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Metamaterial Characterization by Applying Different Boundary Conditions On Triangular Split Ring Resonator Type Metamaterials
Metamaterial Characterization by Applying Different Boundary Conditions On Triangular Split Ring Resonator Type Metamaterials
DOI: 10.1002/jnm.2188
RESEARCH ARTICLE
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Iskenderun Technical University, Abstract
Iskenderun, Hatay, 31200, Turkey This study aims to demonstrate the effects of the different boundary conditions on
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics triangular split ring resonator (TSRR)‐shaped metamaterials in X band frequency
Engineering, Kilis 7 Aralık University, Kilis 79000, regime. Three different TSSR‐shaped metamaterials are designed and simulated in
Turkey
3
a certain frequency range. TSSR‐shaped metamaterials are utilized to show that
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Middle East Technical University ‐
the use of different boundary conditions may result in completely different electro-
Northern Cyprus Campus, Kalkanli, Guzelyurt, magnetic responses. Characterization is explained by applying 5 different boundary
99738, TRNC/Mersin 10, Turkey conditions. To verify simulation results, an experimental study is realized for the
Correspondence unit cell boundary condition. Both experimental and simulation results are comply-
Cumali Sabah, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical
ing with each other. For further investigation, electrical energy density and surface
University ‐ Northern Cyprus Campus, Kalkanli, current distributions are simulated and discussed.
Guzelyurt, 99738, TRNC/Mersin 10, Turkey
Email: sabah@metu.edu.tr
KE YWO RD S
Int J Numer Model. 2017;30:e2188. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jnm Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1 of 8
https://doi.org/10.1002/jnm.2188
2 of 8 BAKIR ET AL.
There are some studies that are studied by different scien- triangle rings as expected by Faraday’s law.19 Input and output
tists11–15 related with triangular shaped MTMs. In this study, ports of the simulation setup are located perpendicular to the
3 different triangular split ring resonator (TSSR)‐shaped direction of incident propagation vector k. TSSR‐shaped
MTMs are proposed. These MTMs are studied under 5 differ- MTMs and simulation setup are given in Figure 1, and the
ent boundary conditions. Furthermore, effective material applied boundary conditions are summarized in Table 1.
parameters that are retrieved by using S parameters according As shown in Table 1, 5 different boundary conditions are
to Nicolson‐Ross‐Weir Method are presented in this study. applied to 3 different MTM structures to show and discuss
Importance of effective material parameters and the applica- MTM characteristics of TSRR shaped structures. Different
tion of different boundaries are demonstrated in the rest of wave incidence directions are applied in the boundary condi-
the paper. tion 4 and boundary condition 5. Each configuration of cas-
caded TSRR structures is assumed to be placed in different
mediums that have different electric and magnetic properties.
2 | NU M E R ICA L DE S I GN A ND A NA LYSI S
To retrieve the material parameters, Nicolson‐Ross‐Weir
method is used. Nicholson and Ross realized a measurement
In this study, 3 different designs are realized to characterize
by using a configuration that is given in Figure 2 to retrieve
TSRR shaped MTMs. These designs together with the bound-
complex μ and ε.16,17
ary applications and excitations are illustrated in Figure 1.
The μ = μ0μr is the magnetic permeability, ε = ε0εr is the
First design is composed of 2 TSRRs as given in Figure 1A;
the second design is similar to the first one but the placement dielectric permittivity, d is the thickness, and Z ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
of TSSR shapes is different in the unit cell; split width is also μr =εr Z 0 is defined as impedance here. If thickness d is
chosen as 2 mm in this design, which is given in Figure 1B; assumeed to be infinite, the reflection coefficient of the
the third design is composed of 2 units where every unit has marked region can be defined as in equation 1.16,17
3 nested TSRRs, which can be seen in Figure 1C. Roger
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
RT5870 material having a thickness of 1 mm, with a relative Z−Z 0 μr =εr −1
permittivity of 2.33 and loss tangent of 0.0005 is used as a Γ¼ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi (1)
Z þ Z0 μr =εr þ 1
substrate in all our designs. TSRRs are made of copper with
a conductivity of 5:8×107 S=m and thickness of 35 μm. Width
of the substrate is 11.43 mm, while the length is 19 mm. Cop- Impedance value for a layer that has an infinite d thick-
per inclusions’ width is 1 mm; the gap between copper inclu- ness between A and B sides can be calculated by using S11
sions and substrate is again 1 mm; split width is chosen as ve S21 coefficients as defined in Equations 2 to 5.16,17
1 mm in the first and third designs. These dimensions are par-
TABLE 1 Applied boundary conditions for the characterization of TSRR
ticularly chosen to work in X band; the operation frequency is shaped MTMs
placed between 8.2 and 12.4 GHz. MTM unit cells are
Boundary Number X Y Z
designed and numerically analyzed with a commercial EM
1 PEC PEC Open add space
simulation solver software based on finite integration tech-
2 PMC PEC Open add space
nique. The CST Microwave Studio (MWS) boundary setup
3 PMC PMC Open add space
is described in Figure 1; this array of TSSR‐shaped MTMs
4 Unit cell Unit cell Open add space
is excited by a linearly polarized incident electromagnetic
5 Unit cell Unit cell Open add space
plane wave that is parallel to the arms of TSSR‐shaped mate-
rials. By this way, surface currents are induced along the Abbreviations: PEC, perfect electric; PMC, perfect magnetic conductor.
FIGURE 1 Proposed triangular split ring resonator (TSRR)‐shaped metamaterials (MTMs): (a) first TSSR‐shaped MTM, (b) second TSSR‐shaped MTM, and
(c) third TSSR‐shaped MTM
BAKIR ET AL. 3 of 8
3 | S I M U L AT IO N S FO R
CH A RAC TER I ZAT IO N
FIGURE 4 (a) Surface current distributions, (b) electrical energy densities of the proposed triangular split ring resonator‐shaped metamaterials at the resonance
frequencies of GHz
and refractive index(Figure 5C) values for the proposed on the imaging effects of the PEC and PMC boundaries. It
TSSR‐shaped MTMs show sharp edges at the transmission is well known that the image of a current element flowing
resonance frequencies. perpendicular to the PEC boundary is caused by imaging
effects. Because of imaging effects, simulated unit cell shows
unique properties, which is shown in Figure 6.
3.2 | Application of PEC/PMC Boundary Condition Resonance frequencies of the TSSR‐shaped MTMs are
In this section, as PEC boundary condition is applied at the found as 11.5, 9.75 , and 11.5 GHz, respectively. Transmis-
upper and lower walls of the TSSR‐shaped MTM unit cell sion coefficients show different characteristics because of
that is perpendicular to the incident E vector, PMC boundary induced magnetic fields on triangular split rings resonator.
is applied to the back and front walls of the TSSR‐shaped Because third TSSR‐shaped MTM have nested triangular
MTMs that is perpendicular to the incident H vector. This shapes, the induced magnetic fields decrease on resonators,
boundary condition can be defined in CST Microwave Studio which results with a single resonance. To clarify the transmis-
as Electric (Et = 0) and magnetic (Ht = 0). By this setup, infi- sion characteristics of the proposed TSSR‐shaped MTMs,
nitely large periodic array can be simulated, which is based numerical simulation for surface current densities in a given
BAKIR ET AL. 5 of 8
FIGURE 7 Triangular split ring resonator‐shaped metamaterial’s surface current and electrical energy densities at the transmission resonance frequencies
FIGURE 9 Reflection and transmission coefficient of triangular split ring resonator (TSSR)‐shaped metamaterials under unit cell boundary: (a) numerical
setup and reflection coefficient; (b) transmission coefficient, effects of distance on reflection, and transmission for the third TSSR‐shaped metamaterial;
(c) reflection, and (d) transmission
BAKIR ET AL. 7 of 8
3.5 | Application of Unit Cell Boundary Conditions for the reflection characteristics of TSSR‐shaped MTMs in unit
Different Wave Incidence cell boundary for a given setup, Figure 11D‐F show transmis-
sion characteristics. Distinct magnetic resonances and differ-
In this section, TSSR‐shaped MTMs are verified experimen- ent filter characteristics are displayed for the proposed
tally by using different wave incidence. In this situation, structures when it is compared with the other boundary con-
resonators are placed in z‐axis, and wave is applied through ditions. Simulation and experimental results for reflection
z‐axis. For unit cell boundary, proposed MTM structures and transmission parameters are complying with each other;
are periodically repeated in along the x‐axis and y‐axis. the small difference is caused by the calibration error and
Resulting effective MTM simulation and experiment setup testing environment.
together with experimental setup are given in Figure 10. Reflection coefficients of the first and second proposed
Simulation and experimental results for unit cell bound- TSSR‐shaped designs are similar, and no resonance occurred
ary are presented in Figure 11. While Figure 11A‐C show in the given frequency band. However, the third TSSR‐shaped
FIGURE 10 Application of unit cell boundary conditions to cascaded triangular split ring resonator‐shaped metamaterials for (a) simulation setup, (b) one of
the produced samples, and (c) experimental setup
FIGURE 11 Simulation and experimental measurement of proposed triangular split ring resonator‐shaped metamaterials. Reflection coefficient of (a) first, (b)
second, and (c) third designs. Transmission coefficient of the (d) first, (e) second, and (f) third designs
8 of 8 BAKIR ET AL.
MTM shows a resonance at the end of X band. Transmission 7. Maci S. A cloaking metamaterial based on an inhomogeneous linear field
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