LAMPIRAN

1. Neraca Energi Reaktor Reaktan di suhu operasi 50 348

Komponen Kg/jam mol Fraksi mol Cp.dT Cp.dT Campuran
Asam Akrilat 1922.684 26.704 0.389 7902.871 3071.939
Metanol 1281.789 40.056 0.583 4254.302 2480.546
Air 22.524 1.251 0.018 4259.552 77.588
Asam Sulfat 67.363 0.687 0.010 4166.308 41.687
Total 3294.359 68.699 1 5671.759

2. Perhitungan Refluks Distributor from patent

Wt
= 1- (p-q)(1+r)(Wf/Wv)
Wv

r = Wv - Wt
pWf

3. Surface tension MD-01

Metil Akrilat
Density = 333 793 Kg/m3
Density = 359 811 Kg/m3
BM 86

Group jml Kontribusi Nilai

C 4 4.8 19.2 σ distilat= 17.490
H-C 6 17.1 102.6 σ bottom= 19.097
O2 1 60 60
O 2 20 40
Total 221.8
Air
Density = 333 954 Kg/m3
Density = 359 970 Kg/m3
BM 18

Group jml Kontribusi Nilai

H-O 2 11.3 22.6 σ distilat= 121.3742
O 2 20 40 σ bottom= 129.357
Total 62.6

Metanol
Density = 333 738 Kg/m3
Density = 359 753 Kg/m3
BM 32

Group jml Kontribusi Nilai

C 1 4.8 4.8
O-H 1 11.3 11.3 σ distilat= 16.547
C-H 3 17.1 51.3 σ bottom= 17.896
O 1 20 20
Total 87.4

Asam Akrilat
Density = 333 959 Kg/m3
Density = 359 959 Kg/m3
BM 72

Group jml Kontribusi Nilai

C 3 4.8 14.4
C-H 3 17.1 51.3 σ distilat= 30.892
O-H 1 11.3 11.3 σ bottom= 30.892
O 2 20 40
O2 1 60 60
Total 177

Pentana
Density = 333 #DIV/0! Kg/m3
Density = 359 #DIV/0! Kg/m3
BM 72
 Group jml Kontribusi Nilai
C 5 4.8 24
C-H 12 17.1 205.2 σ distilat= #DIV/0!
Total 229.2 σ bottom= #DIV/0!

4. Penunjang campuran HE-04 Condenser

suku = 145 F = 62.965 C = 335.965 K

Komponen Massa BM mol Xi BM.Xi vis (cp)
Metil Akrilat 1884.47 86 21.912 0.980 84.245328 0.0086719
Air 6.60 18 0.367 0.016 0.2951458 0.0105474
Asam Akrilat 0.00 72 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0091011
Metanol 2.87 32 0.090 0.004 0.1281976 0.0109488
Total 1893.94 - 22.369 1.000 84.668671 -

5. Penunjang campuran HE-02 Condenser

suku = 215 F = 101.9165661 C = 374.91657 K

Komponen Massa BM mol Xi BM.Xi vis (cp)
Metil Akrilat 9.48 86 0.110 0.004 0.3780114 0.0097064
Air 0.00 18 0.000 0.000 0 0.0121736
Metanol 570.66 32 17.833 0.711 22.756675 0.0122916
Pentana 513.59 72 7.133 0.284 20.481 0.0087771
Total 1093.73 - 25.077 1.000 43.615693 -

5. Penunjang campuran HE-01 Reboiler

suhu = 257 F = 124.8316244 C = 397.83162 K
Komponen Massa BM mol Xi BM.Xi vis (cp)
Metil Akrilat 1886.36 86 21.934 0.676 58.124487 0.2608185
Air 184.54 18 10.252 0.316 5.686104 0.2395006
Asam Akrilat 12.80 72 0.178 0.005 0.3944118 0.3870063
 Metanol 2.87 32 0.090 0.003 0.0883602 0.3907649
Total 2086.57 - 32.454 1.000 64.293363 -

6. Penunjang campuran HE-03 Reboiler

suku = 217 F = 102.735 C = 375.735 K
Komponen Massa BM mol Xi BM.Xi vis (cp)
Metil Akrilat 1.89 86 0.022 0.002 0.1877973 0.2901726
Air 177.93 18 9.885 0.980 17.643387 0.2712858
Asam Akrilat 12.80 72 0.178 0.018 1.2692273 0.4416748
Metanol 0.00 32 0.000 0.000 0 0.4822006
Total 192.63 - 10.085 1.000 19.100411 -

7. mencari λ
H vapor
Komponen A Tc n
Asam Akrilat 62.977 615 0.351
Metanol 52.723 512.58 0.377
Air 52.053 647.13 0.321
Pentana 39.854 469.65 0.398
Metil Akrilat 46.8 536 0.347

0 , 38
 T ci  T 
λ = HN,i  
 T ci  T bi 
Destilat 333.02
Metil Akrilat 33.527987201
Metanol 35.506001141
Air 41.605907403
Pentana 24.451486333

Destilat 353.93
Metil Akrilat 32.171094529
Metanol 33.874223214
Air 40.530898871
8. Surface tension MD-02

Metil Akrilat
Density = 354 816 Kg/m3
Density = 373 850 Kg/m3
BM 86

Group jml Kontribusi Nilai

C 4 4.8 19.2 σ distilat= 19.644
H-C 6 17.1 102.6 σ bottom= 23.118
O2 1 60 60
O 2 20 40
Total 221.8

Air
Density = 354 975 Kg/m3
Density = 373 1004 Kg/m3
BM 18

Group jml Kontribusi Nilai

H-O 2 11.3 22.6 σ distilat= 132.05148
O 2 20 40 σ bottom= 148.896
Total 62.6

Metanol
Density = 354 758 Kg/m3
Density = 373 785 Kg/m3
BM 32

Group jml Kontribusi Nilai

C 1 4.8 4.8
O-H 1 11.3 11.3 σ distilat= 18.349
C-H 3 17.1 51.3 σ bottom= 21.169
O 1 20 20
Total 87.4

Asam Akrilat
Density = 354 983 Kg/m3
Density = 373 1017 Kg/m3
BM 72
 Group jml Kontribusi Nilai
C 3 4.8 14.4
C-H 3 17.1 51.3 σ distilat= 34.053
O-H 1 11.3 11.3 σ bottom= 39.036
O 2 20 40
O2 1 60 60
Total 177

9. Residence time (http://patents.com/us-3914290.html)

http://www.google.co.id/patents/US4464229

9. Penunjang campuran HE-M1

suku = 86 F = 30 C = 303 K
Komponen Massa BM mol Xi BM.Xi vis (cp)
Air #REF! 18 #REF! #REF! #REF! 0.8176964
Metil Format 60 0.000 #REF! #REF! 0.2041345
Metanol 32 0.000 #REF! #REF! 0.292039
Asam Formiat 46 0.000 #REF! #REF! 0.6483206
Total #REF! - #REF! #REF! #REF! -
Xi.vis(cp) k Xi.k Cp Xi.Cp
0.008 0.1452805 0.142 166.08624638 162.698
0.000 0.6484586 0.011 75.086798757 1.231
0.000 0.1469588 0.000 155.87328449 0.000
0.000 0.1893721 0.001 83.655995837 0.335
0.009 0.154 164.264

Cp 0.463 Btu / lb F
k 0.089 Btu/jam ft oF
vis 0.021 lb/j f

Xi.vis(cp) k Xi.k Cp Xi.Cp

0.000 0.1279358 0.001 179.40005025 0.789
0.000 0.678071 0.000 75.83511449 0.000
0.009 0.1732412 0.123 90.114848743 64.085
0.002 0.1257959 0.036 196.37733592 55.861
0.011 0.160 120.735

Cp 0.661 Btu / lb F
k 0.092 Btu/jam ft oF
vis 0.027 lb/j f

Xi.vis(cp) k Xi.k Cp Xi.Cp

0.176 0.1222009 0.083 184.68825458 124.825
0.076 0.6823261 0.216 76.425369911 24.142
0.002 0.1298595 0.001 167.96981742 0.920
 0.001 0.1676427 0.000 92.703179881 0.256
0.255 0.299 150.143

Cp 0.558 Btu / lb F
k 0.173 Btu/jam ft oF
vis 0.617 lb/j f

Xi.vis(cp) k Xi.k Cp Xi.Cp

0.001 0.1306916 0.000 177.02157357 0.387
0.266 0.6750975 0.662 75.611385317 74.113
0.008 0.1360774 0.002 163.32514562 2.879
0.000 0.1758799 0.000 88.952833729 0.000
0.274 0.664 77.379

Cp 0.968 Btu / lb F
k 0.384 Btu/jam ft oF
vis 0.664 lb/j f

n Tmin Tmax TB HVAP @ TB

0.351 286.65 615 414.15 42.52
0.377 175.47 512.58 337.85 35.14
0.321 273.16 647.13 373.15 39.5
0.398 143.42 469.65 309.22 25.99
0.347 196.32 536 353.35 32.21
Xi.vis(cp) k Xi.k Cp Xi.Cp
#REF! 0.6130968 #REF! 75.446862056 #REF!
#REF! #REF! 4.37E+02 #REF!
#REF! 0.1833376 #REF! 85.888613747 #REF!
#REF! 0.2626278 #REF! 1.05E+02 #REF!
#REF! #REF! #REF!
Cp #REF! Btu / lb F
k #REF! Btu/jam ft oF
vis #REF! lb/j f
Btu/jam ft oF

Btu/jam ft oF
Btu/jam ft oF

Btu/jam ft oF
Btu/jam ft oF
 C-16

LAMPIRAN C
PERANCANGAN ALAT

A. Alat Utama

1. Reaktor (R - 101)

Fungsi : Tempat berlangsung reaksi CO2 dan H2

Jenis : Fixed Bed Multitube Reactor

A. Kondisi Operasi

Temperatur Input = 200 °C = 473.15

Temperatur Output = 200 °C = 473.15

Tekanan = 50.5 bar = 5050000

R = 0.08206 m³.atm/kmol.K = 8.314 kJ/kmol.K

B. Data Properties

Tabel C1. Berat Molekul Gas Umpan Reaktor

BM Feed
Komponen yi yi*BM
(Kg/kmol) (Kmol/Jam)

CO2 44.025 2,950.968 0.250 10.995

H2 2 8,852.905 0.749 1.498

CH4 16.043 4.026 0.000 0.005

N2 28.013 7.807 0.001 0.019

TOTAL 11,815.71 1.000 12.50

 C-17

Tabel C2. Berat Molekul Gas Produk Keluaran Reaktor

BM Produk
Komponen yi yi*BM
(Kg/kmol) (kmol/jam)

CO2 44.025 590.194 0.083 3.663

H2 2 1,770.581 0.250 0.499

CH3OH 32.042 2,360.775 0.333 10.663

H2O 18.015 2,360.775 0.333 5.995

CH4 16.043 4.026 0.001 0.009

N2 28.013 7.807 0.001 0.031

TOTAL 7,094.16 1 20.86

3. Densitas Gas Umpan Reaktor

ρ feed = P x BM

R x T

= 50.500 atm x 12.499

0.082 m³.atm/kmol.K x 473.15

= 16.257 kg/m³

= 1.015 lb/ft³

4. Densitas Gas Produk Keluaran Reaktor

Asumsi : Gas merupakan gas ideal

P x BM
ρ produk =
R x T

50.500 atm x 20.860

=
0.082 m³.atm/kmol.K x 473.15

= 27.131 kg/m³
 C-18

= 1.694 lb/ft³

Mencari Volume Gas

Massa keluaran campuran = 147981.024 kg/jam

massa
Volume Gas =
ρ produk

147,981.024 kg/jam
=
27.131 kg/m³

= 5,454.309 m³/jam

= 1.515 m³/s

5. Viskositas Gas Umpan

𝑛𝑔𝑎�=𝐴+𝐵𝑇+𝐶𝑇^2

Tabel C3. Menghitung Viskositas Gas Umpan Reaktor

Komponen A B C μ (mikro Poise)

CO2 1.18E+01 5.0E-01 -1.1E-04 223.327

H2 2.78E+01 2.1E-01 -3.3E-05 120.723

CH4 3.84E+00 4.0E-01 -1.4E-04 161.614

N2 4.26E+01 4.8E-01 -9.9E-05 245.234

Total 750.898
 C-19

Viskositas Feed = 146.444 μP

= 0.00015 P

= 0.053 kg.m/jam = 0.381

6. Viskositas Gas Keluaran

𝑛𝑔𝑎�=𝐴+𝐵𝑇+𝐶𝑇^2

Tabel C4. Menghitung Viskositas Gas Keluaran Reaktor

Komponen A B C μ (mikro Poise)

CO2 1.18E+01 4.98E-01 -1.1E-04 223.327

H2 2.78E+01 2.12E-01 -3.3E-05 120.723

CH3OH -14.236 3.89E-01 -6.28E-05 155.934

H2O -36.826 4.29E-01 -1.62E-05 162.529

CH4 3.84E+00 4.01E-01 -1.43E-04 161.614

N2 4.26E+01 4.75E-01 -9.88E-05 245.234

Total 1069.361
 C-20

Viskositas Feed = 155.049 μP

= 0.00016 P

= 0.056 kg.m/jam = 0.404 lbm.ft/jam

7. Konduktivitas Thermal Gas Umpan

Data thermal conductivity of gas (k) dari chemical properties

k = A + BT +CT^2 (W/m . K) (organic) (Tabel 23-1, Yaws)

k = A + BT + CT^2 (inorganic) (Tabel 23-2, Yaws)

Tabel C5. Menghitung Konduktivitas Thermal Gas Umpan Reaktor

Komponen A B C k (W/m.K) k.yi

CO2 -0.012 1.02E-04 -2.24E-08 0.031 0.008

H2 0.03951 4.59E-04 -6.49E-08 0.242 0.181

CH4 -0.00935 1.40E-04 3.32E-08 0.064 0.000

N2 0.00309 7.59E-05 -1.10E-08 0.037 0.000

Total 0.189

8. Konduktivitas Thermal Gas Keluaran

Data thermal conductivity of gas (k) dari chemical properties

k = A + BT +CT^2 (W/m .K) (organic) (Tabel 23-1, Yaws)

k = A + BT + CT^2 (inorganic) (Tabel 23-2, Yaws)

Tabel C6. Menghitung Konduktivitas Thermal Gas Keluaran Reaktor

Komponen A B C k (W/m.K) k.yi

CO2 -0.012 1.0E-04 -2.2E-08 0.031 2.60E-03

H2 0.03951 4.6E-04 -6.5E-08 0.242 6.05E-02

 C-21

CH3OH 0.00234 5.4E-06 1.3E-07 0.034 1.14E-02

H2O 0.00053 4.7E-05 5.0E-08 0.034 0.011

CH4 -0.00935 1.4E-04 3.3E-08 0.064 0.000

N2 0.00309 7.6E-05 -1.1E-08 0.037 0.000

Total 0.086

9. Kapasitas Panas Gas Umpan

Tabel C7. Menghitung Kapasitas Panas Gas Umpan Reaktor

Cp Cp *yi
Komponen yi
(J/mol.K) (kJ/kmol.K)

CO2 43.489 0.250 10.861

H2 29.254 0.749 21.919

CH3OH 56.883 0.000 0.000

H2O 34.942 0.000 0.000

CH4 44.745 0.000 0.015

N2 29.479 0.001 0.019

Total 1.000 32.815

10. Kapasitas Panas Gas Keluar

Tabel C8. Menghitung Kapasitas Panas Gas Keluaran Reaktor

Cp Cp *yi
Komponen yi
(J/mol.K) (kJ/kmol.K)

CO2 43.489 0.083 3.618

H2 29.254 0.2496 7.301

CH3OH 56.883 0.333 18.929

H2O 34.942 0.333 11.628

CH4 44.745 0.001 0.025

N2 29.479 0.001 0.032

Total 1.000 41.535

 C-22

C. Menghitung Massa Katalis

Feed co2 = 2,950.968 kmol/jam

Feed h2 = 8,852.905 kmol/jam

Reaksi yang terjadi :

CO2 + 3H2 → CH3OH + H2O

m: FA0 FB0

r: X1.FA0 3X1.FA0 X1.FA0 2X1.FA0

s: FA0 (1-X1) FB0-3X1FA0 X1FA0 2X1.FA0

Konversi 80%

CO2 + 3H2 → CH3OH H2O

m: 2,950.968 8,852.905 - -

r: 2360.775 7082.324 2360.775 2360.775

s: 590.194 1,770.581 2360.775 2360.775

Mencari Mol Total setiap Konversi yang Berbeda

inkremen 0.08

Tabel C9. Menghitung Mol Total setiap Koneversi yang Berbeda

Konversi CO2 H2 CH3OH H2O Mol Total

0.00 2950.968 8852.905 0.000 0.000 11,803.873

0.08 2714.891 8616.827 236.077 708.232 12,276.028

0.16 2478.813 8380.750 472.155 1378.692 12,710.410

0.24 2242.736 8144.672 708.232 2011.380 13,107.021

 C-23

0.32 2006.658 7908.595 944.310 2606.295 13,465.858

0.40 1770.581 7672.517 1180.387 3163.438 13,786.924

0.48 1534.503 7436.440 1416.465 3682.808 14,070.217

0.56 1298.426 7200.362 1652.542 4164.406 14,315.737

0.64 1062.349 6964.285 1888.620 4608.232 14,523.485

0.72 826.271 6728.208 2124.697 5014.285 14,693.461

0.80 590.194 6492.130 2360.775 5382.566 14,825.664

Menghitung Laju Reaksi

Persamaan rate constant :

�=4,104∙ 〖 10 〗 ^4
�^(−8240/𝑇)
Persamaan laju reaksi :
𝑟𝑎=� ∙ 〖〖𝑝 𝐶� 2 〗 ^(1/2) " " 𝑝
𝐻2 〗 ^(1/2)
(g.mol/hr/g.catalyst) (Rihani, 1965)

Dimana,

p = partial pressure (atm)

Partial pressure = X . Poperasi

Poperasi = 50.5 atm

Konversi 80%

mol Co2 590.194

X CO2 = = 0.040
mol total 14,825.664

mol H2 6,492.130
X H2 = = 0.438
mol total 14,825.664
 C-24

Partial pressure CO2 = X CO2 . Poperasi

= 0.040 . 50.5

= 2.010

Partial pressure H2 = X H2 . Poperasi

= 0.438 . 50.5

= 22.114

Temperatur reaksi = 200 °C = 473.15 K

�=4,104∙ 〖 10 〗 ^4
∙�^(−8240/73,15) = 0.00112

𝑟𝑎=� ∙ 〖〖 0,002 〗 ^(1/2) " " ∙" "

= 0.007479 g.mol/hr
0,876 〗 ^(1/2)

Tabel C10. Menghitung Laju Reaksi setiap Konversi yang Berbeda

Konversi X CO2 X H2 p CO2 p H2

0.00 0.250 0.750 12.625 37.875

0.08 0.221 0.702 11.168 35.447

0.16 0.195 0.659 9.849 33.298

0.24 0.171 0.621 8.641 31.381

0.32 0.149 0.587 7.525 29.659

0.40 0.128 0.557 6.485 28.104

0.48 0.109 0.529 5.508 26.690

0.56 0.091 0.503 4.580 25.400

0.64 0.073 0.480 3.694 24.216

0.72 0.056 0.458 2.840 23.124

0.80 0.040 0.438 2.010 22.114

 C-25

Konversi k r 1/r yn

0.00 0.0011217 0.024529 40.8 y0

0.08 0.0011217 0.022319 44.8 y1

0.16 0.0011217 0.020313 49.2 y2

0.24 0.0011217 0.018471 54.1 y3

0.32 0.0011217 0.016758 59.7 y4

0.40 0.0011217 0.015144 66.0 y5

0.48 0.0011217 0.013600 73.5 y6

0.56 0.0011217 0.012099 82.7 y7

0.64 0.0011217 0.010609 94.3 y8

0.72 0.0011217 0.009090 110.0 y9

0.80 0.0011217 0.007479 134 y10

Menghitung Massa Katalis dan Ukuran Reaktor dengan

Metode Trapezoidal

Diketahui :

Bulk Density Catalis = 4853.936 kg/m3

Persamaan Trapezoidal :
 C-26

∫_(𝑥=0)^(𝑥=0,7)▒ 〖� �� = 〗 ∆𝑥 /2
( �_𝑜+2�_1+2�_2+ …+ �_𝑛 )

dimana,
�= 1/𝑟

∫_(𝑥=0)^(𝑥=0,7)▒ 〖� �� = 〗 0,07/2 [ (1.40,77)+ (2∙89,61) +

(2∙98,46)
+ (2∙108,28) + (2∙119,34) + (2∙132,07)
+ (2∙147,06) + (2∙165,30) + (2∙188,52)
+ (2∙220,02,) + (1∙133,71) ]

∫_(𝑥=0)^(𝑥=0,7)▒ 〖�
�� = 〗 1443,13 (jam.gram catalyst/mol)

W= 2950968.24 mol/jam x 57.725 (jam.gram catalyst/mol)

W= 170345724.81 gram = 170346 kg

Dipilih pipa dengan ukuran standar :

NPS = 1.5 in

Sch No = 40 in

ID = 1.610 in = 0.041 m

OD = 1.9 in = 0.048 m

(Appendix A.5 hal 892, Geankoplis)

Perhitungan Katalis dengan Volume 1 Buah Tube

V = W

massa jenis katalis

 C-27

V = 170346

4853.936

V = 35.094349166 m3

(Lawrie Lloyd, 2011)

Z = 4W

phi. ID^2. massa jenis katalis

= 2673.3 m (tinggi keseluruhan)

dipilih tinggi standar pipa = 24 ft = 7.3153 m

tinggi tumpukan katalis

Z = 80% x 7.315289

= 5.852 m

Menghitung Jumlah Tube

jumlah tube yang dibutuhkan

Nt = Tinggi katalis keseluruhan

tinggi katalis per tube

= 456.80 tube = 457 tube

E. Mechanical Design Reaktor

Ukuran tube :

NPS = 1.5 in

Sch No = 40 in

ID = 1.61 in = 0.041 m = 0.134 ft

OD = 1.9 in = 0.048 m = 0.158 ft

Luas penampang = 0.4980 ft2 = 0.0463 m2

(Appendix A.5 hal 892, Geankoplis)

 C-28

Tinggi tumpukan katalis = 5.852 m

Panjang pipa = 7.315 m

Susunan pipa = triangular pitch

Gambar C1. Sususan Pipa Triangular Pitch

Tebal pipa = (OD-ID)/2

= 0.0037 m

Jarak antar pusat pipa (PT)

PT = 1,25OD

= 0.060 m = 0.198 ft

Jarak antar pipa (clearance)

C' = PT-OD

= 0.012 m

Diameter Shell ((4 . 0,866 . 𝑁𝑡 . 〖��〗 ^2)/�)^0.5

IDs =

= 1.354 m

Koefisien Transfer Panas dalam Pipa

 C-29

Dimana :

Pr = Cpμ/kf = 0.032

hi = koefisien panas dalam pipa

IDt = diameter dalam tube

μ/μw = 1, karena non viskos

Cp = kapasitas panas = 0.459

kf = konduktifitas pipa = 5.483

at = Nt x a

= 21.14 m2

Gt =Wt

at

= 326,244.02 lbm/hr

227.580 ft2

= 1433.533 lbm/h.ft2

Re = ID.Gt

= 504.38

hi = 312.046 Btu/h.ft2.oF

hio = Di x hi 264.418 Btu/h.ft2.oF

=
Do

Jarak Baffle
 C-30

Bs = IDs x 0,3

= 0.406 m

= 1.333 ft

Shell

Shell Side atau Bundle Crossflow Area (as)

as = (Pt-OD) x IDs x B

Pt

= 0.361 ft2

Mass velocity (Gs)

Gs = W pendingin

as

= 135939.988 lbm/jam

0.361 ft2

= 376570.63043 lbm/h.ft2

Diameter ekivalen

De = 0.1146 ft = 0.0349 m

μ = 0.0008 P = 0.2883 kg.m/jam = 2.085

Nre = De.Gs

= 20696.65

maka,

(Kern, hal 137)

dengan :

Kp =konduktivitas panas pendingin = 0.354 Btu/h.ft.oF

 C-31

Cpp =kapasitas panas pendingin = 1 Btu/lb.oF

μp =viskositas pendingin = 1.979 lbm.ft/h

ho = 0.412 Btu/h.ft2.oF

Dirt factor (Rd)

organic vapour = 0.0002 m2 oC/W = 0.00113563 h.ft2 oF/Btu

Pendingin = 0.0003 m2 oC/W = 0.001703444 h.ft2 oF/Btu

(Table 12.2 ,Towler. 1st ed)

Koefisien Perpindahan Panas Overall Clean dan Design

Koefisien perpindahan panas overall clean dihitung dengan rumus :

Uc = hio x ho

hio + ho (Kern,1950)

Uc = 0.4115 h.ft2 oF/Btu

Harga koefisien perpindahan panas overall design dihitung dengan rumus :

Ud = 1

1/Uc+Rd

= 1 = 0.4110 Btu.h/ft2.oF 2.3336221149

2.43 + 0.003

Pressure drop di shell

dimana :

Ds = diameter shell (IDs) = 1.354 m = 4.44 ft 53.3 in

Mass velocity (Gs) = 376570.63043 lbm/h.ft2

 C-32

Equivalent diameter (De) = 0.035 m = 0.1145888039

Øs = corrected coefficient s = 1 (hal.120 kern,1950)

(N+1) = 12L
= 216.076
B

untuk Re 20696.6

f (shell side friction factor) = 0.004 ft²/in²

S specific gravity = 1

ΔPs = 0.004 x 141805439700.711 x 4.44 x 216.076

5.22E+10 x 0.115 x 1x 1

= 544532888451

5.98E+09

= 91.036 psi = 6.195 bar

Tebal Shell

Spesifikasi bahan Carbon Steel SA-285 Grade C

Tekanan yang diijinkan (f) = 12650 psi

Efisiensi sambungan (ε) = 0.8 (double welded joint)

Corrosion allowanced = 0.25 in

Tebal shell dihitung dengan persamaan

(Brownell & young)

dengan

ts = tebal shell, inchi

P = tekanan dalam reaktor, psi

 C-33

E = efisiensi sambungan

ri = jari-jari dalam shell, inch

f = tekanan maksimum yang diijinkan, psi

C = Corrosion allowance

Tekanan dalam Shell

Faktor keamanan 10% atau lebih tinggi 30 psia dari tekanan operasi

P desain = 50.5 bar = 742.145 psi

P desain =30 psi + P desain awal

= 772.145 psi

= 52.541 bar

maka,

ts = 772.15 x 26.657554542 + 0.25 = 1.382 in

12650 x 0.8 - 463.2872

dipilih tebal shell standar (Brownell, hal. 351)

ts = 1 1/2 in

Diameter luar shell (ODs)

ODs = 2ts + IDs

= 3 + 53.32

= 56.32 in = 1.430 m

Head dan Bottom

Jenis : Torispherical flanged and dished head (untuk tekanan 15-200 psig)

Spesifikasi bahan Carbon Steel SA-285 Grade C

Tekanan yang diijinkan (f) = 12650 psi

Efisiensi sambungan (E) = 0.80 (double welded joint)

Corrosion allowanced = 0.25 in

 C-34

menentukan icr dan rc

OD = 56.3 in

ODstandar = 60 in

icr = 9 in

rc = 54 in (Tablel 5.7 Brownell)

maka :
1/4 (3+√(𝑟�/𝑖�𝑟))
Stress intenfication factor (W) =

= 1.362

Tebal head minimum dihitung dengan persamaan berikut:

(𝑃.𝑟_� �)/(2.𝑓.�−0.2𝑃)+𝐶

th =

th = 3.078 in dipilih tebal standar 3.000

Gambar C2. Torispherical Head

 C-35

Dengan nilai th = 3.000 in

maka didapatkan sf sebesar 1,5 - 3,5 (Brownel, tabel 5.4 hal. 87)

maka sf = 2.5 in

Keterangan :

th = tebal head (in)

icr = Inside corner radius ( in)

r = Radius of dish( in)

sf = Straight flange (in)

OD = Diameter luar (in)

ID = Diameter dalam (in)

b = Depth of dish (in)

OA = Tinggi head (in)

ID =OD-2ts

= 60 - 6.000

= 54.000 in = 1.372 m = 4.500 ft

Depth of dish (b)

�=𝑟�−√((𝑟�−𝑖�𝑟)^2−(𝐼�/2−𝑖�𝑟)^2 )

(hal 87, Brownell)

= 12.757 in

Tinggi Head (OA)

OA =th + b+ sf (Brownell,1959)

= 3.0000 + 12.757 + 2.5

= 18.257 in = 0.464 m
 C-36

AB = ID - icr

= 27 - 9

= 18 in

BC =rc - icr

= 54 - 9

= 45 in

AC√( 〖��〗
= ^2− 〖��〗 ^2 )

= 41.243 in

Tinggi Reaktor

Dari hasil perhitungan diperoleh tinggi tumpukan katalis yang dibutuhkan

yaitu 5.852 m

Tinggi shell = Tinggi pipa standar yang digunakan

= 24 ft

= 7.315 m

Tinggi reaktor = Tinggi shell + 2.(tinggi head)

= 7.315 + 0.927

= 8.243 m = 27.043 ft

Volume Reaktor

a. Volume head dan bottom

Vhb = 2. (Volume head tanpa sf + Volume head pada sf)

= 2. ( 0.000049 IDs3 + π/4 .IDs2.sf)

= 11460.731 in3
 C-37

= 0.188 m3

= 6.632 ft3

b. Volume shell

Vs = π/4 .IDs2.Ls

= 381.502 ft3 = 10.803 m3

Volume reaktor

V = V shell + V head dan bottom

= 388.134 ft3 = 10.991 m3

F. Menghitung Waktu Tinggal Umpan di Reaktor

ρf . Vb
t =
mf

16.257 kg/m³ x 138.311 m³

=
40.970 kg/s

= 54.883 s

7. Menghitung Ukuran Pipa

Diameter optimum pipa berdasarkan eq. 15 Peters, p.525

a. Pipa pemasukan umpan reaktor

kecepatan umpan = 147,905.5 kg/jam

326072.419 lb/jam

densitas umpan = 1.015 lb/ft³

 C-38

Di =2,2 (m/1000)0.45

ρ0.31

= 20.746 in

dipilih diameter standar

NPS = 24 in

Sch.No = 20 in

ID = 23.25 in

OD = 24 in

b. Pipa keluaran reaktor

Kecepatan keluaran = 147,905.5 kg/jam

326072.41899 lb/jam

densitas keluaran = 1.694 lb/ft³

Di =2,2 (m/1000)0.45

ρ0.31

= 23.109 in

dipilih diameter standar

NPS = 24 in

Sch.No = 20 in

ID = 23.25 in

OD = 24 in

Spesifikasi Reaktor (R - 101)

Fungsi Tempat terjadinya reaksi pembentukan Metanol

Tipe Fixed bed multitubular

Bahan Carbon steel SA-285 grade C

Tekanan operasi 50.5 atm

Temperatur 200 °C
 C-39

Diameter 1.524 m

Tinggi bed 7.315 m

Tinggi head 0.464 m

Tinggi reaktor 8.243 m

Volume reaktor 10.991 m³

Tebal shell 1.500 m

Tebal head 3.000 m

Massa katalis 170,346 kg

Waktu tinggal 54.883 s

Jumlah tube 457 tube

Jenis katalis Chopper Chromite

 C-40

pa
 C-41

yi μ.yi

0.250 55.776

0.749 90.451

0.000 0.055

0.001 0.162

1.000 146.444
 C-42

eaktor

yi μ.yi

0.083 18.580

0.2496 30.130

0.333 51.891

0.333 54.086

0.001 0.092

0.001 0.270

1.000 155.049
 C-43

Cp

Komponen Gas

Komponen A B C D E

CO2 27.437 4.23E-02 -1.96E-05 4E-09 -3E-13

H2 25.399 2.02E-02 -3.85E-05 3E-08 -9E-12

CH3OH 40.046 -3.83E-02 2.45E-04 -2E-07 6E-11

H2O 33.933 -8.42E-03 2.99E-05 -2E-08 4E-12

CH4 34.942 -4.00E-02 1.92E-04 -2E-07 4E-11

N2 29.342 -3.54E-03 1.01E-05 -4E-09 3E-13

 C-44

Volume reaktor

28.29617 70

35.74959 80

48.85562 90
C-45
 C-46

bulk density = 4853.936 kg/m3

Handbook of Industrial Catalysts, Lawrie Lloyd

∫_(𝑥=0)^(𝑥=0,7)▒ 〖� �� = 〗 ∆𝑥 /2
( �_𝑜+2�_1+2�_2+ …+ �_𝑛 )
ci ci x 1/r

1 40.77

2 89.61

2 98.46

2 108.28

2 119.34

2 132.07 57.725

2 147.06

2 165.30

2 188.52

2 220.02

1 133.71

total 1443.13
 C-47

ft

ft
 C-48

61661 kg/jam

135939.98785 lbm/jam
C-49
C-50
C-51
C-52
> Jacket

Kebutuhan pendingin

pendingin yang dibutuhkan adalah = 61661.341

= 65050.471

Spesifikasi steam
T in = 30 o
C = 303
T out = 50 o
C = 323

T rata = 40 o
C = 313
Sifat fisik air pada T rata-rata π/4 x ( 〖 D2 〗 _^2 −
Cp = 39308.916 〖 D1 〗 _^2 )
Kj/kg.K
ρ = 1014 kg/m3 = 63.29
µ = 0.6690 cp
k = 0.625 W/m.K

Jadi kebutuhan pendingin

= 61661.341
1014

= 60.810 m3/jam

> Jaket Reaktor

Diameter luar Reaktor Pengaduk = diameter dalam + 2 x tebal d
= 1.500
= 2.000

Asumsi jarak jaket = 3

= 8

Tinggi jaket = H = Hs + OA
 = 259.172

π/4 x ( 〖 D2 〗 _^2 −
Luas yang dilaliri air pendingin (A) =)
〖 D1 〗 _^2

= 47.1
= 0.0304

Kecepatan superficial pendingin = V

A

= 2001.182

Tebal dinding jaket pendingin

menggunakan bahan Stainless Steel SA-340

Tinggi jaket = 259.172

= 21.598

PH = ( H - 1 ) ρair
144

= 9.0530

P desain = 67.833

Tebal jaket (t) = PD x Diameter

f x E - 0.6 x PD

= 0.4342
 61661.341 kJ/jam
65050.471 Btu/jam

303 K = 86 o
F
323 K = 122 o
F

313 K = 104 o
F

63.29 lb/ft3

diameter dalam + 2 x tebal dinding

1.500 in + 0.5 in
2.000 in

3 in
8 in

H = Hs + OA
 259.172 in

〗 _^2 −

47.1 in2
0.0304 m2

= 60.810 m3/jam
0.0304 m2

2001.182 m/jam

259.172 in
21.598 ft

( H - 1 ) ρair
144

9.0530 psi

67.833 psi

PD x Diameter
+C
f x E - 0.6 x PD

0.4342 in
 Reaktor Fixe

Neraca Massa

Kapasitas 600,000 ton/tahun

jumlah hari kerja 330 hari
jumlah jam kerja 24 jam
Produksi 1 jam 75757.58 kg/jam

Spesifikasi produk 99.85% 0.9985

Spesifikasi produk 75643.94
2360.77

Konversi 80 % (Leonie E. Lucking, 2017)

Co2 3H2 CH3OH

m 2950.97 8852.90
r 2360.77 7082.32 2360.77
s 590.19 1770.58 2360.77

Inlet Reaksi
Komponen
Kg/Jam Kmol/Jam Kg/Jam
CO2 129916.38 2950.97 103933.10
H2 17705.81 8852.90 14164.65
CH3OH 0.00 0.00 -75643.94
H2 O 0.00 0.00 -42529.35
CH4 64.59 4.03 0.00
N2 218.70 7.81 0.00
Total 147905.48 11815.71 -75.54
Kg/h Total 147905.48 14
11815.7062180523

Neraca Energi

CP FASE GAS
Cp = A + BT +CT^2 +DT ^3 +ET^4
Dengan Cp = kapasitas panas cairan, j/mol.K
T = suhu, Kelvin
ʃCP dT = A(Tin-Treff) + B/2 * (Tin^2 - Treff^2) + C/3 (Tin^3 - Treff^3) + D/4* (Tin^4-Treff^4) +E/5 * (T
T reff = 25 C 298.15 K

Komponen BM A B
CO2 44.025 27.437 4.23E-02
H2 2 25.399 2.02E-02
CH3OH 32.042 40.046 -3.83E-02
H2O 18.015 33.933 -0.00842
CH4 16.043 34.942 -4.00E-02
N2 28.013 29.342 -3.54E-03

Komponen Harga ΔH°f ( kJ/mol )

CH4 -74.870
N2
H2 O -241.83
CO2 -393.509 -393.509
H2 0
CH3OH -201.83 -443.66

Reaksi
Co2 3H2 CH3OH H2O

Penentuan Entalphi

ΔHR(298,15K) = o
f
produk - of,reaktan
(of CH3OH + H2O) – (of CO2 + 3.of H2)
-49.321 Kj/mol
produk -116435763.524389 Kj/mol
panas reaksi total -116435763.524389 Kj/mol

Temperatur o
C K
Ref 25 298.15
Input 200 473.15
Output 200 473.15

Input
 Komponen Kmol/Jam ʃCP dT H sensible
CO2 2950.9682 7180.4756 21189355.4464534
H2 8852.904710295 5085.1311278977 45018181.3146334
CH3OH 0 8885.7207647026 0
H2O 0 5989.4818077885 0
CH4 4.0261043923 7049.7819799526 28383.1581945274
N2 7.8071665999 5118.3250994467 39959.6167638538
Total 11815.7062180523 39308.9164 66275879.5360452

Output

Komponen Kmol/Jam ʃCP dT H sensible

CO2 590.193647353 7180.4756088064 4237871.08929068
H2 1770.580942059 5085.1311278977 9003636.26292668
CH3OH 2360.774589412 8885.7207647026 20977183.7899204
H2O 2360.774589412 5989.4818077885 14139816.4555725
CH4 4.0261043923 7049.7819799526 28383.1581945274
N2 7.8071665999 5118.3250994467 39959.6167638538
Total 7094.1570392283 39308.9163885944 48426850.3726686

Aliran panas masuk Aliran panas keluar

Hsensible in 66275879.536 Hsensible out
Hreaksi 116435763.524389 Qpendingin

Total 182711643.060 Total

Aliran panas masuk Aliran panas keluar

Hsensible in 66275879.536 Hsensible out
Hreaksi -116435763.524389 Qpendingin

Total -50159883.988 Total

Note
Reaksi nya gapake di bagi minus ya shay
takutnya nanti diminta sama bapaknya gapake dibagi minus.
 dan juga reaksi kita itu kan eksotermis jadi gapake dibagi minus tuh
Reaksi nya dibagi minus ya shay
takutnya gak ditanya sma bapak dan pengen plus aja haha
and so, kita bimbingan nanti hasilnya gmn, kalo pake yg plus yaudah fix kita kelar

Note
Reaktor lampiran NE bikin 2 ya
yang satu pake minus tabelnya
yang satu pake plus tabelnya.. Paham kan shay :D
Love you shaaay semangat ngerjainnya ya biar kita cepet wisuda hahaha
 Reaktor Fixed Bed Multitube

Komponen BM
CO2 44.025
H2 2
CH3OH 32.042
H2O 18.015
CH4 16.043
N2 28.013
Kg/Jam
Kmol/jam

H2O

2360.77
2360.77

Reaksi Outlet
Kmol/Jam Kg/Jam Kmol/Jam
2360.77 25983.28 590.19
7082.32 3541.16 1770.58
-2360.77 75643.94 2360.77
-2360.77 42529.35 2360.77
0.00 64.59 4.03
0.00 218.70 7.81
4721.55 147981.02 7094.16
147905.48
11815.7062180523

CP FASE GAS
(sumber : yaws)
4* (Tin^4-Treff^4) +E/5 * (Tin^5-Treff^5)

C D E
-1.96E-05 4.00E-09 -2.99E-13
-3.85E-05 3.19E-08 -8.76E-12
2.45E-04 -2.17E-07 5.99E-11
0.0000299 -1.78E-08 3.69E-12
1.92E-04 -1.53E-07 3.93E-11
1.01E-05 -4.31E-09 2.59E-13

-50.151
 Aliran Panas Masuk
Komponen
Kj/Jam
CO2 21189355.4464534
H2 45018181.3146334
CH3OH 0
H2O 0
CH4 28383.1581945274
N2 39959.6167638538
Hreaksi 116435763.52
Qpendingin 0
Total 182711643.06

Aliran panas keluar laju alir

Komponen
48426850.373 keluar (kg/jam)
134284792.688 CO2 25983.28
H2 3541.16
182711643.060 CH3OH 75643.94
H2 O 42529.35
Aliran panas keluar CH4 64.59
48426850.373 N2 218.70
-98586734.361

-50159883.988

kebutuhan pendingin
cpdt 39308.9164
2177.7793013072
61661.3412604134
gi minus tuh

g plus yaudah fix kita kelar

 F1 (H2)

Reaktor
F2 (CO2)

Inlet Reaksi
Komponen
Kg/Jam Kg/Jam
CO2 129916.38 103933.10
H2 17705.81 14164.65
CH3OH 0 -75643.94
H2O 0 -42529.35
CH4 64.5907927663 0.00
N2 218.7021579631 0.00
Total 147905.48 -75.54
Kg/h Total 147905.48 147905.48
X Y
Aliran Panas Keluar
Kj/Jam
4237871.09
9003636.26
20977183.79
14139816.46
28383.16
39959.62
0
134284792.69
182711643.06

BM laju alir
(kg/kmol) keluar (kmol/jam)
44.025 590.19
2 1770.58
32.042 2360.77
18.015 2360.77
16.043 4.03
28.013 7.81
 Komponen A B C
CO2 11.811 4.98E-01 -1.09E-04
H2 27.758 2.12E-01 -3.28E-05
CH4 3.844 4.01E-01 -1.43E-04
N2 42.606 4.75E-01 -9.88E-05
CH3OH -14.236 3.89E-01 -6.28E-05
H2O -36.826 4.29E-01 -1.62E-05

b. Konduktivitas Termal
k = A + BT + CT2
Komponen A B C
CO2 -0.012 1.02E-04 -2.24E-08
H2 0.03951 4.59E-04 -6.49E-08
CH3OH 0.00234 5.43E-06 1.32E-07
H2O 0.00053 4.71E-05 4.96E-08
CH4 -0.00935 1.40E-04 3.32E-08
N2 0.00309 7.59E-05 -1.10E-08
Outlet
Kg/Jam
25983.28 Komponen A B C
3541.16 CO2 27.437 4.23E-02 -1.96E-05
75643.94 H2 25.399 2.02E-02 -3.85E-05
42529.35 CH3OH 40.046 -3.83E-02 2.45E-04
64.59 H2O 33.933 -0.00842 0.0000299
218.70 CH4 34.942 -4.00E-02 1.92E-04
147981.02 N2 29.342 -3.54E-03 1.01E-05
147905.48
 D E
4.00E-09 -2.99E-13
3.19E-08 -8.76E-12
-2.17E-07 5.99E-11
-1.78E-08 3.69E-12
-1.53E-07 3.93E-11
-4.31E-09 2.59E-13