11/10/17

GUT – BRAIN
CONNECTION

Michael Solano BSc.,DipEd.,BAppSc(Osteo)

“ALL PARTS IN THE WHOLE

OBEY THE ONE ETERNAL LAW
OF LIFE AND MOTION ”
Dr. Still
“BODY SYSTEMS DO NOT EXIST IN
REALITY. IT IS ALWAYS IMPOSSIBLE
TO DEFINE WHERE ONE SYSTEM
ENDS AND THE NEXT STARTS.
THE BODY FUNCTIONS AS A WHOLE
AND IT IS ONLY AS A WHOLE THAT
WE SHOULD ATTEMPT TO
COMPREHEND IT” Prof. Blechschmidt
BLECHSCHMIDT

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AMANDA • THE BODY REMEMBERS

• MEMORY IS A PART OF THE WHOLE
• OUR TRIUNE NATURE

PRIMAL
FUNCTIONS :

THRIVE

SURVIVE

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THE AUTONOMICS

CONSTANT
RECIPROCAL
TENSION

BALANCED
FUNCTION IN
HEALTH

Functional types of spinal nerves

Spinal nerves contain both sensory and
motor fibres :
(1) general somatic afferent,
(2) general visceral afferent,
(3) general somatic efferent,
(4) general visceral efferent.

Somatic refers to the body wall (skeletal

muscles and surface of the skin),
Visceral refers to structures composed of
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular
epithelium, or combinations.

Efferent fibres carry motor information.

Afferent fibres carry sensory.

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AUTONOMIC • TROPHIC AND NOURISHING

FUNCTIONS • PROTECT FROM AND ELIMINATE THREATS

• INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS
• SENSES DETECT FOOD, DANGER, SHELTER
• REFLEXES : SUCKLE , FEED, RUN, FIGHT

deaddrop.threatpool.com

Homeostasis :
Greek for "same" and "steady," refers to any process that
living things use to actively maintain fairly stable
conditions necessary for survival… describes how the
human body maintains steady levels of temperature and
other vital conditions such as the water, salt, sugar,
protein, fat, calcium and oxygen contents of the blood.
Similar processes dynamically maintain steady-state
conditions in the Earth's environment.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-homeostasis/

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RESPIRATION IN CELLS, TISSUES.….

• Biphasic and Rhythmic

• Ebb and flow
• Inspiration Expiration
• Swell and Recede
• Widening and narrowing
• Coiling and Uncoiling (slinky)
Johns Hopkins University

STRESS: PATHWAYS AND MEDIATORS

The term “stress” was first coined by the endocrinologist Hans Selye
more than 70 years ago to define the physiological adaptive responses to
emotional or physical threats (“stressors”) to the organism, whether real
or perceived.
When exposed to an acute threatening challenge, the body engages a
“fight or flight” response which is driven by sympathetic activation
leading to rapid heart rate and respiration, increased arousal, alertness,
and inhibition of acutely non adaptive vegetative functions related to
feeding, digestion, growth and reproduction.
Concurrently, a negative feedback is activated to limit the stress
response and bring the body back to a state of homeostasis.

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AUTONOMIC REFLEXES IN
THE VASCULATURE

What I learnt from the function

of FLOW.

ANS and BLOOD PRESSURE

Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts
Richard E. Klabunde, PhD

2nd edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2012)

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Carotid sinus baroreceptors are innervated

by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Aortic arch baroreceptors are innervated
by the vagus nerve.
The glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
synapse in the nucleus tractus
solitarius located in the medulla of the
brainstem.
The NTS modulates the activity of
sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal)
neurons in the medulla, which in turn
regulate the autonomic control of the heart
and blood vessels.

NORMAL HEALTHY BLOOD PRESSURE

Arterial blood pressure is normally regulated within a narrow

range, 85 to 100 mmHg in adults.. to ensure adequate blood flow
to organs.

This is accomplished by negative feedback systems incorporating

pressure sensors (baroreceptors) that sense the arterial pressure.
These receptors respond to stretching of the arterial wall so that if
arterial pressure suddenly rises, the walls of these vessels passively
expand, which increases the firing frequency of action potentials
generated by the receptors.

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CO CARDIAC OUTPUT
SVR SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE

…when a person suddenly stands up or following blood loss

(hemorrhage), the decrease in arterial pressure results in
decreased baroreceptor firing.
Autonomic neurons in the medulla respond by increasing
sympathetic outflow and decreasing parasympathetic (vagal)
outflow.
Under normal physiological conditions, baroreceptor firing
exerts a tonic inhibitory influence on sympathetic outflow
from the medulla. Therefore, acute hypotension results in a
disinhibition of sympathetic activity within the medulla, so that
sympathetic activity in the medulla increases.
Vasoconstriction and tachycardia help restore blood pressure.

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HOMEOSTATIC “SET POINT”

Maximal carotid sinus sensitivity occurs near the
normal mean arterial pressure; therefore, very small
changes in arterial pressure around this "set point"
dramatically alters receptor firing so that autonomic
control can be altered in such a way that the arterial
pressure remains very near to the set point.
This set point changes during exercise,
hypertension, and heart failure.

UNDER NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS,
BARORECEPTOR
FIRING EXERTS A
TONIC INHIBITORY
INFLUENCE ON
SYMPATHETIC
OUTFLOW FROM
THE MEDULLA.

4D Flow en arterias carótidas y cerebrales...youtube

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THEORETICAL MODEL :
Under normal physiological conditions,
(healthy trophic functions)
exert a tonic inhibitory influence on
sympathetic outflow from the medulla and
sympathetic changes in cells and tissues.

Biphasic
Rhythmic
Ebb and Flow,
Swelling and
Receding,
is
Health

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Anatomy of the
Autonomics and Blood
Supply to the Viscera

ANATOMY OF
THE
AUTONOMICS
SYMPATHETICS
PARA-SYMPATHETICS

VAGUS

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Determinants of Splanchnic Blood Flow J. Takala

British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;77:50-58

The splanchnic region participates in the regulation of

circulating blood volume and systemic pressure. Major
reduction of splanchnic blood volume and flow can be vital
in defending the perfusion of the brain and heart in acute
hypovolemia, but prolonged hypoperfusion will inevitably
lead to hypoxic tissue injury.

TRANSLATION : THE GIT IS AN IMPORTANT

RESERVOIR OF BLOOD

Vascular and
symathetic nerve
supply to the gastro-
intestinal tract:

3 arteries,
3 plexi

~30% BLOOD/O2

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VAGUS

Physiology
of the
Autonomics

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VASOPRESSORS AND
INTESTINAL MUCOSAL
PERFUSION
Studies in Cardiac Surgical and
Critically Ill Patients
Andreas Nygren
The Sahlgrenska Academy 2006

The innervation of the intestinal wall is complex and

consists of three main systems.
1) The enteric nervous system with two interconnecting plexa : the
submucosal and myenteric nerve plexus, responsible for peristaltic and
propulsive contractions.
Mucosal receptors include mechanoreceptors sensitive to wall
stretch and chemoreceptors that sense intestinal contents.
2) Parasympathetic activity mainly increases the activity of intestinal
smooth muscle.
3) Sympathetic noradrenergic activity generally decreases smooth
muscle activity and increases sphincter tone.
Sympathetic activity also induces vasoconstriction.

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Migrating Motor Complexes : Intestinal Rhythms !!

The migrating motor complex (MMC) is an interdigestive program of motor,
secretion and perfusion activity starting in the antrum or proximally in the
intestine, migrating distally towards the terminal ileum.
MMC is characterized by three phases:
1: intestinal quiescence, with less than two contractions/min,
2: irregular contractions followed by
3: a period of intense regular contractions more than 10-12/min

The rhythm of the MMC is generated by the enteric nervous system, but
the start of the cycle, migration, speed and duration of the phases are
modulated by external nerves and hormones such as motilin.
During sepsis the pattern of MMC is disturbed or absent.

Normal • The circadian rhythm of the host is deeply

Intestinal dependent on the gut microbiota oscillations.

Although some circadian machinery in the host
Rhythms was maintained by its own internal clock, other
components of the circadian clock had their
normal rhythms destroyed. Most surprising,
another set of genes in the host that normally
exhibit no circadian rhythms stepped in and took
over after the microbial rhythms were disrupted.
• Thaiss et al 2016: "Microbiota diurnal rhythmicity
programs host transcriptome oscillations."
http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(16)31524-0 , DOI:
10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.003

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Memory of
Trauma and
Disease

Memory for
Trauma and
Disease

AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTIONS AND TRAUMA

• HOW DO LIVING TISSUES

RESPOND TO TRAUMA ??
• PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL,
EMOTIONAL….

SLOW MOTION PUNCH IN THE STOMACH YOUTUBE

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THE MATRIX
A MOIST SPONGE OF COLLAGEN
AND RETICULIN FIBRES IN A GEL
LIKEGROND SUBSTANCE FULL OF
HYDROPHILIC PROTEOGLYCANS
WHICH BIND AND ORGANISE THE
INTERSTIAL FLUID.

THE MATRIX EXPANDS AND

CONTRACTS

ITS ELASTIC RECOIL IS A RESPONSE

TO COMPRESSION AND TISSUE
SUCTION

Continuity
between
ECM and
cytoskeleton
and
cytoplasm
and nucleus

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www.thefix.com

RIP ammo vs Ballistics Gel - RatedRR Slow Mo 2_MOV YOUTUBE

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MADYMO Simulation of Ubelted vs. Belted Passenger youtube

• The negatively charged

PROTEOGLYCANS contribute
to compressive resistance and
provide a high osmotic
pressure within the tissue.
• In contrast, the collagen
network provides the
restraining stress that
counterbalances high osmotic
pressure of PG at rest or during
loading , and the high resistance
of cartilage to tension.

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VAGAL NERVE STIMULATION

VNS deserves further study
for its potentially favorable
effects on cardiovascular,
cerebrovascular, metabolic,
and other physiological
biomarkers associated with
depression morbidity and NEUROMODEC

mortality.
Robert H. Howland 2014

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Vagus Nerve Stimulation.

The vagus nerve is a mixed nerve composed of 20%
“efferent” fibers (sending signals from the brain to the
body) and 80% “afferent” (sensory) fibers (carrying
information from the body to the brain).

The efferent cholinergic fibers are the main

parasympathetic component of the ANS, but an
important function of the vagus nerve is transmitting
and/or mediating sensory information.
Robert H. Howland Curr Behav Neurosci Rep. 2014 Jun; 1(2): 64–73

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) refers to any technique that

stimulates the vagus nerve, including manual or electrical
stimulation.
Left cervical VNS is an approved therapy for refractory
epilepsy and for treatment resistant depression.
Right cervical VNS is effective for treating heart failure in
preclinical studies and a phase II clinical trial.
The relationship between depression, inflammation,
metabolic syndrome, and heart disease might be mediated
by the vagus nerve.

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THE
INFLAMMATORY
REFLEX
and
KEVIN TRACEY

The inflammatory reflex.

Ulf Andersson, and Kevin J. Tracey J Exp Med 2012;209:1057-1068

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ANS and the CELL

ADRENERGIC and
CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS

www.78stepshealth.us

Anatomy of the Carotid Sheath

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Anatomy of the Carotid Sheath

ANATOMY.KMU.EDU.TW

FUNCTION
OF BLOOD
FLOW

Bjorn Nordenstrom _ Biologically Closed Electric Circuits - White Blood Cell Leukocyte -YouTube

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RESONANCE, SYNCHRONISATION and

BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS

Synchronization of 9 metronomes -YOUTUBE

BREATHING,
HEART RATE
AND
AUTONOMIC
BALANCE

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PRIMAL • ROAST CHICKEN AND ROSEMARY

REFLEXES • DAUGHTERS HAIR
AND • STALE BEER
MEMORY • MOULDY BOOTS

• PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY

Nociception of the Abdomen and Pelvis

radiologyassistant.nl

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Peritoneum, Anatomy and Development

MICHELE I. SLOGOFF AND B. MARK EVERS
University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston

• The peritoneum is the mesothelial lining of the

peritoneal cavity and its contained viscera; it
functions as a bidirectional dialysis membrane and
thus plays a major role in defending against
infl̄ammatory processes of the abdomen.
• The peritoneum is the key organ involved in
sensation of abdominal pain and is thus integral to
diagnosing abdominal pathology.
• Encyclopedia of Gastroenterology 2004

Presence and Distribution of Sensory Nerve

Fibers in Human Peritoneal Adhesions
Hassan Sulaiman, FRCS, et al Annals of Surgery Vol. 234, No. 2, 256–261
© 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

• Nerves in the adhesions may also be involved in the occurrence of

chronic pelvic pain. This study is the first demonstration of sensory
nerve fibers, including those that may generate pain stimuli, in
human peritoneal adhesions.
• A similar mechanism may exist in human adhesions, where a
combination of distention, hypoxia, and inflammation may result
in the stimulation of sensory fibers in the adhesions and the
perception of chronic abdominopelvic pain.
• In addition to this direct role, adhesions may cause
abdominopelvic pain by restricting the mobility of internal organs
and thus stimulating preexisting stretch- sensitive fibers in the
muscle of viscera.

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• PERITONEAL ADHESIONS WITH NOCICEPTIVE FIBRES

• In this study, all the peritoneal adhesions examined contained
nerve fibers. The fibers were immunoreactive for all the neuronal
markers assessed, irrespective of the site of the adhesion, its size,
or its estimated age.
• Past surgical intervention, inflammation, or reports of chronic
pelvic pain did not influence the proportion or type of nerve fibers
found. Substance P-immunoreactive and CGRP-immunoreactive
nerve fibers were observed throughout the samples, and because
these peptides are abundant in sensory nerves, it is likely that
these fibers are part of a sensory pathway.
• Moreover, the small-diameter nonmyelinated fibers, shown by
electron microscopy, could be C or A-delta fibers, both known to
be involved in the conduction of pain stimuli.

Primary Afferent Nociceptors and Visceral Pain

Victor Chaban Charles R. Drew
University of Medicine and Science and University of California, Los Angeles, USA

• When these sensory nerve fibers are stimulated by

inflammatory substances, neurotransmitters such as SP, CGRP
can be secreted from sensory nerve endings.
• SP and CGRP can contribute to the inflammatory response by causing
vasodilation, plasma extravasation and cellular infiltration by interacting with
endothelial cells, arterioles, mast cells, neutrophils and immune cells. SP can
also act on mast cells in the vicinity of sensory nerve endings to evoke de-
granulation and the release of TNF, histamine, prostaglandin D2 and
leukotriene, providing a positive feedback

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EMBRYOLOGY AND INNERVATION

OF THE DIAPHRAGM

60

LANGMANS MEDICAL EMBRYOLOGY

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Figure 8

THE VAGUS FUNCTIONS IN

SWALLOWING, REFLUX ETC AND
POSSIBLELY RESPONDS ADVERSELY
TO MATERNAL AND ENDOGENOUS
STRESS HORMONES.

Sensory and Motor Innervation of the

Crural Diaphragm by the Vagus Nerves

Richard L. Young, Amanda J. Page, Nicole J. Cooper,

Claudine L. Frisby, L. Ashley Blackshaw
Gastroenterology
Volume 138, Issue 3, Pages 1091-1101.e5 (March 2010)
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.053

Copyright © 2010 AGA

Gastroenterology 2010 138, 1091-1101.e5DOI: (10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.053)

GREATEST BIRDSHOW ON EARTH YOUTUBE

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