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Electromagnetic Theory - Sample Material
Electromagnetic Theory - Sample Material
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT-JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics
Chapter -7
Applications of Electromagnetic waves
7.1 Reflection and Refraction at Dielectric Interface
7.1.1 Normal Incidence
Suppose xy plane forms the boundary between two linear media. A plane wave of
frequency , traveling in the z-direction and polarized in the x direction, approaches the
interface from the left then
Incident Wave
E I ( z , t ) E 0 I ei ( k1 z t ) xˆ
E i ( k z t )
B I ( z , t ) 0 I
e 1 yˆ 1
x
2
v1 I T
Reflected Wave v1 v2
T
E R ( z , t ) E0 R ei ( k1 z t ) xˆ I
z
E y
B R ( z , t ) 0 R
e 1i ( k z wt )
yˆ
v1 R
R Interface
Transmitted Wave v1
E T ( z , t ) E 0T ei ( k2 z t ) xˆ
E i ( k z t )
B T ( z , t ) 0 T
e 2
yˆ
v2
At z 0 , the combined field on the left E I E R and B I B R , must join the fields on the
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Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT-JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics
E0 I 0 R 0T
While (iv) gives, or 0 I 0 R 0T
1v1 1v1 2v2
1v1 1n2
where .
2v2 2 n1
1 2
Solving above two equations we get 0 R
0 I , 0T 0 I .
1 1
v1 n2
If 1 2 =0 = (For non-magnetic medium)
v2 n1
v v 2v2
0 R 2 1 0 I , 0T 0 I
v2 v1 v1 v2
Note: Reflected wave is in phase if v2 v1 or n2 n1 and out of phase if
v2 v1 or n2 n1 .
n1 n2 2n1
0 R 0 I , 0T 0 I .
n1 n2 n1 n2
1
Since Intensity I vE02 , then the ratio of the reflected intensity to the incident intensity
2
2 2
I E n n
is the Reflection coefficient R R 0 R 1 2 .
I I E0 I n1 n2
The ratio of the transmitted intensity to the incident intensity is the Transmission
coefficient
2
I v E 4n1n2
T T 2 2 0T RT 1
I I 1v1 E0 I n1 n2 2
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fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT-JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics
H.No. 40-D, Ground Floor, Jia Sarai, Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Website: www.physicsbyfiziks.com | Email: fiziks.physics@gmail.com
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fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT-JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics
Brewster’s Angle
At Brewster’s angle ( B ) reflected light is completely extinguished when , or
1 2
sin 2 B 2
n1 2
n
2
n2 2
For non-magnetic medium ( 1 2 ), so , sin 2 B , and hence
n1 1 2
n2
tan B and T B 90o
n1
Thus at Brewster angle I B reflected and transmitted rays are perpendicular to each
other.
Critical Angle
When light enters from denser to rarer medium ( n1 n 2 ) then after a critical angle ( C )
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fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT-JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics
H.No. 40-D, Ground Floor, Jia Sarai, Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Website: www.physicsbyfiziks.com | Email: fiziks.physics@gmail.com
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fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT-JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics
Transmitted Wave
E T ( z , t ) E0T ei ( k2 z t ) xˆ
k
B T ( z , t ) 2 E 0T ei ( k2 z t ) yˆ
where k2 k2 i 2 where k2 and 2 are real and imaginary part of k2 .
1/ 2 1/ 2
2 2
k2 1 1 and 2 1 1
2 2
At z 0 , the combined field on the left E I E R and B I B R , must join the fields on the
H.No. 40-D, Ground Floor, Jia Sarai, Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016
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fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT-JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics
E0 I 0 R k
While (iv) gives, 2 0T or 0 I 0 R 0T
1v1 1v1 2
v
where 1 1 k2 .
2
1 2
Solving above two equations we get 0 R 0 I , 0T 0 I .
1
1
0 R 0 I , 0T 0 .
2
(ii) For good conductor , k2 2 .
2
v 2
1 1 1 i 1v1 1 i 1 i where 1v1 .
2 2 22 22
Reflection Coefficient
E 1
2 2 2 2
I 1 i 1 i 1
R R 0R
II E0 I 1 2
1 i 1 i 1
2
1
2 0 , 1 0 , 6 107 1m 1 at optical frequency 4 1015 s 1 .
Solution: 0 c
c
0
3 108
6 10 4 10 29
7 7
20 2 2 4 10 15
Reflection coefficient
2 2
1 2 28 292
R 2
2
0.93 or 93% .
1 2 30 292
Thus 93% of light is reflected and only 7% is transmitted.
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