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FFT Data Analysis Guide

1 FFT analysis tool

1.1 FFT Basic Theory

Huawei FFT function is used to help HD or maintenance engineer for

interference analysis. RF module with FFT function works as a spectrum analyzer but
with higher sensitivity.
FFT means Fast Fourier Transform, which was now adopted by many spectrum
analyzer manufacturers, like Agilent, Rohde & Schwarz, and etc.

Figure1 Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram

When FFT is being done, signals in the space are received by the antenna,
transported in the RF feeder, cables and finally gets to the RF module. RF module
with FFT function processes signals like spectrum analyzer, and stores the signals in
format of data. For RF module have better channel S/N and lower demodulation
threshold, its sensitivity is better than spectrum analyzer. For example, RRU can
detect signal of -123dBm/100KHz, however, normally spectrum analyzer can only
detect signals above -110dBm/100KHz, which is why some weak interference can
affected the RTWP while cannot be detected by the spectrum analyzer.
FFT data can be opened in FFT analyzer software. It recorded the space signals
at the data collecting time in spectrum domain, which makes the interference analysis
easier.

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Figure2 FFT Analyzer

FFT analyzer has been used in the wireless environment evaluation for carriers
globally, and has been proved to be efficient.

1.2 FFT Collection Guide

FFT scanning
guide.docx

1.3 FFT tool versions

Currently, most FFT data can be opened by FFTDataAnalyzerV1.9. For those

FFTDataAnalyzerV1.9 cannot open, pls try to use version 1.7 and version 1.8.

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1.4 Steps to open FFT data

Step2. Click ‘Import’

Step5. Calculate RTWP of

Channel A
concerned channel
Step1. Open FFT *.mmf file
Channel B

Step3.input the concerned

channel and carrier bandwidth

Choose to use average or max hold tools

to highlight the traffic signal or

Step4. Chose the concerned frames interference

2 Three Types of FFT

Broadband online FFT, High resolution FFT and Broadband offline FFT are the
three types of FFT supported by most of the RF modules.

2.1 Broadband online FFT data

Broadband online FFT data is collected while the RRU is in service, which
records the spectrum of traffic scenario. The spectrum span is the uplink bandwidth of
the RF module. When do broad band online FFT scan, RBW should be set to 100
KHz, and time span is 10 minutes.

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Scan bandwidth is the uplink bandwidth the RF module supported.

880M~915M is the uplink band of U900

Figure3 FFT Analyzer

Broad band online FFT data can be used to analyze wide band interference and
strong narrow band interference. Along with broad band offline FFT data, it can also
be used to analyze RF antenna system inter-modulation.

2.2 High resolution FFT

Online high resolution FFT, which also called carrier level FFT, relative to
Broad band online FFT, it has higher scan resolution and shorter scan bandwidth.

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Narrow band interference

896.9M~901.5M is the carrier uplink bandwidth

Online high resolution FFT data is mainly used to analyze narrow band
interference.
When do high resolution FFT scan, RBW should be set to 15 KHz, and time
span is 10 minutes.

2.3 Broadband Offline FFT Data

Broadband offline FFT data is collected while RRU is out of service, which
records the spectrum without the effect of the RRU downlink signal.

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Blocking interference

Out of uplink bandwidth Uplink bandwidth of the Out of uplink bandwidth

RF module

Broadband offline FFT data have wider spectrum width than Broadband online
FFT data, which can be used to analyze the interference outside the uplink bandwidth，
mostly frequency the blocking interference. Along with broadband online FFT data,
broadband offline FFT data can be used to analyze the RF antenna system
inter-modulation.
When do offline FFT scan, RBW should be set to 100 KHz, and time span is 10
minutes.

3 Interference analysis

3.1 Standard UMTS signal spectrum

Spectrum of a UMTS signal has the shape of a Rounded Rectangle, bandwidth of

which was decided by the RF module bandwidth configuration, which could be one of
( 5000, 4800, 4600, 4400, 4200, 4000, 3800)KHz.

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Traffic signal

Operating channel

Traffic signal Average

Operating channel

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Traffic signal

3.2 Wide band interference analysis

If the spectrum amplitude is higher than -123dBm/100kHz, and spectrum

bandwidth is larger than the carrier bandwidth, we judge that wide band interference
exist.
Wide band interference is usually caused by repeaters of phone signal or
television signals, microwave system communication, the traffic light, and etc.

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Operating channel

Wide band interference

When RBW=100kHz, the normal noise floor is -123dBm.

3.3 Narrow band interference

Narrow band interference is high above the traffic signal level. It can easily be
distinguished in the high resolution FFT spectrum.

Narrow band interference

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3.4 Blocking interference

Strong signal which causes the rising of the whole rx channel noise floor was
blocking interference.

Blocking interference

Blocking interference
Noise floor after rx channel was blocked

Normal noise floor Normal noise floor

3.5 Spurious interference

Spurious interference is the side emission of downlink signal from other operator,
with a feature that spectrum is falling away from the main interference signal. Site
with spurious interference normally have blocking interference.

Blocking interference

Spectrum is falling
Operating away from the blocking interference
channel

3.6 PIM

The basic theory of PIM is that the inter-modulation products of the downlink
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signals falls into the uplink channel, and finally causes the RTWP rise. The root cause
of PIM is bad antenna system component quality or installation quality.
PIM usually happens in the channel configured to be TRX channel, the RX
main channel, for the inter-modulation products in uplink band can go directly into
the rx channel of the antenna port almost without any attenuation. However, to other
rx channel of other antenna port which is configured to be rx only on the same RF
module, the rx diversity channel, the PIM has nearly no influence because of antenna
isolation. And that is why PIM usually causes RTWP difference between RX main
and RX diversity.
For broadband online FFT data, the feature of PIM spectrum is that the
amplitude of the rx main signal spectrum falls from right to left.
However, for broadband offline FFT data, the spectrum has no such feature for
RRU in offline mode has no downlink signal and thus no PIM. Spectrum of rx main
and rx diversity is more similar.
Based on above theory, if the spectrum of online FFT and offline FFT are the
same in the whole FFT data collection period, then it can be judged that no PIM issue
existed. Otherwise, PIM may mostly probably exist. Deep analysis of the PIM issue
needs to collect onsite antenna system construction diagram and carrier configure
information.
Finally fix of PIM issue needs to do antenna system check and adjustment.

Online FFT Offline FFT

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4 Interference solution

4.1 Anti-Interference E-Flow

Interference analysis should be conducted before a new project launched. It is the

most efficient way for the whole interference solution.
The guidance to create an anti-Interference E-flow was shown in the attachment.

4.2 Field Interference Scan Guide

The most efficient way to solve the interference issue is to go onsite and do
interference scan, and finally shut off the interference source.

1_Spectrum_Analyz
er_Guide_for_Scan_External_Interference_Signal.docx

4.3 Wide band interference

Currently the solution of wide band interference was to find the interference
source and shut off it.

4.4 Narrow band interference

For strong narrow band interference, it is suggested to go onsite and find the
interference source. For weak narrow band interference, because it is hard to do
interference scan, it is suggested to open NBIS feature to decrease the RTWP.

4.5 Blocking Interference

The solution to blocking interference is to add anti-blocking interference filter to

the local BTS. The filter spec will be gotten after the RM E-flow was created and
handled.

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4.6 Spurious Interference introduce

The solution to spurious interference is to add anti-spurious interference filter to

the local BTS. The filter spec will be gotten after the RM E-flow was created and
handled.

4.7 PIM

Theoretically, all components and their installation process may introduce PIM.
The way to do onsite check is to swap the antenna system components one by one and
check whether the PIM issue resolved or not.

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