TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPINES QUEZON CITY

938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City

BUILDING UTILITIES III

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
ASSIGNMENT NO.2

SUBMITTED BY: RIKKI JAY G. JARDIN.

SUBMITTED TO: ARCH. BILLIE JEAN CRUZ
DATE SUBMITTED: MARCH 11, 2019
What is artificial lighting?
Artificial light, as opposed to natural light, refers to any light source that is produced by electrical means.
Artificial lighting has many different applications and is used both in home and commercially. Artificial
lights are available in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, colors of light emitted, and levels of brightness. The
use of artificial lighting is crucial in agriculture and gardening, particularly in indoor cultivation.

What are types of artificial lighting?

The development of artificial light based on electric energy sources began at the end of the 19th and early
20th centuries. In developing artificial lights, the technological effort is aimed at producing light that will
resemble natural daylight (sunlight). Artificial light is measured in two ways – the specific frequency range
of the source and the strength of illumination, measured in lumens. Artificial light can be classified into
three main sources, in accordance with its developmental generation and the technology that enabled its
existence.

First generation – bulbs based on heating of a wire filament (incandescent lamps)

Second Generation – discharge lamps
Third generation – Light-Emitting Diode (LED) lamps

Different types of lights or lamps in a lighting system

Incandescent Lamps - Incandescent bulbs are standard bulbs and many people are quite
familiar with these bulbs. These incandescent bulbs are available in a broad range of sizes and
voltages. An incandescent bulb glows and produces heat when electricity passes through the
tungsten filament present inside the bulb. The filament of this bulb is placed either in a mixture
of nitrogen gas or in a vacuum. These bulbs are being gradually replaced by LEDs, fluorescent
lamps, and other service based new technologies.

example illustration:
Compact Fluorescent Lamps - A compact fluorescent lamp is a modern type of light bulb that works like
a fluorescent lamp. It contains mercury, which cause difficulties to its disposal. A CFL is designed to
replace an Incandescent lamp. Generally, CFLs use less power, produce same amount of light and have
long lifespan.Most of the compact fluorescent lamps consist of two or three tubular loops. Sometimes
they even look quite similar to incandescent bulbs. These lamps cannot be used with dimmers, and
usually they can last for 10,000 hours. Luminous efficiency of a compact fluorescent lamp is about 60
lumens per watt.

example illustration:

Halogen lamps - A halogen lamp consists of a tungsten filament, which is sealed with a compact
transparent envelop and filled with an inert gas and small amount of halogen (bromine or
iodine). These lamps are smaller than the conventional lamps. Halogen increases the lifetime
and brightness of the lamps. Luminous efficiency of a halogen lamp is about 25 lumens per
watt.

example illustration:
Metal Halide Lamps - Metal halide lamps consist of a discharge tube or arc tube within a bulb. This tube
can be made from either ceramic or quartz and contains mercury, MH salts and a starting gas. Metal
halide lamps produce a great amount of light for their size, and these lamps are one of the most efficient
lamps. These lamps are most commonly used in halls, traffic lights, on stages and in outdoor lighting
systems for commercial purposes.

example illustration:

LED lamp - is an electrical component that emits light through the movement of electrons in a
semiconductor device. It lacks a filament,uses less power and has a long lifespan. LEDs
produce more light than incandescent lamps and help save energy in energy-conserving
devices. LEDs are usually assembled into a light bulb to be used as a LED lighting system.
These diodes can emit light of an intended color without the use of color filters. The initial cost of
a LED is generally high and these are used to build electronic projects.

example illustration:
Fluorescent Tube - A fluorescent tube is a gas discharge tube that uses a fluorescence to
produce visible light.Luminous efficiency of a fluorescent tube is about 45 to 100 lumens per
watt. Compared with the incandescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes use less power for the same
amount of light, and are usually more complex and expensive than the incandescent lamps.
Fluorescent lamps do not have good color representation ability, but these tubes are cool in
appearance and color.Fluorescent tubes can be used in many places around a home,but cannot
be used with dimmers.

example illustration:

Neon Lamps - A neon lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that contains gas at low pressure. It is
assembled by mounting two electrodes within a small glass envelop. Standard brightness bulbs
are filled with an argon or neon gas mixture, and high-brightness lamps are filled with a pure
neon gas. When a voltage is applied, then the gas ionizes and starts to glow allowing a very
small current to travel from one electrode to the other electrode. Once the gas ionizes, the
operation of the lamp can be maintained at a lower voltage, and the maintaining voltage may
vary between 10-20 volts depending on the lamp and operating current.

example illustration:
High Intensity Discharge Lamps - Metal halide, mercury vapor, self-ballasted-mercury lamps
and high-pressure-sodium lamps all are high intensity discharge lamps. These lamps are
specially designed with inner glass tubes that include tungsten electrodes with electrical arc.
This inner glass tube is filled with both metals and gas. With the immunity of the self-ballasted
lamps, auxiliary equipment (starters and ballasts) must be provided for proper operation of each
bulb. These lamps produce a large quantity of light compared to the fluorescent and
incandescent lamps. High-intensity-discharge lamps are normally used when high levels of light
are required over large areas which include outdoor activity areas, gymnasiums, large public
areas, pathways, roadways and parking lots.

example illustration:

Low Pressure Sodium Lamps - Low-pressure-sodium lamp is the first sodium lamp which has
the maximum efficiency than all the other lighting systems. These lamps operate much like a
fluorescent lamp and there is a brief heat up period for the lamp to reach full brightness. Low
pressure sodium lamps are commonly used in places like roads, pathways, outdoor areas and
parking lot wherein color is not important as such.

example
illustration:
Types of Luminaires

Light fixtures, also known as luminaire, come in a variety of sizes, shapes, wattage, etc.

example
illustration:

Recessed Cove Lighting Fixture - A recessed cove fixture is mounted in a light cove, which is
built above the ceiling at the intersection of the ceiling and the wall. These fixtures typically
direct the light toward the wall. It is important that trim at the edge of the cove is tall enough to
hide the lighting fixture otherwise the lamp may be visible, which is unappealing.

Indirect Pendant Lighting Fixture - Indirect pendants hang from the ceiling and are usually
suspended from cables. The lamp is completely hidden from below and a reflector directs all of
the light up toward the ceiling. This type of fixture offers a softer and more even distribution of
light within the space. It is best used for general lighting and is not appropriate for task lighting.
The ceiling color should be light so that it reflects as much light as possible.

Direct / Indirect Pendant Lighting Fixture - A direct / indirect pendant also hangs from the
ceiling, but it directs light up and down. These types of fixtures are used a lot in offices where
general lighting is required, but there is also a need for task lighting immediately below the
fixture. Direct / indirect fixtures are designed in variations that distribute differing amounts of
light up and down so that a designer has control over the light distribution.

Recessed Lighting Fixtures - Recessed lighting fixtures are the most common fixtures used in
commercial and institutional construction. Fixtures are sized to work with common ceiling tile
sizes. While fluorescent lamps have been most popular in the past, many facilities are shifting to
LED fixtures because they last longer and require less maintenance.
Wall Wash Light Fixtures - Wall wash fixtures are recessed lights with reflectors that direct the
light toward the wall. They are most often used to highlight art, signage, or other items on a wall.

Wall Sconce - A wall sconce is a decorative fixture that is mounted to a wall. They provide
general room lighting, but are mostly decorative.

Task Lighting - Task lighting is a generic description for lights that are used to illuminate
specific tasks or work that is being done. Task lights can be lamps, lights mounted to desks,
under cabinet lights, or any lighting that helps people see their work better.

Under Cabinet Light Fixtures - Lights are often mounted below cabinets so that tasks on the
counter below can be seen easily. These can be found in homes and offices and are generally
controlled from a nearby switch or a switch on the light fixture.

Pole top luminaires - Pole-top luminaires have a wide range of outputs. They are particularly
suitable for illuminating streets and squares. This type of luminaire is suitable for dividing up and
structuring outdoor spaces. The light distribution is symmetrical or asymmetrical, and often also
adjustable. Pole-top luminaires can be found most frequently in streets and pathways.

example illustration:

Bollards - These luminaires accompany pathways and defined areas. Areas are structured.
Their light ranges from unshielded to directed flat beam. The light graphics on the ground
surface are often used as a design element. In public areas, this type of luminaire has to be
particularly robust.

example illustration:
In ground luminaires - These luminaires can be used for many different applications. On
account of their robust design, in-ground luminaires are frequently found in public areas.

example illustration:

Floodlights - are available in numerous outputs and sizes. This type of luminaire is flexible in
installation and is highly versatile. Floodlights are ideal for placing the focus on architecture and
landscape elements. Subsequent installation is easy as a supplement to an existing lighting
system. On account of the many different mounting options, floodlights can be used on poles,
on façades, on roofs or on the ground

example illustration:

Underwater luminaires - These luminaires are exposed to extreme conditions. Temperature

fluctuations and long-term operation under water place special demands on design and
material. Underwater luminaires are used in swimming pools, water features and ponds.

example illustration:
Research Sources :

https://www.tnuda.org.il/en/physics-radiation/infrared-visible-light-and-soft-ultraviolet-radiation-
%E2%80%93-introduction/artificial
http://www.clearingourpath.ca/site/2.2.2-types-of-lighting_e.php
https://www.efxkits.us/different-types-of-lamps-in-lighting-system/
https://www.slideshare.net/renurajbahak/artificial-lighting-64304254
https://www.bega.com/en/knowledge/about-light-and-illumination/03-leuchtentypen/
https://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/electrical/lightfixtures.html