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Coconut Shell Ash and Coconut Husk Ash As Partial Replacement For Cement
Coconut Shell Ash and Coconut Husk Ash As Partial Replacement For Cement
Coconut Shell Ash and Coconut Husk Ash As Partial Replacement For Cement
Chapter 1
Introduction
Cement has been used for several years in the construction industry as one of the
main constituents of concrete. It is known for its great bonding properties including
cohesiveness and adhesiveness that binds the aggregates together in a concrete mix.
Considering the fact that cement is an excellent construction material, it has also a slightly
high price in the market as compared to other construction material. Through the years,
researchers tried to find as alternative partial replacement for cement that will give the
same or even greater cement properties and will have an economical cost.
The materials being sought for this research are the coconut shell coconut husk.
These materials are treated as agricultural waste in different countries in the world but have
been studied to have cementitious properties present within these two materials. Large
amount of different agricultural waste including coconut shells and coconut husk are
disposed on different countries like Philippines, India, Malaysia and other tropical nations.
Lack of proper disposal of these wastes can lead to different environmental problem issues.
As the second country in the world producing the most number of coconut husk
and coconut shells, the Philippines is also a country that has treated these materials as
agricultural wastes. Producing almost 15,862,386 tons of these materials per year, 26.4%
of the world total, the Philippines has a good stock when it comes to collecting coconut
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shell and coconut husk as used in cement. Using these two as a partial replacement in
cement will not only lessen the amount of agricultural wastes in the country but it will also
Using coconut shell ash and coconut husk ash as partial replacement for cement
will help to gain knowledge and data on the performance of concrete structures with
coconut shell ash and husk ash. This study will also be performed to know the results of
their right proportions of coconut shell and husk ash when used in cement.
In recent years, researchers tried to find a material, organic or inorganic, that could
be a possible partial replacement for cement. A reason behind this activity is the economic
cost and the environmental issue of using hydraulic cement in the construction industry.
The slightly high cost of cement as compared to other construction material and the heat
absorbed by structures made up of cement or concrete are the factors that triggers different
Finding past research studies related to the proposed study will help the researchers
in gaining knowledge about the concept of adding Coconut Shell Ash and Coconut Husk
Ash to cement. It will also help the researchers in conceptualizing the idea of producing
concrete samples with varying amounts of Coconut Shell Ash and Coconut Husk Ash as
partial replacement.
A study from India conducted by a group of students from a university is one of the
related studies connected to this research study. The study is about the use of Coconut Shell
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Ash as partial replacement for cement. This study concluded that Coconut Shell Ash could
be a partial replacement for cement but for a specific percentage of cement per mix only.
This past study they help the researchers for gathering knowledge and additional
information in creating the proposed study. It will served as a guide to the researchers on
how to produce cement with Coconut Shell Ash and Coconut Husk Ash as partial
replacement in finding the correct proportions of these materials for better results of
experimentation.
Except for Coconut Shell, another type of agricultural waste present/available is the
Coconut Husk. This material is considered as an agricultural waste in the industry and has
been studied to contain cementitious properties when burned at a high temperature. This
material has a slightly different properties compared to coconut shell. This research study
will focus on the combination of the two materials, coconut shell ash and coconut husk ash,
This research study will be used to know the effects on the physical properties and
compressive strength of concrete of Coconut Shell Ash and Coconut Husk Ash as partial
Ash and Coconut Husk Ash as partial replacement for cement with different
proportions by mass.
4. Determine the differences between the concrete samples with varying amounts
The primary objective of this study is to determine the effects of Coconut Shell Ash
and Coconut Husk Ash as partial replacement for cement on concrete. Specifically, it will
1. What are the physical properties of Coconut Shell Ash in terms of:
a. Fineness
b. Soundness
c. Loss on ignition
2. What are the physical properties of Coconut Husk Ash in terms of:
a. Fineness
b. Soundness
c. Loss on ignition
3. What are the compressive strengths of concrete samples with Coconut Shell
Ash and Coconut Husk Ash as partial replacement for cement with the
4. What are the difference between the concrete samples with varying amount
Alternative Hypothesis
samples with varying amounts of Coconut Shell Ash and Coconut Husk Ash as partial
Null Hypothesis
samples with varying amounts of Coconut Shell Ash and Coconut Husk Ash as partial
The results of the study on the use of Coconut Shell Ash and Coconut Husk Ash as
partial replacement for cement can be an advantage and imperative particularly to the
following:
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Future researchers. This study will contribute in giving new knowledge and data
for future investigators and researchers who will gather the same the same or similar
information on the effects of Coconut Shell Ash and Coconut Husk Ash as partial
The study is focus on finding the effects on the physical properties and compressive
strengths of concrete samples with Coconut Shell Ash and Coconut Husk Ash as partial
replacement for cement. It consists of identifying the properties of the materials and
determining the correct proportions of Coconut Shell Ash and Coconut Husk Ash for
higher strength of concrete. The use of concrete with Coconut Shell Ash and Coconut Husk
Ash as partial replacement for cement is limited on the use for actual field construction.
The Coconut Shell and Coconut Husk will be gathered from San Lorenzo Ruiz,
Camarines Norte. Ordinary Portland cement, fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates having
a nominal maximum size of 3/8 inches will be used. The making of concrete samples in
the form of cylindrical molds will be conducted at Daet, Camarines Norte and will be tested
using the appropriate machinery. This study is limited with using materials and equipment
After testing for the compressive strengths and physical properties of each sample,
the results will be analysed using different methods to produce a conclusion and answers
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the questions on the effects of Coconut Shell Ash and Coconut Husk Ash as partial
Definition of terms
For the purpose of this study, the following terminologies are defined:
Coconut Shell Ash (CSA). It is obtained from Coconut Shell that is heated at a high
temperature to achieve its physical properties as ash and its cementitious properties as
cement-like material.
Coconut Husk Ash (CHA). It is obtained from Coconut Husk that is heated at a high
temperature to achieve its physical properties as ash and its cementitious properties as
cement-like material.
Concrete. It is a solid structure or object obtained from the combination of cement, water,
Fineness. It pertains to physical property of a material considering its particle size and
texture
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Reference
1
Coconut Shell Ash as Partial Replacement of Ordinary Portland cement In Concrete
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.ijstr.org/fi
nal-print/sep2012/Coconut-Shell-Ash-As-Partial-Replacement-of-Ordinary-
Portland-Cement-In-Concrete-Production.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi-
guOlv6vgAhXbF4gKHTGkD1sQFjAAegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw1Yq3qiljOcR
H0F1TK0iBje
2
Lalit Kumar et al., (February 2017). Use of Coconut Shell Ash as Aggregates.[PDF
file].Retrievedfrom:https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=ht
tp://www.indusedu.org/pdfs/IJRESS/IJRESS_1059_77217.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiF
ydn8v6vgAhVCQd4KHVU5AAoQFjABegQIDhAE&usg=AOvVaw2SuwrUp6eh
EIWWS3bEwIR9