APPENDIX A:

REFERENCING
AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 This section has been adapted from the following source: VAN DER WALT, E.J.
2006. Verwysings. Potchefstroomse Universiteit: PU vir CHO. 2nd ed.

1. THE PURPOSE OF REFERENCING AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

Why should we reference, or refer to sources, and include a bibliography in a

text? We reference and write bibliographies for the following reasons:
• To acknowledge the author who originally came up with the point of view
or facts;
• To provide proof of where we found our information so that the reader
may know that the source is authoritative and trustworthy;
• Referring to sources makes research more complete;
• To show where the writer’s ideas or facts originally came from;
• A bibliography provides information to the reader about the various
sources used in the text so that the reader himself may verify whether the
sources have been correctly interpreted or quoted.

1. STYLE OF REFERENCING
There are many different referencing styles, but for this course and on this
campus we mostly make use of the Harvard method. The Harvard method
consists of a short reference to the text which is supplemented by a complete
reference in the bibliography. For example:

In text: Smith (1977:70) remarks that…

Bibliograp SMITH, L. 1977 Crime and punishment.

hy: London: Batsford.

2. HOW TO REFER TO DIFFERENT SOURCES IN THE TEXT AND

BIBLIOGRAPHY

2.1.A BOOK WITH ONE AUTHOR

All relevant information needed for referencing can be found on the title page of
the book. Note the specific use of capital letters, punctuation, etc.
Second edition Edition number

Successful Time Title of book

Management
A Self-Teaching guide
Name of publisher
Jack D. Ferner Author of book
John Wiley Place
& Sons,where
Inc. book was published
New York * Chichester * Brisbane *
Toronto Number of pages
------------------------------------------------------
-----
Date
 1993 1995 book
270 pages was published

If you used the book with the title page above as a source in you essay, the
referencing will look as follows:
In text: Ferner (1995:15) states that…
Bibliography: FERNER, J.D. 1995. Successful time management: a self-
teaching guide. 2nd edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

1.2.A BOOK WITH MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR

Consider the following title page:

THE ARMED SERVICES IN SOUTHERN

AFRICA.

John F. Kennedy, Franklin D.

Roosevelt and George
Washington

Longman
London

2008
In text: Kennedy et al. (2008:213) mentions that…
Bibliography: KENNEDY, J.F., ROOSEVELT, F.D. & WASHINGTON, G. 2008.
The armed services in Southern Africa. London: Longman.

1.3.BOOKS WITH NO AUTHOR

When no author is indicated, use the abbreviation ANON (for anonymous) in your
references. For example:
In text: The armed services play an important role in our country
(Anon, 2008:55).
Bibliography: ANON. 2008. The armed services in Southern Africa.
London: Longman

1.4.BOOKS WITH MANY AUTHORS AND ONE EDITOR

Sometimes books may consist of may articles or texts, compiled by a single
editor. The referencing will be as follows:
In text: The armed services play an important role in our country
(Washington, 2008:55).
Bibliography: WASHINGTON, G (ed.). 2008. The armed services in
Southern Africa. London: Longman
The abbreviation “ed.” is used to indicate that Washington is the editor of the
text.

1.5.USING A CHAPTER FROM A BOOK WHERE EVERY CHAPTER HAS A

DIFFERENT AUTHOR
When one makes use of a book where every chapter has a different author, the
book will most likely have been compiled by an editor. Therefore the referencing
style will be similar to the one above, but look carefully at the differences. For
this example, suppose you used text from a chapter entitled “Sex in the army”
by Bill Clinton. This is a chapter on pages 40-66 in the book The armed services
in Southern Africa edited by George Washington.
In text: The armed services play an important role in our country
(Clinton, 2008:55).
Bibliography: CLINTON, B. 2008. Sex in the army. (In Washington, G. (ed.).
The armed services in Southern Africa. London: Longman. pp. 40-
66).

1.6.INFORMATION FROM A NEWSPAPER

The referencing of a newspaper article looks more or less the same as that of a
book, but make sure to note the little differences and nuances.
In text: According to Conradie (2009:3) all men should not be
considered violent.
Bibliography: CONRADIE, M.S. 2009. Domestic violence in Bloemfontein.
Die Volksblad: 3, 14 July.
Note that the name of the newspaper is printed in italics; the number 3 indicates
the page on which the article appeared and the exact date of the day the
newspaper was printed is also documented.

1.7.INFORMATION FROM A JOURNAL ARTICLE

Whether you make use of an article from a popular magazine or an academic
journal, the method of referencing is the same. Let’s first take a look at an
example of an article from a popular magazine. The article is entitled “Britney in
child abuse scandal!” and appeared in the Heat magazine. On the magazine cover
on the left you will see
the following:
• The title of the
magazine

• The date of issue

• The number or
volume of the issue

All of this information

should be included in the
bibliography entry.
Referencing will therefore look as follows:
In text: Jones (2009:22) says that Spears was drunk at the time of the
incident.
Bibliography: JONES, J. 2009. Britney in child abuse scandal. Heat
magazine 23(3):22. June.
Note that the title should be typed in italics. Number 23 is the number of the
publication, number 3 is the volume number and number 22 is the page number.

For an academic article, use the same format:

In text: Henning (2008:22) argues that….
Bibliography: HENNING, J.G. 2008. Linking adverbial usage in ENL student
writing. Journal for language studies, 5(7):22. October.

1.2.ARTICLES OR PAGES FROM THE INTERNET.

Usually, internet sources are anonymous. However, before you make use of an
internet source, make sure that the source is reliable (see module 7). The
referencing of an internet source looks as follows:
In text: No person should be forced to do community service (Anon,
2009:2).
Bibliography: ANON. 2009. Community service. [Web:
http://www.comserv.com] [Date of access: 12 July 2009].
If no date is available, use the abbreviation “N.D.”. If there are no page
numbers, use the abbreviation “N.P.”. For example:
In text: No person should be forced to do community service (Anon,
N.D.:N.P.).
Bibliography: ANON. N.D. Community service. [Web:
http://www.comserv.com] [Date of access: 12 July 2009].

1.3.INFORMATION FROM A CD-ROM

If you should use information from a CD, the referencing works the same as for a
book, but you should add the abbreviation CD at the end of your reference. For
example:
In text: The Encyclopaedia Britannica defines this as……. (2002:33).
Bibliography: The Encyclopaedia Brittanica. 2002. Defining community
service. London: Oxford Publishers. [CD].

2. OTHER TIPS
• Remember that your bibliography should be in alphabetical order according
to the surnames of the authors.
• If some of the authors have the same surname, arrange the sources
chronologically.
• Remember: you have to use in-text referencing as well as a bibliography in
your typed presentation. You cannot have one without the other.