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The comparative use of the Bleep or Yo-Yo test in high-level British female
basketball players

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Bleep test or Yo-Yo test in British basketball players International SportMed Journal, Vol.14 No.3, September 2013,
pp.119-126. Available at URL: http://www.ismj.com

ISMJ
International SportMed Journal

Original research article

The comparative use of the Bleep or Yo-Yo test in high-level British
female basketball players

1*
Mr Daniel Berdejo-del-Fresno, MSc, 2Professor José M González-Ravé, PhD
1
England Futsal National Squad and Manchester Futsal Club, United Kingdom
2
University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain

*Corresponding author. Address at the end of text.

Abstract
Objectives: The aims of this study were to perform the 20-meter shuttle run test (Bleep test) and the Yo-
Yo test in two high level British female basketball teams, and to evaluate and compare both tests between
themselves. Methods: 14 elite level female basketball players from a top-4 team competing in the
England Basketball League Division I and 15 female basketball players from the Under 20 Great Britain
National Team (U20 GB) playing in the European Championship voluntarily participated in this study. The
anthropometry tests performed were weight, height and BMI. Each team performed the Bleep test and the
Yo-Yo Test on two separate and non-consecutive days (with a lapse of 48 hours between the two tests),
at the same time (10 am) and in the same gym hall with wooden floor. Results: Statistical differences
were found between the VO2max values of the two teams obtained in the 20-meter shuttle run (p=0.000),
and between the VO2max calculated by Yo-Yo IR1 and the VO2max calculated by 20-meter shuttle run
without taking into account the age (p=0.002). Conclusions: British basketball players showed
cardiorespiratory levels (VO2max) lower than high-level female basketball players from countries where
basketball is more popular and better developed. In addition, it was proved that there are no differences
when it comes to the use of the Bleep test or the Yo-Yo test in order to calculate the maximum oxygen
uptake through an indirect method. Keywords: VO2max; maximum oxygen uptake; aerobic endurance;
TIVRE-Basket.

*Mr Daniel Berdejo-del-Fresno, MSc

Mr Berdejo-del-Fresno is a High Sport Performance PhD student at the University of Castilla La Mancha,
Spain. He is employed by the England Futsal National Squad and Manchester Futsal Club in the UK.
His main research interests are strength and conditioning in high performance, physical activity and
health, physical education

Professor José María González-Ravé, PhD

Professor González-Ravé has a PhD in High Sport Performance. He is the Director of the Sport Training
Laboratory, University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain. He is a Full Professor in the Faculty of Sport
Sciences, University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain. His main research interests are strength and
conditioning in high performance sport, periodization, and monitoring of training.
Email: josemaria.gonzalez@uclm.es

119
Bleep test or Yo-Yo test in British basketball players
pp.119-125. Available at URL: http://www.ismj.com
Introduction
Aerobic capacity is always measured in the sport
science field, since it may indicate the potential
performance of a subject. Over the years,
aerobic capacity has been measured in the
same way for both high-level sportsmen and
students. Basically, there are two methods for
that purpose: laboratory tests (direct methods)
and field tests (indirect methods). Furthermore,
the most reliable identifiable parameter of
aerobic endurance is maximum oxygen uptake
1,2
(VO2max) , which is considered as the gold
standard in the measurement of endurance
3
capacity . Since laboratory tests (treadmill or
cycle ergometer) are very expensive, time-
consuming and not accessible to all, field tests
were developed for the estimation of
cardiorespiratory fitness and to calculate the
VO2max. There are numerous field tests, such
4 5
as the 12-minute running test , Conconi tests or
6
20m shuttle run test . All these field tests, being
continuous exercise tests, and their relevance to
intermittent type sports (football, handball,
hockey, futsal, basketball) having been
7,8
questioned , has led to the development of
other specific intermittent tests, such as the
9 10
Andersen test or the Yo-Yo test . The
development of these two tests was inspired by
the 20m shuttle run test. As in the Léger test, the
participants in the Andersen and Yo-Yo tests
must run 20m shuttles; however, each shuttle is
interspersed with a recovery period. The
objective of these intermittent tests is to create a
situation similar to that in an intermittent type
sport (multiple brief intense activities). Therefore
the aim of this study was twofold: (1) to perform
the 20m shuttle run test and the Yo-Yo test in
Table 1: Anthropometric characteristics of both teams
U20 GB Senior I
n 15 14
Age (years) 18.47 ± 0.47 20.50 ± 2.31
Height (cm) 179.00 ± 0.06 174.21 ± 4.17
Weight (kg) 80.42 ± 11.94 75.21 ± 15.38
2
BMI (kg/m ) 24.88 ± 2.60 24.67 ± 4.25
120 Official Journal of FIMS (International Federation of Sports Medicine)
International SportMed Journal, Vol.14 No.3, September 2013,
two high-level British female basketball teams,
and (2) to evaluate and compare both tests.
Methods
Subjects
Fourteen elite-level female basketball players
from a top-4 team competing in the England
Basketball League Division I (Senior I) (EBL I)
and 15 female basketball players from the
Under-20 Great Britain National Team (U20 GB)
participating in the European Championship
volunteered to participate in this study. They
gave their voluntary written informed consent
and understood that they were free to withdraw
from the study at any time. The study was
conducted in accordance with the Declaration of
Helsinki and all procedures were approved by
the Research Ethics Committee at the university
relative to human or animal research. The Senior
I team was made up of 2 members from the
Senior Great Britain Women Basketball Team, 1
member from the Under-20 Great Britain Women
Basketball Team and Under 18 England Women
Basketball Team, 1 member from the Under-20
Great Britain Women Basketball Team and
Under-18 Scottish Women Basketball Team, 2
players from the Under-20 Hungary Women
Basketball Team, 2 USA professional players,
and 6 non-international British players. The
general group characteristics in both teams were
the following: they were aged 19.41 ± 1.96, had
a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 24.77 ± 3.48, a
weight of 77.72 ± 13.83 kg, and a height of
176.74 ± 0.06 cm. The anthropometric
characteristics of all the players, under the
various teams, can be seen in Table 1.
All
29
19.41 ± 1.96
176.74 ± 0.06
77.72 ± 13.83
24.77 ± 3.48
Bleep test or Yo-Yo test in British basketball players
pp.119-125. Available at URL: http://www.ismj.com
Anthropometric tests
Anthropometric measures were taken, following
11
the Lohmann et al. instructions. Standing
height was measured with a precision of 0.1 cm
with a stadiometer and a tape measure (SECA
Ltd, model 220, Germany). Body mass (kg) was
recorded with a scale SECA (SECA Ltd,
Germany) to the nearest 100g, all the subjects
wearing light, indoor clothing and no shoes. The
Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated using the
Quetelet formula: BMI = weight (kg) / height
2 6,10
(m ).
Fitness tests
The competitive season in the EBL I runs from
October to March (play-offs in April) with a large
break between December and January (4
weeks). Therefore the whole season was
periodised with a 6-week pre-season, 10-week
Competition I phase, and 12-week Competiton II
period. During the 4-week break between
December and January, players rested totally
during the first 2 weeks and performed a 2-week
mini-pre-season training session in last two
weeks. The tests were performed in the middle
th
of the season, just in the 10 week of the
Competition I phase. Each team performed the
Bleep test and the Yo-Yo Test on two separate
and non-consecutive days (with a lapse of 48
hours between the two tests to allow muscle
glycogen to be restored to normal levels and
achieve a complete recovery) at the same time
(10h00) and in the same gym hall with wooden
floors.
First day’s test: 20m shuttle run test or Bleep
6
test .
In this test, the initial speed was 8.5 km/h, which
is increased by 0.5 km/h per min (1 min equals
one stage). The subjects ran in a straight line,
focusing on completing a shuttle, and to pace
themselves in accordance with the audio signals.
The test is regarded as complete when the
subject stops or fails to reach the end lines
concurrent with the audio signals on two
consecutive occasions. The equation of Léger &
12
Gadoury was used to estimate the maximum
oxygen uptake (VO2max):
VO2max = 20.6 + Last stage
completed x 3
13
The equation of Léger et al. was used
to estimate the maximum oxygen uptake
(VO2max) taking into consideration the
player’s age:
121 Official Journal of FIMS (International Federation of Sports Medicine)
International SportMed Journal, Vol.14 No.3, September 2013,
VO2max = 31.025 + 3.238S –
3.248A + 0.1536SA
where A corresponds to age (years) and
S refers to the final speed (S = 8 + 0.5 x
Last stage completed).
Second day’s tests: Yo-Yo Intermittent
14
Recovery Test level 1 .
The development of the test was inspired by the
Léger multistage fitness test . As in the 20m
shuttle run test or Léger test, the participant in
the Yo-Yo IR test must run 20m shuttles;
however, each shuttle is interspersed with a
recovery period. Thus the Yo-Yo IR tests consist
of 2 x 20m shuttle runs at increasing speeds,
interspersed with a 10-second period of active
recovery (controlled by audio signals from a
compact-disc player). The equations of Bangsbo
10
et al. were used to estimate the maximum
oxygen uptake (VO2max):
VO2max = IR distance (m) x
0.0084 + 36.4
Statistical analyses
Descriptive statistics were performed for all the
variables in order to check for the assumptions
of normality. Mean ± standard deviation of the
data was calculated. Normal distribution and
homogeneity of the parameters were checked
with Shapiro–Wilk, and Levene’s test. The
statistical differences were assessed using the
Student’s t test. A P value of 0.05 or lower was
considered as being statistically significant. An
analysis was performed using SPSS version
16.0 (Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
All the variables were normally distributed. The
Levene’s test showed no violation of homogeneity of
variance. The anthropometric results obtained by
the two female basketball teams participating in
this study are included in Table 1.
Table 2 shows the cardiorespiratory fitness
results in both tests (Bleep and Yo-Yo tests).
Furthermore, statistical differences were found in
the Senior I team between the VO2max
calculated by Yo-Yo IR1 and the VO2max
calculated by the 20m shuttle run without taking
age into account (p=0.002). Also, statistical
differences were found between the two VO2max
values obtained in the 20m shuttle run (p=0.000)
(i.e. between the formula that considers age and
Bleep test or Yo-Yo test in British basketball players
pp.119-125. Available at URL: http://www.ismj.com
that which does not consider this parameter). In
the U20 GB Team, statistical differences were
only obtained between the two VO2max values
obtained from the 20m shuttle run (p=0.012).
Finally, within the whole group of female
basketball players, statistical differences were
Table 2: Maximum Oxygen Uptake (VO2max) of the two teams using the different tests and equations
n 15
20-meter shuttle run (stages)
20-meter shuttle run ((VO 2max (ml/kg/min))
20-meter shuttle run ((VO 2max* (ml/kg/min))
Yo-Yo IR1 (stages)
Yo-Yo IR1 (distance) (m)
Yo-Yo IR1 ((VO2max (ml/kg/min))
* This value has been calculated using an equation which takes into account the basketball players’ age.
Discussion
The values of the maximum oxygen uptake
(VO2max) obtained with the different formulas
(Table 2) was lower than that observed by other
authors in female basketball players (Vaccaro et
15 16
al. – 49.6 ml/min/kg; Riezebos et al. – 50.1
17
ml/kg/min; Dal Monte et al. – 49.6 ml/kg/min;
18
Joussellin et al. – 51.1 ml/kg/min; Smith &
19 20
Thomas – 51.3 ml/kg/min; Hakkinen – 48 and
21
47 ml/kg/min; Franco – 50.36 ml/kg/min;
22
Fernández-Río et al. – 46.6 ml/kg/min;
23
Tsunawake et al. – 56.7 ml/kg/min; Koley &
24
Singh – 46.54 ml/kg/min). These low values
found in the VO2max may be due to the low
number of training hours performed during the
week (7.6 hours for the U20 GB Team and 7
25
hours for the EBL I) compared to Spanish
teams in first division (18.3 hours) and second
26
division (12.5 hours) . Furthermore, none of the
teams in this study performed specific fitness
sessions during the season. The VO2max values
that were obtained from the two tests (Bleep test
and Yo-Yo IR1) and the different formulas
showed statistical differences between the
VO2max calculated by Yo-Yo IR1 and the
VO2max calculated by the 20m shuttle run
without taking age into account (except in the
122 Official Journal of FIMS (International Federation of Sports Medicine)
International SportMed Journal, Vol.14 No.3, September 2013,
found between the two VO2max values obtained
from the 20m shuttle run (p=0.000), and between
the VO2max calculated by Yo-Yo IR1 and the
VO2max calculated by the 20m shuttle run
without considering age (p=0.002). Table 3
shows all the statistical differences.
U20 GB Senior I All
14 29
7.92 ± 1.12 8.19 ± 1.39 8.05 ±1.24
44.37 ± 3.35 45.18 ± 4.17 44.76 ± 3.71
43.61 ± 3.41 42.01 ± 4.46 42.87 ± 3.75
16.53 ± 1.01 14.67 ± 0.95 15.60 ± 0.98
790.77 ± 289.44 701.54 ± 265.14 746.15 ± 275.73
43.04 ± 2.43 42.29 ± 2.23 42.66 ± 2.32
U20 GB Team, p=0.079). In addition, statistical
differences were found between the two VO2max
obtained from the 20m shuttle run (i.e. between
the formula that considers age and that which
does not consider this parameter (Table 3)).
However, these differences were minimal and
were included within the typical daily variability of
27,28
<5% or ±2 ml/kg/min , in spite of some
studies having established that the Yo-Yo test is
10
more appropriate for intermittent type sports ,
such as football, futsal, hockey, team handball,
cricket, rugby, badminton and basketball.
Furthermore, in these two young teams (aged
18.47 ± 0.47 and 20.50 ± 2.31, respectively) the
differences disappeared when the formula that
considers the players’ age was used to calculate
the VO2max through the Bleep test. Other
studies have also showed small or no
differences in the VO2max measured by means
29-30
of the Bleep test and Yo-Yo test . Therefore it
can be concluded that, despite what some
studies claim, the present study has shown that
similar results can be obtained using either the
Yo-Yo test or the Bleep test. This observation is
not surprising, as the original objective of the
6
Bleep test is to predict VO2max , whilst the Yo-
Yo test was basically developed to assess the
team sport players’ “ability to repeatedly perform
Bleep test or Yo-Yo test in British basketball players
pp.119-125. Available at URL: http://www.ismj.com
14
intervals over a prolonged period of time” . The
Yo-Yo test was purely concerned with
performance per se and there was no deliberate
effort by the test’s creator to estimate the
player’s VO2max from the performance obtained
14
during the test . As a consequence, some
studies have shown that, compared to other
shuttle run field tests, the Yo-Yo test seems to
International SportMed Journal, Vol.14 No.3, September 2013,
be a weak indicator of aerobic power in youth
31
moderately trained soccer player . Moreover,
32 33
Lehto et al. and Dupont et al. added that it
does not appear consistent to estimate VO2max
from the distance covered during the Yo-Yo test.
On the contrary, other studies suggest that the
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) is a
34-37
valid test to assess aerobic fitness in sport .

Table 3: Statistical differences (Student’s t test) between tests and equations in both groups - P value is
shown
U20 GB Bleep Bleep (age*) Yo-Yo IR1

Bleep - 0.012 0.079

Bleep (age*) - 0.219

Yo-Yo IR1 -

Senior I Bleep Bleep (age*) Yo-Yo IR1

Bleep - 0.000 0.002

Bleep (age*) - 0.100

Yo-Yo IR1 -

All Bleep Bleep (age*) Yo-Yo IR1

Bleep - 0.000 0.002

Bleep (age*) - 0.497

Yo-Yo IR1 -

* This equation takes into account the basketball players’ age.

This is the reason why new specific tests have
38
been developed for each sport. TIVRE-Basket
is a dedicated test that has been created for its
use in basketball and has proved to be a useful
and specific means to measure the aerobic
capacity and recovery capacity of the basketball
39
player . The TIVRE-Basket consists in a 96m
circuit marked with 12 cones separated at a
distance of 8m, and which are placed at
universal key points of the basketball court. A
stage or period consists of 3 laps (288m). Every
3 laps there is a 30-second rest period. The
initial speed is 7.8 km/h which is increased
0.6km/h for each stage or period. Thus it is
123 Official Journal of FIMS (International Federation of Sports Medicine)
highly recommended to use a specific test in
order to measure VO2max and aerobic
endurance, since non-specific tests like the
Bleep test and the Yo-Yo test have shown to
obtain similar results between themselves.
Conclusions
In the present study, it has been demonstrated
that British basketball players have
cardiorespiratory levels (VO2max) lower than
those in other high-level teams from countries
where basketball is most popular and better
developed. In addition, it has been shown that
Bleep test or Yo-Yo test in British basketball players
pp.119-125. Available at URL: http://www.ismj.com
there are no differences when it comes to the
use of the Bleep test or the Yo-Yo test to
calculate the maximum oxygen uptake through
an indirect method. It is therefore highly
recommended to use a specific field test for
each sport (i.e. in this case a specific test for
basketball, such as the TIVRE-Basket).
Acknowledgements
The authors are extremely grateful for the help
given by the Spanish translator and interpreter
Andrea Pérez-Arduña, who translated this paper
from Spanish into English.
Address for correspondence:
Mr Daniel Berdejo-del-Fresno, 116 Barton Place,
3 Hornbeam Way, M4 4AT, Manchester, United
Kingdom
Tel.: +447532378157
Email: daniberdejo@gmail.com
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