om;pdw"f gwv f ufeuf?
(2) awmfveS rf eS u f efa& oabmw&m;vufeuf?
(3) acwfrv D ufeufwyfqifxm;zd@k vakd &//
Oya'wGif;rm omrmefv_yf,Sm;r_rsdK;a& ta&twGuf ajymif;av;r_rsdK;udk&m+zdKufpDa&//
awmfveS &f ;D w&yfu&m ta&;tcif;ajymif;av;r_ukd +zKd upf aD &// ta&twGuf ajymif;av;r_a& ta&tcif;
ajymif;av;r_twGuf taxmuftyH+h zdKufaw// Oya'wGi;f omrefwu kd af yG;rsK;d a& vGwvf yf&;D udk tqH;k
tjzwfryD;Edik ?f vGwv f yf&;D twGuf taxmuftyHu h u
kd m; trSe+f zdKufpED ikd af &//
*ed &ckid t
f rsK;d om; awmfveS &f ;D qifE;GD au awmfveS &f ;D . t"dutiftm;udk cdik cf ikd rf mrm jyKvkyf
xm;&zd@k +zdKufaw// awmfveS &f ;D . t"dutiftm;rm (avorm;eef@ "eo#iaf ygupf )+zdKufaw// avo
rm;&d@k rm awmvufaus;&Gmrm eDxikd u f wfaw// "eo#iaf ygupf / ynmwwftrsm;pkrm +rdK@rmeDxikd u f wf
aw// a'twef;pm;ESpcf u k kd aygi;f +yD;au t"dutiftm;udk awaqmuf&zd@k +zdKufaw// ,if;ydik t f "du
tiftm;udk awaqmufz@kd e&D ma& awmfveS &f ;D . t+cDcaH 'ousa& eD&m+zdKuf&zd@k ? &ckid t f rsKd ;om;awmf

95
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )

vSe&f ;D . t+cDcaH 'oudk umva'o obm0eef@tnD csrw S zf @kd qakd u aus;vufa'oa& +rdK@a'oxuf
tzufzufu aumif;rGeaf &// t"dutiftm;w&yf+zKd uaf w// aus;vufut kd +ccD +H y;D au +rK@d u0kd ikd ;f 0ef;wdu k f
cdu
k f odr;f ydu k &f zk@d +zKd uaf w// avorm;eef@ +rK@d eyD nmwwf "eo#iaf ygupf &d@k ukd pkap;+y;D au t"dutiftm;
udk vufeufwyfqifz@kd qakd uav; aus;vuft+ccD pH cef;a& taumif;qH;k +zKd uaf w// ,if;t"du tiftm;
tjyif t+cDct H iftm;+zdKufaw tvkyo f rm;/ t&Htiftm;+zdKufaw rsKd ;csKd ufajycsKd uf+rDo#i/f "eo#i&f @kd
udak v; awmfveS &f ;D abmifax;udk ap;&H;k ,l&zk@d +zdKufaw// a'ap;&H;k a&;tiftm;udk t+cDcAH [dpk cef;u
ap;&H;k &zd@k ? ,if;a=umifh t+cDcpH cef;. t"duv_y, f mS ;r_+zdKufaw vufeufuikd af wmfveS rf a_ & vGwv f yf
&D;. tqH;k tjzwf+zKd uf&a&// tjcm;t&yf&yf Oya'wGi;f v_y, f mS ;r_a& ,if;awmfveS &f ;D . taxmuftyhH
+zdKuf&ar?
trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D . tiftm;oH;k &yf (0g) vlwef;pm;av;&yf tvkyo f rm;/ avorm;/
"eo#iaf ygupf / rsKd ;csKd uf ajycsKd uf/ "eo#i/f +rDo#i&f @kd ukd ap;&H;k +yD;au ygwaD zmfxw k af wtcg vufeuf
wyfqify;D zd@k pmG a& aumif;aumif;t&D;}u;D a& trsKd ;om;pdw"f gwv f ufeuf/ oabmw&m;vufeuf/ acwf
rDpu kd vf ufeuf oH;k &yfeef@ wyfqify;D a&tcg umva'o obm0udk txl;*&kpu kd &f a&// trsK;d om;pdwf
(National Spirit)a& vlrsK;d &D;pdwf (Racial Spirit)r[kw/f trsKd ;om;pdwaf & ausjyef@a&/ eufae;odrhf
arG@a&/ Zmwd*% k rf mefwuf=upG aD &// oef@pifreG jf rwfaw rsKd ;csKd upf w d /f ajycsKd upf w d /f Ekid if w H umcsKd ucf ifpw d /f
vlom;tcsi;f csi;f csKd ufcifpw d /f eDacs@qef@usipf w d /f wyg;olatmufrm tvHrav; 'l;raxmufpw d &f @dk
yg0ifa&// vlrsK;d &D;usKd i;f ajrmif;a&/ wdraf &/ Zmwd*% k rf mef armufrmpDa&/ ,kwn f o hH rd if ,fa&/ vlrsK;d apG;pdw/f
a'oapG;pdw/f Edik if t H csi;f csi;f usL;ausmv f pdk wd /f vltcsi;f csi;f zdEydS v f pkd w
d /f aeacs@vpkd w d /f wyg;olukd tEdik f
cHvpkd w d /f wyg;olbm;rm t,SLv H ,G af &pdw&f @kd yg0ifa&// ,if;eef@Zk Armaeacs@ukd ig&h @kd a& trsKd ;om;pdwf
ajyah jy0h 0eef@ qef@usiw f u kd x f wk &f zk@d +zKd ufaw// vlrsKd ;&D;rke;f wDpw d ef ef@ ykeu f efwu kd zf su&f zd@k r[kw/f acsre_ ;f
&D;pdwrf [kw/f armif;ESi&f ;D pdw&f m+zdKufaw// vlrsK;d &D;pdwu f kd &ckid o f m;wdik ;f ud, k phf w d t f pdik u
f wdu k cf |wf
yduk &f zd@k +zdKufaw// trsKd ;om;pdwu f kd OD;xdyx f m;&zd@k +zdKufaw// &cdik af vmurm aemuf+rD;qGyJ gww D d trsKd ;
om;zsuq f ;D &D;0g'w D d pmtky}f u;D 0g'w D &d @kd a& trsKd ;om;&D;eef@ vlrsK;d &D;udk rcGjJ cm;bJ &ckid t f rsK;d om;&D;pdwu f kd
rsKd ;qufEu d_ qf ufwikd w f idk f ydu
k yf ,fxm;cuwfaw// 'kw, d rsKd ;qufrm &cdik t f rsKd ;om;&D;pdwu f kd wkud cf ukd f
acsre_ ;f cuwfoahd &// t*k,if;rsKd ;qufEu d_ q f ufa& &cdik af vmurm wqufquf qdwo f ek ;f vm;c,m+zKd uf
aw// &ckid yf nmwwfavmurm wqdwaf uavmuf&m[da&// tm;eef@tifeef@ r[d,m// ,if;a=umifh
&ckid v f rl t _ azG@tap;. acwftqufquf jzwfavsmufvm;cyHk &kyyf ikd ;f ordik ;f pdik u f akd v;aumif;/ awmfveS f
&D;ordik ;f pdik u f akd v;aumif;/ tEkynm,dik af us;r_uakd v;aumif;/ &ckid v f rl &_ ;D t&yf&yfuakd v;aumif;/
&ckid w f ikd ;f txl;ojzifh &ckid Ef ikd if &H ;D orm;wdik ;f pedww f us od[x d m;zd@k vakd &// “&ckid Ef ikd if &H ;D udk vkycf siaf u
&ck d i f a wmf v S e f & D ; ud k v k y f c sif a u &ck d i f t a=umif ; ud k o d z d k @ vd k a &// &cd k i f u d k r od a b;eef @ &ck d i f E d k i f

96
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
iH&D;orm;/ &ckdifawmfvSef&D;orm; +zdKufcsifa&vla&/ vlvdrfvl0gwa,mufvkd@ owfrSwf&zdk@/
ta&Smiform;wa,mufvdk@ owfrSwf&zdk@ ” tavGvrf;}udKuf/ t}udKufvrf;vkyf r[kww f rf;w&m;
vufuikd x f m;a&vlv@kd owfrw S &f ar// ,if;ydik q f jkd yefauav; &ckid Ef ikd if &H ;D avmurm &ckid u f rkd oda&vl
tuef[ed aD &// &ckid u f rkd oda& a&;abmf/ &ckid u f kd roda&acgi;f aqmif/ &ckid u f rkd oda&ygwD tazG@tap;
toif;tyif;/ trsm;}uD;/ &cdkifudkokawoDwOD;ydkif od&zkd@vdk@rqdkvdk/ EdkifiH&D;orm;ydkif/ awmfvSef&D;
orm;wOD;ydik f od&zd@k uq kd vkd akd &// awmfveS af &;pcef;vGe/f pcef;acsm/f pcef;av$;&d@k .'g%af =umihf &ckid t f rsKd ;
om;&D;udk vspv f sLjyKcuwfawacwf/ &ckid t f rsKd ;om;&D;udk ydu k yf if+yD;au aemuf+rD;qGv J yk ef cD uwfaw
acwf&@kd a& atedcg wqufqufcsKyf+ird ;f eD,m+zKd ufaw// wvdi_ ;f pD wvdi_ ;f pD ol&@kd o&l @kd csw D ufvmauav;
aqmf'gjrKyef ef@ twlw, l m+zKd uaf w// a,eef@Zk &ckid t f rsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D twGuf vufeufwyg;+zKd uaf w
&ckid t f rsKd ;om;&D;pdw"f gwu f kd &ckid w
f ikd ;f wyfqifxm;&zd@k +zdKufaw// &ckid u f kd &ckid of &d zd@k ? wae; &ckid &f yk yf ikd ;f
ordik ;f / &cdik af wmfveS &f ;D ordik ;f / &ckid v f rl t _ &yf&yfukd od&zd@k +zdKufaw// ,if;A[kow k eef@ awmfveS af &o
abmw&m;eef@ aygi;f pyfjcif;eef@ trsK;d om;&D;pdwt f pdik rf m vufeufwyfqifxm;&zd@k +zdKufaw// aemuf
wyg;um; awmfveS &f ;D oabmw&m;w&yf+zKd uaf w? oabmw&m;udk oabmw&m;twdik ;f twH;k vku d f
twdu k v
f u kd f udik af pG;xm;zd@k r[kw?f oabmw&m;vdrmR r_eef@ ygww D &yfukd cg;ydu k af qmifxm;zk@d r[kw?f
rdwaf qG todik ;f t0dik ;f w&yfukd cg;ydu k af qmif wayht+zKd uf arG;jrLxm;zdpk mG r[kw/f oabmw&m;w&yfukd
w&m;oDuikd af pG;xm;zd@k r[kw/f a=uh!ykd al Zmfxm;zd@k r[kw?f ynm[dczH @kd v@kd oabmw&m;udk aq;yl;&zk@d
r[kw?f oabmw&m;qdpk mG a& vlavmuudk tusK;d aqmifz@kdtwGuf tvkyv f rf;nGe@f &m+zKd uaf w// ud, k u f
oabmw&m;udk tvkyv f rf;nGe@f t+zdKuf udik af pG;+yD;au avmutusK;d / vlom;tudsK;udk aqmif&u G f
zd@k +zdKufaw// avmuvl@tazG@tap;w&yf. tpdwt f ydik ;f w&yf+zdKufaw ud, k t f rsKd ;om;tazG@tap;udk
tusKd ;aqmifz@kd twGuf oabmw&m;a& vrf;nGe&f m+zdKufaw// oabmw&m;w&yfukd vdv h ma&tcg
,if;. &kyt f E_u d o f m&udk azmufjrifz@kd vakd &// oabmw&m;eef@ ,if;.&kyyf wf0ef;usif ,if;&kyyf wf0ef;
usi. f v_y, f mS ;r_ukd tpdik t f quf qufpyfEikd zf @kd vakd &// “vDeif”. &Daomufjrpf oH;k oG,u f v kd vhd mau
rmufp”f . tawG;tac:udk +zKd upf aD &// &kyw
“rmuf f &m;oH;k yg;udjk rifz@kd vakd &// ,if;&kyw f &m;oH;k yg;. v_y, f mS ;eDr_
,if;v_y, f mS ;r_. ordik ;f pdik u f kd vl@obm0usus jrifwwfz@kd vakd &// aemufypkH w H ck “Ak ' < “ .edrw d }f uD;
av;yg;udak v; “Ak'“< . tawG;tac: ^m%fawmf+zdKufay:pD&m &kyt f a=umif;w&m; av;yg;vd@k jrif&zd@k ?
,if;ta=umif;w&m; av;yg;a=umifh opPmw&m;av;yg;udk &awmfral &vd@k vl@obm0usus jrifwwf&zk@d ?
,if;eef@Zk oabmw&m;wdik ;f udk vdv h mau w&m;oDrvdv h moif/h wbufpeG ;f r+iw d , G o f if/h pdwu f ;l r,dik f
oif/h vl^m%fu vlywf0ef;usit f &/ vl@oabmw&m;udk awaqmufvu kd pf mG udk owdjyKxm;&zk@d yif+zKd uf
aw// awmfveS &f ;D vkyaf wtcg awmfveS &f ;D oabmw&m;udk ukid af pG;&zk@d +zKd uaf w// bmom&D;tapG;tvrf;
0g'&D;tapG;tvrf;/ vlrsKd ;&D;tapG;tvrf;/ a'oapG; tapG;tvrf;wdukd rdru d , kd w f iG ;f u wdu k cf |wyf u kd f
&zk@d +zKd ufaw// ajy0h pHv k ifa& oabmw&m;wcktwGuf awmfveS &f ;D ordik ;f udak v;aumif;/ awmfveS &f ;D eef@
97
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
oufqikd &f m 0wWKrw S pf /k rSww f rf;/ a[majymcsuf pa&apmfwu d akd v;aumif;/ awmfveS &f ;D acgi;f aqmif&@kd .
v_y, f mS ;yHu k akd v;aumif;/ awmfveS &f ;D tawG;ac:wduakd v;aumif;/ awmfveS &f ;D oabmw&m;w&yfukd
av;aumif;/ pedww f us vdv h mzwf&&_ zk@d aq;yl;rSwo f m;uwfz@kd v@kd a&// wyfEikd af u oifwef;wufy;D &zd@k ?
awmfveS &f ;D oabmw&m;qdpk mG rm awmfveS rf eS u f efa& oabmw&m;udq k v kd akd &//
awmfveS &f ;D oabmw&m;w&yfukd aq;yl;rSwo f m;a&tcg vGeu f |erf w _ d r=umr=um+zKd ufay:
wwfaw// wcgwcg t,rf;+zKd uv f m;a&/ tcgwcg t+rKH +zKd uv f m;a&// awmfveS &f ;D c&D;wav#muf t,rf;
wd/ tjrKH wd&mru tvGet f u|w H d tavG;tacsmw f d tuef;toDwd trsm;tjym; ay:ayguv f modah &?
Edik if w H um awmfveS &f ;D wdrm ay:aygucf pGmudw k EGd ikd af &// ,if;ydik +f zdKufpmG a& awmfveS &f ;D oabmyif+zdKuf
aw// vGaJ csmv f @kd &apmfr[kw/f / ,if;a=umifh ,if;jy\emudk &ifqidk cf sw D uf&pGm+zKd ufaw// ,if;t=um;rm
yif &ifu h surf /_ ajyh0r_/ pHv k ifrq _ pkd mG +zdKufvma&// oabmw&m;eef@ vufwu Gd kd aygi;f pyf&mu&vma&
awmfveS &f ;D / rSeu f efa&oabmw&m;yif+zKd ufaw// a'awmfveS &f ;D rSeu f efa&oabmw&m;&d@k ukd ud, k rf m
wyfqif&zk@d +zKd uaf w// &ckid t f rsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D rm wyfqif&zk@d +zKd uaf w a'oabmw&m;udk wyfqifpmG
rm edcsi;f &ufcsi;f / tavmw}uD;/ o&ke;f b&ke;f wyfqifv@kd r&// tcef;usKd if;rm wyfqifv@kd r&// pmtkyf
ax;rm wyfqifv@kd r&// v_y, f mS ;r_tjyifrm wyfqifv@kd r&/ vufweGd ef@oabmw&m;udk aygi;f pyfaw
qkpd mG av; vky, f if;oif oif,if;vky&f apmf+zdKufaw// ,if;tax;u&m tpdyt f rSex f u G af y:vma&//
,if;tax;rm&m rdru d ,kd u f kd oabmw&m; vufeufwyfqifv@kd ajy0h pHv k ifEikd af &// oabmw&m; vuf
eufukd awmfveS &f ;D vkyif ef;ax;rm &ke;f uefvy_ , f mS ;,if;oif/ oif,if;vky+f yD;au wyfqifxm;&a&//
,if;ydik yf if tEdik Ef ikd if H trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D xufatmufa&;abmf&@kd tusKd ;aqmifvy_ , f mS ;vm;pGmudk
wd@G &a&// aemufvufeufwyg;a& pdu k v f ufeuf+zdKufaw// pdu k v f ufeufqpkd mG rm pdu k .f w&m;eef@ vuf
eufu&d , d m&d@k yg0ifa&// vlwikd ;f oduwfawtwdik ;f pdu k . f w&m;a& t&mcyf;odr;f twdik ;f yif wd;k wufeaD &
*edvlom;&dk@a& pdkufukdrvdkvm;auav; pdkufwdufeDuwf&a&? pdkufudkpdkufeef@ &ifqifeDuwf&a&//
pduk u f pdk u kd ef ef@tqH;k owfz@dk }uKd ;pm;eDuwfa&a&// *edavmuwckv;kH rm pdu k ef ef@ruif; rw&m;a&pdu k w f /d
eD&mtESH@tjym;+zdKufay:eDa&// usL;ausmfolwdkif;/ zdESdyfolwdkif; rw&m;a&“pd “pdkuftvHeuf”udk udkif
aqmif+y;D au pdu k w f u kd ef u D wfaw// ,if;udk awmfveS o f &l @kd u w&m;a&“pd “pduk t f vHe”D udk ukid af qmif+y;D au
ckcw H u kd cf u kd ef uD wfaw// ,if;a=umif ph u kd jf y\emwd pdu k wf &m;wdukd od[x d m;&zd@k +zKd uaf w// *ed&ckid af jyudk
ArmeDacs@a& usL;ausmef aD & &ckid o f m;&d@k ukd zdEydS ef aD & a'usL;ausm&f ;D pdu k u f kd usL;vGeef aD &// tvHeufukd
udik af qmifxm;a&// ArmeDcsJ @ukd &ckid t f rsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D u tvHeu D kd udik af qmif+y;D au awmfveS w f ukd f
cdu
k &f zk@d +zKd uaf w// &cdik o f rdik ;f tqufqufu &J&ifjh cif;/ owWt d wGuf teDa&mifujkd yXmef;xm;ca&// twdwf
u&ckid af wmfveS &f ;D uav; awmfveS jf cif;twGuf teDa&mifukd jyXmef;xm;ca&twdik ;f tvHeu D kd a&;a&;
&if&h ifh udik af qmif+yD;au tvHeufukd udik af qmifxm;a& Armaeacs@ukd armif;xkwyf u kd &f zd@k +zdKufaw?
pdu k o f abmw&m;t& trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D +zdKuf+zdKu/f vlwef;pm;awmvSe&f ;D +zdKuf+zdKu/f pdu k . f vuQ
98
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

%meef@ pdu k . f t+cDteD/ ud, k &f @kd .xl;jcm;a& t+cDteDeef@ xl;jcm;a&vuQ%mudk pdppd yfpyfem;avrS&m
pdu
k u f Ekd ikd af tmifwu kd Ef ikd zf @kd +zKd uaf w// ,if;eef@Zk pdu k yf nmudk w&m;oDrrSw&f / pdu k .f y&d,m,fukd w&m;oD
rSwv f @kd r&// pdu k . f Oya'udk w&m;oDrw S v f @kd r&// ,if;&d@k a& pdu k o
f rdik ;f tqufqufu oD;G eef@&if;vd@k ,l&pGm
+zdKufauavh ig&h @kd cu dk f pdu k t f +cDteD/ pdu k v f uQ%m/ ud, k &hf @kd a'o. t+cDteDx;l &d@k eef@ aygi;f pyfz@kd vo kd ad &?
wwfEikd af u pdu k t f +ct D eDw&yfv;kH eef@ oufqikd af & aoe*FAsL[m pdu k yf nmudk pdu k af usmif;rm+zKd uf+zKd uf/
oifwef;rm+zdKuf+zdKuf/ oif=um;Edik af u taumif;qH;k +zdKufaw// ,if;ydik v f uhd si&hf zk@d +zdKufaw// a,au
vdv h mvd@k aumif;pGmu pdu k yf nmudpk u kd af yG;rm oif,pl mG &m taumif;qH;k +zKd ufaw// pdu k wf u kd , f if;oif/
oif,if;wdu k f vkyaf e;&m+zdKufaw// &ckid t f rsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D rmavh &cdik t f rsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH eef@ ouf
qdik pf mG u pdu k yf nmoif+y;D rS 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd Ef ikd jf cif;rjyKbJ/ vky, f if;oif oif,if;vkyjf cif;&m+zKd ufaw?
ordik ;f t&yf&yfrmavh ,if;ydik yf if+zKd uaf w// a,au vufeufuikd af wmfveS &f ;D &m vGwv f yf&;D udk tqH;k t
jzwfy;D zk@d +zdKufaw qdpk mG udk jyefa=u@uwfar// vufeufuikd q f pkd mG a& trsKd ;om; pdw”f gwf vufeuf/
awmfveS &f ;D rSeu f efa& oabmw&m;vufeuf/ pdu k v f ufeufo;kH yg;udk udik af qmifpmG udq k vkd akd &// ,if;ydik f
awmfveS &f ;D rsK;d &m vGwv f yf&;D udk tqH;k tjzwfy;D zd@k +zdKufaw// ,if;ydik f vufeufo;kH &yfeef@ ap;&H;k ,lr&S m
ig&h @kd awmfveS &f ;D rm oHr%doo H m;usus cdik rf mwifw h if;zk@d +zdKufaw//

3/ (i) t*k aeacsUqefUusif&D;pdkufukd ajywGif;pdkufvdkUrcH,l?

ajyolpu kd v f @kd av;rcH,/l trsKd ;om;pdwv f @kd &mcH,al &// trsm;oduwfawtwdik ;f ajywGi;f pdu k f
(Civil War) qdp k mG a& ud, k Ef ikd if wH iG ;f rm wdu k cf u
kd af w pdu k +f zKd uaf w// Edik if w H iG ;f rm ud, k t hf csi;f csi;f xD;eef;
vkayG; ygwt D m%mvkayG;&d@k ukd tajccH+yD;au wdu k af wpdu k +f zdKufaw// ajyol@pu kd qf pkd mG a& awmfveS &f ;D .
'kw, d pcef;qif/h wwd,pcef;qif&h rkd m ay:ayguv f mpGmpdu k +f zdKufaw// avorm;eef@ tvkyo f rm;&d@k t
ay:rm t"dutiftm;eef@ tajccHtiftm; toD;oD;xm;+y;D au qifaEG;a&pdu k +f zKd ufaw// 'kw, d / wwd
, pcef;qif&h @kd rm ud, k Ef ikd if w
H iG ;f rm +zKd ufay:a&pdu k u f kd ajyol@pu kd vf @kd ac:a&// yxr pcef;qihrf maeacs@qef@
usi&hf ;D qifEaJG &pdu k u f kd trsKd ;om;pdwv f @kd ac:uwfaw// *ed&ckid af jyrm t"duywdyuQa& Armaeacs@eef@
&ckid t f rsKd ;om;&d@k . ywdyuQ+zdKufawqdpk mG udk wifjy+yD;,m// ,if;t"du ywdyuQukd awmfveS rf eS u f efa&
trsK;d om;pdu k ef ef@ qef@usiEf iS x f w k &f a&// ,if;a=umifh ,if;pdu k af & ajywGi;f pdu k af v;r[kw/f ajyolpu kd af v;
r[kw/f ig&h @kd trsKd ;om;awmfv f eS &f ;D a& Armaeacs@ukd &ckid Ef idk if u H ESix f w k af w awmfveS &f ;D +zdKufaw// &ckid f
ajywGi;f udk usL;ausm0f ifa&mufvma& Armaeacs@ukd awmfveS Ef iS x f w k &f zd@k +zdKufaw// &ckid w f rsKd ;om;vH;k
(vlwef;pm; av;&yfpvH;k )yg0ifqifE;GD a& rsKd ;csKd ufpu kd af yG;}uD;+zdKufaw? trsKd ;om;pdu k af yG;}uD;+zdKufaw?
Armajyaxmifpt k wGi;f rm vlrsKd ;pkw/d tzdEydS cf AH rmajyolwd awmfveS af &pdu k [ f ad &// ,if;pdu k af & ajywGi;f
pdu
k +f zKd uaf w// ArmajywGi;f rm zdEydS ef aD &tpd;k &udk zdEydS cf aH jyol&@kd awmfveS af &;pdu k +f zKd uv f @dk ajywGi;f pduk +f zKd uf
aw// ajyol@'rD u kd a&pDawmfveS &f ;D eef@ qdak csvpfawmfveS &f ;D ('kw, d pcef;qifh wwd,pcef;qif)h umvrm
99
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
qifaEG;a&pdu k u
f kd ajyol@pu kd v f @kd ac:a&// ,if;ajyol@pu kd rf m twef;pm;vuQ%myga&// ajyolqakd &a0g[m&
rmav; avorm;/ tvkyo f rm;&d@k u&kd mqdv k akd &// ajyol@pu kd tf qH;k owfa& vlwef;pm;vGwaf jrmuf&;D
+zdKufaw// trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D . tqH;k owfatmifayG;a& Edik if v H w G v f yf&;D +zdKufaw//
ajyol@pu kd rf mS twef;tpm;vuQ%myga&qdv k @kd tcsKd @bufrpHk awmifrpHv k @dk trsKd ;om;vuQ
%mpdwrf m twef;tpm;vuQ%mryg// ,if;a=umifh trsKd ;om;pdwu f rkd qifaEG;&// trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D
orm;a& trsKd ;om;vuQ%mudk raqmifv@kd arSmufarSmufrmS ;rSm; ,lquwfaw// 0HomEkvyk if ef;(0g)
trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D / ap;&H;k &D;/ trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D / vlwef;pm;awmfveS &f ;D / qdak csvpfawmfveS &f ;D &d@k a&
ordik ;f acwfwav#muf tydik ;f tjcrf;&m+zdKufaw// tm;vH;k jzwfav#mufvm;&zd@k pcef;+zdKufaw// ,if;t
qifq h ifu h kd jzwfav#uaf weD&mrm t=uify*k Kd~ vfwOD;a& yHt k rsKd ;rsKd ; oabmw&m;trsKd ;rdsK;eef@ yg0ifvm
a&qdak uav; xdyk *k Kd~ vfukd awmfveS &f ;D u pdu k q f ;D &zd@k +zdKufaw// awmfveS &f ;D u tm;vH;k olukd pdu k af q;
&zd@k +zKd uaf w// (0g) awmfveS &f ;D a& oloil gigtm;vH;k . trsKd ;om;tnpftqd;k wdukd wdu k zf suv f ukd &f zd@k +zKd uf
aw? wdu k zf suvf @kd r&a&vla& awmfveS &f ;D abmifu xGuv f m;&zd@k yif+zKd uaf w/ awmfveS &f ;D orm;t+zKd uf
csKy+f ird ;f vm;&zd@k yif+zKd uaf w// ZmvlZmydik o f o D /D Zmydik +f zKd u+f zKd u/f awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif;um;[dajr; awmf
vSe&f ;D um; baZmifawmfveS &f ;D eef@wuG w&m;rSeu f efa& awmfveS &f ;D wd&@kd um; csw D uf+rJcsw D ufv@kd yif
+zKd uaf w// ,if;ydik f awmfveS &f ;D wa=umif;aw;yif+zKd uaf uav; xl;jcm;a&vuQ%mtvdu k f pcef;qifyh ikd ;f
xm;pGm&m+zKd ufaw// wqihx f ufwqifh wku d cf u kd ef &D zk@d r[kw/f ysuq f ;D eD&zd@k r[kw/f / ,if;eef@Zk ig&h @kd a&muf
atmif pcef;qifah &mufatmif awmfveS &f ;D umvudak v;aumif;/ awmfveS &f ;D umv. pdu k vf uQ%mudk
av;aumif;/ wmfveS &f ;D . av,m+rDjy\emudak v;aumif;/ awmfveS &f ;D ,dik af us;r_ jy\emudak v;
aumif;/ txufuqkcd a&twkid ;f vuQ%mxl;jcm;csut f vdu k f tqihq f ifph pD Ofyikd ;f jcm; xm;pGm+zKd uaf w?
,if;ydik f ydik ;f jcm;xm;auav; aemufq;kH ed*;kH csKyfyef;wdik u f wckaw;&m[da&// ,if;,Siu fh m; vlom;t
aygi;f +idr;f +idr;f csr;f csr;f / pduk rf /hJ ab;rJeh x D ikd Ef ikd &f ;D / avmuudck sw D ufuwfpmG yif+zdKufaw//

(4) igh&dkU\ r[mAsL[ma& trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;NzKdufaw/

(5) igh&dkU\ ae;AsL[mrm trsKd;om;nDnGwf&D;NzKdufaw/

csd K uf a w&J a bmf t aygif ; &d k U ...

*ed&ckid t
f rsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D xl;jcm;csuw f /d yufyif;jy\emwdukd ordik ;f eef@cs+D y;D au odik ;f vd@k
0ef;vk@d txufuoihaf tmifacs o#i;f +yD;c,m+zdKufaw// ,if;ydik o f #i;f vif;&pGmuav; xl;jcm;csuef ef@
yufyif;jy\emwdukd wifjycsiv f @kd +zdKufaw// ,if;csiu fh kd oabmaygupf cD sivf +kd zdKufaw// ud,k &hf ckid &f yk f
b0udk oabmaygupf cD siv f @kd +zdKufaw// ,if;ydik +f yD;rS&m cH,cl su/f ,Hak =uhcsu/f OD;awcsu/f a&Ga&csu&f @kd
pedwwf us rSerf eS uf efuef +zdKufay:vmzd@k +zdKufaw// cH,cl surf eS af u &dq S ufz@dk twGurf eS u f efa&// cH,l
100
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
csurf rSeaf u &dq S ufz@kd twGuf rrSeu f ef+zKd ufeaD &// cH,cl su/f &yfawcsu/f ,Hak =uch suw f rd eS uf efau OD;aw
csu/f &yfawcsuw f rd eS u f efa&// wcsuaf w;rm r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[m&d@k av; rSeu f efEikd af &// ,if;&d@k rrSef
uefau OD;awcsu/f a&Ga&csu&f @kd rrSeu f efEikd /f / wqufaw;rm r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[m&d@k av; rrSeu f efEikd f
+zKd ufaw// r[mAsL[mqkpd mG a& vkyif ef;pdik pf rD u H ed ;f +zKd ufaw// ae;AsL[mqdpk mG a&a&Svyk ;f ief;vky[ f ef+zKd uf
aw? r[mAsL[matmifjrifz@kd twGuf ae;AsL[mvkyaf e;vky[ f ef aumif;rGezf @kd vakd &// ae;AsL[maygi;f
axmifaomif;ruvd@k r[mAsL[ma& xl;xl;jcm;jcm; &kyb f 0eef@ awmfveS rf eS u f efa& oabmw&m;u&m
ay: xGuEf ikd af &// r[mAsL[mqdpk mG a& &kyb f 0eef@ awmfveS rf eS u f efa& oabmw&m;. t"dupdww f &m;
tESpo f m&w&m;yif+zKd ufaw// a'owck/ Edik if w H cka& Edik if . H tpdyt f ydik ;f yif+zKd ufaw// ,if;a'o/ ,if;Edik f
iH. vl@rt _ azG@tap;a& urBmvl@tazG@tap;. tpdyt f ydik ;f yif+zKd uaf w// ,if;tpdyt f ydik ;f wkid ;f rm xl;jcm;
csuu f , kd pf [ D ad &// xl;jcm;csut f vdu k f r[mAsL[m[da&// ,if;AsL[ma& urBm.awmfveS f rSeu f efa&
r[mAsL[mudk qef@usiv f @kd r& tpdyt f ydik ;f . r[mAsL[ma& urBmrh [mAsL[mrm tusK;H 0ifa&//
*ed&ckid Ef ikd if aH & urBmtpdyt f ydik ;f wck+zKd ufaw// &ckid v f @l tazG@tap;a& urBmv h @l tazG@tap;.
tpdyt f ydik ;f +zKd uaf w? &ckid o f rkid ;f rSm wjcm;eef@rwla& uk, d yf idk x
f ;l jcm;csu[ f ad &// ,if;uk, d yf idk xf ;l jcm;csuf
tvku d f r[mAsL[m[da&// &cdik . f r[mAsL[ma& urBm.awmfveS rf eS u f efa& r[mAsL[mukq d ef@
usiv hf @dk r&/? *edurBmwpfcv k ;Hk a& awmfveS rf eS u f efa& awmfveS &f ;D orkid ;f ukd qufcseD aD &// &ckid af vhu, dk hf
ae;uk, d [ hf efeef@ qufcs&D zk@d +zdKufaw? urBm.tpdwt f ykid ;f +zdKufaw uk, d x hf ;l jcm;csut f wkid ;f uk, d f
r[mAsL[ma& [d+yD;om;+zdKufaw? &ckid &f yk b f 0twkid ;f r[mAsL[ma& [d+yD;om;+zdKufaw? r[mAsL
[ma& toDr[kwf xl;jcm;a& &kyw f &m;t&ay:vma& r[mAsL[ma& toDr[kwf pcef;qift h vku d f
+zKd ufaw// &efot l eDtxm;tvku d +f zKd ufp/D ajymif;av;&a&pcef;qifh ajymif;av;&pGmuav; trSerf mS qkd
au t"du&efo(l 0g) t"duywdyuQ ajymif;av;vk@d ajymif;av;&pGm+zKd ufaw// om;orif.teDtxm;
ukv d u dk v f @dk jrSm;ukcd sed af &G&a&ykid f &efot l eDtxm;udv k u dk v f @dk ajymif;av;&a&? ykpH jH y&zk@d qadk u w&kwf
awmfveS &f ;D orkid ;f yif+zKd ufaw? w&kyaf jyukd *syefzufqpfr0ifrD w&kwaf jyrSm ajyol'rD u dk a&pDawmfveS &f ;D
(0g) vlwef;pm;awmfveS &f ;D udk qifaEG;a&// *syef0ifvma&tcg trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D ukd qifaEG;vku d af w?
*syefr0ifrSD t"du&efoal & w&kwaf zmufjyef&;D tpd;k &+zKd ufaw/ *syef0ifvma&tcg *syefaeacs@+zKd ufvm;
a&? t"du&efou l dk ajymif;av;a&twkid ;f r[mAsL[mukd ajymif;av;yD;&a&// ,if;eef@Zk atmifayG;
tqifq h ifch , H El idk cf a&/?
aemufypHk w H ckjy&zk@d qakd u/ &ckid af wmfveS &f ;D orkid ;f yif+zKd uaf w// &ckid af jyrSm Armya'o&ku d rf 0ifr/DS
&ckid af jro#ipf edwx f eG ;f um;eDa&// ,if;tcguyif &ckid af jyrSm ajywGi;f pdu k f tcsi;f csi;f +zdKufay:eD,m//
Armaeacs@0ifa&tcg trsK;d om;pdu k u f q dk ifaEG;uwfaw/ Armya'o&ku d rf 0ifcif t"du&efoal & &ckid af jr
o#if ya'o&ku d +f zKd uaf w// Arm0ifvmvwfawtcg t"du&efoal & Armaeacs@jzpfaw// &efot l eDtxm;
ajymif;vJwikd ;f r[mAsL[majymif;vJca&// a,auavh &ckid af wmfveS &f ;D rSm r[mAsL[matmifjrif&;D t

101
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
wGuf ae;AsL[mtiftm;/ nH@cvk@d atmifayG;rqifEidk cf jcif;/ t&Htiftm;aumif;r&Ekid cf jcif;/ pa&pa&
tcsut f vuf&@dk a=umifh atmifayG;rcHEidk cf ? ,if;eef@Zk r[mAsL[mrSeu f efz@dk t&D;}uD;oavmuf ae;AsL
[mrSeu f ef aumifreG zf @dk trsm;}uD;vkad &? ae;AsL[mtrsm;}uD;vkad &qkpd mG xif&mS ;a&/ &ckid o f rkid ;f rSm
+zdKufay:ca& r[mAsL[mjy\emwd/ ae;AsL[mjy\emwdudk qufvufypHk jH yEkid o f ad &? r[mAsL[m
rSeu f efauav@ ae;AsL[mt&/ r[mrdwt f iftm; xm;pGmrSmav; ykid Ef idk jf ywfom;zk@d vadk &// ,if;eef@Zk
r[mAsL[mukd ukid af pG;xm;&mrSmyif +zdKuf+zdKuf/ ae;AsL[mukv d yk af qmif&mrSmyif+zdKuf+zdKuf qENyidk ;f ukd
OD;pm;ryD;&/ vlom;&k@d a& uk, d Ahf [kow k / uk, d t hf wd@G t}uKH/ uk, d t hf awG;tac:/ uk, d cf pH m;csut f &/ qEN
ykid ;f qkid &f m v_y, f mS ;vmuwfaw// ,if;qENapG;a=umifh aemufr;DS aqG;jcif;/ a0;,mvGeu f |jH cif;/ &Sv d eG f
uGseH jD cif;/ pmtky}f uD;qefjcif;/ pdwu f ;l ,kid jf cif; pa&raumif;w&m;wd ay:ayguv f muwfaw? ,if;w
&m;qk;d wda=umifh qENyidk ;f vly, f mS ;vmau yuwdyidk ;f r_e0f g;vmuwfaw// ,if;ykid q f EN}u;D pk;d vmvk@d &ckid f
r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[mykid ;f ratmifjrifpmG ukd om"uwdjyEkid af &? 18/ 19-&mpkwiG ;f u Armya' o&mZf
aeacs@eef@ +Aw d o d #t&if;o#i&f @kd ukd awmfveS cf siaf & &ckid t f rsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D r[mAsL[mt& rSeu f efa&?
ae;AsL[mt& t&eftiftm;/ r[mrdwt f iftm;azG@,&l mrSm qENyikd ;f ygcpGmudk tae;eef@trsm; wG&d a&?
20 &mpkyxrydik ;f rmqdak u r[mAsL[ma&m ae;AsL[myg qENyikd ;f vGr;f rd;k csuw f u d ckd v
H m&a&// +Aw d od #t
&if;o#if aeacs@wu kd cf ukd &f mrm+zKd u+f zKd u/f zufqw d *f syefaeacs@ukd wdu k cf u dk &f mrm+zKd u+f zKd uf qENyikd ;f pd;k rd;k pGm
udk trsm;}uD;wd@G &a&// ud, k uf sK;d qefjcif;/ aemuf+rD;qGjJ cif;0g'/ oabmw&m;udk w&m;oDuikd af pG;a&?
0J,mvGeu f |ejf cif;/ t&du S sL;vGejf cif; pa&w&m;qd;k wd }uD;pd;k pGmudw k @Gd &a&// ,if;eef@Zk atmifayG;rcH&
ab; u|eyf ek ;f udv k ekd bD 0udk usa&mufvm&a&// aemuf+y;D au rpf0g'udu k ikd af pG;+y;D au &ckid t f rsKd ;om;wdrm
awmwGi;f rm vufeufuikd f awmfveS w f ukd cf u kd ef uD wfauav; &ckid &f yk b f 0udk urBmt h pdyt f ydik ;f t+zKd uf
woD;wjcm;rowfrw S b f J Armtpdyt f ydik ;f t+zdKuf vufatmufcH owfrw S x f m;uwfv@kd r[mAsL[m
wpcef;vGeef aD &// &ckid &f yk b f 0 awmif;qdck suef ef@ rudu k nf +D zKd uef aD &// &ckid t f +ct D eDeef@ rudu k n f +D zKd uef aD &?
rufp0f g'. tESw d w f umtESw d ef ef@ rufp0f g'. touf0^d m%frmS ol@tajcteDeef@ol pDpw d o f ;kH oyfjcif;yif
+zKd ufawvk@d vDeifu rSm=um;zl;a&// (armfpw D ek ;f pduk &f ;D pmapmif-6) a'tcsuw f u d kd &ckid f rupf0g'vd@k c, H l
vlwd ydu k yf ifxm;uwfy+kH zKd uaf w// Zmudu k pf yifvyk v f yk f ,if;udu k pf .tajcteD ,if;udu k pf .vuQ%m
,if;udu k pf eef@ tjcm;udu k pf wd qufpyfeyD rkH sm;udk em;rvnfygu ,if;udu k pf .w&m;wdukd odz@kd r[kw?f
,if;udu k pf udk aumif;aumif;av; vkyEf ikd zf @kd r[kwq f pkd mG udk tm;vH;k todyif+zKd uaf w// a'ed&ckid t f rsKd ;om;
toD;oD;&d@k a& &ckid Ef ikd if &H ;D / awmfveS &f ;D tay:rm trsm;}u;D [duwfaw// a,bk,tm;jzifh ud, k ahf e;ud, k hf
[efeef@ trsm;}u;D vkyaf qmifv@kd [duwfaw// &ckid v f @l rt _ azG@tap;aumif;usK;d udk aqmif&u G ef u D wfaw?
,if;ydik af qmif&u G pf mG rm r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[mrSeu f efz@kd aumif;aumif;t&D;}u;D a&// ,if;ydik t f &D;}u;D a&
r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[mudk qENyikd ;f rm csrw S v f @kd rrSeu f efEikd /f / qENyikd ;f qkpd mG udk txufuzGijhf yca&twdik ;f
tapG;tvrf; tvGet f u|H t,dik ;f t,dik f trsm;}uD;yga&// ,if;eef@Zk yuwdyikd ;f udt k "duxm;&a&//

102
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
a,au &cdik v f @l tazG@tap;aumif;udsK;udk aqmif&u G ef u D wfaw tm;vH;k oloil gig&@kd a& yu"du&kd m
t"duxm;oifah &// ,if;yu"dyikd ;f u awmif;qdck suef ef@ awmfveS rf eS u f efa& oabmw&m;ydik ;f udk aygi;f
pyf+y;D au ae;AsL[m/ r[mAsL[mudk azmfaqmifvyk u f ikd &f zd@k +zKd ufaw// &ckid af umif;usKd ;udu k pf udv k yk af u
&ckid u f u kd pf t+ct D eD/ &ckid u f ukd pf .vuQ%m/ &cku d u kd pf eef@ tjcm;udu k pf &d@k . qufpyfeyD u kH ekd m;rvnfygu
&ckdifudkufp. w&m;wdudkodzdk@r[kwf? &ckdifudkufpudk Zmydkifvkyf&zdk@qdkpGmudkav;odzdk@r[kwf// &cdkif
udu k pf udak v; aumif;aumif;vkyEf ikd zf @kd r[kw/f ,if;ydik q f akd u xdx k &kd ckid yf *k Kd~ v&f @kd . Edik if &H ;D / awmfveS &f ;D &d@k a&
&ckid u f u kd pf t&yf&yf yuwdyikd ;f udyk w d yf if+y;D qENyikd ;f udk t"duwifxm;au *d% k ;f *%/ woD;yk*v ~ tvkyu f kd
vkyef pD mG rSty atmifayG;udk a&S@&E_ ikd zf @kd r[kw/f / rSeu f efa&r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[mudk csrw S Ef ikd zf @kd r[kw/f /
wdu k af yG;udak v; atmifjrifatmif wdu k cf u
kd Ef ikd zf @kd r[kw/f / awmfveS &f ;D w&yf. r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[mudk
csrw S af wtcgrm a,bk,tajcteDeef@ xl;jcm;a&vuQ%mudak v; *&kpu kd zf @kd vakd &// &k,mS ;awmfveS &f ;D /
w&kyaf wmfveS &f ;D / ArmawmfveS &f ;D pa& Edik if w H umawmfveS &f ;D tawG;tac:wd Oya'owdtwdik ;f
xyfwv l yk vf @kd r+zdKuf// ,if;ydik v f yk af u avmif;tvdu k f aygi;f qif&zk@d tpm;/ aygi;f tvdu k f avmif;qif&
zd@k +zKd uef aD &// ,if;ydik q f akd u orm;&k;d usaemufvu kd af e;yif+zKd uaf wvd@k pdu k af yG;wdik ;f rm qH;k ,H;_ +y;D au awmf
vSe&f ;D /Edik if &H ;D a,mhusvm;&zd@k / qH;k ,_;H vm;&zd@k yif+zdKufaw// ,if;twGuw f ma=umifh ig&h @kd a& a,bk,
tajcteDeef@ vuQ%mudk *&kpu kd &f a&ydik f ud, k yf ikd t f ajcteD xl;jcm;csuef ef@ vuQ%mxl;jcm;csu&f @kd
udak v; *&kpu kd &f zd@k yif+zKd ufaw// a,+y;D rS&m tjyifa&mtESpyf g *&kpu kd &f musa&// a,bk,oabmw&m;
oufoufuv kd u dk ef aD u tjyifukd udik ef aD &vd@k q&kd zd@k // &kyw f &m; tESpo f m&w&m;udk rudik rf v d @dk qd&k zd@k +zKd uf
aw// pdu k af tmif&;D vrf;a=umif;udk ydu k yf ,f+y;D au atmifayG;[d&mvrf;a=umif;udk vrf;cG+J y;D au vltax;
u vlt+zdKufukd pGe@f +yD;au a,bk,oabmw&m;qdak &}udK;eef@ wdik ;f ajyudt k wif;ezm;xd;k vd@k qG, J zl @kd
}uKd ;pm;eDa&vd@k qd&k zd@k +zKd ufaw// ,if;ydik q f akd u qENyikd ;f (rdr0d g'.tapG;tvrf;ydik ;f )twGuf yuwdyikd ;f udk
tvkyt f au|;jyKzd@k ckid ;f eD&m+zKd ufaw// rdrt d }uKd uf qENyikd ;f twGuf trsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH udk tvkyt f au|;
jyKz@kd ap;&H;k odr;f oGi;f eDpmG wdu k af yG;0ifepD mG +zKd uaf wvd@k q&kd zd@k / trSerf mS yuwdyikd ;f (ud, k ahf jy.yuwdyikd ;f )a&
t"du ud, k q hf ENyikd ;f a& omrn+zdKuf&zd@k yif? ,if;ydik q f adk u r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[mudk ud, k thf }udKuf
ud, k &hf ifwiG ;f ud, k ahf csmif;wGi;f rSm usi;f y+y;D au ajyolw&yfv;kH udk trsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH udk ckw;kH vkyzf @kd }ueH &D m
usa&? ,au ud, k w f @Gd xm;a& 0g'w&yfeef@ ajyol@ut dk usKd ;jyKzd@k tpm; ud, k u hf &kd mtrsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH u
tusK;d jyKatmif av;pm;eD&musvm;a&// *kyikd t f +zKd uw f u d kd tEdik Ef ikd if H awmfveS &f ;D rm&m wd@G Eikd pf mG r[kw?f
&cdik af wmfveS &f ;D ordik ;f rmav; trsm;yifw@Gd &a&// txl;ojzifh 20 &mpkawmfveS &f ;D c&D;udk jyefa=u@auav;
wd@G Eikd af &? a'ed&ckid v f rl t_ azG@tap; &kyb f 0awmif;qdck sut f wdik ;f ay:ayguv f ma& r[mAsL[mrSm
trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D +zKd uaf w// a'r[mAsL[ma& w&m;a&/ rSeu f efa&// a&a&Gcsurf mS udv k ekd u D |eb f 0u
vGyv f yf&;D +zdKufaw// ,if;a=umifh trsKd ;om;wefjyef awmfveS &f ;D pdu k u f kd trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D pdu k ef ef@
wdu k cf u kd t f Edik , f &l zd@k +zKd ufaw// ,if;pdu k u f kd tEdik w f u kd Ef ikd zf @kd twGuf pdu k . f a,bktajcteD vuQ%meef@

103
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
wuG ud, k tf ajcteDx;l eef@ vuQ%m&d@k ukd *&kpu kd &f zk@d +zKd ufaw// &ckid af jyax;rSm +zKd ufay:ca& rwla&o
rdik ;f tqifw h /d +zKd ufay:ca&pdu k af yG;wd/ vuQ%mcsi;f rwla& pdu k af yG;wd/ rwla&ya'o&du k rf m +zKd ufymG ;a&
pdu k af yG;wd/ rwla&aeacs@wed ef@ wdu k cf u
kd &f a&wdu k af yG;wd/ aoeuAsL[mwdukd pl;prf;vdv h m ynm,l&zd@k
yif+zKd uaf w? &ckid t f rsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D eef@ ArmawmfveS &f ;D abmif a&mxG;D vm;jcif;&d@k uakd v; pl;prf;vdv h m
ynm,l&zd@k +zdKufaw// ,if;&d@k a& r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[m. jy\emwdukd pl;prf;vdv h mjcif;yif+zdKufaw?
r[mAsL[mqdpk mG a& awmfveS &f ;D tajcteDw&yfv;kH . vkyif ef;tpDtpOf+zdKufaw// wurBmv h ;kH . awmf
vSe&f ;D tjcteDeef@av;aumif;/ Edik if w H Edik if .
H awmfveS &f ;D tajcteDeef@av;aumif;/ awmfveS &f ;D pcef;
qifh tajcteDeef@av;aumif;/ oufqikd af &// ,if;eef@Zk r[mAsL[mudk atmifayG;&atmif vkyaf qmif
a&tcgrm t&D;}u;D qH;k tcsuu f m; vkyif ef;tpDtpOfwckv;kH udk txl;*&kpu kd zf @kd vadk &// ,if;*&kwpdu k f vkyf
aqmifa&tcgrm atmufygtcsut f vufwu d kd w@[ Gd &d a&// trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D umv (txl;ojzifh
&ckid t f rsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D umvtwGi;f )rmqdak u ,if;tcsut f vufwyd if t"du+zKd uaf wvd@k ,q l a&?

(1) awmfveS &f ;D pcef;qifwh ck tpDtpOftwdik ;f qufpyfejD cif; (&ckid tf rsKd ;om; wmfveS &f ;D .
yufyif;jy\em)
(2) trsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D orm;eef@ aeacs@&@kd qufpyfejD cif;(&efbufywdyuQ)
(3) awmfveS &f ;D wck t"duarmif;ESi&f ;D tm;oH;k &yf+zdKufaw pD;yGm;&D;/ Edik if &H ;D / ,dik af us;r_&@kd
qufpyfejD cif;/
(4) trsKd ;om;pdw"f gw/f awmfveS &f ;D oabmw&m;/ aoe*FAsL[m pdu k yf nm&d@k . qufpyfejD cif;
( yufyif;vkt d yfcsu)f
(5) trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D . t&Htiftm;pk t"dutiftm;pk&@kd qufqyfejD cif;//
(6) trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D udk OD;aqmifry_ gpmG eef@ trsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH qufpyfejD cif;/
(t"duvkt d yfcsu)f
(6) r[mAsL[meef@ ae;AsL[m&d@k . qufpyfejD cif; //
(7) attcsut f vufwu d kd wd[
G &d a&//

atjy\emwdukd pl;prf;qifjcifvv hd ma=u@au em;vnfEikd af &? oabmayguEf ikd af &// em;vnf

&Hek ef@r+yD; oabmayguaf tmif pl;prf;qifjcif vdv h m&zd@k +zdKufaw// pl;prf;qifjcif vdv
h mEdik af u aq;yl;zd@k
udu k pf vS,v f m;a&/ aq;yl;Edik af u toH;k csz@kd v, G u
f v
l ma&// pedww f us toH;k csjcif;a& ae;AsL[mydik ;f udk
rSeu f efpmG pDrEH ikd af &// ae;AsL[mydik ;f udk rSerf eS u f efuefprD EH ikd af u r[mAsL[mudk atmifatmifjrifjrif
vkyaf qmifEikd af &// r[mAsL[m atmifayG;cH&atmif vkyaf qmifEikd af &// a'acgi;f pdik . f ed*;kH ydik ;f rm &ckid af jy
trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D pdw. f xl;jcm;csuw f u d kd tusKd if;csKyfwifjyvku d af w//

104
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

,if ; &d k U rm
(1) &ckid Ef ikd if &H ;D eef@ ArmEdik if &H ;D udk a&mxG;D Edik af &// pD;yGm;&D;t& csKd ;ESrd jf cif;cHe&D a&// ,SOaf us;r_t&
trsKd ;om;vuQ%mudk rsKd ;yGm;cHe&D a&// u|eyf ek ;f udv k ekd ED ikd if w
H ck+zdKufaw//
(2) &ckid Ef ikd if rH m pD;yGm;&D;t& ya'o&mZfpedwf t=uGi;f tusew f d t+ydKtysuw f d aw[deaD &
ya'o&mZf wydik ;f Edik if +H zdKufaw//
(3) &efot l iftm; }uD;rm;jcif;+zdKufaw/ &efo&l @kd twGuq f akd u ol&@kd wu kd cf ukd &f zd@k pu
kd rf mS
wpdyw f a'o pdu k t
f iftm;udo k ;kH vd@k wdu
k cf u kd &f zd@k +zdKufaw// ig&h @kd twGuq f adk u wrsKd ;om;vH;k
qifE;GD &zk@d pu kd +f zdKufaw?
(4) trsKd ;om;tiftm;pkwd odrihf ,ftm;nHeh aD &/ z&dzk &Jjyef@a=u;eDa&/ ta&twGuaf &m/
ta&tcsi;f yg &efox l uf tm;nHeh aD &//
(5) vuf[u d mvrm trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D twGuf acgi;f aqmifry_ gwu D kd }udK;pm;eDwek ;f +zdKuf
aw// ap;&H;k &D;rSmav; aumif;aumif;edusew D ek ;f +zKd ufaw// attcsuif g;csuaf & xl;jcm;a&vd@k
,lqa&// atxl;jcm;csuw f ud kd txufu o#i;f jy+yD;c,m+zdKufawvd@k xyfv@kd wifjyzd@k v@kd z@kd
r[kw, f m// a'xl;jcm;csuw f rd myif r[mAsL[meef@ ae;AsL[m trsKd ;om;twGuf aoe*FAsL
[m pdu k Af sL[meef@ pdu k yf &d,m,f&@kd ay:ayguv f mpGm+zdKufaw//
a'w&m;wduyif awmfveS &f ;D . vrf;nGe@f vrf;pdik f vkyaf e;vky[ f ef&@kd udk owfrw S yf ;D vdu k af w// &yfawcsu/f
,Hak =uhcsu/f OD;awcsu/f a&a&Gcsu&f @kd ukd rG;D xkwv f ukd pf mG av; xl;jcm;csuw f yd if+zdKufaw//


105
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )

tcef;(8)
aumufEkwfcsufwd
csdKufawa&;abmftaygif;&dkU
“Zmvkyfuwfzdk@av;? (0g)&ckdifawmfvSef&D;. jy\emwd” pmwrf;udk a&;abmf&dk@udk
wifjyaqG;ED;G pGm tydik ;f }u;D (8)ydik ;f [d,m// a'tydik ;f qdak u (8)ydik ;f [dz@kd ? a'tydik ;f rm aumufpu
dk x
f w
k af =uh
uwfar// aemufqHk;ed*Hk;ydkif;rm aumufpdkufcsuf csrSwfpGmwfudkwcg vkyfief;ydkif;vufwdGoabm
csrwS uf wfar//

(1) ed'gef; “ZmvkyfuwfzdkUav;”//

&ckdifhtrsdK;om;wd Zmvkyfuwfzdk@av;// &ckdifEdkifiHeef@ trsdK;om;vGwfvyfatmif igh&dk@}udK;
yrf;uwf&zd@k ?

(2) igh&dkUZmawmfvSef&D;rsdK;eefU awmfvSefuwf&zdkav;//

ArmeDacs@ukd trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D eef@ ig&h @kd awmfveS u
f wf&zd@k //

(3) &ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;ordkif;aMumif;

(u) Armya'o&mZfaeacs@ukd awmfveS jf cif; &ckid Af rm oabmwlcsuu
f kd azmufzsu+f yD;au
usL;ausm0f ifa&mufvmjcif; yxrydik ;f (at'D-1&85- 1&88) usm;&D0wf awmifrif;}uD;/ Advk af usmif
106
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;
xD;G . trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D 1788-ck &ckid t
f rsKd ;om; vuQ%mt&yf&yfukd Armaeacs@ya'o&mZfu
+cDre_ ;f zsuq
f ;D vdu
k jf cif;//

'kwd,ydkif; (at'D 1&84-1815 ) Adkvfcsif;ysH\ trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;//

(c) +Adwo
d #t&if;o#if eDacs@ukd awmfveS jf cif; (at'D 1826-&ckid f +Adwo d #oabmwlcsuf
&E yW pkd mcsKyf (24 -2- 1826 )t& +Adwo d #u &ckid af jyudk vufwvH;k jcm; vdrv f @kd ord ;f ydu
k f
vdu k jf cif;
'g;ydik }f uD;/ ajypd;k }ud;D / u|et f yk -f trf;pm;/ rif;om;}uD;/ a';0ef}uD;/ +rdK@o}l uD;&d@k . trsKd ;om;
awmfveS &f ;D
Adv k cf sKud pf H (av;+rdK@acsmif;). trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D
Adv
k af rmifomeD (oHawG;eD) }udro f vDq&mawmf (oHawG;eD)
Adv k af rmifO;D jzL (ajrmufO;D +rdK@e)D
ausmufprd ;f Adv k f (oHawG;eD)
oHawG;q&mawmf (oHawG;eD )
Advk =f umxGe;f / Adv k af &$v/S Adv
k v f mb (pdu
k af wGc&dik )f
Adv
k af usm0f (oHawG;eD)
Adv k cf si;f zd@k / Adv
k af rmifazmfatmif (&aohawmif)

oH k ; oyf c suf
(1) txufygawmfvSef&D;rSm
(u) awmfveS &f ;D . t"du0if&@kd +zdKufaw ap;&H;k r_tiftm;ae;yg;jcif;?
(c) awmfveS &f ;D oabmw&m;w&yf ckid cf ikd af emif;aemif; r[djcif;//
(*) &efol tajcteD/ ud, k t hf ajcteD/ ajyoltajcteD t&yf&yfukd pdppd yfpyf rqef;pdyaf b;
awmfveS &f ;D umv r&ifu h suaf b; awmfveS w f ukd cf u
kd jf cif;?
(C) pdu
k &f ;D / pdu
k &f m/ wdu k af e;wdu k [
f ef/ vkyaf e;vky[ f ef tm;ae;jcif;?
(i) r[mrdwt f iftm;pk t&Htiftm;pk&@kd ukd pedww f us rudik w f ,
G cf jcif;?
(p) aeacs@ E_u d w f ikd =f um;u &ke;f uefe&D jcif;?

oH k ; oyf c suf
(2) txufygawmfvSef&D;. aumif;rGefjywfom;a& tcsuftvufwd
(u) cH,cl suf cdik cf ikd af emif;aemif;[djcif;?
107
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
(c) &efou l kd oabmxm;jywfom;jcif;?
(*) ol@u|erf cHvpkd w d t f ajyht0[djcif;?
(C) +Adwo d #tEd ,
dN qdak & pD;yGm;&D;pm;usu}f uD;udk azG@ap;jcif; ?
(i)1885 ckrm ucsi/f u,m;/ u&if/ &Sr;f /rGe/f Arm/ &cdik /f &Sr;f / tiftm;pktm;vH;k udk aygi;f ap;vd@k
+Aw d #bm;rm(British Burma)azG@ap;jcif;// aemuf+Aw
d o d od #Am;rm;udk +Aw
d o
d #tEd , dN ax;rSm
axhoiG ;f aygi;f ap;vduk jf cif;?

(p) 193&-ck NAdwdoQ Am;rm;ukd cGJxkwfjcif;eefU rwfrdk[wfaeerdwfrsOf;aMumif;owf

rS w f j cif ;
 +Adwo# -Am;rm;udk +Awdo#- tdE, dN u acG;xkwjf cif;?
rwfr[ kd ef aeerdwf rsO;f a=umif;owfrw S jf cif;?
&ckid &f [ef;yk*Kd~ vf vly*k Kd~ vfwd ,if;aeeedrw d f jy\emudk rsuu
f ,
G jf yKwwfjcif;?

(q) &cdkifaeerdwf tjcr;fjcrf;cGJpdyfcH&jcif;/ ZmaMumifhav;

&ckid af jy tjcrf;jcrf; cGpJ yd cf &H jcif; (Partatain and Arakan)
u|eyf ek ;f udv k ekd b
D 0udk usqif;vm;jcif;?
&ckid w
f ikd ;f (Arakan Division) vk@d owfrw S cf &H jcif;?
AD -1853 ck awmifciG cf &kid ef ef@ [kid ;f }uD;d uGse;f &k@d udk &ckid af jyu zJ@xw k vf u dk jf cif;?
Armhvw G v f yf&;D &+yD;aemuf yvuf0 c&kid u f dk &ckid af jyu zJ@xw k v
f udk jf cif;?
jAHKawmifukd tdE, dN ax;rSmygvm;jcif;?
Akv
d rf if;axmif/ oufaxmif/ zvHaxmifeef@ b*F g 12 +rdK@a'o&k@d rmS yguu kd pf wefax;rSmyg
vm;jcif;?
&ckid t f rsK;d om; awmfveS &f ;D orkid ;f a=umif; a&mxG;D vm;jcif;?
yxr &ckid 0f o H mEkacwf Zmykid af v;?
1826-ck p+yD;au +ADwo d # ukrmR %Dtpk;d &u &ckid af jyukd ukv d edk yD pHk t
H +zdKufow G o f iG ;f jcif;f ?
1852-ck rSm &ckid af jy (yvuf0/ ausmufjzL / pdu k af wG/ oHawG;/ awmifciG cf &kid /f [kid ;f }u;D uGse;f )
yJc;l / rkwrW / weoFm&D&@dk udk +Adwo
d # ukr% ` t
D pk;d &u +Adwo d #-Arm;ukd azG@ap;vku d jf cif;/

108
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

r[m0efoQifawmfrif;BuD;u tkyfcsKyfjcif;
&ckid af jyrm vuf0cD (H 0g)uGeyf &m'kw
d ad y:ayguv
f mjcif;/ &k[
d if*sm(ac: )b*Fvu
D v
k m;wd
ajAmufaomuf 0ifvmuwfjcif;?
1885-ck Armbk&ifoaD yg@rif;ukd zrf;qD;jcif; &ckid af jyukd wkid ;f t+zdKufeef@ Armajyax;rm
axhvu dk jf cif;
189& -ckrm bk&ifciH ,fwOD;u tkycf sKyjf cif; &ckid w f idk ;f uku
d m; 0efo#iaf wmfrif;}u;D (Comm
issioner) tkyc f sKyfjcif;?
AD 1826 -1916 ck twk;d twGi;f +Adwo d #t&if;;o#iaf eacs@tpk;d &ukd &ckid t f rsK;d om;
awmfveS &f ;D eef@ qefusiw hf udk cf u
dk u f wfjcif; //
AD 1937 ckrm +Adwo d #Arm;ukcd x JG wk v
f udk jf cif;//
+Aw d o d #&@dk . vufatmufcb H 0rm &ckid af jya& &efuek . f wqifv h ufatmufc+H zKd uv f m;&jcif;/
&ckid Ehf idk if &H ;D acgi;f aqmifw/d &ckid pf myDorm;/ &ckid &f mZm0ifq&mwd/ ArmhEidk if &H ;D abmif/ Arm
pmyDabmif&@dk rm vly, f mS ;eDuwfjcif;/
Ekid if &H ;D tazG@wad y:ayguv f mjcif;
yxr&ckid 0f o H mEkacwf abmifa&mxG;D vm;jcif;

ok H ; oyf c suf ( 3)
(1) 20-&mpkyxrykid ;f &ckid Ef idk if &H ;D acgi;f aqmif/ pmyDacgi;f aqmif&@dk / trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D
vrf;a=umif;ukd *&krpku d jf cif;?
(2) +Aw
d o d #t&if;o#iaf eacs@&@kd &ckid pf ;D yGm;&D;/ vlr&_ ;D / Edik if &H ;D &d@k u/kd ,dik af us;r_&@kd ukd a&mxG;D ydu
k jf cif;/
&ckid af jyudk cGpJ yd cf siyf ikd cf pJG yd v
f @kd aygi;f pyfcsiyf ikd f aygi;f pyfyu
kd jf cif;//
(3) Armya'o&mZfaeacs@&@kd &ckid t f rsKd ;om;vuQ%mudk zsuq f ;D ydu
k jf cif;/ wajyvH;k udk aqmuf
aw&mr&atmif ESu d pf ufowfjzwfjcif;?
(4) &ckid t f rsKd ;om;tcsi;f csi;f a'oapG;t&/ *d% k ;f apG;t& cGjJ cm;uwfjcif;/ trsKd ;om;ap;&H;k &D;
+ydKuGyJ supf ;D jcif;?

20 &mpk yxrydkif; awmfvSef&D;wd Zmydkifav;

+Adwo d # t&if;o#iaf eacs@ vufatmufrm tdyaf rmusecD jcif;?
0dik t
f rfbaD ttoif;/ *spD b
D aD ttoif;&d@k rm Armjynfa&muf &ckid yf nmwwfwd yg0ifvy_ f
,Sm;eDuwfjcif;

109
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
&ckid Ef ikd if &H ;D toif;tazG@tap;wd ay:ayguv f mjcif;//
1923-ck 'dik t f mcD pedwaf y:ayguv
f mjcif;/ &ckid tf rsKd ;om;wd ,if;wGivf y_ ,f mS ;eDuwfjcif;/
cG&J ;D /awG;&D;/ jy\emwd Armajy twGuf pm;ayG;0dik ;f aqG;ED;G ayG;wdrm v_y, f mS ;eDuwfjcif;//
'd@k Armtap;t&H;k Armajyrmay:ayguv f mjcif;//
&ckid v f il ,ftcsKd @ aemuf+rD;qGu J wfjcif;/
91-Xme tkycf sKyf&;D ay:aygujf cif;// &ckid t f rsKd ;om;wd ,if;wGiv f y_ ,
f mS ;eDuwfjcif;//

zufqdwf*syef eDacsUacwf
'd@k Arm qif;&Jom;tap;t&H;k zwyv&d@k vufatmufukd &ckid w
f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m wdik ;f &if;om;
tap;tvH;k 0ifuwfjcif;/ aemuf+rD;qGv J u kd jf cif;//
zwyv (&ckid wf ikd ;f )/ Arm rsKd ;csKd ufwyfrawmf(&ckid w f ikd ;f ) t+zKd ufeef@ zufqpf*syefukd &efuek f
nGe=f um;csut
f wdik ;f awmfveS u f wfjcif;//

NAdwdoQtpdk;& *pfbD;&*pfbD vufatmufcH&cdkifajy/

Edik if &H ;D t& / pD;yGm;&D;t& / vlr&_ ;D t& +Adwo
d #&@kd zdEydS jf cif;/
0&rf;+yD;or*~&@kd ay:ayguv f m&jcif;//
&ckid t f rsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D vrf;a=umif; aysmufq;kH vm&jcif;

a0zefcsuf
ysm;aw;nDvmcH (zwyv &ckid w f ikd ;f ) awmif;qdck suw f d/
pD;yGm;&D; tajcteD qd;k 0g;vmyH/k
awmuef nDvmcH. qH;k jzwfcsuw f /d
Armajy Edik if &H ;D tuGt J jyJw/d &ckid af jyrm aemufvu kd tf uGt J jyJw/d
q&mawmfto#ipf Ed mW . &ckid af csmif;aqG;ED;G ayG;
ajryHvk uf0n J n D w G &f ;D wyfaygi;f pk nDvmcHvuf0n J n D w G f &D;wyfaygi;f pk nDvmcH/

q&mawmftoQifOD;pdE mW tzrf;cH&jcif;/
+Adwo
d #vufatmuf &ckid af jyrS Armvufatmuf &ckid af jyt+zdKuf pwifykH a0zefcsu?f
ArmEdik if &H ;D *,ufa=umifh &ckid af jyu ygwt
D oD;oD; awmcdu
k wfjcif;/ vlwef;pm;awmfveS &f ;D
udk xdyk gww
D d vkyaf qmifuwfjcif;?

110
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

awmfveS &f ;D pcef;qifh a&mxG;D vmjcif;?

1948-ck aemufydkif;avmufrm &ckdifajyvufeufudkif awmfvSef&D;avmurm

(1) to#ipf Ed mW ax&f acgi;f aqmifa& ajyolvw G af jrmuf&;D ygw?D
(2) a&;abmfausmjf r acgi;f aqmifa& ArmajyuGejf rLedwyf gw?D
(3) a&;eD AHak yguof mausmf acgi;f aqmifa& uGejf rLedwyf gw?D
(4) ajyola&;abmfygw&D ckid af jy vlwef;pm;ygw. D abmifa&mxD;G jcif;/ pcef;qifah &mxD;G jcif;/
(5) aemuf+rD;qGjJ cif;&d@k ukd a0zefo;kH oyfcsu/f /
(6) 1958-ck &ckid af wmwGi;f ygwt D csKd @eef@ a&;abmfwt d vif;0ifjcif;

“uWef y k e f ; acwf”
'kw, d &ckid 0f o H mEkacwf(&ckid t f rsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D / ap;&H&k ;D umv)
&ckid v f rl t
_ azG@wd qkw, f w
k af w vuQ%mwd udv k ekd v D uQ%m/ avorm;vuQ%m/ AsL&duk
a&pD/ rif;rJ*h %
kd ;f apG;/ a'oapG;/ bmomapG;/ vlrsKd ;apG;/ pcef;vGerf /_ &mxl;rufr?_

20-&mpkyxrydkif; &ckdifEdkifiH&D;umv tusKdif;csKy

csKyf
&wn. ajyeDvy_ , f mS ;&D; pwifvmjcif;/ ,if;. r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[m?
&ckid 0f o
H mEktpdu k t f rSef vkyif ef;wd?
20-&mpk 'kw, d ydik ;f umv Edik if &H ;D tazG@tap;wd//
yxr &ckid 0f o H mEkacwfeef@ 'kw, d &ckid 0f o H mEkacwf Edik ;f ,_id af 0zefjcif;?
'kw, d &ckid 0f o H mEkacwf. xl;jcm;csuw f ?d
ArmEdik if &H ;D ygwD tuGt J ajy;wd/ &ckid Ef ikd if &H ;D rm *,uf&u kd rf w
_ ?d
25 / 2 / 62 &Sr;f ajy awmif}uD;nDvmcH z,f'&,frl
2/ 3/ 62 zufqw d f eD0if;tpd;k & tm%modr;f jcif;
&cdik af jyudk wdik ;f cGJ (13)vd@k owfrw S jf cif;
&ckid af jyudk zufqw d af e;eef@zEd ydS jf cif;/

(c)&ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;ygwD tazGUtap;rsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;?

vsKd @0u
S Ef ikd if &H ;D v_y,
f mS ;jcif;wd trsKd ;om;tiftm;pkwd tzrf;cHuwf&jcif;/ tcsKd @awmcdjk cif;/

111
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )

&ckid af jy vGwaf jrmuf&;D tazG@csKyf (&rvy)

,if;. r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[m
&ckid af jy uGejf rLedwyf gwD (&uy)
,if;.cH,cl su/f r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[m
&ckid af jy trsKd ;om;nDnw G &f ;D tazG@ (&rnz)
&ckid af jy vGwv f yf&;D wyfO;D (&vw)
Armaeacs@qef@usi&f ;D / &ckid af jy trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmuf&;D wyfaygi;f pk/ ,if;.cH,l csuw f ?d
zufqw d w
f ukd zf su&f ;D trsKd ;om;wyfaygi;f pk ,if;.vkyaf qmifcsuw
f /d &cdik af jyawm wGi;f yg
wDwd
trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D udk r[mAsL[mcif;vd@k ay:ayguv f ma& tazG@tap;wd// &ckid af jyol@
orRwEdik if u H kd ae;AsL[mcif;usi;f a&ygw/D /
&rvz/ &uyae;AsL[m &ckid af jyol@orRwEdik if /H r[mAsL[m/ ajyol'rD u kd a&pD awmfveS &f ;D
(&vw/ &rnz)?
&ckid af jytrsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D abmifrm &yfawuwfaw &ckid w f ikd ;f &if;om; tazG@t
ap;wdvrl sKd ;pktazG@ tap;wd?
&ckid af jy csi;f trsKd ;om; vGwaf jrmuf&;D tazG@?
&ckid af jy &Giu
hf sm rlqviftrsKd ;om; vGwaf jrmuf&;D tazG@?
&ckid af jy ajyol'rD u kd a&pD awmfveS &f ;D udk r[mAsL[m cif;usi;f xm;a&ygww D ?d
uGejf rLedwyf gwD (&ckid af jyaumfro#i)f ?
Armajy uGejf rLedwyf gw(D &ckid af jyeD )?
&uy ae;AsL[m &ckid jf ynfoo l rRwEdik if ?H
trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D eef@ awmfveS &f r,f//

r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[meefU cH,lcsufwd/

(u) trsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D ordik ;f qufukd OD;xdyx f m;vd@k qufc&H zd@k ?
(c) &ckid wf rsKd ;om;vH;k vGwv f yf&;D twGuf trsK;d om;awmfveS &f ;D ud&k m vkyaf qmif&zk@d ?
(*) ig&@kd .cH,cl suw f d
(1) &ckid af jya& oD;jcm;Edik if H wEdik if +H zdKufaw// &ckid v
f rl t_ azG@tap;a& oD;jcm;tazG@tap;
+zdKufaw?
(2) &ckid af jya& vH;k 0udvk ekd eD ef@ ya'o&mZf wydik ;f Ekid if +H zdKufaw//
112
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

(3) ig&h @kd .t"du &efoal & Armaeacs@+zdKufaw//

(4) vufeufuikd f awmfveS &f ;D &m &ckid af jy vGwv f yf&;D udk tqH;k tjzwfy;D zk@d +zdKufaw//
Oya'wGi;f wku kd f ayG;&d@k um; tajcteD taxmuftyHu h &kd m yD;Edik v f rd rhf ,f+zdKufaw/
(5) t*k eDacs@eef@ya'o&mZf qef@usi&f ;D pdu k uf kd ajywGi;f pdu
k /f ajyolpu kd vf @kd rcH,&l /
trsKd ;om;pdu k v f @kd &m cH,&l zk@d +zdKufaw//

3? (u) &ckdifajya& oD;jcm;EkdifiH wEdkifiHNzdKufaw/ &ckdifvlrItazGUtap;a& oD;jcm;trsdK;

om;w&yfNzdKufaw/
(1) wlnaD & yx0D teDtxm;[djcif;//
(2) wlnaD & pD;yGm;&D; obm0[djcif;//
(3) wlnaD & bmompum;[djci;f//
(4) oD;jcm;trsKd ;om; ,dik af us;r_[jd cif;//

(u) 1/ wlnDa& yx0DteDtxm;[djcif;//

bDpaD vmufu &ckid af jyrm &ckid v
f rl t
_ azG@tap; pwifex D ikd af &//
a0omvD/ 'Gg&0wD/ "n0wD&@kd rm tif't kd ,f&,
D v
H rl sKd ;/ oufvrl sKd ;/ +rdK@vrl sKd ;&d@k Eikd if H (State)
xlaxmifuwfjcif;//
&SEd idk if jH cm;qufq&H ;D ?
at'D 1454-ck e&Ekrif;}uD;. aeerdwo f wfrwS jf cif;//
at'D 1517-ck rif;bmbk&if. aeerdwo f wfrwS jf cif;//
ordik ;f trGt D qu af eerdwef ef@ &ckid v
f rl t
_ azG@tap;vuf[d 'dXaeerdw/f /

(u) 2/ wlnDa& pD;yGm;&D;obm0[djcif;//

av,mvkyif ef;/ O,di_ v
f yk if ef;/ wHigvyk if ef;/ qm;vkyif ef;/ &dpS ;D yGm;&D;?
Armaeacs@vufatmuf &ckid pf ;D yGm;&D;/ a&eHvyk if ef;?

(u) 3// wlnDa& bmompum;[djcif;//

a'otvdu k f &ckid pf um;oHw?d
&ckid f wdik ;f &if;om;wd/ (+rdK/ crD/ 'dik ;f euf/ &Sr;f 'l;/ ouf/ vif;au;/ +rHK/ r*lyg (0g) rm&rm}uD;/
tEk/ acgipf /kd cH/k acsm/ &cdik )f ?

113
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )

trsKd ;om;pmyDw&yfukd xlaxmifEikd af & tiftm;eef@ ajyhpEkH ikd af &?

(u) 3? oD ; jcm;trsd K ;om;,d k i f a us;r_ [ d j cif ;

(1) ud;k uG,rf q_ ikd &f m ,dik af us;r_?
(2) bmom pmyDqikd &f m ,dik af us;r_?
(3) okcrk tEkynmqkid &f m ,dik af us;r_?
(4) qif,ifx;kH azG@rq _ idk &f m ,dik af us;r_?
(5) Adou k m qdik &f m ,dik af us;r_?

3// (c) &ckdifajya& vHk;0udkvdkeDEdkifiHeef@ ya'o&dkuf wydkif;EdkifiH+zdKufaw//

vuf[u d mvrm &ckikd af jya& u|eyf ek ;f udv k ekd ED ikd if H wEdik if +H zdKufaw// &ckid tf csKyftcsmtm
%mudk Armu odr;f ydu k cf sKyfuikd x
f m;a&// Armajyaxmifpq k adk & a0g[m&eef@ zH;k uG,x f m;jcif;/
pD;yGm;&D;/ Ekid if &H ;D / vlr&_ ;D t& zdEydS xf m;jcif;// +Adwo d # ya'o&mZf pedww f ydik ;f [djcif;?
av,m+rD jyKjyifajymif;av;&D;ukd tem*wfumvrm wd;k wufawavmuudk wufvrS ;f zd@k
twGuf ajcvSr;f opf wvSr;f t+zdKuf vkyaf qmif&zd@k ?

av,m+rD a wmf v S e f & D ; . t"d u a&a&G c suf

(1) avvkyo f w l idk ;f avydik q
f ikd &f ;D ?
(2) cdu
k rf rDa& av,mvkyif ef;udk cdu k rf aD & av,mvkyif ef;t+zdKufajymif;av;&D;?
(3) avxGuyf apP;udk avorm;tajyht0cHpm;&D;?

avorm;vl w ef ; tv$ m av;v$ m

(1) +rDo#i}f uD;?
(2) csr;f oma& avorm;?
(3) tavtvwfavorm;?
(4) qif;&Ja& avorm;?

av,mwk d u f a yG ; vrf ; pOf

(1)oD;pm;wku
d af yG;?
(2)vufiw k vf uf&if; vufrjyKwf&;D wdu
k af yG;?
(3) av,m+rD ajyolyikd f wdu
k af yG;?
114
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

(4)pkaygi;f av,mwdu
k af yG; (0g) uGeAf sL;wdu
k af yG;/ &rnzeef@ &rvwwd@k . wdu
k af yG;vrf;pdik f
(buy)eef@ (&uy) &d@k . wkud af yG;vrf;pOf?

awmf v S e f & D ; tif t m;oH k ; ck

(1) tvkyo f rm;t+cDct H m;?
(2) avorm;eef@ "eo#iaf ygupf t"dutm;?
(3) rsK;d csKd ufajycsKd uf "eo#itf &Htm;/ AD,ufemrfeef@ w&kwaf wmfveS &f ;D wd?

3// (i) igh&dkU\t"du&efolrSm ArmaeacsUNzdKufaw//

&ckid v
f rl t
_ azG@tap;wGif ywdyuQ?
Armaeacs@eef@ &ckid w
f rsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH . ywdyuQa& t"duywdyuQ+zKd uaf w// Armaeacs@a&
t"du&efo+l zdKufaw//

3// (C) vuf e uf u d k i f awmf v S e f & D ; &m vG w f v yf & D ; twG u f tqH k ; tjzwf N zd K uf a w/
Oya'wGif; wdkufayG;um; tNcDteD taxmufyHhudk&myD;Edkifvdrfhr,f//
Armaeacs@u ol@pu
kd t
f iftm;/ Edik if &H ;D tiftm;eef@ &ckid Ef ikd if &H ;D tiftm;wGi;f rm &ckid t
f csKyf
tcsmtm%mudk usL;ausmo f rd ;f ydu
k xf m;pGmudk ig&h @kd omrmefawmif;qdv
k @kd r&// &cdik pf u
kd t
f iftm;
&ckid Ef ikd if &H ;D tiftm;eef@ awmfveS w f ukd cf u
kd &f zd@k +zdKufaw//

trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;\ vufeufoHk;yg;/
(1) pif=u,freG jf rwfaw trsKd ;om;pdw"f gwv f ufeuf?
(2) awmfveS rf eS uf efa& oabmw&m;vufeuf?
(3) acwfrpD u
kd v
f ufeuf?
awmfveS &f ;D . t+cDcpH cef;?
trsL'd om;pdu k "f gwf vlrsKd ;&D;pdw"f gw/f oabmw&m;qdpk mG a& vl@toH;k cHyapP;&m+zKd ufaw?
tvky. f vrf;nGe@f &m+zdKufaw// pdu k .f w&m;a& ajymif;av;eDa& wd;k wufeaD &// t+cDteDeef@
pdu
k .
f vuQ%mudk xl;jcm;a&t+cDteDeef@ xl;jcm;a&vuQ%m//

115
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )

3/ (i) t*kaeacsUeefU ya'o&mZfqefUusif&D;pdkufudk ajywGif;pdkuf? ajyolpdkufvdkU rcH

,l & ? trsKd ; om;pd w f v d k U &mcH , l & a&/
ajywGi;f pdu
k f (Civil War)/ ajyolpu
kd f (People War) trsKd ;om;pdu
k f (National War)
(C) ig&h @kd . r[mAsL[mrSm trsKd ;om; awmfveS &f ;D +zdKufaw//
(i) ae;AsL[mrSm trsKd ;om; nDnw G &f ;D +zdKufaw//
awmfveS rf eS u f efa& r[mAsL[meef@ ae;AsL[m
t"duywdyuQtwdik ;f r[mAsL[m+zdKufay:vma&/ yHpk w H d (w&kwaf wmfveS &f ;D &ckid af wmf
vSe&f ;D )



116
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

tcef ; (8)
vk y f i ef ; yd k i f ;

csd K uf a w&J a bmf t aygif ; &d k U

ig&h @kd a&&cdik af wmfveS &f ;D ordik ;f . t+zKd ufrsKd ;pHw k d 0HomEkacwf E_u d af cwf. xl;jcm;csuw f d Arm/
&ckid af bmifa&mxD;G vmjcif;a=umifh ihg&@kd txdemcsuw f d pa&pGmwdukd a0zefowWKcs+yD;au aqG;ED;G c,m
+zdKufaw// tqH;k rm aumufpu kd cf suu f akd v; wifjyc,m+zdKufaw// a'tcsut f vufwad & ig&h @kd .twdG
t}uHK/ ig&h @kd tawG;tac:/ ihg&@kd .A[kow k &cdik of rdik ;f &ky.f &ky0f wWK t+zdKuftEdu k w f u
d kd aygi;f pyfE;DS aESm+yD;
au wifjyaqG;ED;G jcif;/ aumufpu kd cf sjcif;+zdKufonf// a'tcsut f vufwad & ig&h @kd .trsKd ;om; awmfveS f
&D;umvrm aumif;aumif;xda&mufz@kd tcsut f vufwyd if +zdKufvrd rhf ,f// ig&h @kd .yxrpcef;qifh trsKd ;
om;awmfveS &f ;D twGuf udik af pG;&zd@k cH,cl suw f yd if+zdKufz@kd ,lq&a&//

csd K uf a w&J a bmf t aygif ; &d k U

ig&h @kd a& oabmw&m; oufoufeef@ pcef;vm;au t+rKH +zKd uef v D rd rfh nf/ vufw@Gd oufoufeef@
pcef;vm;au tuef;+zdKufev D rd af r// ,if;eef@Zk oabmw&m;eef@ vufw@Gd aygi;f pyfr&S m atmifayG;t
a&muf wdu k cf u kd cf sw
D ufEikd zf @kd +zKd ufaw// tvkyv f yk &f mwdik ;f rm pDru
H ed ;f cs+y;D au ae;aumif;vrf;aumif;udk
udik af wG+yD;au wm0efcsv@kd vkyaf qmifr&S m ,if;tvkyaf & vkyif ef;w&yf+zdKufaw// atmifayG;twGuf
ajyh0a&/ aumif;jrwfaw tvkyt f aqmifwck+zdKufaw//

117
 pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )

yxrtcsuf?
ig&h @kd rm awmfveS &f ;D wck. awG;ac:ajrmfjrif&;D w&m;/ awmfveS &f ;D wck. oabmw&m;/ cH,cl su/f
&yfawcsu/f ,Hak =uhcsu/f OD;awcsu/f a&a&Gcsu&f @kd cdik cf ikd af ESmif;aESmif; [dz@kd v@kd a&//

'k w d , tcsuf?
r[mAsL[m jywfom;awhrwfz@kd v@kd a&// ae;AsL[mudk yg;eyfusiv
f nfpmG / odrahf rG@eufae;pGm/
ae;rSef vrf;rSef oH;k wwfz@kd vadk &//

wwd,tcsuf?
a'umvrm rsKd ;csKd ut f iftm;pktoD;oD;/ woD;y*~v ~ toD;oD;&d@k ukd ap;&H;k Edik zf @kd aumif;aumif;
t&D;}uD;a&// oHr%da&;abmfwu d pkd ak p;+yD;au trmcHt+rHKawygwD awaqmufz@kd vadk &// a,+yD;au
wqifh au'gygwD (0g)ap;&H;k &D;ygwD awaqmufz@kd vakd &// ap;&H;k &D;a& awmfveS &f ;D . t"du0if&;kd +zdKufaw
twdik ;f ap;&Hk &D; vkyaf wtcg r[mAsL[mqdpk mG udk awhrufpmG jywfom;pGm csrw S x
f m;+y;D au ae;AsL[mudk
txl;u|r;f usif vdrmR yd&pd mG eef@ ae;rSev f rf;rSef oH;k wwfz@kd v@kd a&// r[mAsL[mwck atmifjrifz@kd twGuf
ae;AsL[m axmifaomif;ruvdak &// ihg&@kd ckid w f rsKd ;om;vH;k udk ap;&H;k a&tcgrm pD;pD;pdu k pf u kd v
f yk zf @kd vakd &/
1// tvkyo f rm;/ avorm;/ "eo#iaf ygupf / rsKd ;csKd ufajycsKd uf"eo#i/f a'vlwef;pm;av;&yfukd
yxrpcef;qifh trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D umvrm nDnw G &f ;D wyfaygi;f pkEikd zf @kd twGuf ap;&H;k a& t"duvuf
euf+zdKufaw//

pwkwW
wtcsuf
Wt csuf?
awmfvSef&D;w&yfrSm armif;ESif&D;tiftm; oHk;&yf[da&/
(1) Edik if &H ;D tiftm;
(2) pD;yGm;&D;tiftm;
(3) ,di_ af us;r_ tiftm;&d@k yif+zdKufaw//
,if;a=umifh trsKd ;om;awmfveS &f ;D r[mAsL[meef@tnD pD;yGm;&D;pku d pf +zdKufaw av,m+rDjyKk
jyifajymif;av;&D;udk awG;+yD;au vkyfaqmifzdk@vdka&ae;wl EdkifiHjcm;,dkifaus;r_udk qef@usif+yD;au
trsKd ;om;,dik af us;r_ jyKjyif ajymif;av;&D;udvk ahd wG;vd@k vkyaf qmifz@kd vakd &//

118
 Zmvkyu
f wfz@kd av;

yOPrtcsuf
r tcsuf//
//
trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;udk qifaEG;zdkUtwGuf
1? pif=u,freG jf rwfaw trsKd ;om;pdw"f gwf ajy0h vmatmif }uKd ;pm;uwf&zk@d &ckid o f rdik ;f t&yf&yf
urBmo h rdik ;f / Ekid if wH umordik ;f twWKywWu d kd zwf&v _ v hd mzd@k vv
kd rd rhf ,f//
2?awmfveS rf eS u f efa& oabmw&m;eef@ ajyh0a&pdw"f gwf +zdKufvmatmif }udK;pm;uwf&zd@k //
Ekid if &H ;D ody/H` Ekid if &H ;D azG@ap;yH/k Oya'ynm/ 'oeduynm/ abmuaA'ynm/ vlr&_ ;D ody'Hpa& bmom&yfwd
udak v;aumif;/ awmfveS &f ;D ordik ;f wduakd v;aumif; zwf&v _ v hd mzd@k vt kd yfvrd af r? ud, k Ehf idk if .
H &kyb f 0eef@
qDav#mu f u kd n f aD tmif usio hf ;kH uwfz@kd vdt
k yfvrd ,
R /f /
3? pdu k yf nm u|r;f usiv f matmif }uKd ;pm;uwf&zd@k / ud, k cf E<mynm trsKd ;rsK;d udw k wfu|r;f &zd@k /
4? wd;k wufaw oabmw&m;&D;tiftm;eef@ ZGx J ufoefpmG vufw@Gd vyk af qmifjcif;/
tiftm;ESpcf u k kd aumif; aumif; rGerf eG f aygi;f pyfwwfz@kd vakd &//
5// opPmw&m;}uD; oH;k yg;udk eufae;pGm usio hf ;kH vkyaf qmifz@kd vakd &//
(u) &ckid t f rsKd ;om;tay:rSm xm;tyfawopPmw&m;/
(c) &ckid w f ikd ;f ajytay:rSm xm;tyfaw opPmw&m;/
(*) &ckid af jy vGwv f yf&;D wyfrawmftay:rSm xm;tyfaw opPmw&m; aoH;k yg;udk OD;xdyx f m;
+yD;au usio hf ;kH vkyaf qmifz@kd vvkd ma&//

6// ud, k /f E_w/f ESv;kH oH;k yg;vH;k rGeaf &aumif;jrwfatmif owd0&d , d eef@ xde;f ausmif;zd@k vv
kd ma&/
tz&ckid af jy Edik if eH ef@ trsKd ;om;vGwv f yf&ar// nDnw G rf j_ zifh atmifayG;od@k

pHausmfxeG ;f (r[m0dZmÆ )
(&aohawmifNrKdUae/ &Dacsmif;&Gm? xm;blawmifuGif; pcef;weD&mrm 21? 1? 69 edefU
18? 29 em&DtcsdefwGif &DG;om;ca&)

119