10b.

Parallel Lines

• Parallel lines do not have any common point between them

• Parallel lines are seen as parallel in adjacent views, exception
to this when the lines are perpendicular to the FL, the lines
may or may not be parallel
 10b. Parallel Lines

• To find out if the lines are parallel, even if the lines are
perpendicular to the FL, it is best to draw the 3rd view
• If it is required to get the lines parallel, then use one view,
draw the lines parallel and complete the 3rd view
 10b. Parallel Lines
jH jH
bH bH

aH kH aH kH

H H
F F
kF kF aP kP
aP kP
aF aF
jF jF bP bP
bF bF jP jP
F P F P
 10c. Intersecting Lines
bH
jH

• Intersecting lines bH
have one common eH
point between them aH kH
aH
• The projection of the
gH
points must be
aligned in adjacent
views H H
F F
• If they are, then the
lines are intersecting
gF gP
• If not, they are aP
aF kF aP
skewed bP
eF aF eP
bF jF
F P
bF
 10c. Intersecting Lines
• Intersecting lines bH
have one common eH
point between them
aH
• The projection of the
gH
points must be
aligned in adjacent
views H
• If they are, then the F
lines are intersecting gF gP
aP
• If not, they are aF
skewed bP
eF eP
bF
F P
 10c. Intersecting Lines
• Intersecting lines bH
have one common eH
point between them
aH
• The projection of the
gH
points must be
aligned in adjacent
views H
• If they are, then the F
lines are intersecting gF gP
aP
• If not, they are aF
skewed bP
eF eP
bF
F P
 10c. Coincident lines
bH

aH

H
F
aP
aF
bP
bF
F P
10c. Coincident lines
dH
bH

cH
aH

H
F
cP
cF aP
aF dP
bP
dF
bF
F P
 11. Location of a line
Locate a line // to a given line passing through a point
bH
sH

aH

H
F

aF sF

bF
 11. Location of a line
Locate a line // to a given line passing through a point
jH
bH
sH

aH kH

H
F
kF
aF sF
jF
bF
12. True distance between 2 // lines
jH HA
bH

aH kH kA1=jA1
aA1=bA1
jA

bA A A1
kA
H aA

F
kF
Two auxiliary views
aF
jF
bF
12. True distance between 2 // lines
jH HA
bH

aH kH kA1=jA1
Y’ aA1=bA1
Y jA
A A1
X’ kA bA
H x aA

F
x X’ Y Y’
kF
Two auxiliary views
aF
jF
bF
12. True distance between 2 // lines
jH HA
bH

aH kH kA1=jA1
aA1=bA1
jA

bA A A1
kA
H aA

F
Distance between the
kF two points gives the
aF true distance between
jF
parallel lines
bF
 13. Perpendicular lines
bH
90° • A 90° angle appears in
cH true size in any view
aH
showing one leg in TL
provided the other leg
does not appear as point
view
H
F • Two intersecting lines are
perpendicular if the TL
projection is making 90°
with the other line
aF
cF
bF
13. Perpendicular lines
Mechanical Engineering Drawing

MECH 211

LECTURE 5
 The objectives of the lecture
• Continue to acquire knowledge in the Descriptive
Geometry – point and line concepts
• Distance form a point to a line
• Location of a perpendicular line at a give location on a
line
• Non-intersecting lines – skew lines
• Shortest distance between skew lines
• Location of a line through a given point and intersecting
two skew lines
The objectives of the lecture - Contd

• Continue to acquire knowledge in the Descriptive

Geometry – point and line and plane concepts
• Representation of a plane surface
• Relative position of a line versus a plane
• Location of a line on a plane
• Location of a point on a plane
• True-length lines in a plane
• Strike of a plane – bearing of the horizontal line in a plane
• Edge view of a plane – planes that appear as edge view in the
principal views
• Slope of a plane – the angle the plane is doing with the horizontal
plane from T.E.V.)
Distance form a point to a line
Distance form a point to a line
Distance form a point to a line
Distance form a point to a line
Distance form a point to a line
Distance form a point to a line
Location of a perpendicular line
at a give location on a line
Location of a perpendicular line
at a give location on a line
Location of a perpendicular line
at a give location on a line
Location of a perpendicular line
at a give location on a line
Location of a perpendicular line
at a give location on a line
Location of a perpendicular line
at a give location on a line
Non-intersecting lines – skew lines
Non-intersecting lines – skew lines
Non-intersecting lines – skew lines
Non-intersecting lines – skew lines
Non-intersecting lines – skew lines
Shortest distance between skew lines
Shortest distance between skew lines
Shortest distance between skew lines
Shortest distance between skew lines
Shortest distance between skew lines
Shortest distance between skew lines
Shortest distance between skew lines
 Location of a line
through a given point and intersecting two skew lines
 Location of a line
through a given point and intersecting two skew lines
 Location of a line
through a given point and intersecting two skew lines
 Location of a line
through a given point and intersecting two skew lines
 Location of a line
through a given point and intersecting two skew lines
 Location of a line
through a given point and intersecting two skew lines
Representation of a plane surface

bH

mH

cH

nH
aH

cF
nF

A plane is defined by one of

the below:
aF 1) Two parallel lines
2) Two intersecting lines
3) One line and a point
external to the line
mF 4) Three point that are not
positioned along the same line
bF
Relative position of line Vs. plane

bH

cH

aH

cF

A line is located in a plane if

all the points of that line are
aF in that plane. However, is
sufficient to show that two
points that belong to the line
belong to the plane too.

bF
Relative position of line Vs. plane

bH

mH

cH

nH
aH

cF
nF

A line is located in a plane if

all the points of that line are
aF in that plane. However, is
sufficient to show that two
points that belong to the line
belong to the plane too.
mF Line MN is located in the
plane ABC since M is
bF simultaneously located in AB
and MN and N on AC and
MN.
Relative position of line Vs. plane

dH Line DE is parallel to the

plane ABC since is
bH
parallel to a line (MN)
jH that is contained in that
mH plane

cH eH
nH
aH

cF eF
nF

A line is located in a plane if

all the points of that line are
aF in that plane. However, is
sufficient to show that two
points that belong to the line
belong to the plane too.
mF jF
Line MN is located in the
plane ABC since M is
bF simultaneously located in AB
dF and MN and N on AC and
MN.
Relative position of line Vs. plane
Line PQ is intersecting dH Line DE is parallel to the
the plane ABC in the plane ABC since is
bH qH
point I. parallel to a line (MN)
jH that is contained in that
mH plane
iH
cH eH
nH
aH pH

cF eF
nF
pF
A line is located in a plane if
all the points of that line are
aF iF in that plane. However, is
sufficient to show that two
points that belong to the line
belong to the plane too.
mF jF
qF Line MN is located in the
plane ABC since M is
bF simultaneously located in AB
dF and MN and N on AC and
MN.
Relative position of line Vs. plane
Line PQ is intersecting dH Line DE is parallel to the
the plane ABC in the plane ABC since is
bH qH
point I. parallel to a line (MN)
jH that is contained in that
mH plane
iH
cH eH
nH
aH pH

pF
aF
Apart from the three
positions, there is no
other relative position on
a line with a plane.
cF eF
nF
A line is located in a plane if
all the points of that line are
iF in that plane. However, is
sufficient to show that two
points that belong to the line
belong to the plane too.
mF jF
qF Line MN is located in the
plane ABC since M is
bF simultaneously located in AB
dF and MN and N on AC and
MN.
Location of a line on a plane

bH

mH

cH

nH
aH

cF
nF

A line is located in a plane if

all the points of that line are
aF in that plane. However, is
sufficient to show that two
points that belong to the line
belong to the plane too.
mF Line MN is located in the
plane ABC since M is
bF simultaneously located in AB
and MN and N on AC and
MN.
 Location of a line on a plane
Can you locate the line 4-5 in the plane 1-2-3
Location of a point on a plane
bH

iH
cH

nH
aH

cF
nF

aF iF

bF
Location of a point on a plane
bH

mH
iH
cH

nH
aH

cF
nF

A point I is located
aF iF on a plane if is
located on a line that
belongs to that plane.

mF

bF
 Location of a point on a plane
Can you locate the point 4 in the plane 1-2-3

Using Parallelism
 Location of a point on a plane
Locate a point which is 10mm above point 2 and 12mm behind
point 3
True Length line lies on the plane
Line MN is a horizontal
bH line. mHnH is the true
length of the line MN.
nH
iH jH

mH cH

aH

cF

Line IJ is a front line.

aF jF iFjF is the true length of the
line IJ.
mF nF

iF

bF
 Strike of a plane
Line MN is a horizontal
N line. mHnH is the true
bH
length of the line MN.
nH The bearing of this line
represents the strike of
the plane.
mH 9°E cH
N5

aH

cF

aF

mF nF

bF
Edge View of a plane

bH

cH

aH

cF

aF

bF
Edge View of a plane

bH

cH

aH

cF

aF

bF
Slope (dip) of a plane

Horizontal plane

.
E.V
bH

nH

mH cH Elevation
View

aH

cF

The Edge View (EV) of the plane is built in

an auxiliary view adjacent with the
Horizontal (Top) view. The angle of the EV
aF of the plane with the horizontal direction
represents the slope (dip ) of the plane
mF nF

bF
Shortest line from a point to plane
To find the shortest line from point
to plane

bH

cH

aH

cF

aF

bF
Shortest line from a point to plane
Find the EV of bA

plane

aA

bH

nH

TL cA
mH cH

aH

cF

aF

mF nF

bF
Shortest line from a point to plane
Find the EV of bA

plane
Project point in aA

bH
that view nH
eA

TL cA
mH cH

aH eH

cF

aF

eF
mF nF

bF
Shortest line from a point to plane
Find the EV of plane bA

Project point in that

view aA

bH eA
eA
nH
Draw perp from TL cA
eH cH
point to EV mH

aH eH

Traceback with perp cF

from TL in the HV
eF
aF

For FV use distance mF nF

eF

bF
Shortest grade line - point to plane

bA

rA
Horizontal direction
aA

bH eA
eA
nH
rH
TL cA
eH cH
mH

aH eH

cF

eF
aF
rF eF
mF nF

bF
Shortest grade line - point to plane

bH

cH

aH

cF

aF

bF
Shortest grade line - point to plane
bA

aA

bH

nH

TL cA
mH cH

aH

cF

aF

mF nF

bF
Shortest grade line - point to plane
bA

aA

bH
eA
nH

TL cA
mH cH

aH eH

cF

aF

eF
mF nF

bF
Shortest grade line - point to plane
bA

aA

bH eA
eA
nH

TL cA
eH cH
mH

aH eH

cF

eF
aF

eF
mF nF

bF
Shortest grade line - point to plane
bA

rA
Horizontal direction
aA

bH eA
eA
nH
rH
TL cA
eH cH
mH

aH eH

cF

eF
aF
rF eF
mF nF

bF
Shortest grade line - point to plane
bA
The slope could be
shown ONLY IN AN
ELEVATION VIEW

rA
Horizontal direction
qA aA
Line at 20° slope

bH eA
eA
nH
rH
TL qH cA
eH cH
mH

aH eH

cF

eF
aF qF
rF eF
mF nF

bF