FORMULES / FORMULAE

𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

1 + 3.3𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑛) 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
𝑘 𝑃(𝐵)

1
(𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 + 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡) 𝑃(𝐵)𝑃(𝐴|𝐵)
2

1
∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑃(𝐴)𝑃(𝐵)
𝑛

𝑛
√𝑥1 . 𝑥2 . 𝑥3 … . 𝑥𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑃(𝑥)

𝑛+1
∑ 𝑥 2 𝑃(𝑥) − 𝜇 2
2

1 𝑛!
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑛 𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)!

𝑓𝑚 −𝑓𝑚−1
𝐿 + 𝑐 (2𝑓 ) 𝑛𝑝
𝑚 −𝑓𝑚−1 −𝑓𝑚+1

𝑛
−𝐹𝑚𝑒−1
𝐿 + 𝑐 (2 ) √𝑛𝑝𝑞
𝑓𝑚𝑒

1 𝑛
∑|𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ | ( ) 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥
𝑛 𝑥

1 1 𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆𝑥
√ (∑ 𝑥 2 − 𝑛 (∑ 𝑥)2 )
𝑛−1 𝑥!

𝑠 𝑥−𝜇
× 100
𝑥̅ 𝜎

𝑖 𝑥−𝜇
(𝑛 + 1) 𝜎
4 ⁄ 𝑛
√

𝑃 𝑠 1 1
(𝑛 + 1) 𝑥̅ ± 𝑡𝑛−1;1−𝛼 (𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 ) ± 𝑡𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑝 √ +
100 2 √𝑛 1 +𝑛2 −2;1− 2 𝑛1 𝑛2

𝑖
𝑛−𝐹𝑄𝑖 −1 𝑠 𝑠12 𝑠2
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑙𝑄𝑖 + 𝑐 (4 ) 𝑥̅ ± 𝑍1−𝛼 (𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 ) ± 𝑍1−𝛼 √ + 𝑛2
𝑓 𝑄𝑖 2 √𝑛 2 𝑛1 2

𝑃
𝑛−𝐹𝑃−1 (𝑛−1)𝑠2 (𝑛−1)𝑠2 (𝑛1 −1)𝑠12 +(𝑛2 −1)𝑠22
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑙𝑃 + 𝑐 (100 ) [𝜒 2 ; ] √
𝑓𝑃 𝛼 𝜒2 𝛼 𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2
𝑛−1;1− 𝑛−1;
2 2

𝑝̂𝑞̂ 𝑝̂1 (1−𝑝̂1 ) 𝑝̂2 (1−𝑝̂2 )

𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 𝑝̂ ± 𝑍1−𝛼 √ 𝑛 (𝑝̂1 − 𝑝̂ 2 ) ± 𝑍0.975 √ +
2 𝑛1 𝑛2
 𝑝̂−𝑝0 𝑥̅ −𝜇0
𝑝0(1−𝑝 ) 𝑠
√ 0 ( )
√𝑛
𝑛

(𝑛−1)𝑠2
∑𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑗2 − 𝐶𝐹
𝜎02

𝑥̅ 1−𝑥̅2
𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑟 + 𝑆𝑆𝐸
𝑠2 𝑠2
√ 1+ 2
𝑛1 𝑛2

𝑥̅ 1 −𝑥̅ 2 1 1
1 1
𝑌̅𝑖 − 𝑌̅𝑖′ ± 𝑡𝑛𝑒 ;1−𝛼 √𝑀𝑆𝐸 (𝑛 + 𝑛 )
𝑠𝑝 √ + 2 𝑖 𝑖′
𝑛1 𝑛2

(𝑛1 −1)𝑠12 +(𝑛2 −1)𝑠22 𝑅𝑖2

√ ∑ − 𝐶𝐹
𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2 𝑏

1 𝐶𝑗2
∑𝑑 ∑ − 𝐶𝐹
𝑛 𝑎

1 1
√ (∑ 𝑑 2 − 𝑛 (∑ 𝑑)2 ) 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑟 − 𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐿
𝑛−1

𝑑̅ 𝑅 𝑅𝑖′ 1 1
𝑠𝑑 ( 𝑏𝑖 − ) ± 𝑡𝑛𝑒 ;1−𝛼 √𝑀𝑆𝐸 (𝑏 + 𝑏)
( ) 𝑏 2
√𝑛

𝑠 1
𝑑̅ ± 𝑡𝑛−1;1−𝛼 𝑑𝑛 ∑𝑖 ∑𝑗 𝑌𝑖𝑗2 − 𝐶𝐹
2 √ 𝑛

𝑝̂1 −𝑝̂2 1
∑ 𝑅𝑖2 − 𝐶𝐹
1 1 𝑛𝑏
√𝑝̂(1−𝑝̂)(𝑛 +𝑛 )
1 2

𝑋1 +𝑋2 1
∑ 𝐶𝑗2 − 𝐶𝐹
𝑛1 +𝑛2 𝑛𝑎

𝑛1 𝑝̂1 +𝑛2 𝑝̂2

𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑏 − 𝑆𝑆𝑎 − 𝑆𝑆𝑏
𝑛1 +𝑛2

𝐺2
𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝑎 − 𝑆𝑆𝑏 − 𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑏
𝑁

𝑅𝑖2
∑ − 𝐶𝐹 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
𝑛𝑖

𝑅𝑖2
∑𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑗2 − ∑ 𝑦̅ − 𝑏𝑥̅
𝑛𝑖

𝑆𝑋𝑌 (𝑂𝑖 −𝐸𝑖 )2

∑
𝑆𝑋𝑋 𝐸𝑖

1 𝑂𝑖2
∑ 𝑦𝑖 ∑ −𝑛
𝑛 𝐸𝑖
 1 2
1 (|𝑂𝑖 −𝐸𝑖 |− )
2
∑ 𝑥𝑖 ∑
𝑛 𝐸𝑖

1
∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 − ∑ 𝑥𝑖 ∑ 𝑦𝑖 𝑍1−𝛼 𝑍1−𝛼
𝑛 2

1
∑ 𝑥𝑖2 − (∑ 𝑥)2 𝑡𝑛−1;1−𝛼 𝑡𝑛−1;1−𝛼
𝑛 2

𝑆𝑆𝐸
𝑡𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2;1−𝛼 𝑡𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2;1−𝛼
𝑛−2 2

2 2
𝑆𝑌𝑌 − 𝑏𝑆𝑋𝑌 𝜒𝑛−1;1−𝛼 𝜒𝑛−1;𝛼
1 2
∑ 𝑦𝑖2 − (∑ 𝑦)2 𝜒𝑛−1;1− 𝛼 𝐹𝑎−1;𝑁−𝑎;1−𝛼
𝑛 2

𝑆𝑆𝐸 𝑆𝑆𝐸
[𝜒 2 ; ] 𝐹𝑎−1;𝑛𝑒;1−𝛼 𝐹𝑏−1;𝑛𝑒;1−𝛼
𝛼 𝜒2 𝛼
𝑛−2;1− 𝑛−2;
2 2

𝑠𝑒
𝑏 ± 𝑡𝑛−2;1−𝛼 𝐹𝑎𝑏−1;𝑛𝑒;1−𝛼
2 √𝑆𝑋𝑋

𝑏
𝑡𝑛−2;1−𝛼
𝑠2 2
√ 𝑒
𝑆𝑋𝑋

1 (𝑥 ∗ −𝑥̅ )2
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 ∗ ± 𝑡𝑛−2;1−𝛼 √𝑠𝑒2 ( + ) 𝐹(𝑎−1)(𝑏−1);𝑛𝑒;1−𝛼
2 𝑛 𝑆𝑋𝑋

𝑆𝑋𝑌 2
𝜒𝑣;1−𝛼
√𝑆𝑋𝑋 𝑆𝑌𝑌

𝑆 2
𝑏√ 𝑆𝑋𝑋 𝜒𝑘−;1−𝛼
𝑌𝑌

𝑛−2 2
𝑟√1−𝑟 2 𝜒(𝑟−1)(𝑐−1);1−𝛼