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Fourier Series PDF
Fourier Series PDF
FOURIER SERIES
Fourier Series
where
1 p
ao f ( x)dx
p p
1 p n
an
p p
f ( x ) cos
p
xdx
1 p n
bn f ( x) sin xdx
p p p
Example 1
Find the Fourier Series of f on the given interval
0, x 0
f (x)
1, 0 x
y
Solution
1
x
1
ao
f ( x)dx
1 0
0 dx 1dx
0
1
0 x
0
1 n 1 n
an f ( x) cos xdx bn f ( x) sin xdx
1 0
1 0
0
0
0 dx cos nxdx 0 dx sin nxdx
1 sin nx
1 cos nx
0 0
n 0 n 0
1
0 0
1
cos n cos 0
n
1
n
1n 1
1
n
1 1
n
The Fourier series of f is
f ( x) a0 an cos nx bn sin nx
1
2 n 1
1 1 1 1
n
sin nx
2 n 1 n
1 2 1 1
sin x sin 3x sin 5 x ...
2 3 5
Fourier Cosine and Sine Series
A function f is said to be
even if f x f x and odd if f x f x .
Example 2
a0 f ( x)dx
0
2
xdx
0
2
x
0
2 n
0
an f ( x) cos xdx
2
x cos nxdx
0
2 x sin nx sin nx
dx
n 0 0 n
2 cos nx
0
n 2 0
2
cos n cos 0
n 2
2
n
n
2 1 1
4 1 1
cos x cos3x cos5 x ...
2 9 25
Remark!
If a function is even, then bn = 0. So, there is no need to calculate bn
Sine Series
The Fourier series of an odd function on the interval (-p,p)
is the sine series.
n
f ( x) bn sin x
n 1 p
2 p n
where bn f ( x) sin xdx
p 0 p
2
cos n cos 0
n
2
n
n
1n 1 1 1n
2
x
0
2 2
2
a0 f ( x)dx
0
2 2
xdx x dx
0 2
2 1
2 2 2
2 n
an
0
f ( x) cos
xdx
2 2
x cos nxdx x cos nxdx
0 2
For the first integral, we obtain by integration by parts.
0
2
x cos nxdx
x sin nx 2 sin nx
2 dx
n 0 0 n
n cos nx 2
sin 0 2
2n 2 n 0
n 1 n
2 cos
sin cos 0
2n 2 n 2
n 1 n
sin 2 cos 1
2n 2 n 2
Similarly, for the second integral, we obtain
x cos nxdx
2
x sin nx
sin nx
dx
n n
2
2
1 n cos nx
0 sin
n 2 2 n 2
n 1 2
n
sin 2 cos n cos
2n 2 n 2
2 n
an 2 2 cos cos n 1
n 2
2 n
2 2 cos 1 1
n
n 2
2 n
1 1
n 1
2 2 cos
n 2
4 n
2 cos 1 , n 2,4,6,
n 2
n 1,3,5,
0,
The Half-range cosine expansion of f (x) is
a0
f ( x) an cos nx
2 n 1
an cos nx
4 n 1
8 1 1
cos 2 x cos 6 x ...
4 4 36