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SVC323 Module 02a Geometric Design
SVC323 Module 02a Geometric Design
SVC323 Module 02a Geometric Design
Engineering
SVC 323
Transportation Engineering
Module 02
Geometric Design
Prof. PJ (Hannes) Gräbe
Chair in Railway Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Overview
• Design Philosophy
• Design Elements
– Cross-section
– Alignments (Vertical and Horizontal)
– Superelevation
• Route determination
* For Roads: Use SANRAL Geometric Design Guidelines throughout as
reference
www.nra.co.za
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Engineering
Source: SANRAL
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Geometric Planning
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Circular curve
x
Profile view – vertical alignment
Parabolic curve 8
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Geometric Design
Geometric Design
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Horizontal
Alignment
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Horizontal Alignment
• Design Aspects
– Circular curves
– Superelevation/Cant
– Transition curves
– Widening of track
– Track and Platform clearances
• Basic Elements
– Tangents (bearing – direction/heading, length)
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Design Aims
• As directional as possible, consistent with the
topography
• Avoid winding alignment: short curves and
tangents
• Seek highest possible value of design speed
• Curves should be sufficiently long to avoid
the appearance of a kink
• Avoid broken-back curves
• Reverse curves
• Compound curves
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Circular Curve
PI
T R tan
2
1
E R 1
cos / 2 PC PT
M R1 cos
2
L R
180
5490
D
R
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Rail terminology
• BTC = beginning of transition curve
• BCC = beginning of circular curve
• ECC = end of circular curve
• ETC = end of transition curve
BTC BCC
ECC
PC ETC
PT
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Superelevation or Cant
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Example 1a
• A horizontal curve is designed with a
800 m radius. The curve has a tangent
length of 200 m and the PC is at
kilometre distance 24.300. Determine
the kilometre distance of the PT.
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Example 1b
• A horizontal curve is designed with a
650 m radius. The curve has a tangent
length of 180 m and the PI is at
kilometre distance 15.300. Determine
the kilometre distance of the PT.
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Example 2
• What superelevation would be required
for the curve in Example 1a (Radius =
800m)? Use a design speed of 80 km/h
and allow for cant deficiency of 30%.
What is the TFR guideline? (Annexure 9,
Sheet 4)
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Example 3
• Use a maximum design cant of 100 mm
and determine the highest possible
design speed for a curve with a radius
of 500 m. Allow for 30% cant deficiency.
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Example 4
• Design a horizontal curve if the degree of the
curve is 2.913 and the PC is at km 33.000. The
curve should be 500 m long. The maximum
cant is 80 mm and the highest possible
design speed should be calculated. Allow for
30% cant deficiency.
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Engineering
Transition Curves
• Connects tangent
to circular curve
• Radius change
from infinite to
specific value along
the length
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Example 5
• A horizontal curve on a track section with a
maximum speed of 60 km/h, has a radius of
400 m and a length of 200 m. Draw the
superelevation development diagram for the
curve using the shortest possible transition
curves to develop the cant. Cant deficiency =
30%. Rate of superelevation development
should be 1:500.
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Vertical
Alignment
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Determining factors
• Safety
• Train handling
• Proper drainage
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Recommended grades
Maximum grades:
Based on the operating characteristics of the design
vehicle on the railway/highway. Use maximum grades
sparingly.
Minimum grades:
Based on the drainage conditions of the
railway/highway. Zero-percent grades may be used
on pavement structures with adequate cross slopes
to laterally drain the surface water. The longitudinal
flow of surface water should always be facilitated.
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A G1 G2
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Engineering
Vertical Alignment
• Vertical curves
– Symmetric parabolic curves
• Rate of change of grade stays constant with
distance
– Minimum length of curve
• Small changes in grade: only for appearance
• Rapid change in grade causes discomfort to
driver
• Length of vertical curve for sight distance
requirements
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d 2 y g 2 g1 g 2 g1
a
dx 2 L 2L 33
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Ym ?
A G1 G2
K = Horizontal distance required to effect a 1% change
in the slope of the vertical curve
xhl = Distance from the PVC to the high/low point
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AL
Ym
800
L
A G1 G2 K xhl K G1
A
K = Horizontal distance required to effect a 1% change
in the slope of the vertical curve
xhl = Distance from the PVC to the high/low point
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Engineering
Example 1
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Railway requirements
4
K
r
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Example 2
• Two straight sections of track with slopes of
1:100 (downhill) and 1:60.2 (uphill) intersect
at a kilometre distance of 100.020 km and an
elevation of 30.500 m. The rate of change of
the slope should not exceed
0.04m/20m/20m. Calculate the elevation at
km 100.040 using the offset method
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Example 3
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Engineering
Example 3 - Answers
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10m
1000m
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Example 4
The new monorail planned for UP has to cross
Jan Shoba and clear a vertical height of 4m with
a sag and crest curve only on both sides of a
constant grade section above the road. The
available distance is 500 m for the two vertical
curves and rs = 0.04m/20m/20m.
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Engineering
Example 5
The new monorail planned for UP has to cross
Jan Shoba and clear a vertical height of 4m with
a sag and crest curve on both sides of a
constant grade section above the road with the
lowest possible connecting grade. The available
distance is 500 m for the vertical geometry and
rs = 0.04m/20m/20m and rc = 0.025m/20m/20m
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Earthworks
(Introduction to Transportation Engineering, Banks – Chapter 5)
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*Area calculation using trapeziums (trapezoids) and
triangles
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*Area calculation using trapeziums (trapezoids) and
triangles
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Earthworks volumes: 3D
Calculating VOLUME from one area to another:
A2
A1 A1=0
A2
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Earthworks volumes
Calculating VOLUME from one area to another:
AL
V
3
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CUT
FILL
Haul = Volume of material x average distance
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Free haul
Free haul
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Spoil
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Example
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THE END
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