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HT Slides Part2
HT Slides Part2
Lecture 4
Dr. Marwa A. Abbas
abbas.marwa@outlook.com
Hardening
• Hardening is carried out by quenching a steel, that is cooling
it rapidly from a temperature above the transformation
temperature.
910°C nin
g Acm
Har rde
d e ni
ng Ha
A3
↑
T
Wt% C
0.8 %
Quenching has been
known for thousands
of years. For example,
a series of such heat
treatments has been
used for making
Damascus steel and
Japanese Samurai
swords.
Martensite microstructure in high carbon steel.
Retained austenite (white) trapped between martensite needles
(black)
Quenching Media
• Depending on how fast steel must be quenched (from IT
diagram), the heat treater will determine type of
quenching required:
o Water (most severe)
o Oil
o Molten Salt
o Gas/ Air (least severe)
o Many phases in between!!!
Ex: add water/polymer to water reduces quench time!
Adding 10% sodium hydroxide or salt will have twice the
cooling rate!
Severity of quench values of some typical quenching conditions
Note that we have a variety of quenching media at our disposal, with varying degrees of
cooling effect. The severity of quench is indicated by the ‘H’ factor (defined below), with an
ideal quench having a H-value of ∞.
Severity of Quench as indicated by the heat transfer equivalent H
f −1 f → heat transfer factor
Note that apart from the nature of the
H= [m ]
K K → Thermal conductivity quenching medium, the vigorousness of the
shake determines the severity of the quench.
When a hot solid is put into a liquid
Process Variable H medium, gas bubbles form on the surface of
Air No agitation 0.02 the solid (interface with medium). As gas
Oil quench No agitation 0.2 has a poor conductivity the quenching rate is
(a) Lath martensite in low-carbon steel. (b) Plate martensite in high carbon Steel.
Retained Austenite
• There is a large volume expansion when martensite forms from
austenite. As the martensite plates form during quenching, they
surround and isolate small pools of austenite, which deform to
accommodate the lower density martensite.
Lecture 5
Dr. Marwa A. Abbas
abbas.marwa@outlook.com
Tempering of Steel
• Martensite is not an equilibrium
phase. This is why it does not
appear on the Fe-Fe3C phase
diagram.
Pearlite
600
α + Fe3C
500 Pearlite + Bainite
T →
400 Bainite
T1
300
Ms
200 Austempering
Mf
100
Martempering Martensite
Lecture 6
Dr. Marwa A. Abbas
abbas.marwa@outlook.com
Effect of carbon content on tempered steels
Variation in Charpy V-notch impact energy with temperature for 5140 steel
hardened and tempered at 620 °C. one series of specimens was quenched from
the tempering temperature, and the other was furnace cooled.
De-embrittlement procedure
• The location of the nose of the TTT curve and the speed of
the quench being utilized
• The computation starts from the C content and the grain size.
By means of Figure 1, a 'base' hardenability characteristic for Di
is obtained. For the other alloying elements the curves in
Figure 2 indicate the multiplying factor that corresponds to
each alloy content.
• Figure 1 is applicable to C contents above 0·8%, but only on the
assumption that all carbides are in solution at the austenitizing
temperature.
Figure 2. Multiplying factors for different
alloying elements for harden ability
calculations
Figure 1. The ideal diameter as a
function of the carbon content and
austenite grain size for plain carbon
steels
Examples of hardenability calculations:
From Figure 1, the base value of Di is 0· 17 in. On multiplying this value with the
appropriate factors we obtain:
Di = 0·17 X 1·2 X 3·3 X 3·4 X 1·6 = 3·7 in