ALEL DAN GEN GANDA

MonoHibrid pada Hewan:

Warna Rambut Hitam: (gen A):
AA (hitam) x aa (albino) However, it is possible to have several
different allele possibilities for one gene.

Aa (Hitam) Multiple alleles is when there are more than two

allele possibilities for a gene.

Gen A:
1 Kali mutasi : -- >alel a
Gen Ganda:
Bbrp kali mutasi---) bbrp alel: a1,a2,a3, dst
• About 30% of the genes in humans are di-allelic, that is they exist in
two forms, (they have two alleles)
• About 70% are mono-allelic, they only exist in one form and they
show no variation
• A very few are poly-allelic having more than two forms

• This is a controlled by a tri-allelic gene

• It can generate 6 genotypes

The ABO • The alleles control the production of antigens on the surface of
the red blood cells
blood system • Two of the alleles are codominant to one another and both are
dominant over the third

• Allele IA produces antigen A

• Allele IB produces antigen B
• Allele i produces no antigen
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
 ALEL GAN DA
Pengertian:
Gen (virgin) kalau bermutasi membentuk Alel ( A -- a)
Banyak Gen mengalami mutasi berulang-ulang, menimbulkan
banyak macam alel (lebih dari 2, disebut alel Ganda)

ontoh: Gen pigmentasi bulu kelinci (Gen C, pigmentasi hitam),

memiliki 3 alel:
. c : albino (tak ada pigmentasi)
. cch: pigmentasi terang, bulu pigmentasi gelap pada ujung
(Chinchilla)
. ch: pigmentasi bagian ujung-ujung tubuh, bagian lain putih
(H= himalaya)
Urutan dominasi alel : C>cch>ch>c
Certain types of rabbits…
…can either be brown, white, have a chinchilla pattern, or
have a himalayan pattern
C causes fully brown coat
cc causes albino (white)
cch causes a chinchilla pattern
ch causes a Himalayan pattern
The alleles are arranged in the following pattern
 C > cch > ch > c

Full color rabbit – alleles

• Himalayan rabbit – color are dominant to all
in certain parts of the others; CC, Ccch, Cch,
body; dominant only to or Cc
c; chc or chch Chinchilla rabbit – partial
• Albino rabbit – no color defect in pigmentation
– allele is recessive to all
other alleles; cc cch allele dominant to all
other alleles except C;
cchch, cchcch, or cchc
Kelinci Gelap: Kelinci lebih terang; Chinchila:

CC, Cc, Ccch, Cch cch cchh; cch, ch; ccchc

Kelinci Albino:
Kelinci Himalaya:
cc
c h ch; ch,c

P; Cch Cch X Ch Ch P ; CC x Cch Cch

F1: Cch Ch X Cch Ch F1 : C Cch xcc

F2: Cch Cch F2: Cc

Cch Ch Cch c

Cch Ch
Ch Ch
Multiple alleles
Each gene locus can have more than 2 alleles.
An allele may be dominant to some alleles but recessive to
others.
This situation produces more than 2 different phenotypes.
Each individual has 2 alleles present in their cells at any one
time.
BB or Bb or
Bbl

bb or bbl

blbl
In this case both A and B are dominant to O (recessive).
A and B are codominant (both expressed)
So... there are four human blood types
AA, AO A blood type
BB ,BO B blood type
AB AB blood type
or
OO O blood type
Genotypes Phenotypes (Blood
types)
IA IA A
IA IB AB
IA i A
IB IB B
IB i B
ii O
Sistem Golongan Darah A-B-O. (K. Landsteiner, 1868 –
1943)
Gen Asli I (Isoagglutinogen), :
1. Alelnya : Ia, Ib, I
2. Urutan dominan: Ia = Ib >i
Golongan Genotip Contoh: Gol A x Gol B
(Fenotip)
(Ia Ia; Ia I) x ( Ib Ib; Ib I)
A Ia Ia atau Ia i
1. Ia Ia x Ib Ib  AB

B Ib Ib; atau Ib i 2. Ia Ia x Ib I  AB; A

3. Ia I x Ib I  AB; B
AB Ia Ib
4. Ia I x Ib I  AB; A, B, O
O ii
 Crossing Over dan
Rekombinan
• Sometimes in meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange parts in a
process called crossing-over.
• New combinations are obtained, called the crossover products.
 Structure of Chromosomes
– Homologous chromosomes are identical pairs of
chromosomes.
– One inherited from mother and one from father
– made up of sister chromatids joined at the centromere.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display

 Crossing Over Basics
• Occurs at One or More Points Along
Adjacent Homologues
• Points contact each other
• DNA is Exchanged
• Menaikkan var.Genetik

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/cross3.jpg

21 Apr 2002 11
Recombination During Meiosis

Recombinant gametes
 Coat-color Eye-color
genes genes

• How crossing over Tetrad

(homologous pair of
chromosomes in synapsis)

leads to genetic 1 Breakage of homologous chromatids

recombination
• Nonsister 2 Joining of homologous chromatids

chromatids break Chiasma

in two at the same 3

Separation of homologous
chromosomes at anaphase I
spot
• The 2 broken
chromatids join 4
Separation of chromatids at
anaphase II and completion of meiosis

together in a new Parental type of chromosome

Recombinant chromosome

way Recombinant chromosome

Parental type of chromosome
Figure 8.18B Gametes of four genetic types
 Coat-color Eye-color
genes genes

• A segment of one Tetrad

(homologous pair of

chromatid has chromosomes in synapsis)

1 Breakage of homologous chromatids

changed places with
the equivalent
segment of its 2 Joining of homologous chromatids

nonsister homologue Chiasma

• If there were no
Separation of homologous
3
chromosomes at anaphase I

crossing over meiosis

could only produce 2 Separation of chromatids at
4
anaphase II and completion of meiosis
types of gametes Parental type of chromosome

Recombinant chromosome

Recombinant chromosome
Parental type of chromosome
Figure 8.18B Gametes of four genetic types
 TEORI PELUANG:
The Principles of Probability
• The Principles of probability can be used to predict the
outcomes of genetic crosses
• Alleles segregate by complete randomness
• Similar to a coin flip!

2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC

 Genetics & Probability
• Mendel’s laws:
– segregation
– independent assortment
reflect same laws of probability
that apply to tossing coins or
rolling dice

2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC

 Probability & genetics
• Calculating probability of
B
making a specific gamete is
BB 100%
just like calculating the
probability in flipping a coin B
– probability of tossing heads?
– probability making a B gamete?
B
Bb 50%
b

2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC

 Determining probability
• Number of times the event is expected
Number of times it could have happened

• Probabilitas pedet lahir jantan dari 10 kelahiran ?. Sex

rasio 5:5 The probability is 5:10.

• Or you can express it as a fraction: 5/10. Since it's a

fraction, why not reduce it? The probability that you will
pick an odd number is 1/2.

• Probability can also be expressed as a

percent...1/2=50% Or as a decimal...1/2=50%=.5

2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC

 GENETIKA: PERAMALAN KETURUNAN
DENGAN HUKUM PELUANG
Prinsip dasar: Pemindahan gen dari orang tua kpd keturunannya
Berkumpulnya kembali gen-gen dalam sigot

Aa X Aa
Kakek
(Aa)

Org tua: JTN Org tua: F1

(a) BTN: A mis Peluang
Anak: Aa Konsepmuncul aa?
Peluang
Analogi pemindahan satu gen (A/a) dari sepasang Gen (Aa) =
pelemparan mata uang yang memiliki dua sisi:
-Gambar 2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
 Calculating probability
Pp x Pp sperm egg offspring

P P PP
1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
male / sperm
P p P p Pp
1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
p P +
P PP Pp
female / eggs

1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4

1/2
p Pp pp p p pp
1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
 Rule of multiplication
• Chance that 2 or more independent events will occur
together
– probability that 2 coins tossed at the same time will
land heads up
P
1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
– probability of Pp x Pp  pp
Pp
1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4 p

2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC

 Use rule of multiplication to predict crosses
Calculating probability in crosses

YyRr x YyRr

Yy x Yy yyrr Rr x Rr

?%
1/16
yy rr
1/4 2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
x 1/4
Apply the Rule of Multiplication
AABbccDdEEFf x AaBbccDdeeFf

AabbccDdEeFF

AA x Aa  Aa 1/2
Got it?
Bb x Bb  bb 1/4
Try this! cc x cc  cc 1
Dd x Dd  Dd 1/2
EE x ee  Ee 1
 Dr.FF
Ff2013x KulFfGenetik GTC 1/4 1/64
 Rule of addition
• Chance that an event can occur
2 or more different ways
– sum of the separate probabilities
– probability of Bb x Bb  Bb
sperm egg offspring
B b Bb 1/4
1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
+ 1/4
b B Bb
1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4 1/2
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
DASAR TEORI PELUANG

I. Terjadinga sesuatu yang diinginkan = sesuatu yang diinginkan

--------------------------------
keseluruhan kejadian

P (X) = X/(X+Y)
Contoh : P (gambar) = 1/ 1+1 = ½ = 50 %

P (lahir anak jantan) = lahir jantan/ (lahir JTN + BTN )

II. Peluang terjadinya 2 persitiwa /lebih = ½ masing-masing
yang = 50 %. berdiri
sendiri

P. (X,Y) = P (X) x P (Y)

contoh: Peluang dua anak pertama laki-laki

P (Kl, LK) = (1/2) x ( ½) = ¼.
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
Aplikasi dalam pewarisan
sifat Butawarna : gen resesif c
X –linked.
Contoh: Gen resesif a (Albino)
P: Cc x C-
P: Aa x Aa
normal
normal normal
normal

F1 : CC: F,
Normal
F1. AA : Normal
Aa : Normal Cc: F,
Aa ; Normal Normal
aa : albino (1/4)
C- : M,
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
Normal
Peluang anak laki-laki albino
 III. Peluang Terjadinya dua persitiwa /lebih yang saling mempengaruhi

P ( X atau Y) = P (x) + P (Y)

Contoh Pelempran dua mata uang bersama

Peluang muncul dua gambar atau 2 huruf = ¼ + ¼ = ½.

PENGGUNAAN RUMUS BINOMIUM: (a+b)2
‘(2G, 2 H)= ? N = 2
a, b = DUA KEJADIAN YANG TERPISAH (a2+2ab+b2)
n = banyaknya kejadian
1
2 ab = 2 (1/2) (1/2) = 1/2
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1 n=3
1 4 6 4 1

Pelemparan 3 mata uang ( n= 3) ; (a+b) 3 = a3 + 3 a2b + 3 ab2 + b3

Peluang I G , 2 H = 3 ab2 = 3 ((1/2)(1/2)2013
2
Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
= 3/8.
Penggunaan Rumus Binomium: Peluang pewarisan sifat Albino

JTN : Aa x BTN
Aa

¾ Normal
¼ Albino
Jika suatu perkawinan mempunyai 4 anak ( n = 4)
Maka
Peluang semua anak normal ?
Rumus (a+b)4 = a4+ 4 ab3+6a2b2+4ab3+b4

Peluang 4 anak normal (a4) = (3/4)4 = 81/256

2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC

Aplikasi lain teori peluang dalam genetika
Pada suatu perkawinan:

Genotip diketahui, mis : Aa Bb Cc X Aa Bb Cc

aa = 1/4
aabbCc
bb = ¼
Cc = 1/2

Peluang (aabbCc) = 1/4x1/4x1/2 = 1/32

AaBbCcDdEe X AaBbCcDdEe

AABbccDdEE ? = 1/2x1/2x1/4x1/2x1/4 = 1/256

2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC

Contoh Pada dua sifat : GEN: Dominan dan Resesif
-mata Merah Dominan thd Putih (M)
-Kuliut Albino Resesif (a)
Genotip Mm Aa X mm Aa
Fenotip

Aa X Aa
A A
a a
AA F1 ???
Aa
Aa
aa = 1/4 Bagaimana Peluang Gen Sifat tsb diwariskan
Mm x mm pada anak anaknya?
M m
M=½
m m a=¼= 1/8
Mm
Mm 2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
 Penentuan Jenis Kelamin (SEKS)
The inheritance of Gender
INDUK PEJANTAN
Mother Father
XX XY
Meiosis

Sex cells X X X Y

X Y
Fertilisation X XX XY Possible
Offsprings
X XX XY

Chance of a Female 50%

Chance of a Male 50%
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
 Summary:

Males and females have different purposes

defined by their gametes

Development of sexes is dependent on:

genes
hormones
environment

Sex is flexible in some species

KASUS KESEIMBANGAN HORMONAL = SEX
Mengapa Seks Penting: Kasus Keseimbangan Hormonal,
penentuan jenis kelamin menjadi tidak sederhana
Contoh: Lahir : Jantan normal
PIG betina
Betina : ??? (alat kelm + Jantan)
Awal bunting
Testoteron
Dewasa

Injeksi hormon betina

(Progesteron + Estrogen)
Tetap tidak menunjukkan
perilaku betina normal
Injeksi hormon jantan
(Testoteron)
Perilaku jantan jelas,
fungsi seks jantan
 PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN = SEX
Crocodile Sex Determination
Incubating temperature
30oC all female
32oC all male
31oC 50% female, 50% male

http://a.abcnews.com/images/Sports/rt_thailand_
080514_ssh.jpg
 Hasil Analisis Kariotyping:
Metode:
Disusun besar- kecil
Besar,bentuk, homolog
Urutan:
Besar—kecil
Besar dan kesamaan
bentuk
Letak/bentuk acak
Jumlah dapat dihitung Manfaat : Penentuan Sex

Manfaat:
Penentuan normal-abnorma
Penentuan Jenis Kelamin (Krom. SEKS)
Dasar: Kariotyping untuk menentukan seks (X-Y Kromosom)
Manfaat: Pre-derterminasi seks (deteksi dan manipulasi seks)
RINGKASAN
1. MAMALIA : XY ------- Betina : XX
Jantan : XY
2. BELALANG : XO --------- Betina : XX
Jantan: XO/ X- (tak ada krom Y)
3. UNGGAS/
BURUNG: ZW--------- Betina ZW atau ZO
Jantan ZZ (burung) atau ZZ (Ayam)
4. LEBAH : haploid/diploid Betina : 2n : 32 buah
Jantan : n : 16 buah
Catatan : 1,2,3 dasar kromosom seks
1,3 ada perbedaan (berbalikan)
4 dasar jumlah kromosom
 R I N G K A S A N II
1. JANTAN Heterogametik:
a. Mamalia, Manusia : krom Y == JANTAN
betina : XX
Jantan : XY
b. Heminiptera (Kepik, belalang)
Betina : XX
Jantan : X0 (tak ada krom Y)

2. BETINA Heterogametik : burung, Ikan , Kupu

a. Burung : betina kromosom mirip Y spt manusia
betina : ZW : bukan penentu seks yg kuat
Jantan: ZZ
b. Spesies lain (unggas/ayam/itik) : mirip XO
Betina : ZO
Jantan : ZZ
Tipe XY: Drosophla, manusia, mamalia
Sex Drosophila Manusia
Jantan 2 XY + 6 A 2 XY + 44 A
Betina 2 XX 2 XX
Contoh : drosophila 6 autosome : bentuk sama
2 seks kromosom: bentuk beda :XX, XY

X batang lurus, Y sedikit bengkok di salah satu ujungnya

Munculnya kelainan kromosom Abnormal: non disjunction, meiosis ,
pembt sel kelamin jantan/betina pd drosophila
Normal: XX x XY

XX x XY ND Normal
XX O X Y
X X, Y

XXX XXY XO YO
XX XY
B:super B:Fertil J:Steril J:Lethal
Kelainan kromosom pada manusia: sindrom turner : wanita
sindrom klinefelter: pria
sindrom down: autosom/mongolisme
XX X XY
ND
X XY O

XXY XO

Klinefelter (47) : Turner (45)

• testis tak berkembang -ovary tak berkembang, tak menstruasi

•Mandul dll - kelj. Mammae tak berkembang baik dll.

Peran Manusia Drosophila
Krom:
X Menentukan sifat wanita Menentukan sifat betina
Menentukan kehidupan, YO
= lethal
Y Pemilik gen sifat laki-laki (asal Menentukan kesuburan (XO
ada Y = laki-laki = steril)
 Teori indeks kelamin pada drosophila: krn adanya ND
Oleh C.B. BRIDGES: faktor penentu seks
jantan pada kromosome, betina pada autosome

Indeks = Jmlh. Kromosome X = X/A

Jmlh. pasangan autosom
Contoh:
Normal BTN 3 AA XX = X/A = 2/2 = 1.0
JTN 3 AA XY = X/A = ½ = 0.5
Kesimpulan : X/A > 1 = betina super
< 1.0 – 0.5 > : interseks
< 0.5 = jantan super
 Population Genetics
• Predicting inheritance in a population
•mempelajari tingkah laku gen dalam populasi
(perubahan frekuensi gen)
•Mekanisme pewarisan sifat pada kelompok ternak
(populasi), Pada sifat kuantitatif dan kualitatif
•how often or frequent genes and/or alleles appear in the
population

Populasi: Kelompok ternak t.a. bangsa/spesies yang sama, di daerah

tertentu dimana antara anggota terjadi saling kawin satu dgn yang lain

Perlu estimasi frekuensi gen (merugikan) bagi generasi

mendatang
( Mis. Ekspresi gen-gen yang mengalami mutasi, dll)
Perbedaan Genetika Individu dan Populasi

INDIVIDU POPULASI
1.LINGKUNGAN: 1 1.banyak tempat/banyak
tempat/1 lingkungan lingkungan

2.WAKTU: terbatas satu Masa panjang, generasi ke

generasi generasi tumpang tindih.

3. GENOTIP: satu sampel Gen pool

genetik khas. Gen berubah dari generasi
Susunan gen tetap ke generasi
Tak ada variasi/ satu ukuran
Tidak terjadi evolusi
 Population Genetics
• Is simply, the study of Mendelian genetics in
populations of animals
• Basic foundation is the Hardy-Weinberg law
• Usually limited to inheritance of qualitative traits
influenced by only a small number of genes
• Important to understand why characteristics, desirable
or not, can be fixed or continue to exhibit variation in
natural populations
• Principles applied to the design of selection strategies
to increase the frequencies of desirable genes or
elimination of deleterious genes
KONSEP-KONSEP DASAR:
FREK. GEN The study of the change of allele
Frek Genotip frequencies, genotype frequencies, and
Frek. fenotip phenotype frequencies
Konsep Genetik: bahwa setiap indv. mempunyai dua lokus .untuk
setiap pasang gen
Contoh: Sifat Kualitatif (Warna kulit), dikontrol sepasang Gen R-r
Kemungkinan Genotip: RR, Rr, rr (mis sapi Short Horn)
(Fenotip: ?)
Pendekatan: :
Frek. Gen (R ) = p; alelnya ( r ) = q
Frek gen R = p = juml. Gen R/ juml. Gen (R + r)
Frek gen r = q = juml. Gen r/Jumlh gen (R + r)
SEBAB SEBAB MODIFIKASI GENETIK
Terjadinya modifikasi genetik, perubahan dalam frekuensi gen:
-Adaptasi agar dpt survive dlm pop
-Lingkungan berubah
-Terjadi evolusi

Perilaku Gen dalam Populasi: HK. Hardy Weinberg:

APAPUN JENIS GENOTIP/FREKUENSI AWAL AKAN
TERCAPAI KESEIMBANGAN DARI SATU GENERASI
KE GERASI BERIKUTNYA

Syarat Hk. H. Weinberg:

1. Tidak ada kekuatan yang mampu merubah frek.gen (mutasi,
dll)
2. Pada pop. Berlaku Hk Mendel
3. Populasi besar
4. Terjadi kawin acak
 THE HARDY WEINBERG EQUATION
Jadi terjadi keseimbangan, maka frek.gen/alel dll
dapat ditentukan dalam populasi

Mis : frek A = p, Frek a = q , maka p + q = 1

Jika terjadi perkw. Acak: Jumlah total: p2 (AA)+2pq (Aa) + q2(aa)
Gamet A a
(frek) (p) (q)

A (p) Genotip AA Aa
(frek) (p2) (pq)

a (q) Genotip Aa Aa
(frek) (pq) (q2)
 Only one of the populations below is in
genetic equilibrium. Which one?

Population sample Genotypes Gene frequencies

AA Aa aa A a
100 20 80 0 0.6 0.4
100 36 48 16 0.6 0.4
100 50 20 30 0.6 0.4
100 60 0 40 0.6 0.4

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

Contoh Perhitungan Frek . Gen/ (Kodominan):

Fenotip Merah Roan Putih

Genotip RR Rr rr

Jika diketahui dalam populasi sapi short horn:

900 (merah);
450 (Roan) Brp. Frek (RR); Frek (R) ) ?
dan 150 (putih)

F (RR)) = jml. Indv. RR/ Juml tot indv. = 900/1500 = 0.6 = 60 %

F (R ) = jml R/ Total geg

= (2x900) + (1x450) + (0 x 150)/ 2 (900+450+150)
= 0.75
Contoh : DOMINANSI PENUH:
Pada pop 100 ekor sapi FH ditemukan 1 sapi berwarna kemerahan
Brp frekuensi FH yang hitam heterosigot?

H=p
M=q ; maka frek gen HH + HM + MM = 1
Atau p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 berasal dari ( p + q = 1)
Diketahui q2 = 0.01 –maka  q = 0.1------p = 0.9
2 pq = 2 (0.1) (0.9)
= 0.18

Jadi frekuensi hitam heterosigot adalah:

0.18/ 0.99 = + 0.18 == 18 %.
 LATIHAN/ DISKUSI/HOMEWORK:

Fenotip Genotip j.indv. j.gen R J. Gen r

Merah RR 80 ???-
50 50
Roan Rr ???-

Putih rr 20 ???-
210 90
Total ???-

F(R) ) = 210/300 =
F (r ) = 90 / 300=
EXAMPLE ALBINISM IN THE INDO. BUFFALO POPULATION
Frequency of the albino phenotype = 1 in 20 000 or 0.00005

A = Normal skin pigmentation allele Frequency = p Normal allele = A = p = ?

a = Albino (no pigment) allele Frequency = q Albino allele = q =
(0.00005) = 0.007 or 7%

Phenotypes Genotypes Hardy Observed

Weinberg frequencies
frequencies

Normal AA p2
0.99995
Normal Aa 2pq

Albino aa q2 0.00005
 HOW MANY buffalo IN Indonesia/Toraja
ARE CARRIERS FOR THE ALBINO
ALLELE (Aa)?
a allele = 0.007 =q
A allele =p
But p+q =1
Therefore p = 1- q
= 1 – 0.007
= 0.993 or 99.3%
The frequency of heterozygotes (Aa) = 2pq
= 2 x 0.993 x 0.007
= 0.014 or 1.4%

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

What about multiple alleles?
• Genotype Number Number of A1
• A1A1 4 2X4
• A1A2 41 41
• A2A2 84
• A1A3 25 25
• A2A3 88
• A3A3 32
• Total 274
• f(A1) = ((2 X 4) + 41 + 25) ÷ (2 X 274)
• = (8 +41 + 25) ÷ 548
• = 74 ÷ 548
• = 0.135
 SUMMARY
• Genetic drift
All can affect the
• Mutation
transmission of genes
• Mating choice from generation to
• Migration generation
• Natural selection
Genetic Equilibrium
If none of these factors is operating then the relative
proportions of the alleles (the GENE
FREQUENCIES) will be constant

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

 Factors causing genotype frequency
changes
• Selection = variation in fitness; heritable
• Mutation = change in DNA of genes
• Migration = movement of genes across populations
• Recombination = exchange of gene segments
• Non-random Mating = mating between neighbors
rather than by chance
• Random Genetic Drift = if populations are small
enough, by chance, sampling will result in a different
allele frequency from one generation to the next.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YG MAMPU
MERUBAH KESEIMB. FREK GEN
1. MUTASI: Gen mpj sifat “dpt bermutasi”, Gen R ____> r
(frekuensi Gen r meningkat dlm pop).

Gen-gen terdapat dalam berbagai bentuk sbg alel yang berlainan

forward mutation (maju) mengurangi gen tipe liar
back mutation (surut)

Akibat : menimbulkan polymorfisma :

(banyak alel dari gen yg sama)

.2. SELEKSI: Kekuatan besar pengaruhnya terhadap frek alel

seleksi buatan
seleksi alamiah
3. iNBREEDING: Perkawinan Keluarga dan tidak
acak , ekspresi gen resesif meningkat

• Penurunan variabilitas genetik

• Peningkatan homosigotik
Manfaat : bagi para breeder
Hewan yang mempj persamaan ciri dikawinkan (inbreeding)
dihasilkan suatu strain/purebreed yang homogen
Prinsip dasar: mempertahankan gen-gen tertentu pd frekuensi tinggi,
sementara gen-gen lain dapat dihilangkan
(mengekalkan/mempertahankan sifat yang diinginkan)

AA X AA Aa X Aa aa X aa
Aa X Aa Homosigot
2/4 = 50 % AA,AA AA,Aa,Aa,aa aa, aa
AA
Aa Homosigot
Aa resesif: ¼ Homosigot : 6/8= 75, %
aa
= 25 % Homosigot resesif: 3/8 = 37.5 %
4. REPROD. SEXUAL dan rekombinasi
gen:
variabilitas meningkat dg perkw. Acak
(pilihan acak dr gen 2 parent, cenderung memprod.
Keturunan lebih bervariasi scr genetik), karena:
• Adanya pilihan acak sel benih (meiosis)
• Fenomena rekombinasi gen dalam kromosom

Adanya berbagai alel dalam pop menentukan

variabilitas populasi
5. MIGRASI: perpindahan gen( ke dalam/keluar pop)
Mis . Adanya import ternak sapi perah
(frekuensi fenotip/genotip sapi perah meningkat
dalam pop)
Migrasi penduduk (becana alam/perang) merubah frek gen
dari populasi yang asli/yang didatangi.

6. ARUS GENETIK: random genetic drift

Perubahan scr acak frek.gen dari
generasi ke generasi oleh teori PELUANG,
A a X Aa mis Aa -- peluang teoritis sama mewaris
pada keturunan , tetapi mungkin A>a,
sehingga pop kearah frek ttt.

Makin kecil populasi maka makin besar dampak arus genetik