4

Design Philosophy (Structures)

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4 Design Philosophy (Structures)

4.1 Introduction

The design philosophy for the structures of the project road shall be primarily based
on the relevant Codes of IRC, Standards and Specifications, Special Publications,
Latest Guidelines and Circulars of Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
(MORT&H) and relevant Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). For aspects not covered
by IRC and BIS Standards, relevant recommendations of the International Standards
or sound engineering practices shall be followed. All bridges, culverts and structures
shall be designed and constructed in accordance with Schedule-B of the Agreement
and shall conform to cross-sectional features and other details specified therein.

The design philosophy shall include but not be limited to the following:

 Materials – concrete, steel, etc.

 Live load
 Width of carriageway and number of lanes
 Requirement of footpath
 Temperature gradient and climatic data
 Wind effect
 Seismic effect
 Geo-technical investigations and recommendations
 Methodology for analysis and design
 Bearings, expansion joints and wearing course
 Protection works
 Repair/rehabilitation measures

4.2 Carriageway Width

The existing Two/single-lane State Highway section is to be widened to a minimum

of 2-lane carriageway with paved shoulders configuration. The overall configuration
of the deck of the new or to be widened structures shall be in conformation with
Schedule-B of the Contract Agreement.

4.3 Span Arrangement

The structural arrangement of the new two lane bridge will be decided based on
hydrology of the channel, sub-soil investigation report for the site, features of existing
bridge if any and the basic objective will be to select such an arrangement, which will

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ensure provision to meet other functional, structural and economic requirements and
also blend with environment of the surrounding area. The form selected will be most
innovative and cost effective and suitable for construction by locally available
technology.

Based on preliminary design, GADs for bridges and other structures will be
prepared. GADs will show salient features of the structures such as overall length,
span arrangement, carriageway width, deck level, foundation level, type of
superstructure, substructure and foundations; bearings, expansion joints, return
walls, ground levels, vertical clearance, design loading, cross and longitudinal profile
etc. and submitted to NHAI authorities for approval. Preliminary design of new
bridges and structures will be carried out based on hydraulic and geo-technical
studies, following the standards and code of practices. In evolving the structural
framework, aspects like ease of construction and cost effectiveness will be kept in view.

Based on the approved design criteria and General Arrangement Drawings (GADs)
approved by NHAI authorities, the detailed design of foundations, substructure,
superstructure, bearings, miscellaneous items and protection works for all bridges
and other structures will be prepared following the methodology as under making
maximum use of computer based techniques.

i) Standards and Code of Practices

Design of all components of structures will be carried out in accordance with the
provisions of the following Standards / Codes of Practices:

In case of rehabilitation of the Bridges, the same will be designed on the basis of IRC:
SP: 35 & IRC: SP: 40.

The design of various components of bridges following codes of practices and

specifications shall be followed:

 IRC: 5-2015 : Section 1

 IRC: 6-2014 : Section II (Load & stresses)

 IRC: 22-2015 : Section IV (Composite Construction)

 IRC: 24-2010 : Section V (Steel Road Bridges)

 IRC :40-2002: Section IV (Brick, Stone & CC Block masonry)

 IRC: 78-2014 : Section VII (Foundation and sub-structure)

 IRC: 83-2002 : Section IX (Bearings Part: III POT-PTFE, Pin and

Metallic Guided Bearings)
 IRC: 83-2015 : Section IX (Bearings Part: II Elastomeric Bearings)

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 IRC: 83-2015: Section IX (Bearings Part: IV Spherical &Cylindrical

Bearings)
 IRC: 112-2011: Codes of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges.
 IRC: SP: 13 2004 : Guidelines for the design of small bridges and
culverts.

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4.4 Materials

i) Concrete
Concrete grade for varied structural components, based on the 28

day strength of 150mm cubes shall be as follows:

S.N. Grade of
Use
Concrete
1 Precast RCC T-Beam/Box cell M35

2 Cast-in-situ Box cell Bridges M30

3 Precast PSC Beam Girder M45

4 Cast-in-situ Deck Slab and Cross Diaphragms M40

5 Pier, Pier Cap M35

6 Dirt wall, Abutment cap, Abutment Shaft, Return wall M35

7 Dir wall & Abutment Cap over Stone Masonry M30

8 Retaining Wall M30

9 Raft / Isolated Foundation M35

10 Pile M 35

11 Pile Cap M 35

12 Approach Slab M30

13 Crash Barrier M40

14 Bearing Pedestal M45

15 Cast-in-situ Box Culverts M30

Maximum cement content (excluding fly ash, GGBS or Silica) shall not exceed
450 kg/m3.
ii) Reinforcement
The rebars shall conform to grade Fe 500D of IRC: 112 - 2011.
fy = 500MPa, Es = 200GPa & Density = 7.85 t/m2
Welding of rebar & use of mechanical couplers shall conform to IRC: 112-2011.

iii) Stone Masonry

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Stone Masonry shall conform to the specifications of IRC 40: 2002 and IS 1597 (Part-
1). Sizes of stone shall conform to IS 1597 (Part-1). Cement to Sand ratio in Mortar
shall not be leaner than 1:3

iv) Prestressing
Pre-Stressing steel shall conform to IRC: 112-2011.
Strand: 15.2 mm nominal dia, 7-wire, low relaxation strand confirms to class 2 of IS:
14268. Sheathing shall be of HDPE Pipe shall confirm to IRC: 112-2011.

v) Expansion Joint

o Up to 10.0 m Span : 20mm filler board type

o 10.0m< Span ≤35.0m : 40 mm Strip seal type expansion
vi) Bearings

o For spans less than 10m solid slab superstructure would be provided with
TAR paper bearings.
o For higher spans, elastomeric type bearings are proposed.

4.5 Design Loads

i) Bulk Density

The bulk densities of material for Dead & Super Imposed Dead Load adopted are
as follows:

Pre-stressed concrete 2.5 T/m3

Reinforced Concrete 2.5 T/m3

Plain cement Concrete 2.5 T/m3

Earth (Compacted) 2.0 T/m3

Coursed rubble stone masonry (Cement Mortar) 2.6 T/m3

Stone masonry (Lime Mortar) 2.4 T/m3

ii) Super imposed Dead Load

For design purposes loading due to superimposed dead load are as follows.

Wt. of parapet 0.4 t/m

Wt. of crash barrier 0.9 t /m

Wt. of surfacing (wearing coat) 0.2 t/m2

iii) Vehicular Bridge live load

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Vehicular Bridge Live Load assumed for longitudinal design & analysis (ref. table
2 IRC: 6-2014) with suitable reduction of lane loading given as per clause205: IRC:
6.2014.

Each New 2-lanes bridge having carriageway of 7.5 m to 8.5m, shall be designed
for single lane of IRC Class 70R loading or 2-lanes of Class-A loading, whichever
governs.

Each New 2-lanes bridge having carriageway of 10.5 m to 13.1m, shall be designed
for single lane of IRC 70R loading or single lane of IRC 70R loading plus single
lane of IRC Class-A loading or 3-lanes of IRC Class-A loading, whichever
governs. For 2 Lane bridge of 16 m total width with foot path on both sides shall be
designed for single lane of IRC 70R loading or single lane of IRC 70R loading
plus single lane of IRC Class-A loading or 3-lanes of IRC Class-A loading,
whichever governs.

Impact factor as per clause 208 of IRC: 6-2014 is calculated in addition to above
live load effect.

Maximum Footpath Live Load shall be 500 kg/m2 as per clause 206 of IRC: 6-2014.

iv) Longitudinal Load

The longitudinal horizontal load is calculated based on clause 211.2(a) of IRC: 6-

2014, both for seismic and non-seismic conditions. Design has been performed for
the load combination which produces severer effects.

v) Water current forces

Water current forces are considered above Mean Scour Level, as per Clause No.
210 of IRC: 6-2014.

vi) Wind Load

Structures shall be designed to resist lateral loads arising due to wind as per
clause 209 of IRC: 6-2014.

vii) Seismic Load

The bridges lie in seismic zone II. Horizontal Seismic Forces are calculated as per
IRC: 6-2014.

Minor bridges satisfying both limits of total length not exceeding 60m and spans
not exceeding 15m need not designed for seismic forces.

Culverts need not be designed for seismic forces

For other bridges following parameter are considered

Ah = Z/2 * I /R * (Sa/g)
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Av = 2/3*Ah

Where

Ah = horizontal seismic coefficient

Av = vertical seismic coefficient

Z = Zone Factor = 0.1 (For Seismic Zone II)

I = Importance Factor =1.2 (For Important Bridges)

R = Response Reduction bridges, without ductile detailing

= 1.0 (RCC short plate piers where plastic hinge cannot develop
in direction of length, and RCC abutments.)

= 3.0 (RCC long piers where hinges can develop/ Columns)

=1(Bearings)

Sa/g = Spectral Acceleration coefficient (Max 2.5), depends

over Time period (T) of structure

T = Time period of structure (Calculated as per Appendix D of

IRC: 6-2014)

The seismic force shall be assumed to come from any direction, hence design
seismic force resultants at any cross section of the bridge component shall be

o combined as follows

 ±r1 ±0.3r2±0.3r3

 ±0.3r1 ±r2±0.3r3

 ±0.3r1 ±0.3r2±r3

Where -

r1 =Force resultant due to full design seismic force in X-direction only

r2 = Force resultant due to full design seismic force in Z-direction only

r3 = Force resultant due to full design seismic force in vertical direction

o The seismic effect on live load shall not be considered in the direction of
traffic.

o The horizontal seismic force perpendicular to the direction of traffic shall

be computed using 20% of the live load. Also, the vertical seismic force
shall be computed using 20% of the live load.

o For design of foundation the seismic load should be taken as 1.35times the
forces transmitted to it by substructure. If the response reduction factor is
taken as 1.0 then seismic load need not be increased by 1.35

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viii) Temperature load

As per IRC: 6-2014 temperature ranges for the project stretch is of -2.500C to
47.500C.

The nonlinear temperature gradient for design shall be considered as per clause
215.3 of IRC: 6-2014.

ix) Earth Pressure & Surcharge

Structures to retain earth fills (abutments, return walls & Retaining wall) shall be
designed to withstand pressure as computed by coulomb’s theory, both for LWL
and HFL cases.

All abutments, return walls & retaining walls shall be designed for a live load
surcharge equivalent to 1.2m of earth fill.

Splayed Wing Walls shall be designed to withstand earth pressure and self-weight
only. Sections of wing wall where inclination of backfill is up to only a finite length
(Broken back fill surface), specialist literature shall be referred to calculate effect on
earth pressure.

For seismic load combinations, dynamic increment on earth pressure and

surcharge if considered shall be considered as Per IRC 6:2014 CL 214.1.4

Seismic component of earth mass over foundation (confined b/w return wall, over
heel slab) is also considered in addition to dynamic increment of earth pressure.

Weep holes shall be proposed in Abutment wall, return wall, Wing wall and
retaining wall to cater pore water pressure.

x) Load Combination

Load Combination shall be adopted as per table 1 of IRC: 6-2014.

4.6 Design Criteria

i) Clear Cover to Reinforcement

Minimum cover to any reinforcement shall be as follows:

Component Nominal Cover (mm)

Foundation 75
structure

Earth face 75
Sub-

Other face 45

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Component Nominal Cover (mm)

Precast RCC 40
elements

Super- structure Cast-in-

situ RCC 40
elements
Pre-stress
tendons 75

ii) Foundation

a) Open Foundation
o Abutment open foundation is checked for overall stability
(overturning, sliding & base pressure) as well as for strength of each
component (heel & toe).
o Allowable base pressure shall be increased by 25% for seismic load
combinations, as per clause 706.1.2 of IRC: 78-2014.

o No tension shall be allowed under any combination of loads on soil,

except in case of foundation resting on rock, negative base pressure
may be allowed as per clause 706.3.3 of IRC: 78-2014.

o Base raft is designed as cantilever slab.

b) Pile Foundation

o Reaction over pile is calculated by rivet theory assuming pile cap as

rigid

o Pile is designed as circular column with axial load and bending

o Deflection of pile at MSL must be less than 1% of dia. of Pile

o Pile cap is designed as by bending theory.

iii) Sub-Structure

a) Abutment Shaft:

o Abutment shaft is designed for axial load with biaxial bending.

o To Verify the shaft, perform adequate during service life it is to be

checked for Crack width & stress check

b) Dirt Wall:

o Dirt wall is designed for earth pressure from back fill & 50 %
reinforcement increased as per MORT&H Circular No. RW/NH-
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34015/2/86–S&R dated 22 June 1994.

c) Abutment Cap:

o Nominal reinforcement is provided in transverse direction for fully

supported abutment cap.

o Abutment cap is designed as cantilever/ corbel action in transverse

direction in case cap is not fully supported.

o Abutment cap is checked for cantilever/ corbel action in longitudinal

direction wherever applicable.

a) Pier Shaft:

o Pier shaft is designed for axial load with biaxial bending.

o The Largest overall dimension is not greater than four times the
smallest overall dimension.
o The Height is such that the ratio of effective length to radius of gyration
is not less than 12.

b) Pier Cap:

o Nominal reinforcement is provided in transverse direction for fully

supported pier cap.

o Pier cap is designed for cantilever/ corbel action in transverse direction

in case cap is not fully supported.

o Pier cap is checked for cantilever/ corbel action in longitudinal

direction wherever applicable

c) Return Wall

o Return wall is analyzed for two side supported plate and accordingly
designed for bending moment and shear forces due to Earth pressure
and Live load surcharge pressure.

o Seismic Forces are not considered as these components are easily

repairable, as per clause no. 219.5.4 of IRC: 6-2014.

d) Cantilever Retaining Wall (RCC)

o Retaining wall is designed for forces due to Earth pressure and Live
load surcharge pressure.

o Seismic Forces are not considered as damages are easily repairable, as

per clause no. 219.5.4 of IRC: 6-2014.

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iv) Super-Structure

a) Precast RCC T-Beam with Cast-in-situ Deck Slab

o Analysis is done by grillage analogy method to find out maximum

bending moment and shear forces in longitudinal beams, and designed
as per IRC 112: 2011.

o Temperature gradient effect has been considered as per clause no 218.3

of IRC: 6-2014.

o End cross girder is designed for jack-up & service both conditions.

o Deck slab is designed as continuous slab & girders are treated as

supports.

b) Precast PSC T-Beam with cast-in-situ Deck Slab

o Deck slab is designed as continuous slab & girders are treated as

supports.

o Analysis is done by grillage analogy method to find out maximum

bending moment and shear forces in longitudinal Girders, and
designed as per IRC: 112-2011.

o Temperature gradient effect has been considered as per clause no 215.3

of IRC: 6-2014.

o Compressive Strength and Strength development with time is to be

considered as per clause 6.4.2.2 of IRC: 112-2011.

o Average slip of 6 mm is considered for design of PSC T- Girders.

c) Steel plate Girders with cast in situ Deck Slab

o Deck slab is designed as continuous slab & girders are treated as

supports.

o Analysis is done by grillage analogy method to find out maximum

bending moment and shear forces in longitudinal Girders, and
designed as per IRC: 22-2015 for Composite action.

o Different component of plate girders (bracing, stiffeners etc.) are

proportioned and designed as per IRC 24 -2010.

o Temperature gradient effect has been considered as per clause no 215.3

of IRC 6-2014.

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d) Box type structures

o IT is analyzed for unit width and design is done by effective width

method as given in annexure B3 of IRC 112-2011.

e) Solid slab

o Solid slabs can be analyzed by effective width method as given in

annexure B3 of IRC 112-2011 or by Grillage analogy method.
o Design of solid slab shall be as per IRC 112:2011

4.7 Hydrology

o Design discharges for new bridges and culverts shall be computed

by using various methods as recommended by IRC: 5 and IRC-SP-13

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