504 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 16, NO.

4, OCTOBER 2001

Bibliography of Relay Literature,

1999 IEEE Committee Report
T. S. Sidhu, Chairman, M. Bajpai, J. Burnworth, P. Crossley, A. Darlington, W. Marsh, J. McElray, M. S. Sachdev,
J. E. Stephens, M. Swanson, S. S. Venkata, and P. B. Winston

Abstract—The latest of a series of classified lists of power system field of relaying. Only the more readily available foreign publi-
relaying references, begun in 1927, is presented. This bibliography cations are included.
is in continuation to the bibliographies of relay literature, which Each reference includes the title, author, publication infor-
were published previously and are contained in the following vol-
umes of the IEEE Transactions: mation, and a very brief summary of the subject matter. The
listing of the titles is subdivided into ten sections, depending
upon the general substance of each article. The section titles are
as follows:
for Volume No. Year Page# 3150 RELAYING ALGORITHMS
from to 3151 DISTRIBUTION AND NETWORK PROTECTION
1927–1939 60 1941 1435 1447 3151.1 Industrial and Power Station Auxiliaries
1940–1943 63 1944 705 709 3151.2 Primary Distribution Systems
1944–1946 67 pt. I 1948 24 27 3152 TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION
1947–1949 70 pt. I 1951 247 250
3152.1 Distance and Ground Relaying
1950–1952 74 pt. III 1955 45 48
3152.2 Relay Communications
1953–1954 76 pt. III 1957 126 129
3152.3 Relay Systems
1955–1956 78 pt. III 1959 78 81
1957–1958 79 pt. III 1960 39 42 3153 RELAY INPUT SOURCES
1959–1960 81 pt. III 1962 109 112 3154 ROTATING MACHINERY PROTECTION
1961–1964 PAS-85 10 1966 1044 1053 3155 OTHER PROTECTION
1965–1966 PAS-88 3 1969 244 250 3155.1 Transformer and Reactor Protection
1967–1969 PAS-90 5 1971 1982 1988 3155.2 Capacitor Bank and Static Var Protection
1970–1971 PAS-92 3 1973 1132 1140 3155.3 Other Protection
1972–1973 PAS-94 6 1975 2033 2041 3156 FAULT AND SYSTEM CALCULATIONS
1974–1975 PAS-97 3 1978 789 801 3157 MAINTENANCE, TESTING, ANALYSIS, AND MODELING
1976–1977 PAS-99 1 1980 99 107 3158 STABILITY, OUT OF STEP, RESTORATION
1978–1979 PAS-100 5 1981 2407 2415 3159 SURGE PHENOMENA
1980–1981 PAS-102 4 1983 1014 1024 The entries in each section are listed in alphabetical order by
1982–1983 PAS-104 5 1985 1189 1197 the name of the first author. Each title is listed in only one section
1984–1985 PWRD-2 2 1987 349 358 even if it covers material that belongs to several sections. A list
1986–1987 PWRD-4 3 1989 1649 1658 of the periodicals, which have been cited, and the addresses of
1988–1989 PWRD-6 4 1991 1409 1422 their publishers follows the bibliography.
1990 PWRD-7 1 1992 173 181 The abstracts of many articles reported in this paper are avail-
1991 PWRD-8 3 1993 955 961 able in the Science Abstracts—Section B, the Engineering Index
1992 PWRD-10 1 1995 142 152 and other digesting and/or indexing periodicals.
1993 PWRD-10 2 1995 684 696
1994 PWRD-11 3 1996 1251 1262 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
1995 PWRD-12 2 1997 650 659
1996 PWRD-13 1 1998 85 95 Electrical and Electronics Abstracts, are published monthly
1997 PWRD-14 1 1999 831 850 by the Institution of Electrical Engineers (U.K.) and the Institute
1998—Paper PE-020PRD (10-99) of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (USA). Papers and
journals published in several countries are covered.
The papers listed include references to the subjects of service
restoration, testing and methods of calculation, as well as to the 3150 RELAYING ALGORITHMS
A Novel Fault Classification Technique for Double-Circuit
Manuscript received April 3, 2000. Lines Based on a Combined Unsupervised/Supervised Neural
The authors are with the Bibliography and Publicity Working Group of the
IEEE Power System Relaying Committee. Network, R. K. Aggarwal, Q. Y. Xuan, R. W. Dunn, A. T. Johns,
Publisher Item Identifier S 0885-8977(01)08531-4. A. Bennet, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 4,
0885–8977/01$10.00 © 2001 IEEE
SIDHU et al.: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RELAY LITERATURE, 1999 IEEE COMMITTEE REPORT
Oct. 1999, pp. 1250–1256. This paper addresses problems
encountered by using conventional techniques in fault type
classification due to mutual coupling on transmission lines and
presents a neural network that provides an ability to accurately
classify the fault type by identifying different patterns in the
fault voltages and currents.
Superimposed Quantities: Their True Nature and Application
in Relays, G. Benmouyal, J. Roberts, 26th Western Protective
Relay Conference, Oct. 26–28, 1999. The purpose of this paper
is to show that linear circuit theory and conventional parameter
techniques can fully characterize the performance of directional
elements based on time varying waveforms or their phasors.
An ANN Based Approach to Improve the Speed of a Differen-
tial Equation Based Distance Relaying Algorithm, K. R. Cho,
Y. C. Kang, S. S. Kim, J. K. Park, S. H. Kang, K. H. Kim,
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 2, Apr. 1999, pp.
349–357. As the differential equation used for transmission line
protection is valid only at low frequencies, a low-pass filter is
required. This causes time delay in the components for relaying.
An ANN trained with the shape of various impedance loci can
predict the fault distance before calculated resistance and reac-
tance values converge to the fault distance.
Time Domain Solution of Fault Distance Estimation and
Arcing Fault Detection on Overhead Lines, M. B. Djuric, Z.
M. Radojevic, V. V. Terzija, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,
Vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 1999, pp. 60–67. This paper presents an
algorithm for arcing fault detectors and distance estimation,
introducing a new mathematical model of arc voltage. Line
resistance and reactance, fault resistance, and arc voltage are
estimated.
Fast Harmonic Computation for Digital Relaying, A. Gomez
Exposito and J. A Rosendo Macias, IEEE Trans. on Power De-
livery, Vol. 14, no. 4, Oct. 1999, pp. 1263–1268. This paper
describes a nonrecursive algorithm with comparative results to
other nonrecursive methods applied to digital relaying using a
common case to compute harmonics.
Total Least Squares and Discrete-Time Line Models in HV
Distance Protection, C. Fernandez, F. L. Pagola, IEEE Trans.
on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 1999, pp. 74–79. This
paper discusses the applicability of the Total Least Squares pro-
cedure for faulted line parameter estimation. The procedure pro-
vides precise results in shorter time than other procedures with
improved dependability and security. Two algorithms provide
adaptive behavior.
IEEE Standard Inverse-Time Characteristic Equations for
Overcurrent Relays, IEEE/PSRC Working Group Report,
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 3, July 1999,
pp. 868–872. This paper introduces a new standard of
the same title that provides an analytic representation of
typical electro-mechanical relays operating characteristic
curve shapes in order to facilitate coordination when using
microprocessor-type relays.
Adaptive Traveling Wave Protection Algorithm Using Two
Correlation Functions, L. Jie, S. Elangovan, J. B. X. Devotta,
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 1999,
pp. 126–131. The reason for the inaccuracies of the correlation
function-based traveling wave protection algorithm for high
resistance faults is revealed by the lattice diagram. An auxiliary
505
cross-correlation function (CCF) is proposed to act as its
complement, which takes advantage of the signal that causes
the inaccuracies of the standard CCF. Simulation results show
that reliability and accuracy are improved.
Two New Methods for Very Fast Fault Type Detection by
Means of Parameter Fitting and Artificial Neural Networks,
A. Poeltl and K. Frohlich, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,
Vol. 14, no. 4, Oct. 1999, pp. 1269–1275. This paper presents
a new method for the detection of various types of faults in
generation and transmission systems. The method presented
provides an ability to recognize a fault within one-quarter cycle
or 5 ms in 60 Hz systems.
Accurate Measurement of Power System Frequency Using
a Digital Signal Processing Technique, T. S. Sidhu, IEEE
Trans. on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 48, no. 1,
Feb. 1999, pp. 75–81. This paper describes the design, com-
putational aspects, and implementation of a digital signal
processing technique for measuring the operating frequency of
power system. The proposed technique is implemented using a
DSP-based board and has been extensively tested. Some results
are presented.
Frequency Responses of Phasor-Based Microprocessor
Relaying Algorithms, L. Wang, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,
Vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 1999, pp. 98–109. The magnitude and phase
estimate algorithms in microprocessor relaying are nonlinear.
This paper clarifies and then investigates the magnitude re-
sponses of nonlinear relaying algorithms and Kalman filter
relay algorithms.
3151 DISTRIBUTION AND NETWORK PROTECTION
3151.1 Industrial and Power Station Auxiliaries
Device Miscoordination Affects Plant Reliability, M. T.
Bishop, S. R. Mendis, J. F. Witte, P. Myers, IEEE Industry
Applications Magazine, Mar./Apr. 1999, pp. 32–37. In most
industrial situations, the power system is constantly changing
and may inadvertently result in overall protection scheme
characteristics that may not be desirable. A coordination study
of an entire plant power system may be necessary to uncover
these unintended coordination issues, as well as determine so-
lutions to the problem. This paper discusses such coordination
problems and the solution proposed.
Short-Circuit Ratings and Application Guidelines for
Molded-Case Circuit Breakers, W. M. Hall, G. D. Gre-
gory, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 35, no. 1,
Jan./Feb. 1999, pp. 135–143. This paper is intended to be a
tutorial presentation that attempts to resolve issues that have
been raised in a number of recent IEEE papers. This is phase
one of a series of papers and tutorials relating to the selection
and application of MCCBs.
New Insight into the Detection of High-Impedance Arcing
Faults on DC Trolley Systems, J. Li, J. L. Kohler, IEEE Trans.
on Industry Applications, Vol. 35, no. 5, Sept./Oct. 1999,
pp. 1169–1173. The paper presents plausible techniques that
would discriminate between high-impedance arcing faults and
legitimate load currents on the dc trolley system. The paper
506
focuses on the frequency characteristics of the arc current,
and compares the experimental observations and mathematical
predictions.
3151.2 Primary Distribution Systems
Zero Sequence Directional Earth-Fault Protection With
Improved Characteristics for Compensated Distribution Net-
works, M. Givelberg, E. Lysenko, R. Zelichonok, Electric
Power Systems Research, Vol. 52, Dec. 1999, pp. 217–222.
Selectivity of directional active power relays for zero sequence
earth-fault protection of compensated medium voltage distri-
bution networks is analyzed. A new method to improve the
selectivity is proposed.
Fuzzy Detection of High Impedance Faults in Radial Distri-
bution Feeders, P. R. S. Jota, F. G. Jota, Electric Power Systems
Research, Vol. 49, Apr. 1999, pp. 169–174. This paper presents a
methodology for the detection of high impedance faults in radial
distribution feeders. The technique consists of making compar-
ative analysis of the responses of the feeder to pulses injected
at the feeder inlet for different configurations. Finally, experi-
mental results accomplished in a real feeder are presented.
Protection Coordination When Coordinating Current-
Limiting Fuses With Reclosers, L. A. Kojovic, S. P. Hassler,
52nd Texas A&M Conference for Protective Relay Engineers,
Mar. 29–31, 1999. This paper compares the effectiveness in pre-
venting unnecessary recloser operation during current-limiting
fuse and expulsion fuse operations. The following topics
are discussed: fuse operation theory, fuse-hydraulic recloser
protection coordination, and fuse-microprocessor-controlled
recloser protection coordination.
Energy Variance Criterion and Threshold Tuning Scheme for
High Impedance Fault Detection, K. Y. Lien, S. L. Chen, C.
J. Liao, T. Y Guo, T. M. Lin, and J. S. Shen, IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 3, July 1999, pp. 810–817. The
paper presents four distinct features not previously combined
into a new approach to detect high impedance fault (HIF) by
achieving one-hundred percent accuracy on distribution faults
that are greater than five amps.
Sub-Cycle Overcurrent Protection for Self-Clearing Faults
Due to Insulation Breakdown, L. A. Lojovic, C. W. Williams,
52nd Texas A&M Conference for Protective Relay Engineers,
Mar. 29–31, 1999. This paper presents an innovative method
for sub-cycle overcurrent protection for self-clearing faults that
occur in cables due to insulation breakdown. The self-clearing
fault phenomenon is discussed along with the relay architecture,
protection algorithm, and the scheme testing.
Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays
Considering Definite Time Backup Relaying, L. G. Perez,
A. J. Urdaneta, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14,
no. 4, Oct. 1999, pp. 1276–1284. This paper presents a new
methodology for using linear programming providing optimal
coordination of directional overcurrent, distance, and breaker
failure protective relays.
Challenges in Applying Wide Spread Applications of Downed
Conductor Technology to Distribution Systems, C. R. Sufana, J.
Williams, 52nd Texas A&M Conference for Protective Relay
Engineers, Mar. 29–31, 1999. This paper presents one utility’s
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2001
experiences in the application of downed conductor protection
on a wide scale basis. The paper discusses setting issues as well
as hardware issues as it related to their installations.
3152 TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION
3152.1 Distance and Ground Relaying
A Recursive Least-Squares Digital Distance Relaying Algo-
rithm, A. S. AlFuhaid and M. A. El-Sayed, IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 4, Oct. 1999, pp. 1257–1262. This
paper describes a new digital distance relaying algorithm using
a recursive least-squares computational method. The results of
testing the algorithm using numerical simulation are presented.
Advanced Methods for Faulted Phase Selection and Direc-
tional Detection in Numerical Distance Relays, A. Apostolov,
C. Duffy, D. Tholomier, 52nd Texas A&M Conference for Pro-
tective Relay Engineers, Mar. 29–31, 1999. This paper discusses
the development of directional detection methods based on tran-
sient phenomena in the power system when a fault occurs known
as the transient energy method. Some basic information on su-
perimposed component concepts is given, along with the tran-
sient method of detection and the implementation and testing of
the concept.
Zero Sequence Compensation Factors for Ground Distance
Relaying, N. S. Kleem, 26th Western Protective Relay Confer-
ence, Oct. 26–28, 1999. This paper discusses various aspects
of the zero sequence compensation factor. It stresses that the
importance of the relay engineer finding the best compromises
considering all system conditions and the effect of compensa-
tion factors on fault location.
Adaptive Bowl Impedance Relay, G. Li, S. Zhu, F. Sui,
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 1999,
pp. 142–148. A bowl characteristic is obtained by portions of
reactance and mho characteristics. Combined with an addi-
tional mho element for directionality, it has larger coverage for
fault resistance, accurate distance measurement, good phase
selection, and fast operation.
Multipurpose Overhead Lines Protection Algorithm, Z. M.
Radojevic, V. V. Terzija, M. B. Djuric, IEE Proceedings—C,
Vol. 146, no. 5, Sept. 1999, pp. 441–445. This paper presents
a numerical algorithm for multipurpose overhead line protec-
tion, based on one terminal data and derived in the time domain.
It also presents the algorithm testing through computer simula-
tion and investigates the influence of remote infeed, fault re-
sistance, higher-order harmonics, power system frequency, net-
work topology and line parameters on its performance.
Fundamentals of Transmission Line Relaying Selection, R.
Taylor, 26th Western Protective Relay Conference, Oct. 26–28,
1999. This paper deals with the fundamentals of transmission
line protective relays. The source of the information presented
is the introduction section of the “Guide for the Protection of
AC Transmission Lines.”
Comparison of Quadrilateral and Mho Distance Character-
istics, S. Ward, 53rd Annual Ga. Tech Protective Relay Confer-
ence, May 5–7, 1999. This paper presents a comparison of the
performance of a numerical distance relay with the basic mho
characteristic and the same relay with the bullet characteristic.
SIDHU et al.: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RELAY LITERATURE, 1999 IEEE COMMITTEE REPORT
A number of different applications are discussed as well as the
results being derived from theoretical studies and verified by
EMTP tests and real time test on the model power system.
Feature Extraction Methods For Neural Network-Based
Transmission Line Fault Discrimination, S. Websper, R. W.
Dunn, R. K. Aggarwal, A. T. Johns, A. Bennett, IEE Pro-
ceedings—C, Vol. 146, no. 3, May 1999, pp. 209–216. This
paper describes an alternative approach to nonunit protection
of transmission lines using artificial neural networks (ANNs).
3152.2 Relay Communications
The Role of Utility Communications in a Deregulated Envi-
ronment, M. Adamiak, W. Premerlani, CIGRÉ 1999 Session,
SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 115. This paper ex-
amines the communication issues in the Independent System
Operator (ISO) environment including inter ISO communica-
tion of status data, accounting issues and power system con-
trol. It also discusses next generation protection communica-
tions that will be available shortly and its effect on next gen-
eration SCADA.
System Reliability Improvements Through Fiber Optic Sys-
tems, J. Benckenstein, 52nd Texas A&M Conference for Pro-
tective Relay Engineers, Mar. 29–31, 1999. Fiber optic commu-
nication channels can drastically increase the reliability of pilot
protective relaying while offering the user other advantages over
other types of pilot channels. This paper concentrates on how
the use of fiber has helped the Protection and Communication
Engineers by increasing the reliability of their protection and
SCADA systems.
Communication Measurements for IEDs, P. J. Stinson, S. A.
Kunsman, 52nd Texas A&M Conference for Protective Relay
Engineers, Mar. 29–31, 1999. With communication becoming
the backbone of protective relays, the overall goals of the
communications architecture chosen and relative measure-
ments from IEDs are important. This paper proposes a standard
way of measuring these characteristics and also analyzes their
effects on overall network performance.
3152.3 Relay Systems
A New Approach to Current Differential Protection for Trans-
mission Lines, M. G. Adamiak, G. E. Alexander, W. Premerlani,
53rd Annual Ga. Tech Protective Relay Conference, May 5–7,
1999. This paper discusses a unique new approach to numerical
current differential line protection that offers improved perfor-
mance over the conventional percentage restraint approach. The
“phaselets” approach allows the system to adapt its operating
characteristics based on measured current values. The paper also
covers the message used to transfer data among the terminals
involved.
Meeting the Challenges of the New Millennium: The Uni-
versal Relay, M. P. Pozzuoli, 52nd Texas A&M Conference for
Protective Relay Engineers, Mar. 29–31, 1999. This paper ex-
plores one manufacturer’s requirements, architecture, benefits
and the new applications of a relay whose aim is to provide a
common tool for protection, metering, monitoring and control
across the entire power system and serve as the engine for sub-
station automation.
507
Implementation & Laboratory Test Results of an Elman Net-
work-Based Transmission Line Directional Relay, M. Sanaye-
Pasand and O. P. Malik, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14,
no. 3, July 1999, pp. 782–788. This paper describes a trans-
mission line fault direction identification module based on an
Elman recurrent network algorithm that has been implemented
on a DSP board and its behavior is investigated on a physical
power system model.
Implementation of Microprocessor Relays for Transmission
Modernization, S. Short, 26th Western Protective Relay Con-
ference, Oct. 26–28, 1999. This paper discusses the reasons for
and the benefits of implementing a transmission relaying mod-
ernization program from one utility’s perspective.
Line Current Differential Relaying, L. Wang, R. A. Hedding,
26th Western Protective Relay Conference, Oct. 26–28, 1999.
This paper covers the principles of combined sequence-current
differential relays. The paper also describes different communi-
cation channels as applied to current differential relays.
3153 RELAY INPUT SOURCES
Self-Calibratable Voltage Transformer Testing Set, P. J. Betts,
A. H. Baghurst, D. S. Hansom, IEEE Trans. on Instrumentation
and Measurement, Vol. 48, no. 5, Oct. 1999, pp. 906–908. This
paper describes the design of largely self-calibratable voltage
transformer testing set in which the only components that have
a first-order bearing on the instrument’s errors are transformer
devices working at zero burden.
Exponentially Changed Transients and Relaying Application
Consideration, S. Cho, 26th Western Protective Relay Confer-
ence, Oct. 26–28, 1999. This paper emphasizes the need for
control circuit designers and relay technicians to understand
DC transients in trip circuits to ensure proper operation and ap-
propriate sizing of components. The remainder emphasizes the
importance of properly using decrement curves in overcurrent
relay coordination, especially near generating stations.
C37.110 Guide for Application of Current Transformers
Used for Protective Relaying Purposes, IEEE/PSRC Working
Group, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 1, Jan.
1999, pp. 94–97. The application of cts for protective relaying
without considering the ct requirements can cause failure
or misoperation of the relay system. This paper is a short
summary of information in the Guide C37.110. The effects
of ct saturation and the requirements to avoid saturation are
discussed.
Measuring and Improving the Switching Capacity of Metallic
Contacts, T. Lee, E. O. Schweitzer, III, 26th Western Protective
Relay Conference, Oct. 26–28, 1999. This paper discusses the
make and interrupt process of metallic contacts and proposes
solutions to some common but misunderstood problems.
Enhancing DC Power for Protective Relays, M. McCartha, D.
Dunahoo, 53rd Annual Ga. Tech Protective Relay Conference,
May 5–7, 1999. This paper outlines the commercially available
stand-by battery technologies for utility and industrial protective
relay operations. This outline compares the battery technology
characteristics of aging, reliability, performance, maintenance,
and temperature tolerance.
508
Low Power Voltage and Current Transducers for Protecting
and Measuring Medium and High Voltage Systems, I. R.
Minkner, E. O. Schweitzer, III, 26th Western Protective Relay
Conference, Oct. 26–28, 1999. This paper introduces a new
generation of instrumentation transducer systems suitable for
the substation environment. These new sensors offer superior
transient performance for diagnostic purposes and remove
application restrictions imposed by past technologies.
CT and VT Connections—A Primer, R. Taylor, 26th Western
Protective Relay Conference, Oct. 26–28, 1999. Fundamental
to the application of protective schemes is the proper connec-
tion of vt and ct inputs. This paper provides a discussion of the
options available and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses or
limitation of each.
Connections, R. Taylor, 52nd Texas A&M Conference for
Protective Relay Engineers, Mar. 29–31, 1999. Fundamental to
the application of protective schemes is the proper connection
of vt and ct inputs. This paper provides discussion of the options
available and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses or limita-
tions of each.
3154 ROTATING MACHINERY PROTECTION
Induction Motor Asymmetrical Faults Detection Using Ad-
vanced Signal Processing Techniques, M. E. H. Bennouzid, H.
Nejjari, R. Beguenane, M. Vieira, IEEE Trans. on Energy Con-
version, Vol. 14, no. 2, June 1999, pp. 147–152. The paper
presents the motor signature current analysis and utilizes spec-
tral analysis of the stator current for detection of abnormal elec-
trical and mechanical conditions. The paper also investigates the
frequency signature of some asymmetrical motor faults using
Fast Fourier Transform, leading to a better interpretation of the
motor current spectra.
Evaluation of Protection Systems for Distributed Generation,
D. M. Bradley, 26th Western Protective Relay Conference,
Oct. 26–28, 1999. This paper discusses various aspects of
generation connected to radial distribution circuits, including
operation, protection, and safety.
Design and Field Testing of a Source Based Protection
Relay for Wind Farms, S. J. Haslam, P. A. Crossley, N. Jenkins,
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 3, July 1999,
pp. 818–823. This paper describes the design and field testing
of a wind farm protection relay suitable for the protecting of
wind farms with fixed-speed induction generators.
Design and Evaluation of a Wind Farm Protection Relay, S.
J. Haslam, P. A. Crossley, N. Jenkins, IEE Proceedings—C,
Vol. 146, no. 1, Jan. 1999, pp. 37–44. This paper describes the
design and evaluation of a protection relay for wind farms with
fixed-speed induction generators. Design of operating char-
acteristic for protection, implementation in a processor-based
relay and testing using a wind farm simulator and relay test
set are discussed. Relay performance when installed at the
Cemmaes wind farm in Wales for a 12-month site trial, is also
discussed.
Sequential Tripping of Steam Turbine Generators,
IEEE/PSRC Working Group Report, IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, Vol. 14, No. 1, Jan. 1999, pp. 132–141. The practice
of tripping the generator breakers immediately following a
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2001
boiler/turbine trip exposes the generator to potentially dam-
aging overspeed. This paper describes the use of the sequential
trip mode as a means of minimizing the exposure to possible
unit damage. Included is guidance in selecting which functions
should or should not initiate sequential tripping.
Application of Multifunction Generator Protection Systems,
IEEE/PSRC Working Group Report, IEEE Trans. on Power De-
livery, Vol. 14, no. 4, Oct. 1999, pp. 1285–1294. This paper
describes generator protective relaying technological advance-
ment advantages with digital relays for nonutility and utility
generator installations.
Effective Negative Sequence Relaying for Motor Protection,
P. Lerley, 52nd Texas A&M Conference for Protective Relay
Engineers, Mar. 29–31, 1999. This paper reviews the defini-
tions, calculation methods and standards of supply unbalance
and compare the response of the corresponding detection tech-
niques for various system configurations. It also points out lim-
itations of voltage unbalance measurement under certain open
phase and load configurations.
An Artificial Neural Network Based Digital Differential Pro-
tection Scheme for Synchronous Generator Stator Winding Pro-
tection, A. I. Megahed, O. P. Malik, IEEE Trans. on Power De-
livery, Vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 1999, pp. 86–93. The scheme uses
one ANN for fault detection and one for fault classification. It
also uses the presence of fundamental or 2nd harmonics in the
field current to differentiate between generator states (normal,
internal fault, or external fault). Fast and reliable results are
shown.
Interconnect Protection of IPP Generators Using Digital
Technology, C. J. Mozina, 53rd Annual Ga. Tech Protective
Relay Conference, May 5–7, 1999. This paper discusses the
protection requirements for connecting IPPs to utility systems
as well as the reconnect methods. Also discussed are the
limitations of present-day interconnection protection methods
in addressing issues such as system generation support during
major utility system disturbances.
Adaptive Estimation of Wide Range Frequency Changes for
Power Generator Protection and Control Purposes, J. Szafran,
W. Rebizant, M. Michalik, IEE Proceedings—C, Vol. 146, no. 1,
Jan. 1999, pp. 31–36. An adaptive algorithm for estimation of
wide-range frequency changes is presented. Simulation results
are presented for investigating the frequency estimation in the
presence of standard noise level in the input signal and fre-
quency tracking properties of the algorithm at relatively high
frequency-changing rates.
ANN-Based Novel Fault Detector for Generator Windings
Protection, A. I. Taalab, H. A. Darwish, T. A. Kawady,
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 3, July 1999,
pp. 824–830. This paper presents an ANN based internal fault
detector algorithm for generator protection. The fault detector
uniquely responds to generator winding earth and phase faults
with remarkably high sensitivity using three trained ANNs
having a six-dimensional input vector.
The Use of Finite Element Methods to Improve Techniques
for the Early Detection of Faults in 3-Phase Induction Motors,
J. F. Watson, N. C. Paterson, D. G. Dorrell, IEEE Trans. on En-
ergy Conversion, Vol. 14, no. 2, Sept. 1999, pp. 655–660. This
paper describes how commercial Finite Element packages may
SIDHU et al.: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RELAY LITERATURE, 1999 IEEE COMMITTEE REPORT
be used to simulate rotor faults and hence enhance the capability
of practical condition monitoring schemes. Some results of the
simulation are presented.
Influence of Load on Operating Conditions of Third Har-
monic Ground-Fault Protection System of Unit Connected Gen-
erators, M. Zielichowski, M. Fulczyk, IEE Proceedings—C,
Vol. 146, no. 3, May 1999, pp. 241–248. This paper presents
the analysis on the influence of the load of the unit connected
generator on the operating conditions of the ground-fault pro-
tection of the stator windings of the generator, excited by the
ratio of the third harmonic voltage in the generator neutral and
at the generator terminals to ground.
3155 OTHER PROTECTION
3155.1 Transformer and Reactor Protection
Automatic Testing of Multifunctional Transformer Protection
Relays, M. Dupuis, B. Vandiver, A. Apostolov, R. Taylor, 52nd
Texas A&M Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, Mar.
29–31, 1999. Testing of modern multifunctional transformer
protection devices using conventional methods and test equip-
ment is a very time consuming and in many cases incomplete
process. This paper discusses an automatic object-oriented ap-
proach to the testing of such devices which should result in sig-
nificant improvement in the efficiency and accuracy of the test
process.
Negative-Sequence Relay Protection for Blown High-Side
Transformer Fuse Detection, A. Hannah, IEEE Trans. on In-
dustry Applications, Vol. 35, no. 1, Jan./Feb. 1999, pp. 183–189.
The paper outlines a method of detecting single-phase con-
ditions caused by blown fuses on the primary of a delta-wye
substation power transformer, using negative-sequence relay
technology. The paper also summarizes a method of isolating
customer loads from the substation bus to prevent damage to
customer appliances.
Transformer Loss of Life, L. S. Juan, R. E. Beaulieu, R. Allen,
53rd Annual Ga. Tech Protective Relay Conference, May 5–7,
1999. This paper discusses the methods used to determine the
transformer insulation’s loss of life, limitations of the methods,
and potential improvements. The paper also discusses the large
discrepancies between actual life and computed life.
An Investigation of Ferroresonance on Transformer 13-kV
Ungrounded Tertiaries Using the Electromagnetic Transients
Program, G. L. Kobet, 53rd Annual Ga. Tech Protective Relay
Conference, May 5–7, 1999. This paper describes one utility’s
experiences with ferroresonance when serving load from the
delta tertiaries of transformers. The paper discusses how EMTP
was used to confirm the experiences from the field.
An Improved Transformer Inrush Restraint Algorithm
Increases Security While Maintaining Fault Response Perfor-
mance, A. Kulidjian, B. Kasztenny, 26th Western Protective
Relay Conference, Oct. 26–28, 1999. This paper presents a new
inrush restraint algorithm for the protection of power trans-
formers. The algorithm considers a ratio between the phasors of
the second and the fundamental frequency components of the
differential signal. The algorithm is presented in detail and its
analytical justification is supported by the results of numerical
analysis.
509
A Two-Relay Differential Protective Scheme for Le-Blanc
Transformers, K. C. Lu, N. Chen, IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 3, July 1999, pp. 857–862. This paper
describes an electrical railway protection scheme with two
electro-mechanical differential relays utilizing a phasor com-
bination connection that combines the primary line current
to match the secondary line current phases for Le-Blanc
transformers.
A Power Transformer Protection Technique With Stability
During Current Transformer Saturation and Ratio-Mismatch
Conditions, T. S. Sidhu, H. S. Gill, M. S. Sachdev, IEEE Trans.
on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 3, July 1999, pp. 798–804.
This paper describes a digital technique for detecting internal
and external faults for power transformers operating in loaded
or unloaded conditions. The technique uses positive- and
negative-sequence models of the power system in a fault-
detection algorithm.
3155.2 Capacitor Bank and Static Var Protection
Protection of Fuseless Capacitor Banks Using Digital Re-
lays, M. S. Dhillon, D. A. Tziouvaras, 26th Western Protective
Relay Conference, Oct. 26–28, 1999. This paper reviews ex-
isting shunt capacitor bank technologies and discusses the ad-
vantages and disadvantages of the different capacitor technolo-
gies. It then discusses the protection of shunt capacitor banks
and presents techniques for fuseless capacitor bank protection
using digital relays.
Summary of the IEEE Special Publication on Series Ca-
pacitor Bank Protection TP-126-0, IEEE/PSRC Working
Group Report, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 4,
Oct. 1999, pp. 1295–1297. This paper summarizes a special
publication TP-126-0 encompassing the protection and control
philosophies of capacitor banks used on series-compensated
transmission lines.
New Techniques for Capacitor Bank Protection and Control,
J. McCall, T. Day, S. Wu, T. Newton, 26th Western Protective
Relay Conference, Oct. 26–28, 1999. The concept of three phase
and differential unbalance protection are discussed in this paper.
A impedance based unbalance methodology is detailed which
addresses some of the concerns of the other methods.
3155.3 Other Protection
Integration of Protection, Control and Monitoring
Functions—Experiences and Future Requirements From a
Utility Point of View, Y. Aabø, J. H. Anderson, A. Petterteig,
CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper
no. 110. This paper discusses how to utilize the integrated
numerical devices for protection and control, from a utility
point of view. It also presents the benefits of new numerical
technology, new ways of operation, support, testing and main-
tenance and new solutions implemented by the Norwegian
utility, BBK.
New Constraints on Relay Applications Due to Developments
on Substation Equipment, R. A. Al-Umair, CIGRÉ 1999 Ses-
sion, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 105. This paper
describes the impact of new development leading to reduction in
design cost and size of H.V. equipment (e.g., GIS, Transformer
510
etc.) on protection systems. In this paper, the constraints in pro-
tection due to development in H.V./M.V. equipment design are
presented and discussed.
Static Relays Permit Enhanced Protection, B. Bailey,
D. Jakominich, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine,
Mar./Apr. 1999, pp. 10–17. Multi-function multi-purpose
static over-current relays, using digital technology available
today, provide basic time, and instantaneous three phase and
ground overcurrent protection, and may offer many additional
functions. This article describes two applications that use some
of the additional functions in such a relay.
Integrated Protection and Control Systems: Evolution, Expe-
riences and Trends, C. D. Carlo, A. Iurlo, CIGRÉ 1999 Session,
SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 107. This paper de-
scribes the experiences and problematic concerns of integrated
protection and control system architectures. Finally, some ABB
Italy applications, analyzed lessons learnt from supplier and
customer point of view are presented and discussed.
Microprocessor Relay Capabilities Improve Protection,
SCADA and Maintenance, M. D. Diehl, R. A. Crognale, J.
A. Schwenk, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy,
Oct. 1999, Paper no. 116. This paper presents a PECO Energy
Company’s substation using a completely integrated protection
and control design, comprised of over 140 microprocessor-
based relays and communications processors. All the relays are
integrated into a Substation Integration (SI) system to provide
SCADA visibility and to provide information and control
capabilities of microprocessor based relays.
Protection and Control Integration—The National Grid
Company’s Plans and Visions, J. A. Downes, J. L. H. Goody,
D. C. Humphreys, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy,
Oct. 1999, Paper no. 113. This paper presents the strategy
developed by National Grid Company for realization of new
technology. Its benefits include the enhancement in risk-
management assets, thus reducing the number of separate
hardware units, which reduces the wiring complexity and
associated capital costs.
Trend of High Voltage Substation Automation Systems: Em-
bedded Functions, F. Frugoni, M. Lissandrin, D. Villani, CIGRÉ
1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 106.
This paper describes the high voltage substation automation sys-
tems focusing on substations where power system protection,
control, and monitoring are considered as one whole entity. Op-
erative experiences of numerical control functions installed on
board of primary equipment and an example of future applica-
tion in compact substation are presented and discussed.
New Trends on Integration of Protection, Control and Moni-
toring Functions in Romanian EHV Substations, S. Gal, F. Bal-
asiu, T. Fagarasan, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy,
Oct. 1999, Paper no. 111. This paper presents some recent expe-
rience of CONEL Sibiu in application of a Primary Equipment
Monitoring System (PEMS) in high voltage substations, inte-
grated in existing protection and control systems, to advance the
developing CBM (Condition Based Maintenance).
Bus Protective Relaying, Methods and Application, V.
Gharpure, J. Horak, B. Shulim, 53rd Annual Ga. Tech Protec-
tive Relay Conference, May 5–7, 1999. This paper serves as
a review of the application of bus protective relaying. Several
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2001
methods of protection are described and compared. Included
are: high impedance unrestrained, low to moderate impedance
unrestrained, low impedance restrained, interlocked line and
transformer relaying, overcurrent relaying, and others.
Synch Check With Distributed Voltages, D. Holstein,
J. Tengdin, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy,
Oct. 1999, Paper no. 114. This paper describes an application
of a high performance substation Local Area Network (LAN)
for a synchronism check function. It also discusses the synch
check problem, allocation of functions, object models for
remote and local operations, manual/automatic transaction
sequences.
Experience Made When Allocating Functions in Integrated
Protection and Control Systems, D. M. Ivan, S. José, B. Gino,
CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper
no. 101. This paper describes the application of hardware and
software based platforms for grouping control and protection
system functions in substations. The requirements and the re-
sulting advantages of different functions like dependability, se-
curity, redundancy, testing, maintenance, flexibility, future im-
plementation of additional functionality are discussed. Finally,
practical realizations taking into consideration the important as-
pects of implementation within the entire system are presented
and discussed.
Cost Effective Protection Scheme for Single Breaker Sub-
stations, S. Khan, 26th Western Protective Relay Conference,
Oct. 26–28, 1999. This paper suggested the use of one micro-
processor relay to protect both transmission lines on either side
of a single transmission line tie breaker. The newer relays with
settable directionality make such a scheme feasible.
Expanding the Scope of Protective Relays Across Traditional
Boundaries, G. Koch, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence,
Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 102. This paper describes the appli-
cation of a multi-functional relay unit that satisfies the minimum
requirements of each of the embedded functions in view of per-
formance, maintenance, and new managerial requirements. The
complex decisions must all be done within the constraints of
system reliability and stability. Finally, various engineering and
managerial practices are discussed in applying the combined
unit into power system management.
Improved Relay Coordination and Fault Detection by Inte-
grating the Relay Functions, L. A. Kojovic, J. F. Witte, CIGRÉ
1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 117.
This paper describes a new universal protective relay with mod-
ular hardware and software components that can be combined
into numerous configurations. It also integrates the protection,
metering, control, communications, and Programmable Logic
Control (PLC) into a single device. This not only provides the
comprehensive feeder protection device, but also diagnoses for
underground circuits that prevent permanent faults.
Experiences in the Allocation of Substation Control and Mon-
itoring Functions, P. Laakso, M. Hyvärinen, CIGRÉ 1999 Ses-
sion, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 103. This paper
discusses the experience gathered from the recent projects for
integration of a large number of protection and control functions
in the substation central unit. Many functions could be decen-
tralized at the bay level using more powerful communication
channels. Finally, ways to reduce various problems caused by
SIDHU et al.: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RELAY LITERATURE, 1999 IEEE COMMITTEE REPORT
lumping too many functions at a single point are presented and
discussed.
Applying Unbalance Detection Relays With Motor Loads, P.
Lerley, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 35, no. 3,
May/June 1999, pp. 689–693. This paper reviews the defini-
tions, calculation methods, and standards of supply unbalance
and compares the response of the corresponding detection tech-
niques for various system configurations. The paper also points
out the limitations of voltage unbalance measurement under cer-
tain open-phase and load configuration.
The Single Failure Criterion in Integrated Protection and
Local Control Systems, B. Lundqvist, S. Holst, CIGRÉ 1999
Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 112. This
paper discusses how reliability and availability can be main-
tained when many functions are integrated in one terminal and
which functions require redundancy from the system reliability
point of view. It also discusses the impact of self-supervision
on availability and requirements for reliability redundancy.
Present Status and Experiences in Grouping of Protection
Functions in Integrated Systems, T. Nagasawa, K. Terazono,
Y. Serizawa, T. Marsushima, S. Azuma, E. Ibaragi, F. Iwatani,
CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper
no. 108. This paper describes the philosophy and experiences
of grouping protection functions used in Japan. It also gives
some examples of performance improvements of a new numer-
ical protective relays in terms of improved economy and relia-
bility and reductions in hardware.
Control, Protection and Monitoring of High-Voltage Substa-
tions: An Update on Concept, Design and Engineering, R. Sub-
ramaniam, H. Al-Hosani, A. M. Laheen, A. Marashi, CIGRÉ
1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 104.
This paper discusses the concept of a three level control archi-
tecture to achieve economies of a scale in the construction, oper-
ation, and maintenance of modern substations in utility market.
This paper emphasizes the basic principles and topics of funda-
mental importance related to technology and architecture of a
modern integrated control, protection and monitoring system.
Fundamentals and Advances in Breaker Failure Protection,
M. Thompson, 52nd Texas A&M Conference for Protective
Relay Engineers, Mar. 29–31, 1999. This paper discusses
backup protection in general and what issues need to be con-
sidered in deciding whether to apply dedicated breaker failure
protection. It also discusses breaker failure relays and how they
work, along with considerations for backup tripping logic.
Underground/Submarine Cable Protection Using a Negative-
Sequence Directional Comparison Scheme, J. Vargas, A.
Guzman, J. Robles, 26th Western Protective Relay Confer-
ence, Oct. 26–28, 1999. This paper analyzes the application
of directional comparison schemes to protect two 34.5 kV
submarine cables. Also discussed are cable modeling using
symmetrical components and analyzes the performance of
a negative-sequence directional element during cable fault
conditions.
3156 FAULT AND SYSTEM CALCULATIONS
Fault Section Estimation in Power Systems, M. H. Al-Owaid,
R. A. Al-Umair, M. A. Faijjal, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34,
Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 209. This paper proposes a
511
new algorithm to solve a nonlinear integer optimization formula
for fault section estimation. The algorithm is based on direct
classical, mathematical solution approach, and provides a much
faster processing solution. The results of the algorithm as ob-
tained from both theoretical and practical power system models
are presented.
Accurate Fault Location Technique for Distribution System
Using Fault-Generated High-Frequency Transient Voltage Sig-
nals, Z. Q. Bo, G. Weller, M. A. Redfern, IEE Proceedings—C,
Vol. 146, no. 1, Jan. 1999, pp. 73–79. This paper presents a
technique for accurate fault location on distribution overhead
lines and underground cables. The travelling time of the high-
frequency components is used to determine the fault position.
The technique is insensitive to fault type, fault resistance, fault
inception angle and system source configuration.
Problems and Possibilities of Fault Location in a Power
Transmission Line, K. Brinkis, T. Liebach, CIGRÉ 1999
Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 206. This
paper describes the fault location methods used in a widespread
transmission system known as the Baltic transmission system
connected to the Russian network. The problems experienced
in fault location of large transmission system are discussed.
The results of the field tests on a 330 kV-transmission line are
reported in the end.
A New Approach to Fault Section Estimation in Power Sys-
tems Using Ant System, C. S. Chang, L. Tian, F. S. Wen, Electric
Power Systems Research, Vol. 49, Feb. 1999, pp. 63–70. This
paper presents a new approach known as Ant System applied
to solve this optimization problem. Finally, a sample power
system is used to demonstrate the efficiency of Ant System
based method.
Optimization of Line Patrolling Resources using Automatic
Fault Location on Data From Existing DFRs—Field Experience
from a User Point of View in Belgium, P. D. Cuyper, B. Trémérie,
CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper
no. 201. The paper discusses the basic requirements and options
allowing the use of existing DFRs to perform automatic fault
location. In addition, this also presents the optimization of line
patrolling resources using automatic fault location for a better
overall reliability of the power system network.
New Tendencies of Improvement of the Fault Location System
in Air Transmission Lines, A. F. Dyakov, J. L. Artsishevsky,
A. V. Zhukov, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy,
Oct. 1999, Paper no. 204. This paper discusses new tendencies
of improvement of the fault location system in transmission
lines. The present methods of fault location on transmission line
in the power systems of Russian Federation are also described.
Program Set for the Analysis of Disturbances and Fault Loca-
tion in Transmission Lines DISAN/LOCATOR, V. A. Efremov,
Y. Y. Liamets, N. V. Podshivalin, V. A. Iljin, G. S. Nudelman,
CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper
no. 205. The paper presents a new concept of analysis of digital
records and location of faults in transmission line based on the
optimization approach. The theoretical principles of construc-
tion of a widely used program set, DISAN/LOCATOR, and its
development prospects are presented.
Digital Fault Location for High Resistance Grounded Trans-
mission Lines, T. Funabashi, H. Otoguro, Y. Mizuma, T. Kai, N.
512
Takeuchi, S. Akiyama, L. Dube, A. Ametani, IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 1999, pp. 80–85. Multiple
load taps on a line are shown to affect single-phase-to-ground
fault location determination. A new method to correct for inter-
mediate power sources is developed. The method is applied to
double circuit lines with three terminals.
Extension to Fault Location Algorithm Based on Synchro-
nized Sampling, A. Gopalakrishanan, M. Kezunovic, CIGRÉ
1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 216.
The paper presents an algorithm which uses raw samples of volt-
ages and currents from the two ends of the transmission line for
fault analysis and fault location. The algorithm uses global po-
sitioning system of satellites for synchronized phasor measure-
ments. The algorithm is tested on a power system model and the
results are presented.
Fault Location Practice in Transmission and Distribution
Systems, W. Hadick, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence,
Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 208. This paper provides a descrip-
tion and, as far as possible, an assessment of practically applied
fault localization methods at each voltage levels. Finally, the
conclusions based on different voltage levels with respect to
the cost-benefit are drawn.
Fault Location and Restoration: Philosophy and Appli-
cations, T. Kato, K. Terazono, J. Makino, M. Mitsuoka, M.
Furuse, I. Mitani, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy,
Oct. 1999, Paper no. 210. This paper describes the present
status of fault location and restoration in the case of transmis-
sion line faults and busbar faults in Japan. The system proposed
automatically determines the fault section and switches over
the line to a sound busbar, and also incorporates the automatic
fault restoration of busbars into substation control. Field data
on these activities is also presented.
Effect of Three-Winding Transformer Models on the Analysis
and Protection of Mine Power Systems, M. P. Oommen, J. L.
Kohler, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 35, no. 3,
May/June 1999, pp. 906–908. This paper analyzes the impact
of more accurate transformer models on voltages and fault cur-
rents, which are realized from load-flow and fault studies of
mine power systems.
Advanced Techniques for Transmission and Distribution
System Fault Location, F. Magnago, A. Abur, CIGRÉ 1999
Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 215. This
paper describes improved fault location techniques based on
the high frequency signals produced during a fault. The results
for double and single ended configuration in transmission
systems are presented. The use of proposed method for radial
transmission system is also discussed.
Fault Location and its Role in Power System Protection, A.
G. Phadke, D. Novosel, S. H. Horowitz, CIGRÉ 1999 Session,
SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 214. The paper pro-
vides an overview of the techniques for fault location on trans-
mission lines. These techniques use synchronized phasor mea-
surements. It discusses single-ended algorithms, double-ended
algorithms, and methods of fault location. Finally, the paper ex-
plores new concepts in back-up protection of power systems.
CEMIG Practical Experience in Transmission Line Fault Lo-
cation, G. M. Rebeiro, J. F. D. Oliveira, J. C. M. Lima, N.
S. Gomes, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2001
1999, Paper no. 202. The paper describes the CEMIG prac-
tical experience in fault location using an oscillography plan.
The functional variation of CEMIG oscillography network is
explained and various faults are simulated on transmission and
subtransmission systems. Finally, the results and conclusions
are presented.
Load Research for Fault Location in Distribution Feeders, C.
A. Reineri, C. Álvarez, IEE Proceedings—C, Vol. 146, no. 2,
Mar. 1999, pp. 115–120. Load behavior needs to be considered
in the algorithms for distribution systems fault locations to re-
duce the resulting error to practical limits. The restrictions im-
posed by the load models proposed so far are discussed in the
paper, and a new modeling methodology, referred to as the “fast
response model” is proposed. Application and performance of
new models are discussed.
Distribution-Line Shunt-Fault Locations From Digital Relay
Measurements, M. S. Sachdev, R. Das, T. S. Sidhu, Canadian
Journal of Elect. And Comp. Eng., Vol. 24, no. 1, Jan. 1999,
pp. 41–47. This paper presents a technique that estimates the
location of radial-distribution-line shunt fault from digital relay
measurements. Some test results considering different type of
loads and faults are also presented.
A Fault Location Technique for Radial Subtransmission Lines
With Tapped Loads, M. S. Sachdev, T. S. Sidhu, R. Das, CIGRÉ
1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 203.
This paper presents a technique suitable for estimating locations
of shunts faults on radial subtransmission and distribution lines
from digital relay measurements. The technique is suitable for
handling various faults. Some results that demonstrate the suit-
ability of the technique are also presented.
A New Accurate Fault Locating Algorithm for Series Com-
pensated Lines, M. M. Saha, J. Izykowski, E. Rosolowski, B.
Kasztenny, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 3,
July 1999, pp. 789–797. This paper presents a new, accurate and
robust fault location algorithm for series compensated lines.
The model uses phase coordinates (abc) instead of symmetrical
components (012).
Implementation of New Fault Locating Technique for Series-
Compensated Transmission Lines, M. M. Saha, K. Wikström,
S. Lidström, L. Koppari, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence,
Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 212. This paper presents a new accu-
rate and robust fault locating algorithm for series compensated
lines. The algorithm is developed as a one-end fundamental fre-
quency based technique and extensively tested. Finally, it is
implemented as an add-on to ABB’s line protection terminal
REL531, and the conclusions are presented.
Fault Data Generation and Analysis in Modern Substation
Automation Systems, M. Tellarini, D. Novosel, W. Peterson,
G. Bacchini, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy,
Oct. 1999, Paper no. 207. The paper describes a solution for
transient data handling in a substation automation system
for fault data collection and analysis. A distributed recording
concept for data generation is presented together with an auto-
mated procedure for statistical analysis allowing an improved
management of the electrical system.
New Multi-Ended Fault Location Design for Two- or
Three-Terminal Lines, D. A. Tziouvaras, J. Roberts, G. Ben-
mouyal, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999,
SIDHU et al.: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RELAY LITERATURE, 1999 IEEE COMMITTEE REPORT
Paper no. 213. This paper presents a new fault location system
for multi-terminal transmission lines. The proposed algorithm
communicates with remote relay(s) over a protective relaying
channel and does not require data alignment or phase selection
information. The algorithm is extensively tested on a power
system model and, finally, the results are presented.
Fault Location of Two-Parallel Transmission Line for Non-
Earth Fault Using One-Terminal Data, Q. Zhang, Y. Zhang,
W. Song, Y. Yu, and Z. Wang, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,
Vol. 14, no. 3, July 1999, pp. 863–867. This paper presents an
accurate fault-location algorithm for nonearth type faults em-
ploying a model of both a faulted circuit and healthy circuit
of two-parallel transmission line fault locator where the remote
source impedance is not involved.
Transmission Line Fault Location for Phase-to-Earth Fault
Using One-Terminal Data, Q. Zhang, Y. Zhang, W. Song, Y. Yu,
IEE Proceedings—C, Vol. 146, no. 2, Mar. 1999, pp. 121–124.
An accurate algorithm for fault location of a single phase-to-
earth fault on a two-parallel transmission line is presented. The
faulted phase circuit and the zero-sequence circuit of the two
parallel line are used as a fault location model, in which the
source impedance of the remote end is not involved.
3157 MAINTENANCE, TESTING, ANALYSIS, AND MODELING
Methodology and Test Plans Adopted for Introduction of Nu-
merical Relays in Tata Electric Companies, Mumbai, India, S.
P. Agarwal, M. B. Rao, M. V. Kini, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34,
Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 306. This paper describes
the process adopted by Tata Electric Companies, Mumbai, India
for a phased transition from conventional and static technology
to numerical technology for protective relays. Certain applica-
tion problems have been identified and resolved. Performance
of numerical relays has been found to be highly satisfactory.
Enhancing Equipment Protection With an Automated Diag-
nostic System, B. Andre, D. Bjork, L. Smith, 26th Western Pro-
tective Relay Conference, Oct. 26–28, 1999. This paper presents
the concepts, application and benefits of an Automated Diag-
nostic System for evaluating the condition of protective equip-
ment within a substation. Also addressed are the modeling ap-
proach, the kinds of equipment that can benefit from this system,
some diagnostic results from a substation application, and the
work performed to date.
Tools and Working Methodology Applied to Numerical Pro-
tective Relays in Union Fenosa, M. Y. Arnáez, CIGRÉ 1999 Ses-
sion, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 305. This paper
emphasizes the necessity of designing standard procedures for
trying out different types of numerical relays and applications in
Spain. It is recommended to integrate both the relay procedures
and the engineering for each feeder so as to develop a feeder
procedure.
Application Testing of Protective Relay—Malaysian Experi-
ence, A. H. A. Bakar, S. P. A. Karim, Z. Shukri, CIGRÉ 1999
Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 308. This
paper highlights the experience gained from the document is-
sued in 1995 called Approval and Acceptance of New Protec-
tive Equipment, whose objective was to standardize relay accep-
tance, test and approval procedure in Tenaga Nasional Berhad
513
(TNB). It also describes steps required from application by the
vendor to the listing of the relay in the departmental list of ap-
proved relays to be used in TNB.
Rehabilitation of Romanian EHV Overhead Transmis-
sion Line Protection Systems—Lessons Learnt, F. Balasiu,
T. Fagarasan, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy,
Oct. 1999, Paper no. 309. This paper presents an example of
refurbishing of the protection system of an EHV overhead
transmission line from an existing substation. It highlights
on some commissioning tests that are to be done to ensure
the quality of new digital protection system and the proper
integration into the existing protection system including
electromechanical relays.
Installation of a New Control Cubicle at an Existing 230-kV
Switchyard, D. L. Bassett, 53rd Annual Ga. Tech Protective
Relay Conference, May 5–7, 1999. This paper presents an
overview of the application of new Programmable Logic
Controller based controls to a major utility substation. Also
discussed is the method used to move the 9-230-kV lines from
the old control system to the new system.
Determine Current Transformer Suitability Using EMTP
Models, R. Folkers, 26th Western Protective Relay Conference,
Oct. 26–28, 1999. This paper demonstrates the use of software
tools to model transient events in the power system, as well as
relay response to those events. The paper provides step-by-step
instructions for using these tools to better understand and
protect power systems.
Meaningful Testing of Numerical Multifunction Protection
Schemes, J. Gosalia, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence,
Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 311. This paper describes how to
effectively test multifunction numeric protection. It discusses
test instrument requirements for testing and evaluation. It also
discusses the use of COMTRADE standard and simulation
programs like EMTP, ATP for testing and evaluation.
An Integrated System to Analyze, Visualize and Test Transient
Behavior of Units and Logic of Complex Distance Relays, J. R.
Hernández, J. Amantegui, F. Uriondo, I. Ojanguren, M. Agrasar,
CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper
no. 304. This paper describes a group of integrated tools devel-
oped to analyze transient response of numerical distance relays.
A digital simulator is used to evaluate the relay performance. A
commercial numerical distance relay is selected to validate sim-
ulation results. Accuracy and usefulness of this simulator are
discussed.
Real Time Digital Power System Simulator Design Consid-
erations and Relay Performance Evaluation, D. Jakominich, R.
Krebs, D. Retzmann, and A. Kumar, IEEE Trans. on Power De-
livery, Vol. 14, no. 3, July 1999, pp. 773–781. This paper de-
scribes a real time simulator, digital system models, and tests
on a numerical EHV line and a distance relay performance are
analyzed.
Experiences Concerning the Interoperability of Protec-
tion Devices in Substations Based on IEC 60 870-5-103, W.
Joachim, S. Holger, B. Bernd, D. Rudolf, C. H. Peter, CIGRÉ
1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 303.
IEC 60 870-5-103 applies to protection equipment with coded
bit serial data transmission for exchanging information with
control systems. It defines a companion standard that enables
514
interoperability between protection equipment and devices of
a control system in a substation. This paper introduces the
possibilities and the limits of testing the interoperability of
protection devices.
Summary Report Analysis and Guidelines for Testing Nu-
merical Protection Schemes, J. A. Jodice, CIGRÉ 1999 Ses-
sion, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 313. In this
paper, the generic design elements of numerical protection are
reviewed and the influence of design on test requirements is
identified. Test classifications are provided, and linked to spe-
cific numerical protection functions, which they are intended to
verify.
Reduction of Test Work by Applying Numerical Relays, I.
Kasai, K. Yanagihashi, T. Nagasawa, S. Ikehara, Y. Fujita,
Y. Tsujikura, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy,
Oct. 1999, Paper no. 307. In Japan, almost all the newly
installed protection equipment are numerical relays. Numerical
relays can be easily tested due to their structural and functional
advantages over analog relays. Also, high performance auto-
matic relay test equipment has recently been developed, which
reduces the relay test work. This paper discusses the reduction
in test work by applying numerical relays and its evaluation.
Eskom’s Certification Testing Requirements for EHV Nu-
merical Transmission Line Protection Relays, M. J. Kockott,
G. H. Topham, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy,
Oct. 1999, Paper no. 314. This paper explains Eskom’s procure-
ment method and provides the scope of the tests required by
Eskom to certify a transmission line protection relay scheme for
transmission system application. It also focuses on the model
power system simulator testing requirements. It explains the
reasons for these requirements, the objectives to be achieved;
the evaluation criteria, the required test set-up; and the details
of, and the rationale behind, the required scope of tests and the
chosen test parameters.
Test Methods for Digital Relay Protection Systems Using
Real-Time Power System Simulators, L. A. Kojovic, T. R. Day,
CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper
no. 312. This paper presents two techniques for protective
system testing using a Real-Time Power System Simulator
(RTPSS) and playback systems. Both can accurately simulate
transient conditions as well as instrument transformer behavior.
Economic Determination of Periodic Test Intervals, S. Lid-
ström, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999,
Paper no. 310. This paper describes how to determine the peri-
odic test interval for relays by minimizing the total costs associ-
ated with tests and the cost for outages that will arise when the
protection will not operate.
Wavelets for the Analysis and Compression of Power System
Disturbances, T. B, Littler, D. J. Morrow, IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 2, Apr. 1999, pp. 358–365. Wavelets are
mathematical functions for the analysis of signals with transient
features on the basis of scale, rather than frequency. This paper
examines the analysis and subsequent compression properties
of discrete wavelet and wavelet packet transforms and evaluates
both transforms using an actual power system disturbance from
a digital fault recorder.
Evaluation of the Performance of Line Protection Schemes
on the NYSEG Six Phase Transmission System, L. Oppel, E.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2001
Krizauskas, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. l,
Jan. 1999, pp. 110–115. A protection package of conventional
three phase relays in current differential, directional compar-
ison, and step distance schemes was applied. EMTP tests were
made in the laboratory. Low voltage stage faults were applied
and two unstaged faults occurred. The results are discussed.
Testing Impedance Characteristics of Transmission Line
Relays, E. Price, 52nd Texas A&M Conference for Protective
Relay Engineers, Mar. 29–31, 1999. This paper describes using
the automated test set for testing line relay’s impedance charac-
teristics and discusses testing issues that may be encountered.
Testing the ground mho and quadrilateral characteristics are
emphasized and simple equations are provided to assist in
developing automated control programs.
Testing Numerical Relays—Alternate Techniques and a
Laboratory Implementation, M. S. Sachdev, T. S. Sidhu, P.
G. McLaren, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy,
Oct. 1999, Paper no. 301. This paper reviews the use of modern
Relay Test Sets, Real-Time Playback Simulators and Real-Time
Digital Simulators for testing numerical relays. The issues
in generation of data for testing relays are examined. Types
of tests that can be performed on numerical relays are also
reviewed. A procedure for identifying critical tests is discussed.
High Speed Transmission Line Directional Protection Eval-
uation Using Field Data, M. Sanaye-Pasand and O. P. Malik,
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 3, July 1999,
pp. 851–856. This paper describes performance of an Elman
recurrent network-based algorithm to determine the fault
direction on a transmission line from actual fault data recorded
in the field.
Test Recommendations for Self-Monitored Protection Relays,
VDEW Working Committee, CIGRÉ 1999 Session, SC34, Flo-
rence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 302. This paper identifies the
areas not covered by self-monitoring facility of protection re-
lays and emphasizes the need of regular tests to be performed
on them. A general recommendation for testing numerical pro-
tection relays with self-monitoring, is elaborated.
The Hidden Economy of Cost Reduction, Deleting a Power
Circuit Breaker at Pearl Substation Increases Relay and Con-
trol Scheme Complexity, R. Whittaker, 26th Western Protective
Relay Conference, Oct. 26–28, 1999. The emphasis to eliminate
costs from substation designs is the focus of this paper. Various
aspects of the elimination of one breaker from a traditional four
breaker design. The focus is on the protection schemes as they
apply to the bus configuration and equipment within the substa-
tion fence.
Thermal Models in Power System Protection, S. E. Zocholl,
A. Guzman, 26th Western Protective Relay Conference,
Oct. 26–28, 1999. This paper is a tutorial on the thermal models
used in power system protection, their parameters, and how
they are derived from available application data.
3158 STABILITY, OUT OF STEP, RESTORATION
Load Shedding for Utility and Industrial Power System Reli-
ability, J. Horak, D. J. Finley, 53rd Annual Ga. Tech Protective
Relay Conference, May 5–7, 1999. This paper provides a good
discussion of subject of overload load shedding as a method of
SIDHU et al.: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RELAY LITERATURE, 1999 IEEE COMMITTEE REPORT 515

ensuring power system reliability. Included are the discussion Canadian Journal of Elec. & Comp. Eng.
of frequency decay, Watt and Var transfer limitations, load vari- Engineering Institute of Canada
ations under changing voltage and frequency conditions, and Suite 700, 2050 Mansfield Street
generator response and limitations. Montreal, PQ H3A 1Z2, Canada
A New Approach for Auto-Reclosing Schemes for Power CIGRÉ
Quality Improvement in KEPCOs Distribution System, I. D. 3-5 rue de Metz, F75010, Paris, France
Kim, J. C. Kim, S. J. Kim, Y. K. Baek, June K. Ahn, CIGRÉ Electric Light and Power
1999 Session, SC34, Florence, Italy, Oct. 1999, Paper no. 211. Technical Publishing Co., 1301 South Grove Ave.,
Use of a new approach for auto-reclosing schemes for power Barrington, IL 60010
quality improvement in KEPCOs distribution system is de- Electric Construction and Maintenance
scribed. A numerical simulation calculates various indices to McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1221 Avenue of
consider the reliability and other effects on electric facility. the Americas, New York, NY 10020
The simulation is carried out with actual field data to verify Electric Power System Research
the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Some results are Elsevier Sequoia S.A., P.O. Box 564, Lausanne,
reported. CH-1001, Switzerland
A New Method for Detecting Loss of Synchronism Using Electrical Review
Power and Current Measured on a Line, T. Minakawa, Y. Reed Business Publishing, Central House,
Ichikawa, M. Sato, Y. Ishihara, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, 27 Park Street,
Vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 1999, pp. 68–73. Power and current are Croyden, CRO 1YD, U.K.
measured at regular intervals on a tie-line linking sub-networks Electrical World
to which groups of generators belong. Changes in power and 11 West 19th Street, New York, NY 10011
current during the interval are calculated, and location and Georgia Tech Protective Relaying Conference
direction of the power system operating point on the power vs Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
phase angle curve is estimated. IEE Proceedings
Islanding and Load Shedding Schemes for Captive Power Institute of Electrical Engineers, Michael Faraday
Plants, K. Rajamani and U. K. Hambarde, IEEE Trans. on House,
Power Delivery, Vol. 14, no. 3, July 1999, pp. 805–809. This Six Hills Way, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2AY, U.K.
paper describes the various schemes adopted for islanding in IEEE Transactions, Journal and Conference Papers
industrial plants with captive generation in India. Considera- IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331,
tions in the design of islanding and load shedding schemes and Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331
reliability aspects are described. Power
Predictive Out-of-Step Relaying Using Fuzzy Rule-Based McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1221 Avenue of
Classification, H. E. A. Talaat, Electric Power Systems Re- the Americas, New York, NY 10020
search, Vol. 48, Jan. 1999, pp. 143–149. This paper presents Texas A&M Protective Relaying Conference
a new approach of out-of-step relaying based on fuzzy classi- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
fication. The designed relay based on the proposed algorithm Transmission and Distribution
is then tested through numerical simulation for a typical study Intertec Publishing Inc., 5072 West Chester Pike,
system. Edgemont, PA 19028
Western Protective Relaying Conference
3159 SURGE PHENOMENA Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163
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