Electromagnetic Transient Analysis on 500kV and 230kV

Ecuador Transmission Project

HARBIN ELECTRIC INTERNATIONAL COMPANY LIMTED

2013.9
 Catalogue
1. System parameter..............................................................................................1
1.1 Main wiring diagram.................................................................................1
1.2 Transformer...............................................................................................1
1.3 Transmission line......................................................................................1
1.4 MOA(Metal Oxide Arrester) parameters..................................................2
1.5 Shunt reactor and neutral reactor..............................................................3
2. Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.....................................................4
2.1 Selection of neutral reactance...................................................................4
2.2 500kV SAN RAFAEL-EL INGA transmission line..................................5
2.3 500kV EL INGA – TISALEO transmission line.......................................7
2.4 500kV TISALEO – CHORRILLOS transmission line.............................8
2.5 230kV SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO transmission line..................................9
2.6 230kV TISALEO – TOTORAS transmission line..................................11
3. Power frequency temporary overvoltage........................................................13
3.1 500kV SAN RAFAEL-EL INGA transmission line................................13
3.2 500kV EL INGA – TISALEO transmission line.....................................15
3.3 500kV TISALEO – CHORRILLOS transmission line...........................16
3.4 230kV SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO transmission line................................17
3.5 230 kV TISALEO – TOTORAS transmission line.................................18
4. Switching overvoltage.....................................................................................20
4.1 Conditions for calculation.......................................................................20
4.2 Overvoltage of energizing no-load line...................................................20
4.3 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB.........................................26
4.4 Failure rate calculation............................................................................31
4.5 Tripping overvoltage during live working on transmission line.............32
4.6 Two phase grounding faults at 230kV double circuit line.......................37
4.7 Transformer energizing overvoltage of 500kV substation......................39
5. Parameter selection of neutral reactor of shunt reactor of 500kV transmission
line................................................................................................................................48
5.1 Shunt reactor neutral MOA.....................................................................48
5.2 Insulation level........................................................................................48
5.3 Continuous Current and Rated capacity..................................................48
6. Induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit line.............................49

ii
7. Conclusion.......................................................................................................54

iii
 1. System parameter

1.1 Main wiring diagram

The 500kV and 230kV transmission lines and substations of the project to be
designed in Ecuador are shown in Fig System parameter.1.

Fig System parameter.1 Main wiring diagram

1.2 Transformer

+10
EL INGA substation: 600/600/200MVA ，500/230 -10 1.25%/34.5kV，on-load

voltage regulation，Ud1-2≤12.5%，Ud1-3≤30%，Ud2-3≤15%，YN0yn0d1.
+8
SAN RAFAEL substation: 450/450/150MVA ，500/230 -8 1.25%/34.5kV，on-

load voltage regulation,Ud1-2≤12.5%,Ud1-3≤30%, Ud2-3≤15%,YN0yn0d1.

JIVINO substation: 230/69/13.8kV ， 167/167/55MVA,
230±81.25%/69/13.8kV, U1-2=14%，U2-3=8.5%，U1-3=24%，YN0yn0d1.
1.3 Transmission line

Parameters of 500kV and 230kV transmission line are shown in Tab System
1
parameter.1 and Tab System parameter.2.

Tab System parameter.1 Parameter of 500kV transmission line

avera
ge Number
Condu
height Wire of location of
earth ctor
Line conductor of spacing complete transpositio
wire arrang
condu (m) transposi n tower
ement
ctor( tion
m)
San
4×ACAR GJ-100+ 20km+40k
Rafael - horizo
1100 MCM OPGW- 20 12.5 1 m+40km+2
The ntal
18/19 100 0km
Inga
3×ACAR GJ-100+ 26km+53k
Inga – horizo
1100 MCM OPGW- 20 12.5 1 m+53km+2
Tisaleo ntal
18/19 100 7km
17km+33k
Tisaleo
3×ACAR GJ-100+ m+33km+3
– horizo
1100 MCM OPGW- 20 12.5 2 3km+33km
Chorrill ntal
18/19 100 +33km+18k
os
m

Tab System parameter.2 Parameter of 230kV transmission line

average
earth height of bundle spacing
Line conductor
wire conduct (mm)
or(m)
SAN RAFAEL– 2×ACAR 750 GJ-55+
15 400
JIVINO MCM 18/19 OPGW-55
TISALEO– 2×ACAR 750 GJ-55+
15 400
TOTORAS MCM 18/19 OPGW-55
JIVINO – 2×ACAR 750 GJ-55+
15 400
SHUSHUFINDI MCM 18/19 OPGW-55

1.4 MOA(Metal Oxide Arrester) parameters

For 500kV system:

Rated Voltage: 420kV
SIPL: 858kV with coordinate current 2kApeak, 30/60 µs
LIWV: 1046kV with coordinate current 20kApeak, 8/20 µs
The same rated voltage 420kV MOA are installed at the both line side and
2
bus side of line circuit break (CB), and each transformer 500kV side.
For 230kV system:
Rated Voltage: 192kV
SIPL: 426kV with coordinate current 1kApeak, 30/60 µs
LIWV: 500kV with coordinate current 10kApeak, 8/20 µs
The rated voltage 192kV MOA are installed at the line side of line circuit break
(CB), and each transformer 230kV side.
1.5 Shunt reactor and neutral reactor

Parameters of shunt reactors and neutral reactors for 500kV transmission lines
are shown in Tab System parameter.3. The neutral reactor of the shunt reactor shall be
determined in the manner that the secondary arc current and the recovery voltage shall
be minimized in case of single-phase earth fault and that the neutral overvoltage of the
small reactor shall not be excessively high.

Tab System parameter.3 Parameter of 500kV shunt reactor and neutral reactor

Three-phase
Rated Impedance
Installation rated neutral
Line voltage value
position capacity（ reactor（Ω）
（kV） （Ω）
Mvar）
Line side of 500/ 2500+2×10%
30 8333.33
SAN RAFAEL 3 2500-10%
SAN RAFAEL-EL Line side of EL 500/ 2500+2×10%
30 8333.33
INGA INGA 3 2500-10%
Bus bar of EL 500/ neutral
30 8333.33
INGA 3 grounded
Line side of EL 500/ 800+2×10%
90 2777.78
EL INGA – INGA 3 800-10%
TISALEO Line side of 500/ 2500+2×10%
30 8333.33
TISALEO 3 2500-10%
Line side of 500/ 2500+2×10%
30 8333.33
TISALEO – TISALEO 3 2500-10%
CHORRILLOS Line side of 500/ 500+2×10%
120 2083.33
CHORRILLOS 3 500-10%

3
 2. Secondary arc current and recovery voltage

The value of secondary-arc currents and recovery voltages are the key factor for
the speed of self-extinguishing of the arc, and are decisive for time of single-phase
reclosing of CB, which affect the single-phase successfully reclosing probability of
CB.

From the experimental results supplied by China Electric Power Research

Institute, for the compensated lines where the recovery voltage gradient is 20kV/m
and the secondary arc current is 35A, the self-extinguishing time limit of secondary
arc is recommended as 0.2s in the wind velocity range of 1.5 ～ 2.5m/s (guaranteed
possibility: 90%). For the non-compensated lines where the recovery voltage gradient
is 10kV/m or 16.8kV/m and the secondary arc current is 18.4A, the self-extinguishing
time limit of secondary arc is recommended as 0.25-0.4s or 0.5-0.7s in the wind
velocity range of 1.5 ～ 2.5m/s (guaranteed possibility: 90%). The recovery time for
arc-medium is more than 0.04s, usually select 0.1s. So, it is suggested that the time for
single-phase reclosing of CB is 0.8s to 1s.
2.1 Selection of neutral reactance

The neutral reactor of the shunt reactor shall be determined in the manner that
the secondary arc current and the recovery voltage shall be minimized in case of
single-phase earth fault and that the neutral overvoltage of the small reactor shall not
be excessively high.
Take 500kV SAN RAFAEL-EL INGA transmission line for example, the power
frequency overvoltage, secondary arc current and recovery voltage corresponding to
different value of small reactance is shown in Tab Secondary arc current and recovery
voltage.4.As the value of neutral reactance is larger, secondary arc current and
recovery voltage is smaller, and the power frequency overvoltage is larger. In order to
make the neutral reactance power frequency overvoltage is less than the rated voltage
of MOA (72kV), the value of neutral reactance should be limited to no greater than

4
2500Ω, so the value of neutral reactance of 500kV SAN RAFAEL - EL INGA line is
chosen 2500Ω.

Tab Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.4 the power frequency overvoltage,

secondary arc current and recovery voltage corresponding to different value of small

reactance(1p.u.= 2 ×550/ 3)

neutral recovery Secondry-arc

Operation power frequency
Line reactance voltage（k current
mode overvoltage(p.u.)
（Ω） Vrms） （A rms）
4000 0.26 24.54 8.83
3500 0.24 26.92 9.62

SAN 3250 0.23 28.28 10.06

RAFAEL-EL DIC 2016 3000 0.22 29.76 10.54
INGA 2750 0.21 31.36 11.05
2500 0.20 33.16 11.32
2250 0.19 35.17 12.26

2.2 500kV SAN RAFAEL-EL INGA transmission line

The maximum secondary-arc current of SAN RAFAEL-EL INGA line is 12.70A,

and the relevant recovery voltage is 36.37kV, as it is shown in Tab Secondary arc
current and recovery voltage.5. The length of 500 kV insulator string is 5m, and the
gradient of recovery voltage is calculated to be 7.3kV/m, so the fast single-phase
reclosing of CB can be taken according to the experimental results.

5
 Tab Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.5 Secondary-arc current and recovery

voltage of transmission line (RMS)

Tap
position neutral recovery Secondry-arc
Operation
Line of reactance voltage（k current
mode
neutral （Ω） Vrms） （A rms）
reactance
+20% 3000 30.86 10.95
+10% 2750 32.51 11.49
34.34
12.07
(Fig
(Fig
Secondary
JUN 2015 Secondary
0 2500 arc current
arc current
and
and recovery
recovery
voltage.3)
SAN voltage.2)
RAFAEL-EL -10% 2250 36.37 12.70
INGA +20% 3000 29.64 10.50
+10% 2750 31.22 11.00
OCT 2015
0 2500 33.02 11.58
-10% 2250 35.03 12.21
+20% 3000 29.76 10.54
+10% 2750 31.36 11.05
DIC 2016
0 2500 33.16 11.32
-10% 2250 35.17 12.26
100
[kV]
75
50
25
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
(file 2015-6P.pl4; x-var t) v:X0093C
Fig Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.2 Max transient recovery voltage after
secondary-arc extinction（first peak value 41.7kVp）

6
 20
[A]
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
(file 2015-6P.pl4; x-var t) c: -X0093C
Fig Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.3 Secondary-arc current relevant to max
transient recovery voltage（first peak value 17.06Ap）
2.3 500kV EL INGA – TISALEO transmission line

The maximum secondary-arc current of EL INGA – TISALEO line is 4.00A, and

the relevant recovery voltage is 16.97kV, as it is shown in Tab Secondary arc current
and recovery voltage.6. The length of 500 kV insulator string is 5m, and the gradient
of recovery voltage is calculated to be 3.4kV/m, so the fast single-phase reclosing of
CB can be taken according to the experimental result.

Tab Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.6 Secondary-arc current and recovery

voltage of transmission line (RMS)

Tap
position neutral recovery Secondry-arc
Operation
Line of reactance voltage（k current
mode
neutral （Ω） Vrms） （A rms）
reactance
+20% 960/3000 2.61 0.64
+10% 880/2750 6.65 1.62
11.46
2.75
(Fig
(Fig
EL INGA – Secondary
DIC 2016 Secondary
TISALEO 0 800/2500 arc current
arc current
and
and recovery
recovery
voltage.5)
voltage.4)
-10% 720/2250 16.97 4.00

7
 35.00
[kV]
26.25

17.50

8.75

0.00

-8.75

-17.50

-26.25

-35.00
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
(file 2016-12GPnew.pl4; x-var t) v:X0228B
Fig Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.4 max transient recovery voltage after
secondary-arc extinction（first peak value 6.7kVp）
4
[A]
3

-1

-2

-3

-4
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
(file 2016-12GPnew.pl4; x-var t) c: -X0228B
Fig Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.5 secondary-arc current relevant to max
transient recovery voltage（first peak value 3.9Ap）
2.4 500kV TISALEO – CHORRILLOS transmission line

The maximum secondary-arc current of TISALEO–CHORRILLOS line is

7.53A, and the relevant recovery voltage is 25.86kV, as it is shown in Tab Secondary
arc current and recovery voltage.7. The length of 500kV insulator string is 5m, and
the gradient of recovery voltage is calculated to be 5.2kV/m, so the fast single-phase
reclosing of CB can be taken according to the experimental result.

8
 Tab Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.7 Secondary-arc current and recovery

voltage of transmission line (effective value)

Tap
position neutral recovery Secondry-arc
Operation
Line of reactance voltage（k current
mode
neutral （Ω） Vrms） （A rms）
reactance
+20% 3000/600 11.16 3.41
+10% 2750/550 15.51 4.66
20.38
6.03
(Fig
(Fig
TISALEO – Secondary
DIC 2016 Secondary
CHORRILLOS 0 2500/500 arc current
arc current
and
and recovery
recovery
voltage.7)
voltage.6)
-10% 2250/450 25.86 7.53
60
[kV]
40

20

-20

-40

-60
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
(file 2016-12GPnew.pl4; x-var t) v:X0164A

Fig Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.6 max transient recovery voltage after
secondary-arc extinction（first peak value 11.74kVp）

9
 9
[A]
6

-3

-6

-9
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
(file 2016-12GPnew.pl4; x-var t) c: -X0164A

Fig Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.7 secondary-arc current relevant to max
transient recovery voltage（first peak value 8.53Ap）
2.5 230kV SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO transmission line

The maximum secondary-arc current of SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO line is 9.67A,

and the relevant recovery voltage is 29.77kV, as it is shown in Tab Secondary arc
current and recovery voltage.8. The length of 230kV insulator string is 3.3m, and the
gradient of recovery voltage is calculated to be 9.02kV/m, so the fast single-phase
reclosing of CB can be taken according to the experimental result.
In the calculation, single-phase grounding and double-phase grounding of
double-circuit line are taken into consideration, although the low probability of this
happening. The result is shown in Tab Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.9.
The maximum secondary-arc current of is 13.64A, and the relevant recovery voltage
is 40.99kV, the length of 230kV insulator string is 3.3m, and the gradient of recovery
voltage is calculated to be 12.42kV/m, so the fast single-phase reclosing of CB can be
taken according to the experimental result.

10
 Tab Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.8 Secondary-arc current and recovery

voltage of transmission line (RMS)

recovery Secondry-arc
Operation
Line voltage（k current
mode
Vrms） （A rms）
29.77
9.67
(Fig
(Fig
Secondary
Double Secondary
DIC 2016 arc current
SAN RAFAEL circuit arc current
and
– JIVINO and recovery
recovery
voltage.9)
voltage.8)
Single
DIC 2016 25.99 8.71
circuit

Tab Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.9 Secondary-arc current and recovery

voltage of transmission line under two-phase earthing of two circuit (RMS)

recovery Secondry-arc
Operation
Line Type of fault voltage（k current
mode
Vrms） （A rms）
Same
SAN Two-phase phase DIC 2016 40.99 13.64
RAFAEL grounding fault
– of two Variant
JIVINO circuit phase DIC 2016 36.17 11.59
fault
90
[kV]
75

60

45

30

15

0
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
(file 2016-12-230kVGP逆相序.pl4; x-var t) v:X0248C
Fig Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.8 max transient recovery voltage after
secondary-arc extinction（first peak value 84.36kVp）

11
 15
[A]
10

-5

-10

-15
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
(file 2016-12-230kVGP逆相序.pl4; x-var t) c: -X0248C
Fig Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.9 secondary-arc current relevant to max
transient recovery voltage（first peak value 13.68Ap）
2.6 230kV TISALEO – TOTORAS transmission line

The maximum secondary-arc current of TISALEO – TOTORAS line is 1.53A,

and the relevant recovery voltage is 30.26kV, as it is shown in Tab Secondary arc
current and recovery voltage.10. The length of 230kV insulator string is 3.3m, and the
gradient of recovery voltage is calculated to be 9.17kV/m, so the fast single-phase
reclosing of CB can be applied according to the experimental results.
In the calculation, single-phase grounding and double-phase grounding of
double-circuit line are taken into consideration, although the low probability of this
happening. The result is shown in Tab Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.11.
The maximum secondary-arc current of is 2.15A, and the relevant recovery voltage is
41.41kV, the length of 230kV insulator string is 3.3m, and the gradient of recovery
voltage is calculated to be 12.55kV/m, so the fast single-phase reclosing of CB can be
applied according to the experimental results.

12
 Tab Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.10 Secondary-arc current and recovery

voltage of transmission line (RMS)

recovery Secondry-arc
Operation
Line voltage（k current
mode
Vrms） （A rms）
30.26
1.53
(Fig
(Fig
Secondary
Double Secondary
DIC 2016 arc current
TISALEO – circuit arc current
and
TOTORAS and recovery
recovery
voltage.11)
voltage.10)
Single
DIC 2016 28.40 1.49
circuit

Tab Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.11 Secondary-arc current and recovery

voltage of transmission line under two-phase earthing of two circuit (RMS)

recovery Secondry-arc
Operation
Line Type of fault voltage（k current
mode
Vrms） （A rms）
Same
Two-phase phase DIC 2016 41.41 2.15
TISALEO
grounding fault
–
of two Variant
TOTORAS
circuit phase DIC 2016 36.76 1.84
fault

90
[kV]
75

60

45

30

15

0
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
(file 2016-12-230kVGP逆相序.pl4; x-var t) v:X0070C
Fig Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.10 max transient recovery voltage after

13
 secondary-arc extinction（first peak value 85.60kVp）
2.500
[A]
1.875
1.250
0.625
0.000
-0.625
-1.250
-1.875
-2.500
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
(file 2016-12-230kVGP逆相序.pl4; x-var t) c: -X0070C
Fig Secondary arc current and recovery voltage.11 secondary-arc current relevant to max
transient recovery voltage（first peak value 2.17Ap）

14
 3. Power frequency temporary overvoltage

Power frequency temporary overvoltage on substation side of line-breaker and

the line side of line-breaker are mainly caused by abrupt load rejection, capacity effect
of long line, unbalanced fault and so on. Three modes of tripping are taken into
consideration: fault-free tripping of 3 phases, single-phase grounding tripping of 3
phases, and two-phase grounding tripping of 3 phases. And three modes mentioned
above are represented by K0, K1, and K2. The 500kV voltage class reference voltage
is 2 ×550/ 3 kV, the 230kV voltage class reference voltage is 2 ×245/ 3 kV.

The above three kinds of temporary power frequency overvoltage are assumed
the three-phase circuit breaker of the no-fault line side has not been tripping, That is
to say still connected to the substation busbar with power supply.
The action sequence of failure process decided by relay protection is shown in
Tab Power frequency temporary overvoltage.12.

Tab Power frequency temporary overvoltage.12 action sequence of failure process

type 0s 60ms
K0 tripping of 3 phases /
K1 single-phase grounding tripping of 3 phases
K2 two-phase grounding tripping of 3 phases

3.1 500kV SAN RAFAEL-EL INGA transmission line

Tab Power frequency temporary overvoltage.13 show the calculation results of

power frequency overvoltage for SAN RAFAEL-EL INGA transmission line at
various faults. The maximum power frequency temporary voltage is 1.11p.u.(shown
in Fig Power frequency temporary overvoltage.12) for SAN RAFAEL and 1.09p.u.
(shown in Fig Power frequency temporary overvoltage.13) for EL INGA. Since the
maximum power frequency overvoltage is 352.5kV (i.e., 1.11p.u.), which is smaller
than the rated voltage of the surge arrester (420kV), the surge arrester is safe.

15
 Tab Power frequency temporary overvoltage.13 Power frequency overvoltage of 500kV

SAN RAFAEL-EL INGA transmission line（1.0p.u.=550/ 3 ）

Power frequency overvoltage (p.u.)

Fault and Tap position of neutral
Fault SAN EL
Operation mode tripping reactance
type RAFA ING
side +20 +10
EL A 0% -10%
% %
K0 0.98 0.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SAN
JUN 2015 K1 1.01 0.92 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15
RAFAEL
K2 0.99 0.80 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15
K0 0.98 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SAN
K1 1.06 0.93 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18
RAFAEL
K2 1.07 0.86 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16
OCT 2015
K0 0.97 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
EL INGA K1 0.92 1.05 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18
K2 0.86 1.05 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16
K0 0.97 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SAN
K1 1.10 0.93 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
RAFAEL
K2 1.11 0.88 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16
DIC 2016
K0 0.96 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
EL INGA K1 0.93 1.08 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
K2 0.89 1.09 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16
Maximum 1.11 1.09 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19

600
[kV]
340

80

-180

-440

-700
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
(file 2016-12GPnew 工频波形.pl4; x-var t) v:X0119A v:X0119B v:X0119C
Fig Power frequency temporary overvoltage.12 DIC 2016, two-phase grounding tripping of
3 phases at SAN RAFAEL side (Phase B:first peak 331kVp)

16
 600
[kV]
340

80

-180

-440

-700
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
(file 2016-12GPnew 工频波形.pl4; x-var t) v:X0117A v:X0117B v:X0117C
Fig Power frequency temporary overvoltage.13 DIC 2016, two-phase grounding tripping of
3 phases at EL INGA side (Phase B:first peak 320kVp)

3.2 500kV EL INGA – TISALEO transmission line

Tab Power frequency temporary overvoltage.14 show the calculation results of

power frequency overvoltage for EL INGA–TISALEO transmission line at various
faults. The maximum power frequency temporary voltage is 1.11p.u.(shown in Fig
Power frequency temporary overvoltage.14) for EL INGA and 1.11p.u. (shown in Fig
Power frequency temporary overvoltage.15) for TISALEO. Since the maximum
power frequency overvoltage is 352.5kV (i.e., 1.11p.u.), which is smaller than the
rated voltage of the surge arrester (420kV), the surge arrester is safe.

Tab Power frequency temporary overvoltage.14 Power frequency overvoltage of 500kV EL

INGA – TISALEO transmission line（1.0p.u.=550/ 3 ）

Power frequency overvoltage (p.u.)

Fault and Tap position of neutral
Fault EL
Operation mode tripping TISAL reactance
type ING
side EO +20 +10
A 0% -10%
% %
K0 0.97 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
EL INGA K1 0.96 1.10 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
K2 0.94 1.11 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16
DIC 2016
K0 0.98 0.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
TISALEO K1 1.10 0.93 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
K2 1.11 0.88 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17
Maximum 1.11 1.11 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19

17
 600
[kV]
340

80

-180

-440

-700
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
(file 2016-12GPnew工频波形.pl4; x-var t) v:X0228A v:X0228B v:X0228C
Fig Power frequency temporary overvoltage.14 DIC 2016, two-phase grounding tripping of
3 phases at EL INGA side (Phase B:first peak 320kVp)
600
[kV]
340

80

-180

-440

-700
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
(file 2016-12GPnew工频波形.pl4; x-var t) v:X0151A v:X0151B v:X0151C
Fig Power frequency temporary overvoltage.15 DIC 2016, two-phase grounding tripping of
3 phases at TISALEO side (Phase B:first peak 443kVp)
3.3 500kV TISALEO – CHORRILLOS transmission line

Tab Power frequency temporary overvoltage.15 show the calculation results of

power frequency overvoltage for TISALEO – CHORRILLOS transmission line at
various faults. The maximum power frequency temporary voltage is 1.08p.u.(shown
in Fig Power frequency temporary overvoltage.16) for TISALEO and 1.15p.u. (shown
in Fig Power frequency temporary overvoltage.17) for CHORRILLOS. Since the
maximum power frequency overvoltage is 365.2kV (i.e., 1.15p.u.), which is smaller
than the rated voltage of the surge arrester (420kV), the surge arrester is safe.

18
 Tab Power frequency temporary overvoltage.15 Power frequency overvoltage of 500kV

TISALEO – CHORRILLOS transmission line（1.0p.u.=550/ 3 ）

Power frequency overvoltage (p.u.)

Fault and Tap position of neutral
Fault CHO
Operation mode tripping TISAL reactance
type RRIL
side EO +20 +10
LOS 0% -10%
% %
K0 0.96 0.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
TISALEO K1 1.07 0.90 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
K2 1.08 0.86 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16
DIC 2016
K0 0.99 0.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CHORRIL
K1 0.98 1.14 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
LOS
K2 0.96 1.15 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15
Maximum 1.08 1.15 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19

600
[kV]
400

200

-200

-400

-600
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
(file 2016-12GPnew工频波形.pl4; x-var t) v:X0164A v:X0164B v:X0164C

Fig Power frequency temporary overvoltage.16 DIC 2016, two-phase grounding tripping of
3 phases at TISALEO side (Phase B:first peak 443kVp)
600
[kV]
400

200

-200

-400

-600
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
(file 2016-12GPnew工频波形.pl4; x-var t) v:X0246A v:X0246B v:X0246C

Fig Power frequency temporary overvoltage.17 DIC 2016, two-phase grounding tripping of
19
 3 phases at CHORRILLOS side (Phase B:first peak 377kVp)

3.4 230kV SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO transmission line

Tab Power frequency temporary overvoltage.16 show the calculation results of

power frequency overvoltage for SAN RAFAEL–JIVINO transmission line at various
faults. The maximum power frequency temporary voltage is 1.00p.u. for SAN
RAFAEL and 1.13p.u. (shown in Fig Power frequency temporary overvoltage.18) for
JIVINO. Since the maximum power frequency overvoltage is 159.84kV (i.e.,
1.13p.u.), which is smaller than the rated voltage of the surge arrester (192kV), the
surge arrester is safe.

Tab Power frequency temporary overvoltage.16 Power frequency overvoltage of 230kV

SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO transmission line（1.0p.u.=245 3 ）

Power frequency
Fault and
Operatio Fault overvoltage (p.u.)
Line tripping
n mode type SAN
side JIVINO
RAFAEL
K0 0.94 0.93
SAN
K1 0.99 0.90
RAFAEL
Double K2 0.93 0.77
circuit K0 0.97 0.97
DIC
JIVINO K1 0.94 1.08
2016
K2 0.88 1.08
K0 1.00 1.01
Single
JIVINO K1 0.99 1.11
circuit
K2 0.97 1.13
Maximum 1.00 1.13
300
[kV]
200

100

-100

-200

-300
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
(file 2016-12-230kVGP波形.pl4; x-var t) v:X0247C v:X0247A v:X0247B

20
Fig Power frequency temporary overvoltage.18 DIC 2016, two-phase grounding tripping of
3 phases at JIVINO side (Phase B:first peak 148kVp)

3.5 230 kV TISALEO – TOTORAS transmission line

Tab Power frequency temporary overvoltage.17 show the calculation results of

power frequency overvoltage for TISALEO – TOTORAS transmission line at various
faults. The maximum power frequency temporary voltage is 1.06p.u.(shown in Fig
Power frequency temporary overvoltage.19) for TISALEO and 1.04p.u. (shown in Fig
Power frequency temporary overvoltage.20) for TOTORAS. Since the maximum
power frequency overvoltage is 149.94kV (i.e., 1.06p.u.), which is smaller than the
rated voltage of the surge arrester (192kV), the surge arrester is safe.

Tab Power frequency temporary overvoltage.17 Power frequency overvoltage of 230kV

TISALEO – TOTORAS transmission line（1.0p.u.=245/ 3 ）

Power frequency
Fault and
Operatio Fault overvoltage (p.u.)
Line tripping
n mode type TOTORA
side TISALEO
S
K0 0.99 0.99
TISALE
K1 1.05 0.96
O
Double K2 1.06 0.90
circuit K0 0.99 0.99
TOTOR
K1 0.96 1.02
AS
DIC K2 0.87 0.90
2016 K0 0.98 0.98
TISALE
K1 1.03 0.98
O
Single K2 1.02 0.94
circuit K0 1.00 1.00
TOTOR
K1 1.00 1.03
AS
K2 0.99 1.04
Maximum 1.06 1.04

21
 300
[kV]
200

100

-100

-200

-300
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
(file 2016-12-230kVGP波形.pl4; x-var t) v:X0070C v:X0070A v:X0070B
Fig Power frequency temporary overvoltage.19 DIC 2016, two-phase grounding tripping of
3 phases at TISALEO side (Phase B:first peak 223kVp)
250.0
[kV]
187.5
125.0
62.5
0.0
-62.5
-125.0
-187.5
-250.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
(file 2016-12-230kVGP波形.pl4; x-var t) v:X0265C v:X0265A v:X0265B
Fig Power frequency temporary overvoltage.20 DIC 2016, two-phase grounding tripping of
3 phases at TOTORAS side (Phase B:first peak 183kVp)

22
 4. Switching overvoltage

4.1 Conditions for calculation

The randomness of phase-angle of closing and asynchronous of three-phase

switching are taken into consideration when calculation. (a) The closed phase angle in
one cycle is randomly uniform distributed. (b) Considering the pre breakdown and
changing of performance of CB, the maximum asynchronous time is 10ms. Time
difference of 3 phase switching is randomly uniform distributed. (c) There are 200
times of energizing in one test.
The 500kV voltage class reference voltage is 2 ×550/ 3 kV, the 230kV
voltage class reference voltage is 2 ×245/ 3 kV.

4.2 Overvoltage of energizing no-load line

The action sequence of energizing no-load line is shown in Tab Switching

overvoltage.18.
Tab Switching overvoltage.18 action sequence of energizing no-load line
time Operating state
0s circuit breaker of both sides is open(three phase)
20ms circuit breaker of one side is close(three phase)
4.2.1 Selection of closing resistor
To reduce overvoltage of energizing no-load line and overvoltage of single-phase
reclosing of CB, installing circuit breaker closing resistance is an effective measures.
Under the different closing resistor, overvoltage of energizing no-load line is shown in
Tab Switching overvoltage.19.
In the given range of closing resistor, the difference of overvoltage between
different closing resistance is very small. The value of closing resistance is higher, the
requirements of the heat capacity is smaller, so the cost is smaller. Comprehensive
consider about the overvoltage, the energy of the resistor and the mature operating
experience in China, closing resistor is suggested to select 400 Ω.
The pre-insert time of the 400 Ω closing resistor is 8ms.

23
Tab Switching overvoltage.19 overvoltage of energizing no-load line of SAN RAFAEL-EL

INGA under the different closing resistor(pre-insert time 8ms)

closing resistor（Ω）
line overvoltage
300 400 500 600
maximum phase to
ground 2% 1.20 1.17 1.13 1.15
overvoltage(p.u.)
SAN RAFAEL-EL
maximum phase to
INGA(OCT 2015) 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.88
phase overvoltage(p.u.)
Calculate closing
0.160 0.176 0.187 0.195
resistor energy (MJ)
maximum phase to
ground 2% 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.18
overvoltage(p.u.)
EL INGA–TISALEO maximum phase to
1.99 1.94 1.95 1.99
phase overvoltage(p.u.)
Calculate closing
0.179 0.190 0.198 0.202
resistor energy (MJ)
maximum phase to
ground 2% 1.23 1.19 1.19 1.21
overvoltage(p.u.)
TISALEO–
maximum phase to
CHORRILLOS 2.04 1.93 1.96 1.99
phase overvoltage(p.u.)
Calculate closing
0.235 0.249 0.256 0.260
resistor energy (MJ)
Required value of closing resistor energy（MJ）
E=t×U2/R（U is 2 times of phase to ground 10.8 8.1 6.5 5.4
working voltage，t is turn-on time）

4.2.2 500kV SAN RAFAEL-EL INGA transmission line

Under the condition of installing closing resistor(8 ms for 400 Ω) of circuit
breaker of transmission line, Tab Switching overvoltage.20 shows the calculation
results of no-load line closing overvoltage for SAN RAFAEL-EL INGA line.
It is can be drawn from the results that, when switching on no-load line, the
maximum phase to ground 2% overvoltage is 1.17p.u., along with transmission line.
The maximum phase to phase overvoltage of line is 1.99p.u.. The maximum energy of
MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ. Max energy absorbed by the closing resistor is 181kJ.
The max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing from SAN RAFAEL side is

24
 shown in Fig4.1.

Tab Switching overvoltage.20 Overvoltage of switching on no-load line from SAN RAFAEL

to EL INGA（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）（8ms ,400Ω）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA
overvoltage( p Shunt closing
overvoltage (p.u.) Energy(MJ)
Operation Side of .u.) Reactor resistor
Line
mode energizing SAN SAN SAN Neutral energy
maxim
EL EL EL
RAFA RAFA RAFAE (p.u.) （kJ）
INGA um INGA INGA
EL EL L
JUN 2015 EL INGA 1.17 1.12 1.17 1.99 1.95 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.22 181
SAN 1.08 1.17 1.17 1.87 1.92 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.23 176
SAN OCT 2015 RAFAEL
RAFAEL- EL INGA 1.16 1.06 1.16 1.96 1.88 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.22 180
EL INGA SAN 1.04 1.12 1.12 1.81 1.88 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.23 178
DIC 2016 RAFAEL
EL INGA 1.10 1.03 1.10 1.84 1.80 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.22 178

600
[kV]
380
160
-60
-280
-500
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30
(file OCT_2015-SGIGHdc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0123A v:X0123B v:X0123C
Fig Switching overvoltage.21 OCT 2015, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing
from SAN RAFAEL side（Phase A: first peak 484kVp, Phase B: first peak 445kVp, Phase
C: first peak 523kVp）

4.2.3 500kV EL INGA – TISALEO transmission line

Under the condition of installing closing resistor(8 ms for 400 Ω) of circuit
breaker of transmission line, Tab Switching overvoltage.21 shows the calculation
results of no-load line closing overvoltage for EL INGA – TISALEO line.
It is can be drawn from the results that, when switching on no-load line, the
maximum phase to ground 2% overvoltage is 1.18p.u., along with transmission line.
The maximum phase to phase overvoltage of line is 2.00p.u.. The maximum energy of
MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ. Max energy absorbed by the closing resistor is 190kJ.
25
 The max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing from EL INGA side is shown in
Fig Switching overvoltage.22.

Tab Switching overvoltage.21 Overvoltage of switching on no-load line from EL INGA to

TISALEO（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）（8ms ,400Ω）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA Shunt closing
overvoltage( p
Operation Side of overvoltage (p.u.) Energy(MJ) Reactor resistor
Line .u.)
mode energizing Neutral energy
EL TISAL maxim EL TISAL EL TISALE
(p.u.) （kJ）
INGA EO um INGA EO INGA O
EL INGA – EL INGA 1.05 1.18 1.18 1.78 1.94 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.22 190
DIC 2016
TISALEO TISALEO 1.15 1.07 1.15 2.00 1.87 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.23 184
500
[kV]
280

60

-160

-380

-600
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30
(file DIC_2016-IGTSHdc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0163A v:X0163B v:X0163C

Fig Switching overvoltage.22 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing
from EL INGA side（Phase A: first peak 417kVp, Phase B: first peak 400kVp, Phase C: first
peak 370kVp）
4.2.4 500kV TISALEO – CHORRILLOS transmission line
Under the condition of installing closing resistor(8 ms for 400 Ω) of circuit
breaker of transmission line, Tab Switching overvoltage.22 shows the calculation
results of no-load line closing overvoltage for TISALEO – CHORRILLOS line.
It is can be drawn from the results that, when switching on no-load line, the
maximum phase to ground 2% overvoltage is 1.19p.u., along with transmission line.
The maximum phase to phase overvoltage of line is 1.93p.u.. The maximum energy of
MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ. Max energy absorbed by the closing resistor is 249kJ.
The max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing from TISALEO side is shown in
Fig Switching overvoltage.23.

26
 Tab Switching overvoltage.22 Overvoltage of switching on no-load line from TISALEO –

CHORRILLOS（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）（8ms ,400Ω）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA
overvoltage( p Shunt closing
overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ)
Operation Side of .u.) Reactor resistor
Line
mode energizing CHOR CHOR Neutral energy
TISAL maxim TISAL TISALE CHORR
RILL RILLO (p.u.) （kJ）
EO um EO O ILLOS
OS S
TISALEO TISALEO 1.11 1.18 1.19 1.89 1.93 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.22 249
– 1.15 1.06 1.15 1.88 1.79 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.22 226
DIC 2016 CHORRIL
CHORRIL
LOS
LOS

500
[kV]
280

60

-160

-380

-600
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30
(file DIC_2016-TSCSHdc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0166A v:X0166B v:X0166C
Fig Switching overvoltage.23 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing
from TISALEO side（Phase A: first peak 467kVp, Phase B: first peak 431kVp, Phase C:
first peak 445kVp）
4.2.5 230kV SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO transmission line
Without closing resistor of circuit breaker of transmission line, Tab Switching
overvoltage.23 shows the calculation results of no-load line closing overvoltage for
230kV SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO line.
It is can be drawn from the results that, when switching on no-load line, the
maximum phase to ground 2% overvoltage is 2.03p.u., along with transmission line.
The maximum phase to phase overvoltage of line is 3.40p.u.. The maximum energy of
MOA is smaller than 0.04MJ. The max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing
from SAN RAFAEL side is shown in Fig Switching overvoltage.24.

27
Tab Switching overvoltage.23 Overvoltage of switching on no-load line from SAN RAFAEL

– JIVINO（1.0p.u.= 2 *245/ 3 ）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA
overvoltage( p
overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ)
Operation Side of .u.)
Line
mode energizing SAN SAN SAN
JIVIN maxim
RAFAE RAFAE JIVINO RAFAE JIVINO
O um
L L L
SAN 1.47 1.74 1.85 2.36 3.04 ＜0.01 0.02
Double
SAN DIC 2016 RAFAEL
circuit
RAFAEL JIVINO 1.68 1.36 1.72 2.56 2.12 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
–JIVINO Single SAN 1.66 1.79 2.03 2.72 3.40 ＜0.01 0.04
DIC 2016
circuit RAFAEL
400
[kV]
250

100

-50

-200

-350

-500
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30
(file 2016-12RFJVH-Idc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0217A v:X0217B v:X0217C
Fig Switching overvoltage.24 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing
from SAN RAFAEL side（Phase A: first peak 366kVp, Phase B: first peak 352kVp, Phase
C: first peak 406kVp）
4.2.6 230kV TISALEO – TOTORAS transmission line
Without closing resistor of circuit breaker of transmission line, Tab Switching
overvoltage.24 shows the calculation results of no-load line closing overvoltage for
TISALEO – TOTORAS line.
It is can be drawn from the results that, when switching on no-load line, the
maximum phase to ground 2% overvoltage is 1.82p.u., along with transmission line.
The maximum phase to phase overvoltage of line is 3.28p.u.. The maximum energy of
MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ. The max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing
from TISALEO side is shown in Fig Switching overvoltage.25.

28
 Tab Switching overvoltage.24 Overvoltage of switching on no-load line from TISALEO –

TOTORAS（1.0p.u.= 2 *245/ 3 ）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA
overvoltage( p
Operation Side of overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ)
Line .u.)
mode energizing
TISAL TOTO maxim TISAL TOTOR TISALE TOTORA
EO RAS um EO AS O S
TISALEO 1.65 1.71 1.82 2.64 3.26 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
Double
TISALEO DIC 2016 TOTORA 1.73 1.09 1.76 3.11 1.85 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
circuit
– S
TOTORA TISALEO 1.70 1.74 1.81 2.94 3.17 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
Single
S DIC 2016 TOTORA 1.74 1.13 1.76 3.28 1.88 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
circuit
S
400
[kV]
300

200

100

-100

-200

-300

-400
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30
(file 2016-12TATTHdc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0218A v:X0218B v:X0218C

Fig Switching overvoltage.25 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing
from TISALEO side（Phase A: first peak 363kVp, Phase B: first peak 191kVp, Phase C:
first peak 331kVp）

4.3 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB

The action sequence of single-phase reclosing of CB is shown in Tab Switching

overvoltage.25.
Tab Switching overvoltage.25 action sequence of single-phase reclosing of CB
time Operating state
0s Two sound phase are in operation, and the both sides CB of
the fault phase is open
20ms close one side CB of the fault phase(single phase)

4.3.1 500kV SAN RAFAEL-EL INGA transmission line

29
 Under the condition of installing closing resistor(8 ms for 400 Ω) of circuit
breaker of transmission line, Tab Switching overvoltage.26 shows the calculation
results of single-phase reclosing of CB overvoltage for SAN RAFAEL-EL INGA line.
It is can be drawn from the results that, when single-phase reclosing of CB, the
maximum phase to ground 2% overvoltage is 1.22p.u., along with transmission line.
The maximum phase to phase overvoltage of line is 1.98p.u.. The maximum energy of
MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ. Max energy absorbed by the closing resistor is 178kJ.
The max 2% phase to ground single-phase reclosing of CB overvoltage from EL
INGA side is shown in Fig Switching overvoltage.26

Tab Switching overvoltage.26 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB from SAN

RAFAEL to EL INGA（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground
overvoltage( p MOA 能量(MJ) Shunt closing
overvoltage (p.u.)
Operation Side of .u.) Reactor resistor
Line
mode energizing SAN SAN SAN Neutral energy
EL maxim EL EL
RAFA RAFA RAFAE (p.u.) （kJ）
INGA um INGA INGA
EL EL L
JUN 2015 EL INGA 1.22 1.13 1.22 1.98 1.92 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.18 169
SAN 1.09 1.07 1.12 1.83 1.89 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.17 168
SAN OCT 2015 RAFAEL
RAFAEL- EL INGA 1.06 1.08 1.08 1.90 1.84 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.17 172
EL INGA SAN 1.01 1.04 1.04 1.78 1.81 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.17 173
DIC 2016 RAFAEL
EL INGA 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.80 1.76 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.17 178
500
[kV]
280

60

-160

-380

-600
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
(file JUN_2015-IGSGCdc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0119A v:X0119B v:X0119C
Fig Switching overvoltage.26 JUN 2015, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage single-phase
reclosing of CB from EL INGA side（Phase A: first peak 439kVp, Phase B: first peak 55kVp,
Phase C: first peak 442kVp）

30
 4.3.2 500kV EL INGA – TISALEO transmission line
Under the condition of installing closing resistor(8 ms for 400 Ω) of circuit
breaker of transmission line, Tab Switching overvoltage.27 shows the calculation
results of single-phase reclosing of CB overvoltage for EL INGA – TISALEO line.
It is can be drawn from the results that, when single-phase reclosing of CB, the
maximum phase to ground 2% overvoltage is 1.07p.u., along with transmission line.
The maximum phase to phase overvoltage of line is 1.90p.u.. The maximum energy of
MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ. Max energy absorbed by the closing resistor is 159kJ.
The max 2% phase to ground single-phase reclosing of CB overvoltage from EL
INGA side is shown in Fig Switching overvoltage.27.

Tab Switching overvoltage.27 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB from EL INGA to

TISALEO（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA Shunt closing
overvoltage( p
Operation Side of overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ) Reactor resistor
Line .u.)
mode energizing Neutral energy
EL TISAL maxim EL TISAL EL TISALE
(p.u.) （kJ）
INGA EO um INGA EO INGA O
EL INGA EL INGA 1.04 1.07 1.07 1.76 1.82 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.16 159
– DIC 2016 1.02 1.05 1.05 1.90 1.82 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.16 152
TISALEO
TISALEO

500
[kV]
375

250

125

-125

-250

-375

-500
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
(file DIC_2016-IGTSCdc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0163A v:X0163B v:X0163C

Fig Switching overvoltage.27 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage single-phase
reclosing of CB from EL INGA side（Phase A: first peak 433kVp, Phase B: first peak 36kVp,
Phase C: first peak 428kVp）
4.3.3 500kV TISALEO – CHORRILLOS transmission line
Under the condition of installing closing resistor(8 ms for 400 Ω) of circuit

31
 breaker of transmission line, Tab Switching overvoltage.28 shows the calculation
results of single-phase reclosing of CB overvoltage for TISALEO – CHORRILLOS
line.
It is can be drawn from the results that, when single-phase reclosing of CB, the
maximum phase to ground 2% overvoltage is 1.09p.u., along with transmission line.
The maximum phase to phase overvoltage of line is 1.86p.u.. The maximum energy of
MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ. Max energy absorbed by the closing resistor is 219kJ.
The max 2% phase to ground single-phase reclosing of CB overvoltage from
TISALEO side is shown in Fig Switching overvoltage.28.

Tab Switching overvoltage.28 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB from TISALEO –

CHORRILLOS（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA
overvoltage( p Shunt closing
overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ)
Operation Side of .u.) Reactor resistor
Line
mode energizing CHOR CHOR Neutral energy
TISAL maxim TISAL TISALE CHORR
RILL RILLO (p.u.) （kJ）
EO um EO O ILLOS
OS S
TISALEO TISALEO 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.81 1.86 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.16 219
– 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.81 1.74 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.16 203
DIC 2016 CHORRIL
CHORRIL
LOS
LOS

500
[kV]
375

250

125

-125

-250

-375

-500
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30
(file DIC_2016-TSCSCdc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0243A v:X0243B v:X0243C
Fig Switching overvoltage.28 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage single-phase
reclosing of CB from TISALEO side（Phase A: first peak 418kVp, Phase B: first peak
417kVp, Phase C: first peak 34kVp）
4.3.4 230kV SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO transmission line

32
 Without closing resistor of circuit breaker of transmission line, Tab Switching
overvoltage.29 shows the calculation results of single-phase reclosing of CB
overvoltage for SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO line.
It is can be drawn from the results that, when single-phase reclosing of CB, the
maximum phase to ground 2% overvoltage is 1.95p.u., along with transmission line.
The maximum phase to phase overvoltage of line is 2.50p.u.. The maximum energy of
MOA is smaller than 0.03MJ. The max 2% phase to ground single-phase reclosing of
CB overvoltage from SAN RAFAEL side is shown in Fig Switching overvoltage.29.

Tab Switching overvoltage.29 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB from SAN

RAFAEL – JIVINO（1.0p.u.= 2 *245/ 3 ）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA
overvoltage( p
overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ)
Operation Side of .u.)
Line
mode energizing SAN SAN SAN
JIVIN maxim
RAFAE RAFAE JIVINO RAFAE JIVINO
O um
L L L
SAN 1.43 1.73 1.81 2.23 2.48 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
Double
SAN DIC 2016 RAFAEL
circuit
RAFAEL JIVINO 1.60 1.34 1.60 2.35 2.03 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
–JIVINO Single SAN 1.64 1.78 1.95 2.33 2.50 ＜0.01 0.03
DIC 2016
circuit RAFAEL
400
[kV]
300

200

100

-100

-200

-300
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30
(file 2016-12RFJVC-Idc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0219A v:X0219B v:X0219C

Fig Switching overvoltage.29 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage single-phase
reclosing of CB from SAN RAFAEL side（Phase A: first peak 176kVp, Phase B: first peak
181kVp, Phase C: first peak 33kVp）
4.3.5 230 kV TISALEO – TOTORAS transmission line
33
 Without closing resistor of circuit breaker of transmission line, Tab Switching
overvoltage.30 shows the calculation results of single-phase reclosing of CB
overvoltage for TISALEO – TOTORAS line.
It is can be drawn from the results that, when single-phase reclosing of CB, the
maximum phase to ground 2% overvoltage is 1.80p.u., along with transmission line.
The maximum phase to phase overvoltage of line is 2.61p.u.. The maximum energy of
MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ. The max 2% phase to ground single-phase reclosing of
CB overvoltage from TISALEO side is shown in Fig Switching overvoltage.30.

Tab Switching overvoltage.30 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB from TISALEO –

TOTORAS（1.0p.u.= 2 *245/ 3 ）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA
overvoltage( p
Operation Side of overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ)
Line .u.)
mode energizing
TISAL TOTO maxim TISAL TOTOR TISALE TOTORA
EO RAS um EO AS O S
TISALEO 1.62 1.73 1.79 2.34 2.56 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
Double
TISALEO DIC 2016 TOTORA 1.72 1.08 1.73 2.59 1.80 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
circuit
– S
TOTORA TISALEO 1.69 1.74 1.80 2.48 2.54 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
Single
S DIC 2016 TOTORA 1.73 1.12 1.74 2.61 1.82 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
circuit
S
400
[kV]
300

200

100

-100

-200

-300
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30
(file 2016-12TATTC-Idc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0212A v:X0212B v:X0212C

Fig Switching overvoltage.30 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage single-phase
reclosing of CB from TISALEO side（Phase A: first peak 198kVp, Phase B: first peak
195kVp, Phase C: first peak 39kVp）

34
 4.4 Failure rate calculation

The range of acceptable fault rate caused by switching overvoltage is 0.01 ～

0.001 per operation, which is recommended by IEC60071-2. The allowable value of
switching overvoltage should be determined by failure rate.
The failure rate of each transmission line is shown in Tab Switching
overvoltage.31, which is far less than recommended value by IEC60071-2.

Tab Switching overvoltage.31 failure rate of transmission line

failure rate
line
(times per energizing operation)
500kV SAN RAFAEL-EL INGA 1.539385×10-10
500kV EL INGA–TISALEO 1.543006×10-8
500kV TISALEO–CHORRILLOS 7.643719×10-9
230kV SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO 4.485060×10-8
230kV TISALEO – TOTORAS 1.386822×10-8

4.5 Tripping overvoltage during live working on transmission

line

During live working on transmission line, using the single phase closing
operation of CB is stopped and the three phases CB at the both ends of the line with
live working will be tripped when single phase ground occurs. The action sequence of
tripping is shown in Tab Switching overvoltage.32.
The three phases tripping voltage determines the risk probability of live working.
The three phases tripping voltage also occurs when single phase closing is
unsuccessful due to permanent grounding fault. The tripping voltage of the latter is
less than the former.
Tab Switching overvoltage.32 action sequence of fault tripping
time Operating procedure
0s Live working on transmission line
20ms Single-phase grounding fault occurs
100ms three phases CB nearest fault are tripping at first
120ms Three phases CB at remote end are Tripping
140ms Clearing the single-phase grounding fault

35
 4.5.1 500kV SAN RAFAEL-EL INGA transmission line
Tab Switching overvoltage.33 shows the calculation results of fault tripping
overvoltage for SAN RAFAEL-EL INGA line.
It is can be drawn from the results that the maximum phase to ground 2%
overvoltage is 1.37p.u., along with transmission line. The maximum phase to phase
overvoltage of line is 1.99p.u.. The maximum energy of MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ.
The max 2% phase to ground fault tripping overvoltage from EL INGA side is shown
in Fig Switching overvoltage.31.

Tab Switching overvoltage.33 fault tripping overvoltage（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA
overvoltage( p Shunt
overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ)
Operation .u.) Reactor
Line fault side
mode SAN SAN SAN Neutral
ELmaxim EL EL
RAFA RAFA RAFAE (p.u.)
INGA um INGA INGA
EL EL L
SAN 1.29 1.19 1.29 1.96 1.93 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.33
JUN 2015 RAFAEL
EL INGA 1.37 1.22 1.37 1.99 1.97 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.33
SAN SAN 1.27 1.21 1.27 1.93 1.89 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.30
RAFAEL- OCT 2015 RAFAEL
EL INGA EL INGA 1.29 1.32 1.32 1.95 1.98 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.31
SAN 1.26 1.21 1.26 1.87 1.82 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.32
DIC 2016 RAFAEL
EL INGA 1.17 1.33 1.33 1.92 1.95 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.31

600
[kV]
380

160

-60

-280

-500
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
(fileFig
DIC_2016-IGSGJdc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0021A
Switching overvoltage.31 DIC 2016,v:X0021B
max 2%v:X0021C
phase to ground overvoltage of fault
tripping from EL INGA side（start from the ground fault moment, Phase A: first peak
507kVp, Phase B: first peak 66kVp, Phase C: first peak 446kVp）

36
 4.5.2 500kV EL INGA – TISALEO transmission line
Tab Switching overvoltage.34 shows the calculation results of fault tripping
overvoltage for EL INGA – TISALEO line.
It is can be drawn from the results that the maximum phase to ground 2%
overvoltage is 1.37p.u., along with transmission line. The maximum phase to phase
overvoltage of line is 2.08p.u.. The maximum energy of MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ.
The max 2% phase to ground fault tripping overvoltage from EL INGA side is shown
in Fig Switching overvoltage.32.

Tab Switching overvoltage.34 fault tripping overvoltage（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA Shunt
overvoltage( p
Operation overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ) Reactor
Line fault side .u.)
mode Neutral
EL TISAL maxim EL TISAL EL TISALE
(p.u.)
INGA EO um INGA EO INGA O
EL INGA – EL INGA 1.37 1.16 1.37 2.08 2.05 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.32
DIC 2016
TISALEO TISALEO 1.24 1.29 1.29 1.98 2.02 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.32

600
[kV]
340

80

-180

-440

-700
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
(file DIC_2016-IGTSJdc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0233A v:X0233B v:X0233C

Fig Switching overvoltage.32 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage of fault
tripping from EL INGA side（start from the ground fault moment, Phase A: first peak
488kVp, Phase B: first peak 43kVp, Phase C: first peak 476kVp）
4.5.3 500kV TISALEO – CHORRILLOS transmission line
Tab Switching overvoltage.35 shows the calculation results of fault tripping
overvoltage for TISALEO – CHORRILLOS line.
It is can be drawn from the results that the maximum phase to ground 2%
overvoltage is 1.50p.u., along with transmission line. The maximum phase to phase

37
 overvoltage of line is 2.35p.u.. The maximum energy of MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ.
The max 2% phase to ground fault tripping overvoltage from TISALEO side is shown
in Fig Switching overvoltage.33.

Tab Switching overvoltage.35 fault tripping overvoltage（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA Shunt
overvoltage( p
Operation overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ) Reactor
Line fault side .u.)
mode Neutral
TISAL CHORR maxim TISAL CHORRI TISALE CHORRIL
(p.u.)
EO ILLOS um EO LLOS O LOS

TISALEO – TISALEO 1.50 1.20 1.50 2.35 2.31 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.31
CHORRIL DIC 2016 1.16 1.29 1.29 1.98 2.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.33
CHORRILLOS
LOS

700
[kV]
440

180

-80

-340

-600
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
(file DIC_2016-TSCSJdc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0182A v:X0182B v:X0182C
Fig Switching overvoltage.33 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage of fault
tripping from TISALEO side（start from the ground fault moment, Phase A: first peak
507kVp, Phase B: first peak 586kVp, Phase C: first peak 295kVp）
4.5.4 230kV SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO transmission line
Tab Switching overvoltage.36 shows the calculation results of fault tripping
overvoltage for SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO line.
It is can be drawn from the results that the maximum phase to ground 2%
overvoltage is 1.36p.u., along with transmission line. The maximum phase to phase
overvoltage of line is 2.09p.u.. The maximum energy of MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ.
The max 2% phase to ground fault tripping overvoltage from JIVINO side is shown in
Fig Switching overvoltage.34.

38
 Tab Switching overvoltage.36 fault tripping overvoltage（1.0p.u.= 2 *245/ 3 ）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA
overvoltage( p
overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ)
Operation .u.)
Line fault side
mode SAN SAN SAN
JIVIN maxim
RAFAE RAFAE JIVINO RAFAE JIVINO
O um
L L L
SAN 1.22 1.17 1.22 1.79 1.77 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
Double
DIC 2016 RAFAEL
SAN circuit
JIVINO 1.23 1.22 1.23 1.81 1.87 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
RAFAEL
SAN 1.09 1.03 1.11 1.72 1.67 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
–JIVINO Single
DIC 2016 RAFAEL
circuit
JIVINO 1.35 1.31 1.36 1.97 2.09 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
300
[kV]
200

100

-100

-200

-300
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
(file 2016-12JVRFJ-I0.1dc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0213A v:X0213B v:X0213C

Fig Switching overvoltage.34 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage of fault
tripping from JIVINO side（start from the ground fault moment, Phase A: first peak
194kVp, Phase B: first peak 187kVp, Phase C: first peak 206kVp）
4.5.5 230kV TISALEO – TOTORAS transmission line
Tab Switching overvoltage.37 shows the calculation results of fault tripping
overvoltage for TISALEO – TOTORAS line.
It is can be drawn from the results that the maximum phase to ground 2%
overvoltage is 1.43p.u., along with transmission line. The maximum phase to phase
overvoltage of line is 2.01p.u.. The maximum energy of MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ.
The max 2% phase to ground fault tripping overvoltage from TISALEO side is shown
in Fig Switching overvoltage.35.

39
 Tab Switching overvoltage.37 fault tripping overvoltage（1.0p.u.= 2 *245/ 3 ）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA
overvoltage( p
Operation overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ)
Line fault side .u.)
mode
TISAL TOTO maxim TISAL TOTOR TISALE TOTORA
EO RAS um EO AS O S
Double TISALEO 1.43 1.19 1.43 1.80 1.80 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
DIC 2016
TISALEO – circuit TOTORAS 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.92 1.88 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
TOTORAS Single TISALEO 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.86 1.85 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
DIC 2016
circuit TOTORAS 1.22 1.27 1.27 2.01 2.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
300
[kV]
200

100

-100

-200

-300
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
(file 2016-12TATTJ0.1dc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0021A v:X0021B v:X0021C
Fig Switching overvoltage.35 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage of fault
tripping from TISALEO side（start from the ground fault moment, Phase A: first peak
286kVp, Phase B: first peak 225kVp, Phase C: first peak 27kVp）
4.6 Two phase grounding faults at 230kV double circuit line

The two phases back flashover of the double circuit line take place simultaneity
due to strong lightning stroking a tower top. The two phases grounding fault could be
at one circuit or each one phase of two circuit.
The action sequence of fault tripping is shown in Tab Switching overvoltage.38.
Tab Switching overvoltage.38 action sequence of two phase grounding fault
time Operating state
0s Transmission line is in operation
20ms Two-phase grounding at two circuit
100ms Tripping the fault side of two circuit (six phase)

4.6.1 230kV SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO transmission line

Tab Switching overvoltage.39 shows the calculation results of two-phase
grounding of two circuit overvoltage for SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO line.
40
 It is can be drawn from the results that the maximum phase to ground 2%
overvoltage is 1.61p.u., along with transmission line. The maximum phase to phase
overvoltage of line is 2.49p.u.. The maximum energy of MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ.
The max 2% phase to ground fault tripping overvoltage from JIVINO side is shown in
Fig Switching overvoltage.36.

Tab Switching overvoltage.39 two-phase grounding of two circuit overvoltage（1.0p.u.=

2 *245/ 3 ）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA
overvoltage( p
overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ)
Type of Operation .u.)
Line fault side
fault mode SAN SAN SAN
JIVIN maxim
RAFAE RAFAE JIVINO RAFAE JIVINO
O um
L L L
Same SAN 1.21 1.12 1.21 1.68 1.66 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
phase DIC 2016 RAFAEL
SAN
fault JIVINO 1.16 1.61 1.61 1.89 2.04 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
RAFAEL –
Variant SAN 1.23 1.09 1.23 1.74 1.71 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
JIVINO
phase DIC 2016 RAFAEL
fault JIVINO 1.15 1.61 1.61 2.49 1.88 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
400
[kV]
300

200
100
0

-100

-200
-300
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
(file 2016-12JVRFJ同名相dc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0292A v:X0292B v:X0292C
Fig Switching overvoltage.36 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage of fault
tripping from JIVINO side（start from the ground fault moment, Phase B: first peak
242kVp, Phase C: first peak 183kVp）
4.6.2 230kV TISALEO – TOTORAS transmission line
Tab Switching overvoltage.40 shows the calculation results of two-phase
grounding of two circuit overvoltage for TISALEO – TOTORAS line.
It is can be drawn from the results that the maximum phase to ground 2%
overvoltage is 1.44p.u., along with transmission line. The maximum phase to phase
overvoltage of line is 1.90p.u.. The maximum energy of MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ.

41
The max 2% phase to ground fault tripping overvoltage from TISALEO side is shown
in Fig Switching overvoltage.37.

Tab Switching overvoltage.40 two-phase grounding of two circuit overvoltage（1.0p.u.=

2 *245/ 3 ）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA
overvoltage( p
Type of Operation overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ)
Line fault side .u.)
fault mode
TISAL TOTO maxim TISAL TOTOR TISALE TOTORA
EO RAS um EO AS O S
Same TISALEO 1.44 1.15 1.44 1.75 1.74 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
phase DIC 2016 1.20 1.28 1.31 1.87 1.90 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
TOTORAS
TISALEO – fault
TOTORAS Variant TISALEO 1.43 1.19 1.43 1.76 1.78 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
phase DIC 2016 1.26 1.33 1.33 1.87 1.75 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
TOTORAS
fault
300
[kV]
200

100

-100

-200

-300
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
(file 2016-12TATTJ同名相dc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0021A v:X0021B v:X0021C
Fig Switching overvoltage.37 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage of fault
tripping from TISALEO side（start from the ground fault moment, Phase B: first peak
225kVp, Phase C: first peak 287kVp）
4.7 Transformer energizing overvoltage of 500kV substation

The action sequence of energizing no-load transformer is shown in Tab

Switching overvoltage.41.
Tab Switching overvoltage.41 action sequence of energizing no-load transformer
time Operating state
0s transformer with no-load
20ms close the 500kVside of the transformer
Magnetic characteristic of 500kV single phase auto transformer provide by
manufacturer is shown in Tab Switching overvoltage.42.
42
 Tab Switching overvoltage.42 magnetic charasteristic of transformer
Voltage(High
Voltage（% Noload current (High Noload
Voltage)
） voltage side)A current（%）
kV
80 UN*0.8 0.5* I0 0.04
90 UN*0.9 0.75* I0 0.06
100 UN I0 0.08
110 UN*1.1 2.9* I0 0.232
115 UN*1.15 6.6* I0 0.528
125 UN*1.25 157* I0 12.56
Note：UN High Voltage side rated voltage kV
I0 High Voltage side noload current Value A
I0 % High Voltage side noload current per unit value %

4.7.1 Transformer energizing overvoltage from EL INGA 500 kV side

Transformer without load energizing overvoltage from EL INGA 500 kV side via
EL INGA-San RAFAEL line is shown in Tab Switching overvoltage.43. The
statistical maximum transformer energizing overvoltage of 500kV side is 1.76p.u.,
maximum inrush current is 1.79kAp. There is no resonance overvoltage during the
transformer energizing. The maximum overvoltage and inrush current are shown in
Fig Switching overvoltage.38 and Fig Switching overvoltage.39.

43
 Tab Switching overvoltage.43 Transformer energizing from EL INGA 500 kV side

overvoltage
(p.u)
inrush
500kV side 230kV side
Substation Operation mode current
Phase- Phase-
Phase- Phase- (kAp）
groun groun
phase phase
d d
One transformer already in
JUN operation，energizing
1.66 2.47 1.70 2.54 1.45
2015 another transformer with
no-load
Two lines of SAN RAFAEL-
EL INGA and 2 units of 1.70 2.66 1.72 2.72 1.24
OCT
CCS
2015
One line of SAN RAFAEL-
1.76 2.99 1.81 3.09 1.02
EL INGA EL INGA and 1 unit of CCS
Two lines of SAN RAFAEL-
EL INGA and 3 units of
1.69 2.49 1.71 2.53 1.79
CCS, EL INGA-TISALEO
DIC line in operation
2016 One line of SAN RAFAEL-
EL INGA and 1 unit of
1.75 2.97 1.80 3.05 1.03
CCS, EL INGA-TISALEO
line not in operation
800
[kV]

500

200

-100

-400

-700
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
(file 2015-10INGA合空变单机DC.pl4; x-var t) v:X0017B v:X0017C v:X0017A

Fig Switching overvoltage.38 maximum transformer energizing overvoltage of 500kV

side（Phase A: first peak 665kVp, Phase B: first peak 238kVp, Phase C: first peak
424kVp）

44
 1500
[A]
1000

500

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
(file 2016-12INGA合空变DC.pl4; x-var t) c:X0021B-ELIN5B c:X0021C-ELIN5C c:X0021A-ELIN5A

Fig Switching overvoltage.39 maximum inrush current of 500kV side（Phase A: first peak
0.62kAp, Phase B: first peak 1.79kAp, Phase C: first peak 1.40kAp）

4.7.2 Transformer energizing overvoltage from SAN RAFAEL 500

kV side
Transformer energizing overvoltage from SAN RAFAEL 500 kV side is shown
in Tab Switching overvoltage.44. The maximum transformer energizing overvoltage
of 500kV side is 1.77p.u., maximum inrush current is 1.60kAp. There is no resonance
overvoltage during the transformer energizing. The maximum overvoltage and inrush
current are shown in Fig Switching overvoltage.40 and Fig Switching overvoltage.41.

45
 Tab Switching overvoltage.44 Transformer energizing from SAN RAFAEL 500 kV side

overvoltage
(p.u)
inrush
500kV side 230kV side
Substation Operation mode current
Phase- Phase-
Phase- Phase- (kAp）
groun groun
phase phase
d d
Two lines of CCS- SAN
RAFAEL and 2 units of CCS,
1.70 2.41 1.72 2.49 1.49
EL INGA-SAN RAFAEL
OCT lines are in operation
2015 One line of CCS- SAN
RAFAEL and 1 unit of CCS,
1.77 3.35 1.79 3.45 0.90
EL INGA-SAN RAFAEL
SAN lines are not in operation
RAFAEL Two lines of CCS- SAN
RAFAEL and 3 units of CCS,
1.71 2.42 1.72 2.49 1.60
EL INGA-SAN RAFAEL
DIC lines are in operation
2016 One line of CCS- SAN
RAFAEL and 1 unit of CCS,
1.77 3.39 1.79 3.50 0.96
EL INGA-SAN RAFAEL
lines are not in operation
800
[kV]
600

400

200

-200

-400

-600

-800
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
(file 2015-10RAFA合空变单机DC.pl4; x-var t) v:X0021B v:X0021C v:X0021A

Fig Switching overvoltage.40 maximum transformer energizing overvoltage of 500kV

side（Phase A: first peak 463kVp, Phase B: first peak 431kVp, Phase C: first peak
464kVp）

46
 1600
[A]
1200

800

400

-400

-800

-1200
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
(file 2016-12RAFA合空变DC.pl4; x-var t) c:X0018B-X0022B c:X0018C-X0022C c:X0018A-X0022A

Fig Switching overvoltage.41 maximum inrush current of 500kV side（Phase A: first peak
0.44kAp, Phase B: first peak 1.60kAp, Phase C: first peak 1.13kAp）

4.7.3 Transformer energizing overvoltage from TISALEO 500 kV

side
Transformer energizing overvoltage from TISALEO 500 kV side is shown in Tab
Switching overvoltage.45. The statistical maximum transformer energizing
overvoltage of 500kV side is 1.72p.u., maximum inrush current is 1.48kAp. There is
no resonance overvoltage during the transformer energizing. The maximum
overvoltage and inrush current are shown in Fig Switching overvoltage.42 and Fig
Switching overvoltage.43.

47
 Tab Switching overvoltage.45 Transformer energizing from TISALEO 500 kV side

overvoltage
(p.u)
inrush
500kV side 230kV side
Substation Operation mode current
Phase- Phase-
Phase- Phase- (kAp）
groun groun
phase phase
d d
INGA-SAN RAFAEL lines
and TISALEO-CHORRILLOS
line are in operation, 3 1.70 2.42 1.72 2.49 1.48
transformers in EL INGA
and 3 units of CCS
one transformer in EL
INGA, INGA-SAN RAFAEL
lines and TISALEO- 1.72 2.70 1.73 2.76 1.04
CHORRILLOS line are not in
operation
DIC
TISALEO one transformer in EL
2016
INGA, one line of INGA-
SAN RAFAEL, one line of
CCS- SAN RAFAEL and 1 1.71 2.73 1.73 2.72 1.10
unit of CCS, TISALEO-
CHORRILLOS line is not in
operation
EL INGA- TISALEO line is
not in operation, TISALEO-
1.70 2.68 1.71 2.77 1.16
CHORRILLOS line is in
operation
800
[kV]

540

280

20

-240

-500
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
(file 2016-12TISALEO合空变1DC.pl4; x-var t) v:X0021B v:X0021C v:X0021A
Fig Switching overvoltage.42 maximum transformer energizing overvoltage of 500kV
side（Phase A: first peak 463kVp, Phase B: first peak 431kVp, Phase C: first peak
464kVp）
48
 1500
[A]
1000

500

-500

-1000

-1500
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
(file 2016-12TISALEO合空变DC.pl4; x-var t) c:TISL5B-X0021B c:TISL5C-X0021C c:TISL5A-X0021A
Fig Switching overvoltage.43 maximum inrush current of 500kV side（Phase A: first peak
1.29kAp, Phase B: first peak 0.58kAp, Phase C: first peak 1.48kAp）

4.7.4 Transformer energizing overvoltage from CHORRILLOS 500

kV side
Transformer energizing overvoltage from CHORRILLOS 500 kV side is shown
in Tab Switching overvoltage.46. The statistical maximum transformer energizing
overvoltage of 500kV side is 1.70p.u., maximum inrush current is 1.19kAp. There is
no resonance overvoltage during the transformer energizing. The maximum
overvoltage and inrush current are shown in Fig Switching overvoltage.44 and Fig
Switching overvoltage.45.

49
 Tab Switching overvoltage.46 Transformer energizing from CHORRILLOS 500 kV side

overvoltage
(p.u)
inrush
500kV side 230kV side
Substation Operation mode current
Phase- Phase-
Phase- Phase- (kAp）
groun groun
phase phase
d d
TISALEO-CHORRILLOS
line ,TISALEO-EL INGA
line and two lines of EL 1.69 2.68 1.71 2.77 1.19
INGA-SAN RAFAEL are all
in operation, 3 units of CCS
TISALEO-CHORRILLOS
line ,TISALEO-EL INGA
line and one line of EL 1.69 2.68 1.71 2.77 1.15
INGA-SAN RAFAEL are all
in operation, 1 unit of CCS
TISALEO-CHORRILLOS
line in operation,
1.70 2.70 1.71 2.77 1.05
TISALEO-EL INGA line not
CHORRI DIC in operation
LLOS 2016 TISALEO-CHORRILLOS
line ,TISALEO-EL INGA
line are in operation, two
lines of EL INGA-SAN 1.69 2.66 1.71 2.74 1.14
RAFAEL are not in
operation, 3 transformers in
EL INGA
TISALEO-CHORRILLOS
line ,TISALEO-EL INGA
line are in operation, two
lines of EL INGA-SAN 1.69 2.67 1.71 2.75 1.12
RAFAEL are not in
operation, one transformer
in EL INGA

50
 500
[kV]
240

-20

-280

-540

-800
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
(file 2016-12CHRS合空变无IG-TSdc.pl4; x-var t) v:X0021B v:X0021C v:X0021A
Fig Switching overvoltage.44 maximum transformer energizing overvoltage of 500kV
side（Phase A: first peak 760kVp, Phase B: first peak 440kVp, Phase C: first peak
432kVp）
1200
[A]
800

400

-400

-800

-1200
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
(file 2016-12CHRS合空变dc.pl4; x-var t) c:CHLS5B-X0021B c:CHLS5C-X0021C c:CHLS5A-X0021A
Fig Switching overvoltage.45 maximum inrush current of 500kV side（Phase A: first peak
1.04kAp, Phase B: first peak 0.76kAp, Phase C: first peak 1.19kAp）

51
 5. Parameter selection of neutral reactor of shunt reactor

of 500kV transmission line

5.1 Shunt reactor neutral MOA

The rated voltage is 72kV, and discharge current is 5kA.

5.2 Insulation level

Insulation level of the neutral reactor:

Short duration power frequency withstand voltage: 140kV
lightning impulse withstand voltage(LIWV): 325kV
5.3 Continuous Current and Rated capacity

The maximum power frequency current I10 flowing through the neutral reactor
can be figured out on the basis of the maximum power frequency overvoltage of the
reactor neutral. And the continuous working current Ic=I10/10. Considering 50%
margin of I10, the max power frequency current and the capacity of neutral reactor is
shown in Tab Parameter selection of neutral reactor of shunt reactor of 500kV
transmission line.47.

Tab Parameter selection of neutral reactor of shunt reactor of 500kV

transmission line.47 Impedence, continuous working current and capacity of
neutral reactor
Max power Continuous
Neutral Capacity
Line frequency working
reactor (Ω) (kVAR)
current (A) current (A)
SAN RAFAEL-EL 38.1 (consider
2500 4 40
INGA 50% margin)

119.1(consider
800 12 116
EL INGA- 50% margin)
TISALEO 38.1 (consider
2500 4 40
50% margin)

52
 38.1 (consider
2500 4 40
TISALEO – 50% margin)
CHORRILLOS 190.5 (consider
500 20 200
50% margin)

53
 6. Induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit

line

Double-circuit transmission line is one kind of strong electromagnetism and

static electricity coupling line. When only one circuit is in operation and the
other is in outage maintenance, the induced current and voltage shall appear on
the uncharged circuit. The value of induced current and voltage usually change
along with operating state, such as flow and the working voltage, of charged
circuit.

The maximum electrostatic induction voltage, current and electromagnetic

induction voltage, current of the uncharged circuit of 230kV SAN RAFAEL –
JIVINO line, TISALEO – TOTORAS line and JIVINO – SHUSHUFINDI line
are shown in Tab Induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit line.48,
Tab Induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit line.49 and Tab
Induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit line.50, while the other
circuit is in operation. The delivered active power is 800MW, and the sender
voltage is 245kV of one circuit during calculation.

For SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO line, it can be shown in the results that
maximum electrostatic induction voltage is 10.50kV; the maximum
electromagnetic induction voltage is 3.69kV; the maximum electrostatic
induction current is 2.78A; the maximum electromagnetic induction current is
126.48A.

For TISALEO – TOTORAS line, it can be shown in the results that

maximum electrostatic induction voltage is 9.95kV; the maximum
electromagnetic induction voltage is 0.62kV; the maximum electrostatic
induction current is 0.42A; the maximum electromagnetic induction current is
135.68A. The parameters can be used to select specification of earth

54
disconnector.

For JIVINO – SHUSHUFINDI line, it can be shown in the results that

maximum electrostatic induction voltage is 10.06kV; the maximum
electromagnetic induction voltage is 0.91kV; the maximum electrostatic
induction current is 1.26A; the maximum electromagnetic induction current is
128.82A. The parameters can be used to select specification of earth
disconnector.

Electrostatic induction voltage after grounding switch to cut off the

capacitive current for SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO line, TISALEO – TOTORAS
and JIVINO – SHUSHUFINDI line are shown in Fig Induced current and
voltage of 230kV double-circuit line.46, Fig Induced current and voltage of
230kV double-circuit line.47 and Fig Induced current and voltage of 230kV
double-circuit line.48.

55
 Tab Induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit line.48 induced current and

voltage on ends of SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO dead lines(rms)

Voltage of Voltage of
Status of Current of Current of
electrostatic electromagnetic
Dead line earthing electrostatic electromagnetic
induction（ induction（kV
switches induction(A) induction(A)
kV） ）
earthing
switches of
/ / / 122.53
both ends
closed
1st circuit of
earthing
SAN
switches of
RAFAEL – 10.50 / / /
both ends
JIVINO
opened
double-circuit
One
transmission
earthing
line
switch
/ 2.78 3.54 /
opened,
while other
is closed
earthing
switches of
/ / / 126.48
both ends
closed
2nd circuit of
earthing
SAN
switches of
RAFAEL – 10.04 / / /
both ends
JIVINO
opened
double-circuit
One
transmission
earthing
line
switch
/ 2.69 3.69 /
opened,
while other
is closed
Maximum 10.50 2.78 3.69 126.48

56
 30
[kV]

20

10

-10

-20
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
(file RF－JV感应电压PI波形.pl4; x-var t) v:K0A v:K0B v:K0C

Fig Induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit line.46 electrostatic induction
voltage after grounding switch to cut off the capacitive current for SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO
line（Phase A: first peak 26.2kVp, Phase B: first peak 9.3kVp, Phase C: first peak
16.8kVp）

57
 Tab Induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit line.49 induced current and

voltage on ends of TISALEO – TOTORAS dead lines(rms)

Voltage of Voltage of
Status of Current of Current of
electrostatic electromagnetic
Dead line earthing electrostatic electromagnetic
induction（ induction（kV
switches induction(A) induction(A)
kV） ）
earthing
switches of
/ / / 131.67
both ends
closed
1st circuit of earthing
TISALEO – switches of
9.95 / / /
TOTORAS both ends
double-circuit opened
transmission One
line earthing
switch
/ 0.42 0.59 /
opened,
while other
is closed
earthing
switches of
/ / / 135.68
both ends
closed
2nd circuit of earthing
TISALEO – switches of
9.80 / / /
TOTORAS both ends
double-circuit opened
transmission One
line earthing
switch
/ 0.41 0.62 /
opened,
while other
is closed
Maximum 9.95 0.42 0.62 135.68

58
 30
[kV]

20

10

-10

-20
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
(file TS －TT 感应电压PI波形.pl4; x-var t) v:K0A v:K0B v:K0C

Fig Induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit line.47 electrostatic induction
voltage after grounding switch to cut off the capacitive current for TISALEO – TOTORAS
line（Phase A: first peak 25.9kVp, Phase B: first peak 9.4kVp, Phase C: first peak
16.8kVp）

59
 Tab Induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit line.50 induced current and

voltage on ends of JIVINO – SHUSHUFINDI dead lines(rms)

Voltage of Voltage of
Status of Current of Current of
electrostatic electromagnetic
Dead line earthing electrostatic electromagnetic
induction（ induction（kV
switches induction(A) induction(A)
kV） ）
earthing
switches of
/ / / 124.75
both ends
closed
1st circuit of earthing
JIVINO – switches of
10.06 / / /
SHUSHUFINDI both ends
double-circuit opened
transmission One
line earthing
switch
/ 0.91 1.21 /
opened,
while other
is closed
earthing
switches of
/ / / 128.82
both ends
closed
2nd circuit of earthing
JIVINO – switches of
9.73 / / /
SHUSHUFINDI both ends
double-circuit opened
transmission One
line earthing
switch
/ 0.89 1.26 /
opened,
while other
is closed
Maximum 10.06 0.91 1.26 128.82

60
 30
[kV]

20

10

-10

-20
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
(file JV－SSFD感应电压PI波形.pl4; x-var t) v:K0A v:K0B v:K0C

Fig Induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit line.48 electrostatic induction
voltage after grounding switch to cut off the capacitive current for JIVINO –
SHUSHUFINDI line（Phase A: first peak 26.0kVp, Phase B: first peak 9.4kVp, Phase C:
first peak 16.9kVp）

61
 7. Conclusion

(1) The maximum secondary-arc current of 500kV SAN RAFAEL-EL INGA, EL

INGA – TISALEO, TISALEO – CHORRILLOS line is 12.70A, and the
relevant recovery voltage is 36.37kV, the fast single-phase reclosing of CB can
be applied according to the experimental result.
(2) The maximum secondary-arc current of 230kV SAN RAFAEL – JIVINO,
TISALEO – TOTORAS line is 13.64A, and the relevant recovery voltage is
41.41kV, the fast single-phase reclosing of CB can be applied according to the
experimental result.
(3) Since the maximum power frequency overvoltage of 500kV SAN RAFAEL-
EL INGA, EL INGA – TISALEO, TISALEO – CHORRILLOS line is
365.2kV (i.e., 1.15p.u.), which is lower than the rated voltage of the surge
arrester (420kV), the rated voltage 420kV of surge arrester selected at both
line side and bus side is suitable.
(4) Since the maximum power frequency overvoltage of 230kV SAN RAFAEL –
JIVINO, TISALEO – TOTORAS line is 159.84kV (i.e., 1.13p.u.), which is
lower than the rated voltage of the surge arrester, the rated voltage 192kV of
surge arrester selected at the line side is suitable.
(5) The statistic maximum failure rate of the 500kV and 230kV transmission lines
caused by switching overvoltage is 4.485060×10-8 times per switching
operation, which is far less than recommended value(0.01 ～ 0.001) by
IEC60071-2.
(6) It is suggested that 500kV CB install 400Ω closing resistor with pre-insert
time 8 ms.
(7) The impedance, continuous working current and the capacity of neutral reactor
is shown in Tab Parameter selection of neutral reactor of shunt reactor of
500kV transmission line.47. Insulation level of the neutral reactor is: short
duration power frequency withstand voltage 140kV, lightning impulse

62
 withstand voltage(LIWV) 325kV.
(8) The maximum transformer without load energizing overvoltage at 500kV side
among SAN RAFAEL substation, EL INGA substation, TISALEO substation
and CHORRILLOS substation is 1.77p.u., maximum inrush current is
1.79kAp. There is no resonance overvoltage during the transformer without
load energizing.
(9) The induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit lines are shown in
Tab Conclusion.51.

Tab Conclusion.51 induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit lines

Voltage of Voltage of
Current of Current of
electrostatic electromagnetic
line electrostatic electromagnetic
induction（ induction（kV
induction(A) induction(A)
kV） ）
SAN RAFAEL
10.50 2.78 3.69 126.48
– JIVINO
TISALEO –
9.95 0.42 0.62 135.68
TOTORAS
JIVINO –
10.06 0.91 1.26 128.82
SHUSHUFINDI

63