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Impact of Switching-Induced Electromagnetic Interference On Low Voltage Cable PDF
Impact of Switching-Induced Electromagnetic Interference On Low Voltage Cable PDF
Abstract—The electromagnetic environment within a substa- through the parasitic inductance and capacitance in the circuit.
tion is very complex. Substations represent an intricate intercon- Therefore, the noise induced by main power devices and their
nected collection of devices that serve as electromagnetic wave related circuits become main EMI sources. As mentioned previ-
emitters and receptors. Transient electromagnetic emissions—
electromagnetic interference (EMI)—are generated during the ously, some high-power supplies, for instance, circuit breakers
switching of disconnector and circuit breakers (CBs) that may (CBs), disconnectors, transformers, and bus bars, etc., in a sub-
cause malfunction or damage to electronic equipment positioned station may also cause strong electromagnetic radiation. Con-
nearby if appropriate immunity measures are not taken. The inter- sequently, the switching operations of CBs and disconnectors
ference may couple significant energy through common-mode cur- at the secondary side of substations give rise to EMI because
rents to cable protection. Electromagnetic compatibility is mostly
achieved by addressing the EMI victim through techniques in the they generate abrupt voltage collapses ∆U across the contacts of
secondary environment, such as shielding and filtering. This pa- the equipment. The electromagnetic disturbance is coupled, and
per presents the finite-element method analysis of three methods: then induced to the secondary side. Because of the power level at
metallic channel, braided cable, and additional cable, used for EMI the primary and secondary sides, overvoltages and overcurrents
mitigation on low-voltage cables of 20 kV side in a 63-kV/20-kV occur, giving rise to malfunction or damage to the secondary-
substation due to switching effects of disconnector and CBs. In
each method, overvoltage is considered and the results are com- side equipment.
pared with each other. A simple circuit analysis was also carried This problem becomes more obvious after the replacement of
out on the causes of switching based on EMI to provide some insight electromechanic control devices with electronics ones [1], as has
into the interference mechanism during switching process, using been occurring over the last three decade. An initial investigation
common-mode and differential-mode equivalent circuits. The over- has been carried out for substations above 100 kV [2]. The same
voltage reductions are attained through differential-mode current
and shielding methods. problems of overvoltages and overcurrents due to EMI have been
reported in medium-voltage substations. As such, EMC studies
Index Terms—Cable, common mode (CM), differential mode have been considered in medium-voltage substations [2]–[4].
(DM), electromagnetic interference (EMI), substation, switching.
The amplitude of the voltage and current are increased during
I. INTRODUCTION the switching operation, and high-frequency components are
spread. This illustrates the importance of EMC studies about
S FAR as the fundamentals of electromagnetic compat-
A ibility (EMC) are concerned, there is no significant dif-
ferences between communication systems and power devices.
switching operations. EMC studies for switching operations
have two advantages: EMI prevention for sensitive elements
and system security [5].
However, from an application point of view, the electromagnetic
To achieve the aforementioned goals, shielding, filtering,
interference (EMI) problem in power devices has its own fea-
and grounding methods can be established [6]–[9]. EMI analy-
tures. EMI problems can manifest themselves as errors or fail-
sis [10] can help designers to choose the best method. Among ex-
ures after the equipment has entered service. Other hardware or
isting methods, reducing common-mode currents in low-voltage
software problems may be suspected initially, but the problems
cables by generation of a differential-mode current or by shield-
will recur until they are properly diagnosed and solved. Con-
ing are considered, which are used in potential transformer (PT),
sidering EMI, the switching frequency in an electrical system
current transformer (CT), and control cables.
is much lower than in a communication system, but with much
This paper presents a finite-element method (FEM) analysis
higher operation voltage, current, and power. The main devices
of three methods: metallic channel, braided cable, and addi-
in the system will generate very high current and voltage slew
tional cable, used for EMI mitigation on low-voltage cables
rates, di/dt, and dv/dt during their switching transient process,
of 20 kV side in a 63-kV/20-kV substation due to switching
which will cause very strong transient noise voltage and current
effects of disconnector and CBs. The simulations are based
on the edge element method and the magnetic vector potential
Manuscript received November 13, 2008; revised May 7, 2009. First
published September 4, 2009; current version published November 18, 2009.
method [11]–[13]. The former method constitutes the theoret-
H. Heydari is with the Center of Excellence for Power System Automation ical foundation of low-frequency electromagnetic field (EMF)
and Operation, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, element. The appendix provides more detailed explanation and
Iran (e-mail: heydari@iust.ac.ir).
V. Abbasi and F. Faghihi are with the High Voltage and Magnetic Material
corresponding mathematical relationships.
Research Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Sci- In each method, overvoltage is considered and the results are
ence and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran (e-mail: abbasi@ee.iust.ac.ir; compared with each other. A simple circuit analysis was also
faghihi@ee.iust.ac.ir).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
carried out on the causes of switching-based EMI to provide
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. some insight into the interference mechanism during switch-
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEMC.2009.2028236 ing process, using common mode (CM) and differential mode
0018-9375/$26.00 © 2009 IEEE
938 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 51, NO. 4, NOVEMBER 2009
(DM) equivalent circuits. The overvoltage reductions are at- Fig. 2. EMC in a medium-voltage cubicle. CB: circuit breaker; T U : voltage
tained through DM current and shielding methods. transformer; T i : CT; W : secondary wiring; and T , L: inductive load.
Fig. 8. CM equivalent circuit for the voltage measurement system. Fig. 11. DM equivalent circuit for the voltage measurement system.
Fig. 9. Ratio of CM overvoltage to rated voltage of circuit. Fig. 12. Effect of DM on overvoltage reduction.
Fig. 14. Flux density (B y ) due to the CM current of the braided cable.
Fig. 15. Flux density due to the conductors around the braided cable.
Fig. 18. Reduction of the total leakage flux density (T ) in a metal channel.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Prof. Mohsseni from the Hossein Heydari (M’09) received the B.Sc. degree
University of Tehran for his critical and extensive comments in electrical engineering and the M.Sc. degree in
power electronics from Loughborough University,
that led to a transparent and a useful representation of this paper. Leicestershire, U.K., in 1985 and 1987, respectively,
and the Ph.D. degree in transformer core losses from
the University of Wales, Wales, U.K., in 1993.
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[10] M. A. Hernandez-Lopez and M. Quintillan-Gonzalez, “A finite element degree in communication engineering from Imam
method code to analyses waveguide dispersion,” J. Electromagn. Waves Hossein University, Tehran, in 2002. He is currently
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[11] P. W. Gross and P. R. Kotiuga, “Data structures for geometric and topo- transformer optimization at the Iran University of
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pade approximation for scattering analysis application to radiated electro- superconductors.