PaAukSayadawGyi LuMwairTooAiHtutYatLan PDF

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oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd/
oAÁ&wð "r®&wd Zdemwd?
wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif\/

t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
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pd&H wd|wk o'är®m? "ar® a[mEÅ K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
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ed'geuxm ................................ 1
tcsnf;ESD;r[kwfaom touf&Sifjcif; ................. 1
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bk&m;&SifxHawmfodkY qkdufa&mufoGm;jcif; .............. 12
'vd'ókwåef ............................... 16
pGrf;tifBuD; ig;&yf ........................... 20
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1/ o'¨gw&m;&Sdjcif; .......................... 34
2/ oDvjzLpifjcif; ........................... 34
3/ A[kókwrsm;jym;jcif; ...................... 35
tm*rokw = oifodA[kókw ................ 36
t"d*rokw = usifhodA[kókw ................ 41
4/ pm*w&m;ESifh jynfhpHkjcif; ..................... 42
5/ 0dyóemÓPfynmESifh jynfhpHkjcif; ............... 43
OD;wnfcsufrsm; ............................. 44
t0dZÆm-wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uH .................. 46
yw¬emESifh ukodkvf"r® ......................... 49
w&m;ig;rsKd;ESifh rjynfhpHkwJh yw¬em .................. 50
ESpfrsKd;vHk;&SdygrS atmifjrifEkdifonf .................. 51
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t½lyjA[®mb0 ............................. 56
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taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
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tmo0u©,ÓPf ........................... 57
tmemygeusifhpOf ............................ 60
uodkPf;ESifh ormywfrsm; ....................... 64
olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;ü wnfvmol .............. 65
ok0PÖrd*Zmwf ............................. 66
trsKd;aumif;orD;uav;\ *kPf&nf ................ 66
tdrfaxmifa&;avmu ......................... 68
0wå&m;ausyGefol ............................ 71
tvSL'geyJGwpfck ............................. 71
aomwmywdåzkdvfü wnfMuNyD ..................... 73
t&[wåzdkvfü wnfoGm;MuNyD .................... 79
a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhzG,fZmwfvrf; .............. 81
ar;jref;oifhaom ar;cGef;wpfck .................... 82
toufwpfacsmif;ukdyif pGefYvTwf&Jol ................ 88
ZD0dw'getvSL ............................. 95
oHk;OD;om;wdkY\ arwåm"mwfpGrf;tm; ................. 97
orifruav;\ tEkarm'emw&m;................. 98
rkqkd;BuD;\ rSDckdtm;xm;&m ...................... 99
Zmwfawmfaygif;cef; ......................... 101
udk,fhwGufukd,fhwm usifhMuHyg .................... 103
O',b'´rif;om;ESifh O',b'´grif;orD; ............. 104
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOftñTef; ................. 116
ed'geuxm ] 1
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/
ed'geuxm
tarmCH (wó) ZD0dwH/ (oH?1?234/)
tcsnf;ESD;r[kwfaom touf&Sifjcif;
owå0gwdkif; owå0gwkdif;onf y&dedAÁmef rpHrcsif; touf&Sif-

ae&olcsnf;om jzpfayonf/ xkdodkY touf&Sifae&&mü rGefjrwfaom
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touf&iS &f jcif;[lonf tb,fenf;¿ tcsn;f ES;D r[kwaf om touf-
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jzpfayonf ----
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udk ½dkufwD;awmfrlum oDwif;okH; pHaeawmfrlavonf/ wpfaeYwGif
bk&m;&Sifonf o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf ouúoH,kwfü vm&Sdaom
'vd'ókwåef (oH?1?233/)udk a[mMum;awmfrlavonf/ bk&m;&Sifu
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qE´ tZÑmo,"mwfudk odawmfrlonfh tmo,mEko,ÓPfawmfç
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w&m;jrwfukd xGi;f azmufojd rifxu dk yf goenf;}}[k y&dowfukd vSr;f ajrmf-
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ed'geuxm ] 3
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OD;wnf tm½kHjyKum tEkykAÁduxm[k ac:qkdtyfonfh w&m;pum;-
awmfudk tpOftwdkif; a[mMum;ay;awmfrlavonf/
1/ 'geESifhpyfaom w&m;pum;ç
2/ oDvESifhpyfaom w&m;pum;ç
3/ ewf&Gmok*wdESifhpyfaom w&m;pum;ç
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5/ umr*kPfrS xGufajrmufjcif;ü &&SdEdkifaom tusKd;tmedoHoESifh
qufpyfaom aeu©ar® tmedoHouxm- w&m;pum;ç
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pyfaeonfh aeu©ar® tmedoHouxmudk a[mMum;xm;awmfrl&mü -
yAÁZÆm yXrZÑmeH? edAÁmeÍö 0dyóem/
oaAÁyd ukovm "r®m? aeu©r®EÅd y0kpöa&/ (£wd0kwf?|?331/)
[laom t|uxmtzGirhf sm;ESit hf nD orxydik ;f 0dyóemydik ;f rsm;
yg0ifonfh usifhpOf ESpfykdif;vkH;udkyif a[mMum;ay;awmfrlavonf/
orxusifhpOfydkif;udk a[mMum;awmfrl&mü orxpsmefrsm;udkvnf;
xnfo h iG ;f um a[mMum;oGm;awmfral yonf/ orxpsmefEiS hf qufpyf-
onfh w&m;pum;awmfwdkYonfvnf; umr*kPfrS xGufajrmufaMumif;
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wuf<uvsuf &Sdae\/ okyÜAk'¨\oEÅmef0,f -----
1/ bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrt l yfaom w&m;a'oemawmftay:ü
r,kMH unfjcif; tó'¨, d paom pdw\ f tnpftaMu;rsm; uif;-
pif oGm;jcif;aMumifh txufü a[mMum;awmfrlvwåHUjzpfaom
opömav;yg;w&m;a'oemawmfukd cH,zl &Ydk ef tcefo Y ifjh zpfaom
pdwf (= uv’pdwå)ç
2/ 'd|drmepaom udavom tnpftaMu; uif;pifojzifh El;nHh-
aompdwf (= rk'kpdwå)ç
3/ umr*kPfü vkdvm;wyfrufjcif; = umrpäE´tp&Sdaom psmefr*f
zkdvfudk wm;jrpfaESmifh,Sufwwfonfh eD0&Pudavom tnpf
taMu; uif;pifaompdwf (= 0deD0&Ppdwå)ç
4/ aumif;rGefrSefuefpGm usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&rnfh
or®my#dywfusifhpOfudk usifh&mü (= r*¾if&Spfyg; usifhpOfw&m;udk
usi&hf mü) pdwtf pOf0,f jyefaY jymBu;D us,f jrifjh rwfonfh ESpo f uf-
0rf;ajrmufjcif; yDwdygarmZÆw&m;ESifh ,SOfwGJaeaomaMumifh
wuf<uaompdwf (= O'*¾pdwå)ç
5/ 0dpdudpämw&m;\ uif;uGmíoGm;jcif;aMumifh &wemokH;yg;ESifh
odum© ok;H &yf tusijhf rwftay:ü vGwv f w
G f ouf0if,MHk unfcsuf
o'¨gw&m; jynf0h pkn
H v D mojzifh Munfvifaompdwf (= yoEépw d )å ç
(O'ge?|?257/)
þuJoh aYkd om pdw"f mwfrsm; ude;f 0yfwnf&adS eonfukd bk&m;&Siu
f
od&Sdawmfrlaomtcg bk&m;&SifwdkY\ a&T EIwfawmfrS wkduf½dkuf xGuf-
ay:awmfrlvmonfh w&m;a'oemawmfjzpfjcif;aMumifh omrkuúHodu-
a'oem
a'oem[k trnfwGifaom t&d,opömav;yg;ESifhpyfaom w&m;-
pum;awmfwdkYudk wpfqifhwufum a[mMum;ay;awmfrlavonf/
(O'ge?135/)
ed'geuxm ] 5
txufyg ygVdawmfEiS hf t|uxmwku Yd okyAÜ 'k \¨ oEÅmefü eD0&P

udavom tnpftaMu;wdrYk S uif;pifaom pdw"f mwfrsm;vnf; wnf-
&SdvmaMumif;udk a[mMum;zGifhqkdxm;awmfrlojzifh xkdtcsdeftcgwGif
okyAÜ 'k \¨ oEÅmefü Oypm& tyÜem ESpjf zmaom orm"dww Ydk iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d -
aom orm"dw&m;onfvnf; xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmNy[ D k od&EdS idk af yonf/
orxydik ;f wGif atmifjrifru I kd &&Sv d maomtcg t&d,opömav;yg;wku Yd kd
jynfjh ynhpf pHk Hk xGi;f azmufojd rifEidk af &;twGuf 'kuo © pöm ork',opöm[k
ac:qdt k yfaom 0dyóemÓPf\ t½Ict H m½kjH zpfMuaom ocFg&w&m;
wkdYudk 0dyóem½IyGm;okH;oyfykHtydkif;wdkYudk qufvufum a[mMum;-
ay;awmfrlavonf/
okyAÜ 'k u
¨ vnf; ,if;'kuo © pöm ork',opöm[lonfh ocFg&w&m;
wku Yd kd 0dyóem½IymG ;ok;H oyfEidk of jzifh &ifu
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rSmyif udavom jrLtnpftaMu; uif;pifaom aomwmywård *fÓPf
tjrifonf xif&mS ;jzpfay:cJah vNyD = t&d,opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfwYkd
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ynmjzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifoGm;avonf/
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= ]]jzpfonfhw&m;rSefu ysufae\}}[laom todÓPfonfvnf;
pGJjrJpGm wnf&SdoGm;ayonf/
(O'ge?135/ oH?1?233/ oH?|?1?320/ O'ge?|?255-257/)
okyÜAk'¨BuD;onf aomwmywådr*fÓPfzkdvfÓPfü wnfNyD;aom-
tcg rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;onfh avmukwå&m w&m;xl; w&m;jrwf\ *kPf
aus;Zl;udk bk&m;&Siftm; wifjyavQmufxm;vkdcJh\/ odkYaomf rdrd\
vuf&b dS 0 tajctaeu y&dowftv,foYdk 0ifa&mufomG ;zk&Yd ef r0H&h -J
aom tajctaerSm wnf&adS e\/ xkad Mumifh tvSL&Sif w&m;emy&dowf
taygif; olawmfaumif;wdu Yk bk&m;&Sit
f m; &Scd ;dk MuNy;D aemuf bk&m;&Siu
f
ausmif;awmfokdY jyef<uawmfrlaomtcg bk&m;&Sif\ aemufawmfodkY
twefi,f tpOfvkdufygvmMuNyD;aemuf wpfzef jyefvSnfhoGm;Mu-
aomtcg bk&m;&Sifonfvnf; a0VK0efausmif;wkdufawmfodkY &[ef;
oHCmawmftaygif; jc&H vH suf jyef<uawmfrcl ahJ vonf/ xkt d cg okyAÜ 'k ¨
onfvnf; bk&m;&Sif\ aemufawmfrS a0VK0efausmif;wdkufawmfodkY
vkdufygoGm;cJhavonf/ (O'ge?|?258/)
þt&mwGif O'gef;t|uxmu þodYk qufvufum zGiq
hf x
dk m;-
avonf ---
okyAÜ 'k o
¨ nfvnf; a0VK0efausmif;wku d af wmfoYkd bk&m;&Si\
f aemuf
awmfrS vkdufygaeonfudk ewfwkdYaoXfeif; odMum;rif;BuD;uvnf;
jrifodavonf/ xkdtcg odMum;rif;BuD;u ]]þokyÜAk'¨ tElBuD;onf
bk&m;&Sif\ tqkH;tr omoemawmfü rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh aomwmyef
[laom *kPfaus;Zl;udk xif&Sm;jyvdkonf}}[k od&SdonfhtwGuf ]]okyÜ-
Ak'¨BuD;udk ig pkHprf;MunfhaytHh}}[laom OD;wnfcsufjzifh vma&mufum
aumif;uifü &yfwnfNyD;vQif þpum;udk ajymMum;vkdufavonf ---
]]okyAÜ 'k ¨ ... oif[m vlqif;&JwpfO;D vnf; jzpfw,f? txD;use-f
ol wpfO;D vnf; jzpfw,f? atmufwef;pm; vlom;wpfO;D vnf; jzpfw,f?
ig[m oift h m; twkid ;f twm yrmPr&So d nfh pnf;pdrOf pömudk ay;r,f?
bk&m;udk ]bk&m;r[kw}f vkçYd w&m;udk ]w&m;r[kw}f vkçYd oHCmukd ]oHCm-
r[kw}f vdYk ajymyg? ]ightm; bk&m;jzifh tvkrd &Sçd ightm; w&m;jzifh tvdrk &Sçd
ightm; oHCmjzifh tvkdr&Sd}vdkY ajymyg}}[k wdkufwGef;pum; ajymMum;-
vkdufavonf/
ed'geuxm ] 7
xdt
k cg okyAÜ 'k u
¨ - ]],ck pum;ajymaewJh oif[m b,fov l ¿J }}-
[k ar;jref;vkduf\/ ]]ig[m ewfwdkYaoXfeif; odMum;rif; jzpfw,f}}[k
jyefajymvkdufaomtcg --
]][,f ...t&Surf &So d nfh vlrudk ?f oif[m igESihf pum;ajymzk&Yd ef
ravsmfuefwJhol jzpfw,f? oif[m rajymoifhwJhpum;udk ajymqkd-
aew,f? wu,fawmh oif[m ighudk ]txD;usef olqif;&J irGJyJ}vkdY
ajymqkad ew,f? oifu ighukd bmaMumifh 'Dvkd ajymqkEd idk &f ovJ¿ ig[m
wpfavmuvkH;&JU udk;uG,ftm;xm;&mjzpfawmfrlwJh bk&m;&Sif&JU a&T
&ifawmfEpS f om;awmf&if;tppf jzpfw,fr[kwb f ;l vm;¿ ig[m irGv J nf;
r[kwb f ;l ? txD;useof vl nf; r[kwb f ;l ? atmufwef;pm; vlom;vnf;
r[kwb f ;l ? wu,fpifppfrmS awmh ig[m vGejf rwfaom csr;f omokcjzifh
csr;f omjcif;okcodYk a&muf&adS ewJh (olawmfaumif;Opöm qkw d )hJ ypön;f Opöm
aygrsm;<u,f0wJh vlcsr;f omwpfO;D om jzpfw,f}}[k þokYd ajymqkv d u kd f
avonf/ þrQomruao;? bk&m;&Sif udk,fawmfwkdif a[mMum;jyo
qkdqkH;rxm;awmfrlonfh t*kFwådK&fygVdawmf owåuedygwf oHcdwå"e
okweå çf 0dww ¬ "eokweå fwüYkd vm&Sod nfh *gxma'oemawmfEpS cf w k u Ydk ykd g
&Gwfqkdjyvkdufavonf/
o'¨g"eH oDv"eH? [d&D MowåyÜd,H "eH/
okw"eÍö pma*g p? ynm a0 owårH "eH/
,ó {aw "em tw¬d? £w¬d,m yk&doó 0g/
]t'vda'´g}wd wH tm[k? tarmCH wó ZD0dwH/
(tH?2?398-399/)
þ*gxmESpfckwdkYudkyg &Gwfjyvkdufavonf/ ,if;*gxmESpfckwkdY\
t"dyÜg,frSm þodkY jzpf\ -----
o'¨gç oDvç okwç pm*ç ynmç [d&dç MowåyÜ[lonfh olawmf-
aumif;Opöm ckepfjzm &Sad yonf/ trsK;d orD;yJ jzpfjzpfç trsK;d om;yJ jzpfjzpf
þolawmfaumif;Opöm ckepfjzmwdkY xif&Sm;&Sdaeonfh olom rSefcJhvQif
,if;olawmfaumif;udk ]]t'vd'´ = rqif;&Jol = vlrrJG [kw}f }}[k bk&m;-
tp&Sdukefaom ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wkdYu csD;rGrf;pum; rdefYMum;-
xm;awmfrMl uayonf/ xkyd *k Kd¾ v\f touf&iS jf cif;udv k nf; ]]tcsn;f ES;D
r[kwaf om touf&iS jf cif;}}}}jzpfonf[k bk&m;&Sio f nf a[mMum;xm;-
awmfrlayonf/ (tH?2?390-399/)
þw&m;a'oemawmfudk udk;um;um okyÜAk'ü odMum;rif;BuD;-
tm; ]]'Dvdk bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh olawmfaumif;Opöm
ckepfjzmwd[Yk m igh&UJ oEÅmefrmS xif&mS ; &Sad eMuw,f/ 'Dvkd olawmfaumif;-
Opöm ckepfjzmwdEYk iS hf jynfph aHk ewJh olawGukd or®morÁK'b
¨ &k m;&Siw
f u
Ykd a&mç
yapöuAk'¨bk&m;&SifwdkYua&m ]]'vd'´ = vlrGJ}}}vkdY rac:qkdMuygbl;}}[k
þuJhodkY jyefajymvdkufavonf/
ewfwaYkd oXfeif; odMum;rif;Bu;D onfvnf; þpum;udk Mum;&Ny;D -
aemuf okyAÜ 'k B¨ u;D bk&m;&Si\ f xHawmfarSmufoYkd rqku d af &mufrD tcsed f
umvtwGif;rSmyif bk&m;&Sif\ xHawmfarSmufodkY ta&mufoGm;um
okyAÜ 'k B¨ u;D ESihf rdrw
d Ykd tcstD cs ajymMum;cJMh uonfh pum;t&yf&yfwu Ydk kd
bk&m;&Sit f m; wifjyavQmufxm;avonf/ xkt d cg bk&m;&Siu
f ewfw-Ykd
aoXfeif; odMum;rif;udk -- ]]'g,umawmf odMum; ... oifuo hJ aYkd om
odMum;rif;aygif; t&mwdkYuaomfvnf;aumif;ç taxmifwdkYuaomf-
vnf;aumif; okyAÜ 'k t ¨ ElBu;D udk ]]bk&m;onf bk&m;r[kwçf w&m;onf
w&m;r[kwfç oHCmonf oHCmr[kwf}}[k ajymqkdapzkdY&ef pGrf;Ekdif-
Murnf r[kwfMuyg}}[k rdefYMum;awmfrlvdkufavonf/
(O'ge?|?258-259/)
ed'geuxm ] 9
þü rSwfom;apvdkaom tcsufwpf&yf
txufyg okyAÜ 'k B¨ u;D u ewfwaYdk oXfeif; odMum;rif;tm; ajymqkd
vdu k o
f nfh pum;&yfwu Ykd kd Munfyh gu okyAÜ 'k B¨ u;D onf bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;-
awmfwdkYudk tBudrf awmfawmfrsm;rsm; emMum;zl;NyD;jzpfaMumif;udk od&Sd
Ekdifayonf/ wpfzef okyÜAk'¨BuD;onf o'¨gç oDvç okwç pm*ç ynmç
[d&çd MowåyÜ -- wnf;[laom olawmfaumif;Opöm ckepfjzm[lonfh yg&rD
w&m;taygif;wdkYudk a&S;a&S;bk&m;&SifwdkY\ omoemawmfwGif;üvnf;-
aumif;ç þa*gwrbk&m;&Sif\ omoemawmfwGif;üvnf;aumif;
aomwmywård *fÓPfzv dk Ó f PfoYkd qku
d of nftxd t&d,opömav;&yf
w&m;jrwfwu Ykd kd xGi;f azmufojd rifEidk af vmufatmif jyKpyk sK;d axmifxm;Ny;D
jznfhusifhqnf;yl; pkaqmif;xm;NyD; jzpfonf[kvnf; od&SdEkdifayonf/
taMumif;rl -- xkdaeY w&m;yGJwGif w&m;ra[mrD bk&m;&Sifu
w&m;emy&dowfwu Ydk kd tbdnmPfÓPfawmfjrwfjzifh vSr;f ajrmfMunf½h I
awmfrvl ukd af omtcg ,if;y&dowfxw J iG f okyAÜ 'k B¨ u;D wpfO;D onf aom-
wmywådr*fÓPfzkdvfÓPfudk &&SdEkdifavmufatmif ol\ yg&rDw&m;
taygif;wdu Yk &ifu
h suv f mMuNy[
D o
l nfh taMumif;t&mudk bk&m;&Siu f
awGUjrifawmfrlaomaMumifh jzpf\/ (O'ge?|?255/) wpfzef oar®m[-
0daem'eDt|uxmBuD;uvnf; þodkY zGifhqkdxm;jyef\ ---
t&d,om0aum aem y#dorÇd'gyÜawåm emr ew¬d/
(tbd?|?2?372/)
ykAaÁ ,ma*e ykaAÁ ap0 {w&[d p ocFg&or®oeH 0dem y#dorÇ'd g
emr ew¬d/ (tbd?|?2?373/)
awok bdu©Kaem 0a¥ ur®|membdeda0aom a[mwd? 0d0a¥
ew¬d tbdeda0aom/ (tbd?|?2?109/)
wpfzef y#dorÇd'g0dbif;ygVdawmf opö0g&a'oemawmfüvnf;
bk&m;&Sifu þodkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\ ---
1/ 'kau© ÓPH tw¬y#dorÇd'g/
2/ 'ku©ork'a, ÓPH "r®y#dorÇd'g/
3/ 'ku©eda&ma" ÓPH tw¬y#dorÇd'g/
4/ 'ku©eda&m"*grded,m y#dy'g, ÓPH "r®y#dorÇd'g/
5/ wMw "r®ed½kwåmbdvmay ÓPH ed½kwådy#dorÇd'g/
6/ ÓaPok ÓPH y#dbmey#dorÇd'g/ (tbd?2?307/)
1/ 'ku©opömü odaomÓPfonf tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPfrnf\/
2/ ork',opömü odaomÓPfonf "r®y#dorÇd'gÓPfrnf\/
3/ 'kue© ad &m"opömü odaomÓPfonf tw¬y#dorÇ'd gÓPfrnf\/
4/ 'kue© ad &m"opömodYk a&mufaMumif; usiphf Ofü odaomÓPfonf
"r®y#dorÇd'gÓPfrnf\/
5/ xko
d pömav;yg;wd\ Yk (rm*"bmom) tac:ta0: tok;H tEIe;f ü
odaomÓPfonf ed½kwådy#dorÇd'gÓPfrnf\/
6/ xkdtw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPfç "r®y#dorÇd'gÓPfç ed½kwådy#dorÇd'gÓPf
wdkYudk xkd;xGif;odwwfaom ÓPfonf y#dbmey#dorÇd'gÓPf
rnf\/ (tbd?2?307/)
þopö0g&a'oemawmfrsm;udk &nfñeT ;f vsuf txufwiG f wifjy-
xm;aom oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxmBuD;u -- y#dorÇd'gÓPfodkY
ra&muf&adS om t&d,molawmfaumif;rnfonf r&Spd aumif;[k zGiqhf dk
xm;\/ opömav;yg;udk xkd;xGif;rodaom t&d,molawmfaumif;
rnfonf r&Sdpaumif;[k qkdvdk&if; jzpf\/
xko
d pömav;yg;wdw
Yk iG f 'kuo
© pöm ork',opöm w&m;ESpyf g;wdu
Yk m;
oHo&m0#fudk vnfywfapwwfonfh 0¥opömw&m;wkdY jzpfMu\/
eda&m"opöm r*¾opöm w&m;ESpfyg;wkdYum; oHo&m0#fuif;&m edAÁmefodkY
ed'geuxm ] 11
a&mufaMumif; 0d0¥opömw&m;wkdY jzpfMu\/ xkd0¥opöm 0d0¥opöm

ESprf sK;d wdw
Yk iG f 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;vdak om a,m*g0p&-
&[ef;awmfonf 0¥opömw&m;ESpfyg;ü 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;
pD;jzef;jcif;trIudk jyKtyf\/ (tbd?|?2?109/)
oHcdawåe yÍöKyg'geu©E¨m 'ku©m -- [laom "r®pMuma'oem-
awmfrsm;ESifhtnD Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg; = ½kyfw&m; + emrfw&m;wdkYum;
'ku©opömw&m;pkwkdY jzpfMu\/
twDaw a[wa0g yÍö? £'ged zvyÍöuH/ (tbd?|?2-182/)
þodkY paom t|uxmtzGifhrsm;ESifhtnD ypöKyÜef Oyg'geu©E¨m
ig;yg; 'ku©opömw&m;wkdY\ taMumif;w&m;rsm; jzpfMuaom twdwf
b0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhonfh t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uH-ESifh
aemiftem*wf cE¨mig;yg; 'ku©opömw&m;twGuf ypöKyÜefwGif jyKpk
ysKd;axmifaeaom t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uH -- wdkYum;
ork',opömw&m;pkwkdY jzpfMu\/
,if;'kuo © pöm trnf&aom ½kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;ESihf ork',opöm
trnf&aom t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uH[laom taMumif;-
w&m;wkdYum; 0dyóemÓPf\ t½IcHtm½kH ocFg&w&m;wkdY jzpfMu\/
tedpöm'd0aoe 0d0da"[d tmuma&[d "ar® yówDwd 0dyó-
em/ (tbd?|?1?175/)
= tedpöç 'ku©ç tewåpaom trsKd;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mwkdYjzifh
'ku©opömç ork',opöm trnf&onfh ocFg&"r®wdkYudk ½Iwwfaom-
aMumifh 0dyóemrnf\/ (tbd?|?1?175/)
þt|uxm\ &Sif;vif;csufESifhtnD ,if;ocFg&w&m;wkdYudk
tedp[
ö çk 'ku[
© çk tewå[k ½IymG ;ok;H oyfwwfaom ÓPfonf 0dyóem
rnfayonf/
txufwiG f wifjyxm;aom oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxmBu;D u-
1/ a&S;a&S; twdwfb0üvnf;aumif;ç
2/ ,ck ypöKyÜefb0üvnf;aumif;ç
ocFg&w&m;wku Yd kd tedp[
ö çk 'ku[
© çk tewå[k vu©Pma&;ok;H wef
wifum 0dyóem ½IymG ;ok;H oyfjcif; = ocFg&or®oe[lonfh ykAaÁ ,m*
usifhpOfESifh uif;í opömav;yg;wdkYudk xkd;xGif;odjrifjcif; = y#dorÇd'g
ÓPfrnfonf r&Sdpaumif;yg[k qkH;jzwfxm;ayonf/ (tbd?|?2?373/)
þtxufyg ygVdawmfEiS hf t|uxmtzGiw hf üYkd vm&So
d nft h wdik ;f
okyÜAk'¨BuD;onf a&S;a&S;twdwfb0wdkYuvnf; ocFg&w&m;wkdYudk
0dyóem ½IyGm;okH;oyfcJhzl;\/ þ,ck ypöKyÜefb0wGifvnf; 0dyóem
ÓPfrsm; &ifhusufvmonfhwkdifatmif ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk ½IyGm;
okH;oyfcJhzl;\[k rSwfom;ygav/ xkduJhodkY 0dyóemÓPfrsm; &ifhusuf
vmaomtcgrSvnf; bk&m;&Siu f opömav;yg;ESiphf yfaom w&m;pum;-
awmfrsm;udk a[mMum;ay;awmfrljcif; jzpfayonf/ ,if;w&m;awmfudk
emMum;Ny;D onf\tqk;H ü aomwmywård *fÓPfzv dk Ó
f Pfov Ykd nf; qku
d -f
a&mufoGm;jcif;jzpfonf[kvnf; rSwfom;ygav/
bk&m;&SifxHawmfodkY qkdufa&mufoGm;jcif;
þtydkif;wGif O'gef;ygVdawmfu þuJhodkY azmfjyxm;ayonf ---
xktd cg okyAÜ 'k t
¨ ElBu;D onf (0dyóemor®m'd|d + r*¾or®m'd|d [laom
ESpfrsKd;aom) or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh odjriftyfNyD;aom opömav;yg;
w&m; &Sdonfjzpfíç or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh qkdufa&muftyfNyD;aom
opömav;yg;w&m; &Sdonfjzpfíç or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh xdk;xGif;-
odtyfNy;D aom opömav;yg;w&m; &So d nfjzpfíç or®m'd|Ó
d Pfynmjzifh
xuf0ef;usif jynfhjynfhpkHpkH ouf0iftyfNyD;aom opömav;yg;w&m;
ed'geuxm ] 13
&Sdonfjzpfíç odkYavm odkYavm awG;awm,kHrSm;jcif; 0dpdudpämw&m;udk

ausmv f mT ;vGeaf jrmufEidk o
f nfjzpfíç opömav;yg; jrwfw&m;udk or®m-
'd|dÓPfynmjzifh xkd;xGif;odjrifrIü &J&ifhjcif;odkY a&muf&Sdonfjzpfíç
bk&m;&Si\ f tqk;H tromoemawmfü opömav;&yfw&m;jrwfukd or®m-
'd|dÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifNyD; jzpfojzifh
opömav;yg; jrwfw&m;wdkYtay:ü olwpfyg;wdkYtm; udk;pm;um
,kMH unfrrI sK;d r&So
d nfjzpfí bk&m;&Sif &Sad wmfr&l m t&yfoYkd csO;f uyfum
tvGef ½kdaopGm &Sdckd;NyD;aemuf oifhwifhavsmufywfaom wpfae&mü
xkdifum bk&m;&Siftm; þodkY avQmufxm;avonf/
]]jrwfpmG bk&m; ... w&m;awmfonf tvGef ESpo f ufz, G f &Syd gaypG?
jrwfpmG bk&m; ... w&m;awmfonf tvGeEf pS o f ufz, G f &Syd gaypG? jrwf-
pGmbk&m; ...jzpfoifhjzpf&m EdIif;ckdif;zG,f&m avmuOyrmrnfonf-
um; -- arSmufxm;aom t&m0w¬Kudkrlvnf; vSefjyvkdufbdouJhodkYç
zH;k vTr;f í xm;tyfaom t&m0w¬Kurdk v l nf; zGiv
hf pS í
f jyvku d b f od uJo h Ydk
rsufpdvnf vrf;rSm;aeoltm;rlvnf; vrf;rSefudk ajymMum;jyvkdufbd-
ouJhodkYç ]]rsufpdtjrif &SdMuukefaom olwkdYonf ½lyg½kH trsKd;rsKd;wkdYudk
awGUjrifMuukefvwåHU}}[k ESvkH;ydkufum trkdufarSmifxJürlvnf; qDrD;-
wefaqmifudk xGef;nd§um udkifaqmifjyvdkufbdouJhodkY -- tvm;wlyif
bkef;awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf wpfyg;ru rsm;jym;vSaom
taMumif;y&d,m,fjzifh w&m;awmfudk xif&Sm;pGm a[mjyawmfrltyf
ygayNyD/ bkef;awmfBuD;jrwfawmfrlygayaom jrwfpGmbk&m; ... xkd
bk&m;wynhaf wmfonf bke;f awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Siu f kd ud;k uG,f
vJavsmif; yke;f atmif;rScD &dk m[lí ,kMH unford wS f qnf;uyfyg\? r*fzv dk f
edAÁmef "r®u©ef[k q,fwefxifay: w&m;awmfjrwfudkvnf; udk;uG,f
vJavsmif; ykef;atmif;rSDckd&m[lí ,kHMunfodrSwf qnf;uyfyg\? &Spf
a,mufxifay: t&d,moHCmawmfjrwftaygif;udkvnf; ukd;uG,f
vJavsmif; ykef;atmif; rSDcdk&m[lí ,kHMunfodrSwf qnf;uyfyg\/
bkef;awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf wynfhawmfudk ,aeYudk
tpjyKí touf&n S o
f rQ umvywfv;Hk &wemok;H yg;udk ,kMH unford w
S f
ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfwwfaom Oygoum 'g,um[lí todtrSwf
jyKawmfrlygbk&m;}}[k o&P*kH aqmufwnfusifhokH;rIudk bk&m;&Siftm;
wifjyavQmufxm;avonf/ (O'ge?135/)
okyÜAk'¨BuD;onfum; avmukwå&mo&P*kH wnfNyD;olyif jzpf\/
tb,faMumifh ,ckuo hJ Ykd o&P*ku H kd xyfrH aqmufwnfae&ygoenf;-
[k ar;&ef&Sd\/ txufygtwdkif; w&m;a'oemawmfudk csD;rGrf;awmfrl
Ny;D aemuf xkad 'oemawmfaMumifh &wemok;H yg;taygif;ü MunfnKd aom
pdwf"mwf udef;0yfvmonfjzpf&um; yoEémum& = MunfndKaom-
tjcif;t&m twGif;oabm tvdkqE´ = tZÑmo,"mwfudk xif&Sm;
jyKvyk jf yvko
d nft
h wGuf ,ckuo hJ Ykd o&P*kH aqmufwnfusio hf ;Hk oGm;jcif;
jzpfayonf/ (O'ge?|?261/)
xkt
d cg okyAÜ 'k t
¨ ElBu;D onf bke;f awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Siu f
w&m;pum;awmfjzifh opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfudk xif&Sm;jyawmfrltyf
onf&Sdaomfç w&m;awmfudk usifhokH;zkdY&ef aumif;pGm aqmufwnfap
tyfonf&adS omfç w&m;awmfukd usio hf ;Hk zk&Yd ef ÓPfukd aumif;pGm xuf-
jrufaptyfonf&Sdaomfç w&m;awmfudk usifhokH;zkdY&ef pdwf"mwfudk
aumif;pGm &Tiv f ef;wuf<uaptyfonf&adS omf bke;f awmfajcmufyg;ocif
bk&m;&Siu f a[mMum;jyoqkq d ;Hk rawmfrt l yfaom w&m;pum;awmfukd
tvGet f rif; ESpo
f ufMunfjzL 0rf;ajrmufawmfral vaomaMumifh 0rf;-
ajrmufEkarmf om"kac:qkdNyD;aemuf xkdif&mae&mrS xum bkef;awmf
ajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Siu f kd tvGef ½kad opGm &Scd ;dk 0wfjyKNy;D aemuf bk&m;-
&SifbufodkY vuftkyftÍÆvD ajr§mufcsDum vufsm&pf okH;Budrfwdkifwdkif
vSnv hf nfNy;D vQif bk&m;&Si\ f *kPaf us;Zl;awmftay:ü ñGwu f ikd ;f ½diI ;f -
ed'geuxm ] 15
aom pdwx f m;&Sv

d suf bk&m;&Siu
f kd zl;jrifí jrifEidk af vmufaom tm½k-H
jyKEkdifavmufaom t&yfudk ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufonfwdkifatmif
bke;f awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Siu f okd mvQif vuftyk t f ÍÆvD ajrm§ uf-
csDum &Sdckd;vsuf zJcGmoGm;avonf/ (O'ge?136/ O'ge?|?262/)
,if;uJhodkY zJcGmoGm;aeaom okyÜAk'¨BuD;um; xkdtcsdeftcgwGif
Elema&m*gjzifh tjyif;txef tESyd pf ufcaH e&olvnf; jzpf\? vufacsmif;
ajcacsmif;wdkYuvnf; jywfaeMu\? em;ESpfzufwdkYuvnf; trd0rf;xJ
uwnf;u ysupf ;D cJMh uojzifh em;&Guw f u
Ykd vnf; r&Sd jzpfaeMu\/ jruf-
rD;½SL;jzifh t½dIUNr§dKufcH&ouJhodkY tvGef ylavmifaom cE¨mudk,fvnf;
&Sdae\? cE¨mudk,f\ ae&mtESHYtjym;rS jynfaoG;wdkYuvnf; wpDpD
,dpk ;D vsuf &Sad eMu\? tom;rsm; a<uusaeMuaom tkid ;f trmemwdjYk zifh
tvGef qif;&Jonfh 'kua© 0'emwku Yd vnf; tjyif;txef ESyd pf ufaeMu\?
rpifrMu,f &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,fç raumif;aom teHYtoufwdkYuvnf;
wvdIifvIdif xGufay:vsuf &SdMu\? pufqkyfzG,f taumif;qkH; tajc-
taerSm wnf&Sdae\? oem;pzG,f taumif;qkH;aom tajctaeodkY
qkdufa&mufae\/
]]þuJhodkYaom cE¨mudk,f ½lyum,BuD;onf tvGef Nidrfouf
at;csrf;vSaom trGefjrwfqkH; "r®jzpfonfh aomwmywådr*fÓPf-
zkdvfÓPfwnf;[laom t&d,"r®\wnf&m jzpfzkdY&ef roifhawmf-
awmhay/}}
þuJhodkY jzpfay:vmaom ESvkH;oGif; tZÑmo,"mwf &SdouJhodkY
o'¨gç oDvç okwç pm*ç ynmwdkY jy"mef;vsuf&Sdaom olpkaqmif;xm;-
onfh aumif;rIuo k vkd u
f w
H w
Ykd iG f wpfcak om ewfjynfü jzpfapwwfaom
aumif;rIuo
k v kd u
f uH vnf; tusK;d ay;zk&Yd ef cGijhf yKvsuf &Sad e\? tElb0-
oufwrf;udk wkad pwwfaom rlvtElb0odaYk &mufatmif ydaYk qmifay;-
wwfaom uH\tusKd;w&m;udk uyfí jzwfwwfaom twdwfu
qnf;yl;cJh jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom jynfhwefqmrwpfOD;ukd owfjzwfcJhzl;-
onfh raumif;rI tukodkvfuHuvnf; tusKd;ay;zdkY&ef toufudk
wdkoGm;atmif jzwfawmufypfzkdY&ef wkdufwGef;vIHUaqmfvsuf &Sdae\/
xkdtcsdeftcgwGif EGm;om;i,fuav; &Sdaeaom EGm;rwpfaumifu
a0SUowfvdkufavonf/ odkYr[kwf twdwfb0u &efoljzpfcJhzl;aom
bDvl;ru ,if;EGm;r\ cE¨mudk,fwGif;odkY 0ifyl;um a0SYowfvdkufav-
onf? toufukefjcif;odkY a&muf&SdoGm;ayonf/
(O'ge?136/ O'ge?|?262/)
okyÜAk'¨BuD;onfvnf; uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf ]]tdyfaomf a,mufsm;
Ekd;aomfvm;odkY}} wm0wðom ewfjynfewfavmuodkY y#doaE¨tm;jzifh
uyfa&mufum tjcm;tjcm;aom ewfwx Ykd uf tqifjh rifah om ewfom;
wpfOD; jzpfoGm;cJhavonf/ þ0w¬KZmwfaMumif;udk taMumif;jyKum
bk&m;&Sifu o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf ouúoH,kwfü vm&Sdaom
'vd'ókwåefudk a[mMum;awmfrlavonf/
'vd'ókwåef
bk&m;&Sifonf a0VK0efausmif;wkdufawmfüyif oDwif;okH; pHae
awmfrlckduf &[ef;awmfwdkYudk þ'vd'ókwåefudk a[mMum;awmfrl
avonf/
&[ef;wdkY ... [dka&S;u jzpfcJhzl;onfum; -- þ&mZN*dK[fNrdKUü-
yifvQif a,mufsm;wpfa,mufonf tvGef qif;&Jonfh vlrGJwpfOD;
jzpfc\
hJ ? txD;usef uyfyg;vlom;wpfO;D jzpfc\
hJ / t,kwn
f q
Hh ;Hk atmuf-
wef;pm; vlom;wpfOD; jzpfcJh\/ xkda,mufsm;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;rawmfrltyfaom "r®0de,omoemawmfjrwf-
twGif;ü ---
ed'geuxm ] 17
1/ ,kHMunfrI = o'¨gw&m;udk aqmufwnfusifhokH;cJh\/

2/ udk,fusifh = oDvudk aqmufwnfusifhokH;cJh\/
3/ tMum; + tjrif = okww&m;udk aqmufwnfusifhokH;cJh\/
4/ ay;urf;pGefYMuJjcif; = pm*
pm*w&m;udk aqmufwnfusifhokH;cJh\/
5/ (0dyóemynm+r*fynm zkdvfynm) = ynm ynmw&m;udk aqmuf-
wnfusifhokH;cJh\/
xkad ,mufsm;onf jrwfpmG bk&m;onf a[mMum;jyo qkq d ;Hk rawmf
rltyfaom "r®0de, omoemawmfjrwftwGif;ü o'¨gç oDvç okwç
pm*ç ynm - [laom olawmfaumif;w&m;wdu Yk kd (aomwmywård *fÓPf
zkv
d Ó
f PfoYkd qkud af &mufonfwh ikd af tmif atmifatmifjrifjrif) aqmuf-
wnfusifhokH;cJhjcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh cE¨mudk,f\
ysufpD;oGm;jcif;aMumifh pkwdjywfa<u aovGefonfrS aemufumvü
aumif;rIjyKol okp½dkuform;wdkY\ vm;a&muf&mjzpfaom ewfjynf
ewfavmu0,f wm0wðomewfw\ Ydk taygif;tazmftjzpfoYkd a&muf-
&SdoGm;cJh\/ xkdewfom;onf tjcm;aom ewfwdkYudk --
1/ ½kyftqif;\ vSywifhw,fjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;ç
2/ tjcHt&H\ rsm;jym;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;
omvGefí wifhw,f\/ &[ef;wdkY ... xkdokdYjzpf&mü wm0wð-
om ewfwdkYonf uJh&JUMuukef\ç ½IwfcsMuukef\ç jypfwifajymqkdMu-
ukef\ --
]]tcsif;wdkY ... tHhzG,f&SdpGwum;? rjzpfbl;jrJ jzpfpGwum;? þ
ewfom;onf a&S;vljzpfpOftcgu tvGef qif;&Jonfh vlrGJwpfOD;
jzpfc\
hJ ? txD;usef uyfyg; vlom;wpfO;D jzpfc\ hJ ? t,kwn f qhH ;Hk atmuf
wef;pm; vlom;wpfOD; jzpfcJh\/ xkda,mufsm;onf cE¨mudk,f\ ysufpD;
oGm;jcif;aMumifh pkwdjywfa<u aovGefonfrS aemufumvü aumif;-
rIjyKol okp½du
k o
f rm;wd\
Yk vm;a&muf&mjzpfaom ewfjynfewfavmu
0,f wm0wðomewfwdkY\ taygif;tazmftjzpfokdY a&muf&Sdvm\/
xked wfom;onf tjcm;aom ewfwu Ykd kd ½kyt
f qif;\ vSywifw
h ,fjcif;
jzifhvnf;aumif;ç tjcHt&H\ rsm;jym;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; omvGefí
wifhw,fbd\}}[k þodkYvQif uJh&JUMuukef\/
&[ef;wdYk ... xkt d cg ewfwaYkd oXfeif; odMum;rif;onf wm0wð-
omewfwdkYudk þodkY ajymqkdav\/ ----
]]tcsif;wdkY ... oifwkdYonf xkdewfom;tm; ruJh&JUMuukefvifh?
tcsi;f wdYk ... þewfom;onf a&S;vljzpfpOftcgu jrwfpmG bk&m;onf
a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;rawmfrltyfaom "r®0de,omoemawmfjrwf
twGif;ü o'¨gç oDvç okwç pm*ç ynm -- wnf;[laom olawmf
aumif;w&m;wdkYudk (aomwmywådr*fÓPfzkdvfÓPfodkY qkdufa&muf
onfhwdkifatmif atmifatmifjrifjrif) aqmufwnfusifhokH;cJh\/ xkd
ewfom;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;rawmfrltyf-
aom "r®0de,omoemawmfjrwftwGif;ü o'¨gç oDvç okwç pm*ç
ynm -- wnf;[laom olawmfaumif;w&m;wdu Yk kd aqmufwnfusio hf ;Hk
cJhjcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh cE¨mudk,f\ ysufpD;oGm;
jcif;aMumifh pkwjd ywfa<u aovGeo f nfrS aemufumvü aumif;rIjyKol
okp½dkuform;wdkY\ vm;a&muf&mjzpfaom ewfjynfewfavmu0,f
wm0wðomewfwkdY\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkY a&muf&Sdvm\/ xkd
ewfom;onf tjcm;aom ewfwu Ykd kd ½kyt
f qif;\ vSywifw h ,fjcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif;ç tjct H &H\ rsm;jym;jcif;jzifv h nf;aumif; omvGeí f wif-h
w,f\}}[k ajymMum;vkdufav\/
&[ef;wdYk ... xkt
d cg ewfwaYdk oXfeif; odMum;rif;onf wm0wð-
omewfwdkYudk ajymqdkqkH;rvkdonfjzpfí þ*gxmpum;wkdYudk &Gwfqkd
vkdufav\/ ---
ed'geuxm ] 19
,ó o'¨g wxm*aw? tpvm okyÜwd|dwm/

oDvÍö ,ó uvsmPH? t&d,uEÅH yoHodwH/
oHaC yoma'g ,ów¬d? OZkblwÍö 'óeH/
t'vda'´gwd wH tm[k? tarmCH wó ZD0dwH/
wo®m o'¨Íö oDvÍö? yom'H "r®'óeH/
tEk,kaÍÆx ar"m0D? o&H Ak'¨ge omoeH/ (oH?1?234/)
,if;*gxmwdkY\ t"dyÜg,frSm þokdY jzpf\ ---
]]tcsif;wdkY ... tMuifoltm; bk&m;&wemü ,kHMunfrI o'¨g
w&m;onf rwkerf vIyf aumif;pGm wnf\/ tMuify*k Kd¾ vt
f m; t&d,m-
wum olawmfpGmwdkYonf ESpfoufjrwfEkd;awmfrltyfaom aumif;rGef
pifMu,faom udk,fusifhoDvvnf; &Sd\/
tMuifyk*¾dKvftm; oHCm&wemüvnf; MunfndKrI yom'w&m;-
onf xif&Sm;wnf&Sdae\? ajzmifhrwfaom (pwkopöor®m'd|d = opöm
av;yg;udk xkd;xGif;odjrifaom or®m'd|d) ÓPftjrifvnf; &Sd\/ xkd
yk*¾dKvfudk (olawmfaumif;Opömrsm; <u,f0csrf;omaeonfhtwGuf)
olqif;&J vlrGJr[kwf[lí qkdtyfukef\/ xkdol\ touf&Sifjcif;udk
tcsnf;ESD; r[kwfaom touf&Sifjcif;[k qdktyf\/
xkdaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;\ "r®0de,wnf;[laom tqkH;tr
omoemawmfudk tpOfavQmufum atmufarhtrSwf&aom owdESifh
jynfhpkHaom 0dyóemynm r*fynmESifh jynfhpkHaom ynm&Sdolawmf-
aumif;onf ---
1/ &wemokH;yg;wdkYü ,kHMunfrI o'¨gw&m;udkvnf;aumif;ç
2/ jzLpifjrifhjrwfonfh udk,fusifhoDvudkvnf;aumif;ç
3/ &wemokH;yg;wdkYü MunfndKrI yom'w&m;udkvnf;aumif;ç
4/ opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfudk xGif;azmufodjrifwwfonfh 'óe
= ÓPftjrifudkvnf;aumif;ç
tzefzef txyfxyf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfav&m\/ (oH?1?233-234/)
þum; txufyg ewfwdkYaoXfeif; odMum;rif;BuD;u &Gwfqkd-
oGm;aom *gxmwdkY\ teuft"dyÜg,f qkdvdk&if;oabmw&m;wnf;/
pGrf;tifBuD; ig;&yf
þtxufyg t&yf&yfaom a'oemawmfrsm;ESit hf nD o'¨gç oDvç
okwç pm*ç ynmynm-wnf;[laom olawmfaumif;Opöm&wemwdkYü okyÜ-
Ak'üJhodkYaom vlUavmuwGif atmufwef;tusqkH; tqifhtwef;
tedrfhqkH; vlrGJvlEl olawmif;pm;b0wGif &yfwnfae&onfh vlom;
wpfOD;udk tvGef tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vSonfh wm0wðom ewfom;-
b0odYk a&mufatmif ydaYk qmifay;Ekid af om pGr;f tifrsm; wnf&adS eMu\/
þrQwiG o f m ruao;ay? aomwmyeftqifo h Ykd a&muf&o
dS mG ;onfh
okyÜAk'üJhodkYaom olawmfaumif;wpfOD;tzkdY aemufxyf qufvuf-
oGm;&rnfh oHo&mc&D;[lonfrSm xif&Sm; wnf&SdaeOD;rnfqkdvQif
trsm;qkH; ckepfb0om oHo&mwpfcGifwGif usifvnfcGifh &Sdayonf/
xkdckepfb0twGif;üvnf; ,ckuJhodkY tvGefYtvGef tqifhtwef;
edrfhusvSonfh vlElvlrGJb0odkYvnf; rnfodkYrQ ra&muf&SdEkdifawmhay/
tyg,fblrd 'k*¾wdodkYvnf; rnfodkYrQ rvm;a&muf&awmhay/ ,if;-
uJhodkYaom olawmfaumif;Opöm &wemwkdYESifh jynfhpkHaeaom olawmf
aumif;onfum; tyg,foHo&mc&D;rS tNyD;wkdif uRwfvGwfxGuf-
ajrmuf&NyD jzpfayonf/ ckepfb0wdkYtwGif;0,f wpfckckaom b0ü
t&[wåzv dk o
f qYkd u
kd u
f m oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u k © t00rS tNy;D wkid f uRw-f
vGwx f u
G af jrmufNy;D y&deAd mÁ ef 0ifp&H awmhrnfh olawmfaumif;wpfO;D om
jzpfayonf/
ed'geuxm ] 21
xkduJhodkY edAÁmefodkY 0ifpHawmfrl&onfh b0odkYwkdifatmif wpfqifh

xuf wpfqifhç jrifhoxufjrifhç jrwfoxufjrwfç ewfxufewfç jA[®m
xuf jA[®mjzpfatmif ydkYaqmifay;aeaom pGrf;tm;BuD; ig;&yfwkdYum;
ocFg½kyywåo
þocF d w k eå fwiG f bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;jyo qkqd ;Hk rxm;awmfrl
onfh -- o'¨gç oDvç okwç pm*ç ynm ynm--[lonfh olawmfaumif;Opöm
&wemwdkYyif jzpfMuayonf/ þusrf;pmi,fudk zwf½Iaeaom toif
olawmfaumif;\ oEÅmefüvnf; þolawmfaumif;Opöm &wemwkdY
udef;0yfwnf&Sdvmygapjcif; tusKd;iSm &nfoefawmifhwvsuf -
vlrJGwkdY\ xGuf&yfvrf;}}[laom trnfjzifh þ ocFg½kyywåd-
]]vl
okwåef w&m;a'oemawmfudk w&m;a[mwdwfacGrS pmaytjzpfodkY
ajymif;um a&;om;wifqufvdkufygonf/
þae&mwGif okyAÜ 'k \
¨ a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhz,
G Zf mwfvrf;udk
tusOf;csKyfum qufvufwifjytyfygonf/
a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhzG,f Zmwfvrf;

ur®H oawå 0dbZwd ,'d'H [DeyPDwwm,/ (r?3?244/)
= uHw&m;onf owå0gawGudk ,kwfnhHolwpfa,muf jzpfoGm;
atmifç jrifhjrwfolwpfa,muf jzpfoGm;atmif cGJwrf;csay;ayonf/
(r?3?244/)
þplVur®0db*Fokwåefü bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfh
w&m;a'oemawmfEiS t hf nD okyAÜ 'k u
¨ kd ,kwn f o
Hh w
l pfa,mufjzpfatmif
ol jyKpyk sK;d axmifco hJ nfh uHw&m;uyif cGw J rf;csay;vku d \
f / tvm;wlyif
jrifjh rwfow l pfO;D jzpfatmifvnf; ol jyKpyk sK;d axmifco hJ nfh uHw&m;uyif
cGJwrf;csay;vkdufjcif;yif jzpf\/ ol\ a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhzG,f
twdwfZmwfaMumif;udk bk&m;&Sifu O'gef;ygVdawmf (O'ge?136-137/)
wGif a[mMum;xm;awmfr\ l / oH,w k t
f |uxm (oH?|?1?319-320/) u-
vnf; jynfhjynfhpkHpkH zGifhqkdxm;\/ O'gef;t|uxm (O'ge?|?262-266/)
uvnf; jynfjh ynfph pHk yHk if zGiq
hf x
kd m;\/ ,if;ygVdawmfEiS hf t|uxmwdu
Yk kd
aygif;pyfum a&;om;wifjyaytHh ---
vGefavNyD;aom twdwfb0wpfck0,f okyÜAk'¨ tavmif;vsmjzpf
onfh trsK;d aumif;om;onf þ&mZN*Kd [Nf rKd UüyifvQif olaX;om;wpfO;D
jzpfcJh\/ (O'ge?136/)
odkYaomf oH,kwft|uxm (oH?|?1?319/)üum; umodwkdif;udk
xD;jzLtkyfcsKyf rif;jyKvkyfonfh Am&mPoDbk&if jzpfcJhaMumif; -- rluGJ
wpfckudk zGifhqkdxm;\/
rnfoyYkd if jzpfap? olaX;om;wk\
Yd oabmç &Sib f &k ifw\ Ykd oabm-
um; vlrsm;taygif;u rdrdwdkYudk tav;*½kjyKygrS t½kdtaojyKygrS
jrwfEkd;ygrS MuifemygrS ,k,ygrS oabmus auseyfolwdkY jzpfMu\/
t½kdtaocHvdkMu\? tylaZmfcHvkdMu\? t&Sdckd; cHvkdMu\? tjrwfEkd;
cHvdkMu\? tav;*½kjyKrIudk cH,lvkdMu\/ þoabmw&m;um; ,if;
yk*Kd¾ vw
f \
Ykd oEÅmefü rsm;aomtm;jzifh ude;f 0yfwnf&adS vh&adS om pdwaf e
pdwfxm;rsm;yif jzpfMu\/ olawmfaumif;"mwfcH tm;aysmhaeolwdkY\
oEÅmefü jzpfay:avh&Sdaom pdwfaepdwfxm;rsm;yif jzpfMu\/ ,if;
pdwfaepdwfxm;wdkYu okyÜAk'¨tm; 'ku©rsKd;pkH tzkHzkHwdkYESifh rdwfaqGzGJUay;
vkdufjcif;yif jzpf\/
þuJhodkYaom pdwfaepdwfxm;wdkYudk &if0,faxG;ydkufum okyÜAk'¨
tavmif;vsmjzpfonfh trsKd;aumif;om;onf wpfaeYwGif O,smOf
upm;zk&Yd ef xGucf mG vmcJ\
h / Bu;D pGmaom taqmifta,mifjzifh xGu-f
cGmvmcJhjcif;jzpf\/ NrdKUolNrdKUom;wdkY\ tav;*½kjyKrIç olUudk pl;pdkufum
tm½kH,lvsuf Munfh½IaerIudk tvdk&Sdaeaom pdwfxm;rsm;jzifh xGufcGm
ed'geuxm ] 23
vmcJhjcif; jzpf\/ vrf;ckvwf wpfae&mwGifum; y'kr0wDrdzk&m;\

om;&wemrsm; jzpfMuaom yapöuAk'g¨ bk&m;&Sif (500)wkw Yd iG f wpfyg;-
tygt0ifjzpfawmfrlaom w*&odcd trnf&Sdawmfrlaom yapöuAk'¨g
bk&m;&SifESifh qkHqnf;rd\/ yapöuAk'¨gbk&m;&Sifonfum; MunfndKzG,f
*kPfudk aqmif,lEkdifonfh NidrfoufwnfMunfaom £aÈ´ç Nidrfouf-
wnfMunfaom pdwf"mwfç tvGef jrifhjrwfonfh ,Ofaus;odrfarGUrIESifh
jynfph aHk wmfro
l nfh bk&m;wpfql jzpfawmfr\ l / NrKd UwGi;f 0,f qGr;f tvdiYk mS
vSnv hf nfvmawmfrjl cif; jzpf\/ NrKd UolNrKd Uom;wdu Yk m; okyAÜ 'k t ¨ avmif;-
vsmjzpfonfh trsK;d aumif;om;udk rMunfMh uawmhbJ tav;*½k rjyKMu
awmhbJ yapöuAk'g¨ bk&m;&Siu f o
kd m zl;ajrmfuefawmhaeMu\? t½kt d ao
jyKaeMu\? jrwfE;dk aeMu\? ylaZmfaeMu\? &Scd ;dk aeMu\/ vlrsm;taygif;-
u olUudk *½krpdkufMuawmhbJ rMunfh½IMuawmhbJ yapöuAk'¨gbk&m;&Sif
udok m tav;*½kjyKum MunfnKd jrwfE;dk aeMuonfukd xdt k rsK;d aumif;-
om;u r½IpdrfhEkdif jzpfaecJhrd\/ udk,fhxufom remvdkjcif;[lonfh
£ómw&m;u olU&JUpdwt f pOf0,f ae&mtrsm;qk;H ,lxm;cJNh y;D jzpfae-
\/ rmefrmew&m;uvnf; xyfavmif;um vTr;f rd;k zdp;D ESyd pf ufaejyef\/
xkdyapöuAk'¨gbk&m;&SifrSmvnf; aemufqkH; ypädrt&G,fawmfodkY
qkdufa&mufawmfrlaeNyD; jzpf&um; tvGef tkdrif;&ifha&mfawmfrlvsuf
&Sd\/ 0wf½kHxm;aom ouFef;wdkYuvnf; aqG;ajrha[mif;EGrf;aeMu\?
ouFe;f awmf\ tem;ywfwrYkd S csnrf Qirf sm;yif wGv
J q
J u
JG m usaeMu\/
xkdtrsKd;aumif;om;\ oEÅmefü ESpfoacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef;wkdY
umvywfvkH; jznfhusifhqnf;yl;xm;awmfrltyfNyD;onfh yg&rDw&m;-
taygif;wdYk xif&mS ;&Sad wmfral om yapöuAk'g¨ bk&m;&Siu f kd zl;jrif&onf-h
tcg £ómESifh rmefrmew&m;wkdYu pdwftpOf0,f ae&m,lum
vTrf;rkd;xm;onfhtwGuf pdwfMunfvifrIrQaomfvnf; rjzpfcJhay/
vuftyk cf srD ;dk &Scd ;dk jcif; trIrQuakd omfvnf; rjyKcrhJ ad y/ olaX;om;[laom
rmefrme odkYr[kwf Am&mPoDbk&if[laom rmefrmeudk &if0,fydkuf
axG;vsufç udk,fhxufom remvdkonfh jiLplapmif;ajrmif;rI £óm
w&m;udk tazmfjyKum pu©KaÈc´ sum qGr;f cH<uawmfral eaom yapöu-
Ak'¨gbk&m;&Sifudk txifvGJ tjrifvGJ jzpfcJh\/ tav;*½k tjyKcHcsif
aeonfh olUudk yapöuAk'¨gbk&m;&Sifu tav;*½k rjyKonfhtwGuf
rauseyfcsuf a'gow&m;awGuvnf; ae&mOD;atmif ,lvu dk Mf ujyef\/
]]þoluawmh &aoh&[ef; jzpfyaHk wmh &w,fç igu olUxufom-
aewJhtwGuf udk,fhxufom remvkdwJh jiLplapmif;ajrmif;wJh pdwfxm;
xif&Sm;&SdaewJhtwGufaMumifh ighudk rMunfhwmeJY wlw,f}}
þodkY ESvkH;ydkufum trsufa'goxGufvsuf þpum;wdkYudk ajym-
qdkav\/
uGm,H uk|dpD0&med yg½kawm/ (oH?|?1?319/)
aum t,H b@Kumom00oaem? uk|D b0dówd? wxm [d
uk|dpD0a&e o&D&H yg½kydwGm *päwd/ (O'ge?|?264/)
]]tElawG 0wfwhJ ouFe;f udk 0wf½u
Hk m vSnv
hf nfaewJh 'DvBl u;D [m
b,folrsm;ygvdrhf/}} (oH?|?1?319/)
]]zuf&u
G af &mfuohJ Ykd azsmah wmhaewhJ zef&nfpeG ;f wJh t0wfouFe;f udk
½kx
H m;ol[m b,fov l J¿ tElBu;D jzpfvrd rfh ,f? 'gaMumifh tElawG 0wf-
½kHwJh ouFef;ESifh udk,fudk ywfNyD;awmh oGm;aewmyJ/}} (O'ge?|?264/)
þodkY rzG,fr&m ajymqkdum wHawG;axG;um xGufcGmoGm;cJhav-
onf/ þ tjyKtrl tajymtqdo k nfum; okyAÜ 'k t
¨ avmif;vsm trsK;d -
aumif;om;uav;\ jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhrdaom tukodkvfuHyif jzpf\/
a'goç £ómç rpä&, d ç rmefrmepaom udavomw&m;qk;d wdu Yk vIUH -
ed'geuxm ] 25
aqmfwu kd w
f eG ;f vku
d Mf uojzifh rjyKoifh rjyKxu
dk af om jypfrBI u;D wpfcu
k kd
vGefusL;rdcJhjcif;yif jzpf\/ uHt&mü wnfoGm;NyD jzpf\/ t&d,r*f
wnf;[laom arG;n§yfESifh uif;í zsufodrf;zkdY&ef rvG,fulaomç zsuf-
odrf;í r&Ekdifaom tqifhodkY toifh qkdufa&mufoGm;NyD jzpf\/
xkt d rsK;d aumif;om;onf xkt d ukov
kd u
f \H pGr;f tm;aMumifh i&Jü
ESp&f maygif;rsm;pGmç ESpaf xmifaygif;rsm;pGmç ESpof ed ;f aygif;rsm;pGmwkYd um-
vywfvkH; usufpm;cJh&\/ xkdtukodkvfuH\ <uif;usefaeao;aom
tusK;d qufaMumifh i&JrS vGwaf jrmufvmaomtcg þ&mZN*Kd [Nf rKd Uüyif
tvGet Yf vGef qif;&Jonfh trsK;d orD;wpfO;D \ 0rf;Mumwku d 0f ,f y#doaE¨
wnfae&jyef\/ ,if;owå0g y#doaE¨ ,lNyD;&m tcgrSpí rdcifjzpfol
trsK;d orD;tzkYd 0rf;Aku
d jf ynf½h rHk Qavmufaom ytk;H &nf xrif;tm[m&rQ-
udak omfvnf; r&&SEd idk f jzpfc&hJ \/ yapöuAk'g¨ bk&m;&Si\ f qGr;f cH0wfjzifh
tpmtm[m& &SmazGrt I ay:ü jiLplapmif;ajrmif;jcif; £ómw&m;ESi-hf
wuGaom tukodkvfw&m;wdkY\ pGrf;tm;yif jzpf\/
,if;okyAÜ 'k t ¨ avmif;vsm\ oEÅmef0,f rdcif\ 0rf;Mumwdu k 0f ,f
wnf&SdaeckdufrSmyif em;ESpfzufwdkYum; ysufpD;jcif;rvS ysufpD;cJh&\/
c½koif;ESiw hf o
l nfh tElwpfa,mufjzpfum rdcif0rf;rS arG;zGm;vmcJ&h \/
rdzESpOf ;D wduYk vnf; ,if;okyAÜ 'k u ¨ kd tvGet Yf vGef cJc,
J Of;,Of; cufcuf-
cJcJ NidKNidKjiifjiif yifyifyef;yef; qif;qif;&J&Jjzifh auR;arG;apmifha&SmufcJh
Mu&\/ okyÜAk'üdk,fwdkif cGufvufpGJum awmif;rpm;wwfao;onfh
tcsed u f mvywfv;Hk rdcifjzpfou l ytk;H &nf xrif;udv k nf;aumif;ç a&
udkvnf;aumif; aqmif,lum jyKpkvkyfauR;cJh&\/ odkYaomf okyÜAk'¨
ud, k wf ikd f xrif;awmif;pm;Ekid af vmufaom t&G,o f Ykd a&muf&v dS maom-
tcgüum; rdcifjzpfou l cGuw f pfcu k kd okyAÜ 'k v
¨ ufxo J Ykd xnfah y;vkud f
NyD;aemuf ]]rdrduHjzifh rdrd xif&Sm;vdrfhrnf}}[k ESvkH;ydkufum okyÜAk'üdk
ypfxm;cJhvsuf t&yfwpfyg;odkY zJcGmoGm;cJhavonf/
xkdtcsdeftcgrSpí okyÜAk'¨\ wpfudk,fvkH; ae&mtESHYtjym;rS
tom;pwdo Yk nf wjznf;jznf; jywfa<uum usvmMuuke\ f ? jynfaoG;
ykyw
f uYkd vnf; ,kpd ;D um pD;qif;vmMuuke\ f ? tvGef Bu;D us,f jyif;xef
onfh qif;&Jonfh 'kua© 0'emwdo Yk nfvnf; xif&mS ; jzpfay:vmMuukef
\/ þjrifuiG ;f wdu Yk m; ol wnfaxmifvu dk cf rhJ ad om uHw&m;rif;Bu;D u
pD&ifcsuf csrwS af y;vduk o
f jzifh &&Svd maom tusK;d w&m;wkyYd if jzpfMu\?
tjypf'PfwdkYyif jzpfMu\/
okyAÜ 'k o
¨ nf rnfonfv h rf;udrk qkd trSjD yKum tdypf ufcrhJ nfqv dk Qif
xkv d rf;ü wpfnOfv h ;Hk us,af vmif jyif;jyonft h oHjzifh atmfjrnfae&\/
xko d yk AÜ 'k \¨ oem;pzG,f idjk rnfwrf;aeonfh toHaMumifh wpfvrf;vk;H rSm
&SdaeMuonfh vltaygif;wdkYonf wpfnOfhvkH; tdyfpufEkdifcGifhudk r&Ekdif
jzpfaeMu\/ xdktcsdeftcgrSpí csrf;csrf;omom tdyfpufaeMuonfh
olwu Ydk kd tdy&f mrS Ek;d vmatmif jyKvyk af eaomaMumifh (ok okyÜ = tdyaf ysm-f
aeoludkç Ak'¨ = tdyf,mrS Ekd;vmatmif jyKvkyfol) okyÜAk'¨ [laom
trnfonf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmcJhavonf/
(O'ge?136-137/ oH?|?1?319-320/)
ol jyKpyk sK;d axmifco hJ nfh ,kwn f o
Hh nfh pdwaf epdwx f m;ç ,kwn f oHh nfh
tukov kd u
f w H &m;wku Yd i&Juo hJ Ykd ,kwn f oHh nfh bkbH 0odaYk &mufatmif-
vnf; ydkYaqmifay;vkdufMu\/ odkYaomf ,if;tukodkvfuHu vlUb0
y#doaE¨tusK;d udk ay;onfum; r[kwaf y/ twdwb f 0xkx d 0dk ,f o'¨gç
oDvç okwç pm*ç ynmwnf;[laom aumif;rIuo k v kd w
f uYkd vkd nf; ol-
onf txdkuftavsmuf jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhzl;onfom jzpf\/ ,if;
ukodkvfuHwdkYwGif tqufqufa&mufxkdufaom b0xdkxkdü tusKd;-
ay;jcif;iSm pGrf;Ekdifaom ty&my&d,a0'eD, ukokdvfuHwdkYvnf;
yg0ifMu\/ ,if;ty&my&d, aumif;rIuo k v
kd uf wH pfcu k vlUjynfvUl -
avmuwdüYk wd[w d yf #doaE¨tusK;d udk jzpfapcJ\ h / ,if;odYk wd[w d yf #d-
ed'geuxm ] 27
oaE¨tusKd;udk ay;NyD;onf\ tjcm;rJhumv y0wådtcgü yapöuAk'¨g

bk&m;&Siftm; jypfrSm;rdcJhaom tukodkvfuHwdkYwGif wpfckaom ,if;
ukodkvf\ tusKd;udk uyfí n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufwwfaom ty&my&d,-
a0'eD, OyyDVuuHu oem;pzG,f tElvlrGJb0odkY a&mufatmif
ydkYaqmifay;vkdufjyef\/
wpfzef okyAÜ 'k B¨ u;D onf a*gwrbk&m;&Si\ f omoemawmfwiG ;f ü
o'¨gç oDvç okwç pm*ç ynmwnf;[laom olawmfaumif;Opöm &wem-
wku Yd kd aomwmywård *fÓPfzv dk Ó
f PfoYkd qku
d af &mufEidk af vmufatmif
pkaqmif;EkdifcJh\? qnf;yl;EkdifcJh\? jyKpkysKd;axmifEkdifcJh\/ xkdaMumifh
aomwmyefb0odkY qkdufa&mufcJh&jyef\/
,if; o'¨gç oDvç okwç pm*ç ynmwnf;[laom olawmfaumif;-
Opöm &wemwdkY\ teuft"dyÜg,f wpfpdwfwpfa'oudk ]]vlrJGwkdY\
xGu&f yfvrf;}}}}[laom þusr;f pmi,fwiG f &Si;f vif;wifjyxm;ayonf/
odaYk omf þae&mwGif ar;jref;zk&Yd ef tcsuwf pf&yf ay:vmjyef\/
okyÜAk'¨BuD;onf olawmfaumif;Opömig;yg;wdkYwGif ay;urf;pGefYMuJjcif;
pm*
pm*w&m;udk rnfoYkd rnfyHk qnf;yl; pkaqmif;cJyh goenf;[k ar;&ef&\dS /
tajzrSm þodkY jzpf\/
pm*EÅd yXrr*¾0ZÑudavombdocFg&meH a0gó*¾ocFgwH pm*H?
a,e t&d,om0um a',s"ar®ok rkwåpm*g p a[mEÅd y,wygPD
a0gó*¾&wm/ (O'ge?|?266/)
pm*
pm*w&m;[lonf aomwmywådr*fÓPfjzifh y,fowftyfaom
udavomrsm;ESifh tyg,fb0opfudk jyKjyifay;wwfonfh tukodkvfuH
tukodkvftbdocFg&w&m;wkdYudk pGefYvTwfjcif; y,fowfjcif;[laom
pm*w&m;yifwnf;/ ,if;pm*w&m;aMumifh t&d,molawmfaumif;-
wdo
Yk nf vSLzG,0f w¬Kypön;f pkwu
Ykd kd vGwv
f w
G f pGeMYf uMJ uuke\
f ? ay;vSLzk&Yd ef
pifMu,fpmG aq;aMumxm;Ny;D aom vuf&dSMuuke\ f ? ay;urf;pGeMYf ujJ cif;ü
arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufMuukef\/ (O'ge?|?266/)
wpfzef a&S;a&S;bk&m;&SifwdkY\ omoemawmfwGif;üvnf;aumif;ç
þa*gwrbk&m;&Si\ f omoemawmfwiG ;f üvnf;aumif; atmifatmif
jrifjrif jyKpkysKd;axmifxm;aom o'¨gç oDvç okwç pm*ç ynmwnf;-
[laom olawmfaumif;w&m;wkdY jy"mef;vsuf&Sdaom aumif;rIukodkvf
uHww Ykd iG f wpfcak om aumif;rIuo
k v kd u
f u
H vnf; wm0wðom ewfom;-
b0[laom tusKd;w&m;udk ay;zkdY&ef tcgtcGifh oifhvmjyef\/
vGecf ahJ om wpfcak om twdwb f 0u jynfwefqmrudk owfjzwf-
cJzh ;l onfh ygPmwdygw tukov kd uf u H vnf; tusK;d ay;zk&Yd ef tcgtcGihf
oifhaejyef\/ ,if;tukokdvfuHum; okyÜAk'¨\ oufwrf;udk wdkoGm;
atmif uyfí jzwfwwfaom Oyapä'u tukov dk u
f yH if jzpf\/ ,if;
tukov kd u f u H vnf; aphaqmf wdu k w f eG ;f vku
d o
f jzifh EGm;ru a0SUowf-
vkdufjyef\/ odkYaomf ol pkaqmif;cJhonfh txufwGif wifjyxm;onfh
wpfcak om aumif;rIuo k v
kd u
f u
H vnf; tvGef tqift h wef; jrifrh m;-
onfh wm0wðom ewfom;b0odYk a&mufatmif ydaYk qmifay;vku d jf yef\/
uHw&m;rif;BuD;u trIwGJudk pdppfum pD&ifcsuf csay;vdkufjcif;yif
jzpf\/
EGm;a0SY towfcH& jcif;\ taMumif;&if;
okyÜAk'üm; vGefavNyD;aom twdwfb0wpfck0,f olaX;om;
jzpfczhJ ;l \/ olUrSm rdwaf qG olaX;om; ok;H a,mufwv
Ykd nf; &S\
d / (,if;-
rdwfaqGokH;a,mufwdkYwGif wpfa,mufum; þa*gwrbk&m;&Sif\
omoemawmfwGif;ü ykuúKomwdtrsKd;aumif;om;ç wpfa,mufum;
t&SiAf m[d,'g½kp&d , d ç wpfa,mufum; wrÁ'gXdu vlowfa,mufsm;
toD;toD; jzpfvm\/) wpfaeYwGif olaX;om; rdwfaqGav;a,muf-
ed'geuxm ] 29
wdkYonf jynfwefqmrwpfOD;udk ac:aqmifum O,smOfawmfwpfckodkY

oGm;a&mufNyD; wpfaeYwmywfvkH; aysmfyg;Mu\/ ae0ifoGm;aomtcg
rdwaf qGav;OD;wdo
Yk nf tnDtñGwf wdik yf ifum jynfwefqmrudk owf-
zkdY&efç tojymwpfaxmifESifh tzkd;wef vuf0wfwefqmwdkYudk ,lzkdY&ef
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMu\/ xkdodkY BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMupOf --
]]'Dval wG[m t&Surf &Sw d hJ vlawG jzpfMuw,f? tMuifem uif;rJw h hJ
vlawG jzpfMuw,f? igESit hf wl udavomjzifh aygif;azmfjcif;udk wpfaeY-
wmywfvkH; jyKusifhNyD;aemuf tjypfr&SdwJh ighudk vuf0wfwefqm tzkd;
wef&wem Opömypön;f tay:ü wG,w f mrufarmjcif; "eavmbaMumifh
owfMuw,f? ighukd 'DwpfBurd af wmh owfMuygap? igonf bDv;l rjzpfNy;D
awmh oif;wdu Yk kd tBurd rf sm;pGm owfjzwfz&Ydk ef pGr;f Ekid o
f l jzpfyg&ap...}}
þuJhodkYaom awmifhwrI = yw¬emudk jyKum uG,fvGefoGm;cJh\/
þuJhodkY jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom tukodkvfuHaMumifh þolav;a,muf-
pvkH;wdkYonf t&mruaom cE¨mudk,ftwåabmü bDvl;rjzpfaeaom
xkt d rsK;d orD;u EGm;ra,mifaqmifum odrYk [kwf EGm;r\ uk, d t
f wGi;f odYk
yl;0ifum a0SUowfojzifh aoausysupf ;D cJMh u&\/ xkt d rsK;d aumif;om;
av;OD;pvkH;wdkYonf xkdtukodkvfuH\ tusKd;qufaMumifh xkdxdkb0ü
oufwrf;rukeq f ;Hk rD pyfMum;umv0,f aoausysupf ;D jcif;odYk a&muf&-dS
cJMh u&avonf/ ,if;tukov kd u
f u
H yif okyAÜ 'k \
¨ oufwrf;udk uyfí
jzwfwwfaom Oyapä'u uHtjzpf &yfwnfum okyÜAk'¨\ wd[dwf-
y#doaE¨tusKd;udk ay;vdkufaom wd[dwfukodkvfuH\ tusKd;w&m;udk
uyfí jzwfawmufum taqmwvsif aoausysupf ;D &jcif;odYk a&muf-
atmif ydkYaqmifvdkufayonf/ (O'ge?|?262-263/)
xkdaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu plVur®0db*FokwåefwGif þodkY a[mMum;-
awmfrlcJhjcif; jzpf\/
ur®H oawå 0dbZwd ,'d'H [DeyPDwwm,/ (r?3?244/)
= uHw&m;onf owå0gawGudk ,kwfnhHolwpfa,muf jzpfoGm;-
atmifç jrifhjrwfolwpfa,muf jzpfoGm;atmif cGJwrf;csay;ayonf/
(r?3?244/)
þuJo h Ykd bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfro l nfEiS t
hf nD okyAÜ 'k B¨ u;D udk
,kwfnhHolwpfa,muf jzpfoGm;atmifç jrifhjrwfolwpfa,muf jzpf-
oGm;atmif oljyKpyk sK;d axmifcahJ om uHw&m;rif;Bu;D uyif ol\ trIwGJ
rsm;udk rSerf eS u
f efuef wdwu d sus ppfaq;twnfjyKum trdeaYf wmfjrwf
csrw
S af y;vdu f *'´KvA'öw
k jf cif;yif jzpf\/ xkad Mumifh bk&m;&Siu k eå fwiG f
þodkY qkdqkH;rxm;awmfrlcJh\/
wo®mwd[ bdu©a0 tbdu©PH ouH pdwåH ypöa0u©dwAÁH ]]'DC-
&wård'H pdwåH oHudvd|H &ma*e a'gaoe arma[em}}wd/ pdwå-
oHuad vom bdua© 0 owåm oHuv d ó
d EÅ?d pdwaå 0g'gem owåm 0doZk ÑE/dÅ
(oH?2?123/)
= cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk ... xkad Mumifh þomoemawmfjrwftwGi;f ü
oifcspfom;wkdYonf oifcspforD;wdkYonf ]]þ igwdkY\ pdwfonf
aeYnOfhoHo&m &SnfjrifhpGmaom tcsdeftcg umvywfvkH; &m*aMumifh
npfErG ;f ae&\? a'goaMumifh npfErG ;f ae&\? arm[aMumifh npfErG ;f ae
&\/}}[k þodv Yk Qif rdr\
d pdwu
f kd rMumcP qifjcifay;Muyg/ cspo f m;-
&[ef;wdYk ... pdw"f mwfawG npfErG ;f jcif;aMumifh owå0gwdo Yk nf npf-
EGr;f Mu&uke\ f ? pdw"f mwfawG jzLpifoef&Y iS ;f jcif;aMumifh owå0gwdo Yk nf
jzLpifoefY&Sif;Mu&ukef\/ (oH?2?123/)
þusr;f pmi,fukd zwf½aI eMuukeaf om olawmfaumif;taygif;wkYd
onfvnf; bk&m;&Sif qkq d ;Hk rxm;awmfrol nft h wkid ;f ]]þigwk\
Yd pdw-f
"mwfonf &m*aMumifh npfEGrf;ae&\? a'goaMumifh npfEGrf;ae&\?
arm[aMumifh npfErG ;f ae&\/}}[k þodv Yk Qif rMumcP qifjcifMuuke-f
ed'geuxm ] 31
vsuf npfEGrf;aeaom rdrd\ pdwf"mwfudk jzLpifoefY&Sif;oGm;atmif

o'¨gç oDvç okwç pm*ç ynm
ynm-wnf;[laom olawmfaumif;Opöm a&pif
&wemwdkYjzifh aq;aMumokwfoifEkdifMuygapaom0f ...[k yw¬emrI
jyKtyfygownf;/
"ar® a[mEÅ K o*g&0g/
= o'¨r®okH;jzm tqkH;tromoemawmfü ½kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMu
ygapukefownf;/
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
1367-ckESpf? oDwif;uRwfv

32 ! zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
yk*¾dKvfwpfa,muf\ oEÅmefrSm
bmjzpf&ygvkd\ç nmjzpf&ygvkd\ ponfjzifh
qkawmif;yefxGmrI xif&Sm;&Sdaew,f?
okdYaomf
o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmvdkY
ac:qkdtyfwJh olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;u
xif&Sm; r&Sdjyefbl;?
r&SdcJhvQifvnf;
xkdyk*¾dKvf\ qkawmif;yefxGmrIonf
qkawmif;wJhtwkdif;
jynfhpkHEkdifwJhoabm &Sdovm;¿
r&Sdbl;/
bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿
o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmESifh &if;NyD;rS
rdrd vkdvm;awmifhwaewJh b0qkdwm
&EkdifwJhoabm &Sdygw,f/ (pmrsufESm-50)
vlrJGwkdY\ xGuf&yfvrf; (ocFg½kyywdåokwåef) ! 33
vlrGJwkdY\ xGuf&yfvrf;
(ocFg½kyywådokwåef w&m;a'oemawmf)
(r?3?140-146/)
1358-ckEpS ?f e,kev
f qef; 13-&ufaeY? wpfaeYwmqGr;f tvSL&Si-f
rsm;tm; tEkarm'emw&m;tjzpfjzifh a[mMum;tyfaom rZdÑredum,f
Oy&dyPÖmoygVdawmfü vm&Sad om ocFg½kyywåo d wk eå f w&m;a'oem-
awmf ---
þa'oemawmfjrwf[m &Snfvsm;aom okwåef w&m;a'oem-
awmfwpfck jzpfygw,f/ xdka'oemawmf\ qdkvdk&if;avmufudkom
aumufEkwfcsufcsNyD; 'Dn a[mMum;zdkY &nf&G,fxm;ygw,f/ bk&m;&Sif
om0w¬jd ynf aZw0efausmif;wdu k üf oDwif;ok;H pHaeawmfrcl u kd f bk&m;-
&Siu
f ocFg&w&m;wd\ Yk jzpfyEHk iS hf ywfoufNy;D &[ef;awmfwu Ykd kd ocFg½k-
yywåod wk eå f w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;awmfrjl cif; jzpfygw,f/ xdo k w
k eå -f
\ qdkvkd&if;u b,fvdkoabm&SdovJ¿
olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;
£" bdu©a0 bdu©K o'¨g, orEém*awm a[mwd? oDave
orEém*awm a[mwd? okawe orEém*awm a[mwd? pma*e
orEém*awm a[mwd? ynm, orEém*awm a[mwd/
bdua© 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wd/Yk £" = þomoemawmfjrwftwGi;f ü/
bdu©K = a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf/ o'¨g, = &wemokH;wef uH-
uH\tusKd;w&m;tay:ü ouf0if,kHMunfaom o'¨gw&m;ESifh/
orEém*awm = jynfph o Hk nf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ okawe = tMum;tjrif
A[kókww&m;ESifh/ orEém*awm = jynfhpHkonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
pma*e = ay;urf; pGefYMuJjcif; pm*w&m;ESifh/ orEém*awm =
jynfhpHkonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ ynm, = 0dyóemÓPfynmESifh/
orEém*awm = jynfhpHkonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
1/ o'¨gw&m;&Sd jcif;
&wemokH;yg;udk udk;uG,f qnf;uyfaewJh Ak'¨bmom olawmfpif
rSecf vhJ Qif &[ef;yJjzpfap &Siyf jJ zpfap vlyjJ zpfap b,fy*k Kd¾ vrf qkd &do
S if-h
&SdxdkufwJh olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;rsKd; &Sdygw,f/ eHygwfwpf olawmf-
aumif; Opömu o'¨gw&m; jzpfw,f? olawmfaumif;wkdY[m &wem-
oH;k wef uH-uH\tusK;d w&m;tay:ü ouf0if,MHk unfaewJh o'¨gw&m;-
ESifh jynfhpkH&r,f/
&wemokH;wef uH uH\tusKd;tay:ü ,kHMunfcsuf o'¨gw&m;
&Sd&w,f/ jzLpifajzmifhrSefwJh cdkifjrJwJh o'¨gw&m; &Sd&w,f/ ckdifjrJwJh-
o'¨gw&m; &&SdzdkYqdkwm aemufajymr,fh okww&m; ynmw&m;wkdYESifh
aygif;pyfygrS cdkifjrJwJh o'¨gw&m;udk &&SdrSmjzpfw,f/
2/ oDvjzLpifjcif;
eHygwfEpS u
f ud, k uf sio
hf v
D jzLpifzYkd vdt
k yfygw,f/ &[ef;qdv
k Qi-f
vnf; &[ef;ESifh xdkufwefwJh ygwdarmu©oH0&oDvpwJh oDvBuD;
av;yg;udk jzLpifatmif jznfhusifhEkdifzdkY vdktyfw,f/ vljzpfvQifvnf;
vlweYkd YJ xdu
k w
f efwhJ ig;yg;oDvç &Spyf g;oDvç ud;k yg;oDvç q,fyg;oDv-
qdkwJh udk,fusifhoDvawGukd jzLpifatmif xdef;odrf; apmifha&SmufEkdifzdkY

vdkygw,f/
atmufxpfqkH; yrmPtm;jzifh ajymr,fqdkvQifawmh ig;yg;oDv
jrJzYdk vdktyfw,f/ Ak'¨bmomolawmfaumif;rSefcJhvQif Ak'¨bmomukd
taMumif;jyKí tm;ud;k &mudk &SmazG&rSmjzpfawmh tm;ud;k oifh tm;ud;k -
xdkufwJh w&m;awGxJrSm 'Dudk,fusifhoDvu tajccH tkwfjrpftjzpf
yg0ifaeygw,f/ &wemokH;yg;udk udk;uG,f qnf;uyfaewJh Oygoum
'g,umç Oygodum 'g,dumr rSefcJhvQif - eHygwfwpf -- olUtowf
rowfbJ a&SmifMuOf&r,f? eHygwfEpS f -- olUypön;f rw&m;r,lbJ a&Smif-
MuOf&r,f? eHygwfoHk; -- olUom;r,m; rzsufqD;bJ a&SmifMuOf&r,f?
eHygwfav; -- rkom;pum; rajymbJ a&SmifMuOf&r,f/ eHygwfig; - rl;,pf-
aq;0g;rSeforQ tm;vHk; a&SmifMuOf&r,f/ udk,fusifhoDv b,fESpfck&Sd-
ovJ¿ ig;ck &Sdygw,f/
'Dudk,fusifhoDvu oHo&mc&D;oGm;wJh tpdwftykdif;ESifh oHo&m-
c&D;rS vGwaf jrmufa&;wdrYk mS tajccH tkwjf rpftjzpf tm;ud;k tm;xm;-
jyK&r,fh w&m;ppf w&m;rSeaf wG jzpfygw,f/ xdw k &m;ppf w&m;rSewf jYkd zifh
jynfhpkHwJh olawmfaumif;ukd 'Dw&m;awGu wpfqifhxufwpfqifh jrifh-
onfxuf jrifah ewJh b0okYd a&mufatmif (31)bkH oHo&mc&D;rS vGw-f
ajrmuf&m jzpfonfh edAmÁ efoYkd a&mufonfw
h ikd af tmif tqifqh ifh aus;Zl;-
jyKay;rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh eHygwfESpf tajccH tkwfjrpftjzpf
bk&m;&Sifu udk,fusifhoDvESifh jynfhpkH&r,fvdkY trdefY&Sdw,f/
3/ A[kókwrsm;jym;jcif;
eHygwfoHk;u tMum;tjrif A[kókw rsm;jym;jcif;yJ jzpfw,f/
bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmfawGukd oifot d m;jzifh odjcif;[k ac:qdt
k yfaom
tm*rokwç usifhodtm;jzifh odjcif;[k ac:qdktyfaom t"d*rokw
'Dw&m;ESpfyg;ESifh jynfhpHk&w,f/ bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfawGu aAm"d-
yu©d,w&m; (37)yg;udk OD;wdkufaeygw,f/ xdkaAm"dyu©d,w&m;
(37)yg;udk tqDn§pfxkwfvkdufawmh r*¾if(8)yg;? r*¾if(8)yg;udk xyfNyD;
tqDnp§ x f wk vf u
kd vf Qif oDvusiphf Ofç orm"dusiphf Ofç ynmusiphf Ofqw
kd hJ
usifhpOfoHk;&yf xGufay:vmw,f/
oDvudk b,fvkd usifh&r,fqdkwm oifodtaeeJY od&r,f? vuf-
awGUvnf; usi&hf r,f/ orm"dukd b,fvkd xlaxmif&r,fqw kd m oifod
taeeJY yxr od&r,f? 'kwd, usifhodtaeESifh odatmif rdrd ½kyfemrf
oEÅmeftpOfrmS orm"dw&m;awG ude;f 0yfvmatmif BuKd ;pm;&r,f/ oif-
odusifhod 'DtodESpfck&Sdonfh tcsdeftcgrSm 'Dorm"dudk tajccHNyD; ½kyf-
awGukd [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG odatmif emrfawGudk [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG odatmif
yxr oifodtaeeJY avhusifh&r,f/ 'kwd, usifhodtaeESifh odatmif
avhusifh&r,f/
'Dae&mrSm okwt*Fg&yfESifh ywfoufvkdY b,fvkd A[kókwrsKd;ukd
qdvk wkd ,fqw kd m xyfNy;D ajymOD;r,f? rZdÑryPÖmoygVdawmf aocokweå f
(r?2?19/)rSm A[kókwt*Fg&yfukd 'Dvkd a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f --
A[kóak wm a[mwd okw"a&m okwoEdpé a,m? a, aw "r®m

tm'duvsmPm raZÑuvsmPm y&da,momeuvsmPm omw¬m
oAsÍÆem au0vy&dykPÖH y&dok'¨H jA[®p&d,H tbd0'EdÅ? wxm½lygó
"r®m A[kókwm a[mEdÅ "mwm 0pom y&dpdwm reomEkayud©wm
'd|d,m okyÜ#d0d'¨g/ (r?2?19/)
tm*rokw = oifodA[kókw
bk&m;&Si&f UJ w&m;awmfawG[m oDvusiphf Ofqw dk hJ tp&JUaumif;-
jcif;ESiv
hf nf; jynfph w
kH ,f? orm"dusiphf Ofqw
kd hJ tv,f&UJ aumif;jcif;ESi-hf
vnf; jynfhpHkw,f? ynmusifhpOfqdkwJh tqHk;&JU aumif;jcif;ESifhvnf;

jynfph wkH ,f/ a[mMum;xm;awmfrw l hJ pum;vH;k awGuvnf; odyNf y;D awmh
odv, G w f ,f? oef&Y iS ;f w,f/ 'Dpum;vH;k awG&UJ qdv k &kd if; teufoabm-
w&m;awGuvnf; tESpo f m& jynfph akH ew,f/ vlewfeAd mÁ ef oH;k wefaom
csrf;omukd &&Sda&;twGuf tbufbufrS jynfhjynfhpHkpHk a[mMum;xm;-
awmfrw l whJ &m;awG jzpfw,f/ Ekwyf ,fzv Ykd nf; rvdb
k ;l ? xyfxnfzh v
Ydk nf;
rvkdbl;/
Oyrm --- r*¾if&Spfyg; qdkMupdkY? edAÁmefukd &&Sda&;twGuf jrwfpGm-
bk&m;u r*¾i&f pS yf g; usiphf Ofw&m;awGudk a[mMum;oGm;awmfryl gw,f/
]]'Dr*¾if&Spfyg;u wpfckawmh ykdaew,f? r*¾ifckepfyg;ESifh edAÁmefudk oGm;-
vQifvnf; &Ekdifygw,f}}vdkY Ekwfy,fMunfh? Ekwfy,fvdkY r&Ekdifbl;/
]]r*¾ifwpfyg;awmh vdkaeao;ygw,f}}vdkY xyfxnfhMunfhvQifvnf;
xnfhvdkY r&Edkifbl;? 'Davmuftxd jynfhjynfhpHkpHk a[mMum;xm;awmfrl-
ygw,f/
'Dvdk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh w&m;awGudk &[ef;-
awmfwpfyg;u okdYr[kwf olawmfaumif; wpfOD;u tvGwf&atmif
avhusifhNyD;awmh EIwfiHkaqmifxm;w,f/ 'Dvdk EIwfiHkaqmifxm;EdkifwJh
oabmukdawmh tm*rokw = oifodA[kókwvkdY ac:qkdygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm enf;enf; xyfNyD; ajymcsifao;w,f? 'DvkdqdkvQif
edAÁmefudk vkdcsifwJhyk*d¾Kvfu bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmfawGukd tukefvHk;
EIwfiHkaqmif&awmhrSmvm;vdkYawmh ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ tukefvHk; EIwfiHk
aqmifxm;Ekid v f Qiaf wmh taumif;qH;k yJ? odaYk omf 'Dae&mrSm ajymvdw
k m-
uawmh 'Dvykd g? Oyrm - ig;yg;oDvqdMk upd?Yk ig;yg;oDvukd aqmufwnf
usifhoHk;vkdwJh yk*d¾Kvfu ig;yg;oDvqkdwmu bmawG? b,fvkd aqmuf-
wnf usifhoHk;&r,f ponfjzifh em;vnfxm;NyD;jzpfzdkYç rSwfrdaezdkY
vdt
k yfygw,f/
ig;yg;oDvtaMumif;ukd rodem;rvnfwJh yk*d¾Kvfwpfa,mufu
ig;yg;oDvudk jzLpifatmif apmifhxdef;zdkYqdkwm b,fvkdrS rjzpfEkdifbl;?
tvm;wlyJ &Spyf g;oDv q,fyg;oDvawGukd aqmufwnf usio hf ;kH vdw
k hJ
olawG[mvnf; &Spfyg;oDv q,fyg;oDvawGudk wwfod em;vnfzkdY
rSwfrdzdkY vdktyfygw,f/ tvm;wlyif olawmfaumif;wpfOD;u &[ef;-
b0odkY a&muf&SdvmwJhtwGuf &[ef;oDvawGukd jzLpifatmif apmifh-
xdef;csifw,fqdkvQif rdrd apmifhxdef;&r,fh 0denf;oDvawGudk wwfod
em;vnfxm;NyD;jzpfzkdY rSwfrdaezdkY vdkygw,f/ 'Dvdk wwfod em;vnfzkdY
rSwrf ad ezdq
Yk w
kd m tvGw&f atmif usuo f ifw
h hJ tydik ;f awGukd usu&f rSm
jzpfygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ orm"dydkif; a&mufvmwJhtcgrSmvnf; tmemygeudk
pwkwp¬ smefoYdk qdu
k o
f nfw
h idk af tmif b,fvydk mG ;&r,f? uokP
d ;f (10)yg;-
udk b,fvkd yGm;&r,f? ormywf(8)yg;udk b,fvkd yGm;&r,f? jA[®pkd&f-
w&m;awGukd b,fvdk yGm;&r,f ponfjzifh yGm;yHk enf;pepfawGuakd wmh
yxr a&S;OD;pGm q&morm;xHrSm oif,l&rSm jzpfygw,f/ roifbJeJY
tvdkvdk wwfzdkYqdkwm rarQmfrSef;tyfwJh t&mawGom jzpfw,f/ rdrdu
oif,lxm;wJhtwkdif; wpfzefvufawGU atmifjrifatmif usifh&rSm
jzpfw,f/
tvm;wlyJ ynmpcef; a&mufvmNyD qkdMupdkY? a&S;OD;pGm rdrdu
0dyóempcef;udk usichf siwf ,fqv dk Qif 0dyóemqdw k mubmvJ? b,fvdk
usifh&rvJ¿ 'DtaMumif;t&mawGudk yxr q&morm;xHrSm csOf;uyf-
um oif,l&rSm jzpfw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm ynmESifh or®m'd|dr*¾ifwdkY[m
t"dyÜg,f wlnDMuygw,f/ bmudk or®m'd|d = rSefuefwJh todtjrifvkdY
ac:qkod vJ¿ bk&m;&Siu f r[mowdy|meokweå f (r?1?88/)rSm or®m'd|-d
av;rsKd; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
1/ 'ku©opömukd odwJhÓPfonf or®m'd|dç

2/ ork',opömudk odwJhÓPfonf or®m'd|dç
3/ 'ku©csKyf&m eda&m"opömudk odwJhÓPfonf or®m'd|dç
4/ 'ku©csKyf&m eda&m" = edAÁmefokdY a&mufaMumif;usifhpOfjzpfwJh
r*¾opömukd odwJhÓPfonf or®m'd|dç
'Dvdk or®m'd|dudk av;rsKd;cJGum a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
'Dopömav;yg;xJrSm 'ku©opömESifh ork',opömwkdYukd oHo&m0#frSm
vnfywfaewJh opömw&m;awGjzpfvkdY 0¥opömw&m;awGvkdY ac:qkd-
ygw,f/ eda&m"opömESihf r*¾opömw&m;awGuakd wmh oHo&m0#frS xGu-f
ajrmufaMumif; ed,smeduw&m;aumif;awGjzpfvYkd 0d0¥opömw&m;awGvYdk
ac:qkdygw,f/
awok bdu©Kaem 0a¥ ur®|membdeda0aom a[mwd? 0d0a¥
ewd¬ tbdeda0aom/ (tbd?|?2?109)
'Dvdk oar®m[0daem'eD t|uxmBuD;u zGifhqdkxm;wJhtwGuf
'kuo © pömw&m; ork',opömw&m;awG[m 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;
pD;jzef;&r,fh 0dyóemÓPf&JU t½IcH tm½Hkw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
0d0¥opömw&m;awGuawmh 0dyóem½I&r,fh w&m;awG r[kwfMuyg-
bl;/ 'gaMumifh t|omvdeDt|uxmu 0dyóem óemqdkwJh pum;vHk;udk
'Dvkd t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/
tedpmö 'd0aoe 0d0ad "[d tmuma&[d "ar® yówDwd 0dyóem/
(tbd?|?1?175/)
'ku©opöm"r® ork',opöm"r®awGudk tedpöyJ 'ku©yJ tewåyJvdkY
'Dvkd trsKd;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mwkdYjzifh ½IwwfwJhÓPfukd 0dyóem óemvdkY
ac:qkw d ,fqNdk y;D 'Dvdk &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f/ 'Dvq dk v
dk Qif 0dyóembm0em
ur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;csiw
f hJ yk*K¾d v[
f m - 'kuo
© pömw&m;awGu bmawGv¿J
ork',opömw&m;awGu bmawGv¿J rdrd 0dyóem½Ir,fh w&m;awGukd
odzkdY rvkdbl;vm;¿ vdktyfygw,f/
oHcdawåe yÍöKyg'geu©E¨m 'ku©m/ (oH?3?369/ r?1?84/)
vd&k if;wk&d iS ;f ajym&vQiaf wmh Oyg'geu©Em¨ ig;yg;onf 'kuo
© pöm-
w&m;rsm; jzpfMuygw,f/ "r®pMuma'oemawmf r[mowdy|meokweå f
a'oemawmfawGrSm 'DvdkyJ a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ [kd t*FkwådK&f
ygVdawmf wduedygwf wdwm¬ ,weokweå f (tH?1?178/)rSmawmh aMumif;-
usKd; qufEG,frI = y#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m;awGudk ork',opömvkdY
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
'Dawmh a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvfu 0dyóem½Iawmhr,fqkdvQif 'ku©opöm-
w&m;awGu bmawGvJ¿ aMumif;usKd; qufEG,frI y#dpöorkyÜg'fw&m;-
qkw
d hJ ork',opömw&m;awGu bmawGvJ¿ 'Dw&m;awGudk odatmif
b,fvkd ½I&rvJ¿ 'Dw&m;awGukd b,fvdk 0dyóem½I&rvJ¿ 'DtaMumif;
t&mawGudk odatmif q&morm;xHrSm yxr oif,l&ygw,f/ 'Dvkd
oif,lvkdY &&SdwJh oifod todÓPfudkawmh tm*rokwvkdY ac:qkdyg-
w,f/ y&d,wdåAm[kopö = y&d,wdåA[kókwvkdYvnf; ac:qdkygw,f/
(O'ge?|?266/)
'Dvkd oifodtaeeJY oif,lwJhtydkif;rSm cE¨mig;yg;vkdY ac:qdkaewJh
½lyu©E¨mqkdwmu bmawG bmawG? a0'emu©E¨mç onmu©E¨mç ocFg&-
u©E¨mqdkwJh apwodufocFg&w&m;awG qkdwmu bmawG bmawG?
0dnmPu©E¨mqdkwJh todpdwfawGu bmawG bmawG -- qdkwmukd
q&morm;xHrmS EIww f uf&atmif rSwrf ad tmifawmh oif,&l ygw,f/
'Dvkd oif,el nf;jzpfvYkd tm*rokwvkYd ac:qkyd gw,f/ 'Dtm*rokwudyk J
&nf&, G af wmfrNl y;D awmh txufyg ygVdawmfrmS "mwm 0pom y&dpw d m-
qkdNyD; a[mMum;xm;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
t"d*rokw = usio
hf Ad [ków
k
'Dvkd oif,l½HkESifhawmh rNyD;ao;bl;? bmqufvkyf&rvJ¿ reom-
Ekayud©wm 'd|d,m okyÜ#d0d'¨g - qkdNyD; ygVdawmfrSm qufNyD; a[mxm;-
awmfrljyefw,f/ 'D'ku©opömw&m; ork',opömw&m;awGudk pdwfESifh
tzefzef txyfxyf ½I&r,f? or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwkdif-
rsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&r,fvkdY 'Dvkd
qufNyD; a[mxm;awmfrljyefw,f/ 'gaMumifh t|uxmu 'Dvkd
zGifhqkdxm;awmfrljyefw,f/
reomEkayudw
© mwd pdawåe Moavmudwm/ 'd|,
d m oky#Ü 0d 'd g¨ wd
tw¬awm p um&Pawm p ynm, ok|K y#d0d'¨g ypöu©H uwm/
(tH?|?2?364/)
'ku©opöm ork',opöm ESpfck&SdwJhteuf 'ku©opömw&m;awGu
© pöm w&m;pkawGukd tw¬vYdk ac:qkw
tusK;d w&m;jzpfvYdk tJ'D 'kuo d ,f/
ork',opömw&m;awGu taMumif;w&m;jzpfvdkY tJ'D ork',opöm
w&m;awGudk um&P
um&PvkdY ac:qdkygw,f/
a,m*g0p&yk*d¾Kvfu 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;awmh-
r,fqdkvQif 0dyóemÓPf&JU t½IcH tm½HkjzpfwJh tw¬trnf&wJh 'ku©-
opömw&m;pkawGç um&Ptrnf&wJh ork',opömw&m;pkawGudk
a&S;OD;pGm odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkw&f rSm jzpfygw,f/ tJ'vD dk odatmif
BudK;pm; tm;xkwfwJhtydkif;rSm -- ynm, ok|K y#d0d'¨g ypöu©H uwm -
qkdwJh t|uxmtzGifhESifhtnD or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwkdif rsuf-
arSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&ygw,f? usifh&yg-
w,f/ 'Dvkd udk,fwkdif wu,fvufawGU usifhvkdufvkdY or®m'd|dÓPf-
jzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifvmwJh todudkawmh
t"d*rokw = usiv hf &Ydk &Sv
d mwJh A[ków
k vdYk ac:ygw,f/ O'gef; t|-
uxm(O'ge?|?266/)üum; ,if;t"d*rokwudk y#da0"Am[kopö =
y#da0"A[kókwvdkYvnf; ac:a0:oHk;pJGxm;ygw,f/
'Dawmh a,m*Dy*k K¾d vu f 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;awmh-
r,fqvkd Qif 'Dtm*rokwac:wJh ]oifo}d t"d*rokwac:wJh ]usio hf }d -
'DtodEpS rf sK;d ukd &&Sad tmifç yxr odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkw&f ygw,f/
'kuo
© pömtrnf&wJh ½kyw f &m;emrfw&m; = cE¨mig;yg;wdu Yk vkd nf; y&rw¬
"r®obm0odYk qdu k o f nfwh ikd af tmif [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG xk;d xGi;f odwwfwhJ
or®m'd|dÓPfudkvnf; &&Sd&r,f? ork',opömtrnf&wJh taMumif;
y&rwfw&m;awGuv kd nf; [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG xk;d xGi;f odwwfwhJ or®m'd|d
ÓPfudkvnf; &&Sd&r,f/
½kyef mrfuv
dk nf; [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG xk;d xGi;f odjcif;ç xk½d yk ef mrfawG&UJ
taMumif;w&m;ukv d nf; [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG xk;d xGi;f odjcif;qdw
k hJ 'Dor®m'd|d
ÓPfynmjzifh uk, d wf idk f rsuaf rSmuf odaewJh tMum;tjrif A[ków k
&Sd&r,f/ 'DtMum;tjrif A[kókwt& olawmfaumif;u od&rnfh
w&m;awGonf ½kyef mrfy&rw¬"mwfom;awGjzpfawmh xk½d yk ef mrfy&rw¬
"mwfom;awGu opöma'oemawmfenf;t& bmopömvJ¿ 'ku©opöm?
xk½d yk ef mrf y&rw¬"mwfom;awG&UJ taMumif;w&m;awGu bmopömvJ¿
ork',opöm? 'ku©opömw&m; ork',opömw&m;awGukd y&rwfodkY
ÓPftjrifqkdufatmif udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xkd;xGif;odwJh xkdyk*¾dKvf
oEÅmefü okwqkdwJh olawmfaumif;Opöm jynfhpkHNyD? xkdokwqkdwJh
olawmfaumif;Opöm jynfhpkHaewJh Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwpfOD;onf
aemufxyfwpfzef jynfhpkHoifh jynfhpkHxdkufwJh w&m;awGu b,fw&m;-
awGvJ¿
4/ pm*w&m;ESifh jynfhpHkjcif;
pma*e orEém*awm = ay;urf; pGeMYf ujJ cif; pm*w&m;eJY jynfph &Hk -
w,f/ 'DaeY tvSL&Sifrsm;uJYokdY &wemokH;wef uH-uH\tusKd;w&m;

tay:ü ,kMH unf ouf0ifaewJh o'¨gw&m; rsK;d aph tay:ü tajcpdu k Nf y;D
oDvwnf;[laom ajray:rSm &yfwnfNyD; tMum;tjrif A[kókw
rsm;jym;jcif;wnf;[laom or®m'd|d ÓPfynmw&m;awG jcH&Hvsuf
ay;urf; pGeMYf ujJ cif;qdw
k hJ pm*w&m; jyKcrhJ ,fqv
dk Qif xkad y;urf; pGeMYf u-J
jcif; pm*w&m;awG[m tvGef tqift h wef; jrifrh m;aewJh w&m;wpfck
jzpfoGm;ygw,f/
5/ 0dyóemÓPfynmESihf jynfph jkH cif;
tu,fí xkpd m*w&m;awG jynfph akH ewJh olawmfaumif;u aemuf-
xyf ynm, orEém*awm = 0dyóemynmawGeJYyg ydkNyD; jynfhpkHcJhr,f
qkv d Qiaf wmh twdik ;f xuftvGef wHceG ef b YJ &k m; jzpfomG ;Ny/D o'¨g-oDv-
okw-ynm--[k qdktyfwJh 'DtaMumif;w&m;av;ck jcH&Hxm;tyfwJh
pm*w&m;awG[m tvGef tqift h wef; jrifo h mG ;ygw,f/ tqift h wef;
jrifrh m;aewJh 'Dpm*w&m;u tusK;d ay;wJh tcsed t f cgrSm tqift h wef;
tvGef jrifrh m;aewJh tusK;d awGudk ay;Ekid w
f phJ rG ;f tm; &Syd gw,f/ 'DprG ;f tm;
&SdrIESifh ywfoufNyD; jrwfpGmbk&m;u b,fvkda[mxm;awmfrlovJ¿
£" bdu©Ka0 bdu©K o'¨g, orEém*awm a[mwd? oDave
orEém*awm a[mwd? okawe orEém*awm a[mwd? pma*e
orEém*awm a[mwd? ynm, orEém*awm a[mwd/
bdua© 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wk/Yd £" = þomoemawmfjrwftwGi;f -
ü/ bdu©K = a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf/ o'¨g, = &wemokH;wef
uH-uH\tusKd;w&m;tay:ü ouf0if,kHMunfaom o'¨gw&m;ESifh/
or®Eém*awm = jynfhpkHonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ oDave = ukd,fusifh-
oDvESifh/ orEém*awm = jynfhpkHonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ okawe =
tMum;tjrif A[kókw rsm;jym;jcif; okww&m;ESifh/ orEém*awm =
Hk nf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ pma*e = ay;urf; pGeMYf ujJ cif; pm*w&m;-
jynhpf o
ESifh/ orEém*awm = jynfhpkHonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ ynm, =
0dyóemÓPfynmESi/hf orEém*awm = jynfph o Hk nf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
OD;wnfcsufrsm;
wó = o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmac:wJh olawmfaumif;Opöm
ig;yg;ESifh jynfhpHkaewJh a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmf wpfyg;\ oEÅmefü/
{0H = þokdYaom tMuHtpnfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfay:íaeay\/
olUoEÅmefrSm pdwftMuHtpnfwpfck jzpfay:aew,f/
]]ta[m 0wm[H um,ó ab'g y&H r&Pm cwåd,r[m-
omvmeH o[AswH OyyaZÆ,sH/}}
t[H = igonf/ um,ó = ukd,fcE¨m\/ ab'g = ysufpD;jcif;-
aMumifh/ y&H r&Pm = pkwdjywfa<u aovGefonfrS aemufumvü/
cwå, d r[momvmeH = cwå,d r[momvtrnf&aom olaX;ol<u,f-
Yd / o[AswH = taygif;tazmf\ tjzpfo/Ydk OyyaZÆ,sH = uyfa&muf-
wk\
í ae&ygrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf-- aumif;avpG/ {0H = þuJhokdY
pdwftMuHtpnfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfay:í aeav\/
cE¨mukd,f\ ysufpD;onfrS aemufumvü cwdå,r[momv-
trnf&wJh olaX;ol<u,fw\ Ykd taygif;tazmf tjzpfoYdk a&muf&&Sd vQif
odyaf umif;r,f? 'Dvkd pdwt
f Mut H pnf jzpfay:vmw,f/ 'DtMut H pnf
jzpf½kHwGifvm;¿ ruao;bl;/
aom wH pdwåH '[wd? wH pdwåH t"d|mwd? wH pdwåH bma0wd/
aom = xkdyk*¾dKvfonf/ wH pdwHå = xkduJhokdYaom jzpfvkdaom pdwf-
xm;ukd/ '[wd = aqmufwnfxm;\/ wH pdwåH = xkduJhokdYaom pdwf-
xm;ukd/ t"d|mwd = ESvkH;xJ xnfhoGif;xm;\/ t"d|mwd = t"d|mef-

jyKxm;\/ wH pdwHå = xku
d o
hJ Ydk jzpfvw f m;uk/d bma0wd = yGm;rsm;í
dk hJ pdwx
xm;\/
acwfpum;eJYajym&vQif qkawmif;yefxGmxm;\/ 'DvkdykHpH jzpfukd
jzpf&r,f? cwå,
d r[momv trnf&wJh rif;ç olaX;ol<u,f aemifb0ü
jzpfukdjzpf&r,f[k pdwf"mwfawG jyKjyif ajymif;vJxm;w,f/ qkawmif;
yefxGmNyD; xm;vkdufawmh --
wó aw ocFg&m p 0d[m&m p {0H bm0dwm {0H A[kvDuwm
wMwKyywåd,m oH0wåEÅd/ t,H bdu©a0 ra*¾g t,H y#dy'g wMwK-
yywåd,m oH0wåwd/
{0H bm0dwm = þuJo h Ydk tavhtvm jyKtyfaom/ {0H A[kvu D -
wm = þuJhokdY Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKí xm;tyfaom/ aw
ocFg&m p = xkdjyKpkysKd;axmifxm;tyfaom ukokdvfuH ocFg&w&m;wkdY-
onfvnf;aumif;/ aw 0d[m&m p = xdt k xl;ojzifh jyKjyifxm;tyfaom
ukov dk u Yd nfvnf;aumif;/ wMwKyy-
f H ocFg&w&m;wküYd aexkid jf cif;wko
wd,å m = xkcd wå,d r[momv trnf&aewJh trsK;d tEG,üf f jzpf&eftvk-Yd
iSm/ oH0wåEÅd = jzpfavukef\/
xkdolu b,ftay:rSm &yfwnfNyD; 'DocFg&w&m;awGukd jyKpk
ysK;d axmifovJ¿ o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynm[k ac:qkt d yfwhJ olawmf-
aumif;Opöm ig;yg;tay:rSm &yfwnfNy;D rS 'Duo k vdk f ocFg&w&m;awGudk
jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhw,f/ 'Dvkd jyKpkysKd;axmifwJh tcsdeftcgrSm olu
bmjzpfvJ¿
{0H bm0dwm {0H A[kvDuwm
wm?
pdw"f mwfu 'Dcwå,
d r[momvü jzpfap&r,fqw
dk hJ 'Dpw
d "f mwf-
awGukd Burd zf efrsm;pGm yGm;rsm;xm;w,f? 'Dvdk pdw"f mwfawGrmS &yfwnf-
NyD;awmh 'Dpdwf"mwfawGukd Budrfzefrsm;pGm yGm;rsm;NyD;awmh o'¨g-oDv-
okw-pm*-ynmqkdwJh ukokdvfocFg&w&m;udk Budrfzefrsm;pGm jyKpk
ysKd;axmifxm;w,f/
t0dZÆm-wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uH
'Duok v
dk f ocFg&w&m;awGu aemiftcg olarQmv f ifh awmifwh ae-
wJh cwåd,r[momvvdkY ac:qkdtyfwJh b0wpfckck jzpfay:apEkdifwJh
taMumif;&if;awG jzpfaeMuw,f/ 'DtaMumif;&if;jzpfwJh 'DocFg&
w&m;awG[m 'Dowå0gukd cwå, d r[momv rif;olaX;ol<u,f trsK;d -
tEG,fü y#doaE¨ wnfaezdkY&mtwGuf taMumif;&if;awG jzpfukefNyD?
'Dawmh bkef;BuD;wkdY enf;enf;uav; y#dpöorkyÜg'fenf;eJY jyefajymr,f?
rif;olaX;ol<u,fqdkwm or®Kwdopöme,fu &SdwmrSefw,f? y&rw¬
opöme,fbufu Munfrh ,fqv dk Qif rif;olaX;ol<u,fqwdk m &So
d vm;¿
r&Sdbl;/
rif;olaX;ol<u,fvYkd ac:qkt d yfwhJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wGudk y&rw¬opöme,f-
bufu vSrf;NyD; "mwfBuD;av;yg; zrf;pkduf½Ivkdufr,fqkdvQif ½kyfemrf
y&rw¬"mwfom; tpktykHyJ &Sdw,f/ xkd½kyfemrfw&m;awGonf ,ckjzpf
,ckysufaewJh tedpöawGom rSefw,f? jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh
tjrrJ jywf n§O;f yef; ESyd pf ufcaH e&wJh 'kuw© &m;awGom rSew f ,f? rysu-f
pD;bJ tBudwftcJ tckdiftrm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaewJh twå-
r[kwfwJh tewåw&m;awGom rSefw,f/
½kyfw&m;tpktykH emrfw&m;tpktykHom rSefw,f/ taMumif;-
w&m;tpktykH tusK;d w&m;tpktykaH wGom rSewf ,f/ tedpw ö &m; tpk-
tykçH 'kuw© &m;tpktykçH tewåw&m;tpktyHak wGom rSew f ,f/ ½kyef mrf-
tpktykH taMumif;w&m;tpktyHk tusK;d w&m;tpktyHv k dYk rodb?J tedp-ö
w&m;tpktykH 'kuw© &m;tpktykH tewåw&m;tpktykv H Ydk rodb?J rif;-

olaX;ol<u,fvkdY odcJhvQif 'DtodawG[m rSefovm;¿ rrSefbl;/
'DtodrSm;rIu t0dZÆm? xkdtodrSm;rI t0dZÆmukd tajcwnfNyD;
rif;olaX;ol<u,f b0tay:ü wG,fwmwyfrufaewJh wPSmwpfck
ay:vmw,f/ xkdwG,fwmwyfrufwJh wPSmu Budrfzefrsm;pGmjzpfvdkY
&ifu h suv f mvQif 'DwPSmukyd J Oyg'gefvYdk ac:ygw,f/ aygif;vku d af wmh
t0dZÆm-wPSm-Oyg'gefqkdwJh udavom0#f(3)yg; xlaxmifrdvsufom;
jzpfomG ;Ny?D 'Duad vom0#fudk tajcpdu k Nf y;D xkyd *k Kd¾ vu
f bmawG xyfvyk -f
ovJ¿
o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmqkdwJh ukokdvfocFg&w&m;awGukd
wpfzef jyKpyk sK;d axmifjyefw,f/ xko d cFg&w&m;awGuvnf; tedpw ö &m;-
awGom rSeMf uw,f? 'kuw © &m;awGom rSeMf uw,f? tewåw&m;awGom
rSeMf uw,f/ tedpw ö &m;awGom jzpfjcif;aMumifh jzpfNy;D wmeJY csucf si;f yJ
ysufoGm;Muw,f/ jzpfNyD; ysufoGm;Muaomfvnf; aemifwpfcsdef ol
arQmfvifh awmifhwaewJh cwåd,r[momv rif;olaX;ol<u,fqkdwJh
cE¨mig;yg;udk jzpfapEdik w f hJ pGr;f tifur®owdu å dk ½kyef mrftpOfrmS jrK§ yEf NHS y;D rS
omvQif csKyfysufoGm;w,f/ tJ'D pGrf;tifur®owådukd ]uH} [k ac:yg-
w,f/
aygif;vku d af wmh t0dZmÆ -wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uHqw kd hJ taMumif;
w&m;ig;ck pkHnDoGm;w,f/ olUoEÅmefrSm t0dZÆm-wPSm-Oyg'gefawG
jc&H oH mG ;Ny?D t0dZmÆ -wPSm-Oyg'gefawG jc&H x H m;tyfwhJ 'DocFg&uHawGu
olarQmfvifh awmifhwaewJh cwdå,r[momv trnf&wJh rif;olaX;-
ol<u,fb0ukd jzpfay:apzkdY&ef taMumif;w&m;awG jzpfukefMuw,f/
taMumif;w&m;awG jzpfwJhtwGuf bmjzpfovJ¿
t,H bdu©a0 ra*¾g t,H y#dy'g wMwKyywåd,m oH0wåwd/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ t,H = þocFg&w&m;u/ wMwKy-
ywdå,m = xkdrif;olaX;ol<u,f cwdå,r[momvb0ü jzpfay:vm-
zkdY&ef/ ra*¾g = taMumif;&if; r*fvrf;wnf;/ t,H = þonfum;/
y#dy'g = usifh0wfy#dywfaywnf;/
'D olaX;ol<u,f jzpfcsifw,fqkdvQif jzpfatmif jyKvkyf&wJh
taMumif;&if;awGu bmawGv¿J t0dZmÆ -wPSm-Oyg'gef jc&H x H m;tyfwhJ
o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmqkdwJh olawmfaumif;Opöm aumif;rI-
ukokdvfawGudk jyKpkysKd;axmifwJh ocFg&w&m;awGESifh ,if;ocFg&wkdY&JU
pGr;f tifur®owdaå wG jzpfMuw,f/ tJ'D taMumif;w&m;ig;ck pkn H cD v
hJ Qif
wpfcsed f olU&JUcE¨m ysupf ;D Ny;D aemufumvü olarQmv
f ifh awmifw
h aewJh
cwdå,trsKd;tEG,fü rjzpfEkdifbl;vm;¿ jzpfEkdifygw,f/
tu,fí ykPÖm;olaX;ol<u,fb0 *[ywdolaX;ol<u,fb0-
awGukd tvkd&SdcJhvQifvnf; 'DtaMumif;w&m;awGukd xlaxmifcJhvQif
jzpfEidk yf gw,f/ 'DavmufEiS hf wif;wdrf a&mif&h J rrI &db
S J ewfjynf ajcmuf-
xyfrmS wnf&adS ewJh ewfom;b0 ewforD;b0ukd arQmv f ifh awmifw h cJ-h
vQifvnf; xkdxkdb0awGukd a&mufatmif 'DtaMumif;w&m;awGu
jyKjyifay;Ekid w
f hJ used ;f aowJph rG ;f tm; &Sad ew,f? bmjzpfvYdk used ;f aowJh
pGrf;tm;vkdY ajym&ovJ¿
olUrSm ,kHMunfwJh o'¨gw&m; tjynfht0 &Sdaew,f/ udk,fusifh
oDvuvnf; tjrJwrf; jzLpifaew,f/ y&rw¬"mwfom; 'ku©opöm-
w&m;ESifh taMumif;w&m;[k ac:qkdtyfwJh ork',opömw&m;awGukd
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odaewJh tMum;tjrif A[kókwuvnf; oifod
usio
hf d 'DEpS rf sK;d wkjYd zifh A[ków
k uvnf; &Sad ew,f/ ay;urf; pGeMYf ujJ cif;
pm*w&m;uvnf; xif&mS ; &Sad ew,f/ 'D'u k o © pömw&m;ç ork',opöm-
w&m;awG&JU tedpötjcif;t&mç 'ku©tjcif;t&mç tewåtjcif;t&m-
awGudk or®m'd|Ó
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjcif;
qkdwJh 0dyóem ÓPfynmESifhvnf; jynfhpkHaeNyD?
'Dvdk jynfph aHk ewJh yk*Kd¾ vt
f zkYd rdrv
d v
dk m; awmifw
h aewJh b0wpfcok Ydk
a&mufzkdY&efom pdwf"mwfu aqmufwnfvkdufyg? aqmufwnfvdkuf-
vQif xdkaqmufwnfxm;wJhtwkdif; rdrd vkdvm; awmifhwaewJh b0ukd
a&muf&SdEkdifygw,fqdkNyD; 'Dvkd bk&m;&Sifu tmrcHxm;w,f/ 'DtmrcH-
csuEf iS hf ywfoufNy;D t|uxmq&mawmfu pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f m zGiq hf -dk
xm;ygw,f/ b,fvkd zGifhqkdxm;ovJ¿
yw¬emESifh ukodkvf"r®
t,H ra*¾g t,H y#dy'gwd o[ yw¬em, yÍö "r®m0/ ,ó
[d yÍö "r®m tw¬d? e yw¬em? wó *wd tedA'¨g/ (r?|?4?104/)
t,H ra*¾g = 'gu rdrd arQmfvifhawmifhwaewJh b0okdY a&muf-
aMumif;jzpfwhJ r*¾vrf;aMumif; jzpfw,f/ t,H y#dy'g = 'gu usi0hf wf-
y#dywf jzpfw,fqkdNyD; 'Dvdk a[mxm;w,f/ a[mxm;wJh ae&mrSm
qk a wmif ; yef x G m rI E S i f h w uG o'¨ g -oD v -ok w -pm*-ynmac:wJ h
taMumif;w&m; ig;yg;om jzpfygw,f/ o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynm-
ac:wJh 'Dolawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;rSm qkawmif;yefxGmrI yg&r,fvkdY
qkv
d ydk gw,f/ tJ'aD wmh 'Dqak wmif;yefxmG rI r&Sv d Qif bmjzpfEikd o
f vJ¿
,ó = tMuifyk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefü/ yÍö "r®m = o'¨g-oDv-okw-
pm*-ynm[k ac:qkdtyfaaom olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;wkdYonf/
tw¬d = &Sd Muavuke\f / yw¬em = qkawmif;yefxmG rI yw¬emw&m;onf/
e tw¬d = r&Sad y/ wó = xkyd *k Kd¾ v\
f oEÅmefü/ *wd = vm;&m*wdonf/
tedA'¨g = tjrJr&Sday/
yk*Kd¾ vw
f pfa,muf\ oEÅmefü 'DaeY w&m;tm;xkwaf ewJh a,m*D-
yk*Kd¾ vf wcsKUd vdk o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmac:wJh olawmfaumif;Opöm
ig;yg;eJY jynfhpkHaeNyD? olawmfaumif;Opömig;yg; xif&Sm;&SdNyD? okdYaomf
bmjzpf&ygvkd\ ponfjzifh qkawmif;yefxGmrI yw¬emawmh r&Sdbl;?
r&Scd vhJ Qif xkyd *k Kd¾ v\
f aemifwpfcsed f aoNy;D onfh aemufumvrSm jzpfay:
vm;a&muf&r,fh *wduawmh b,fb0qkdwJh owfrSwfcsuf aocsmpGm
r&Sdbl;/
,ó yw¬em tw¬d? e yÍö "r®m? wóyd tedA'¨g/
,ó = tMuifyk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefü/ yw¬em = qkawmif;yefxGmrI
yw¬emw&m;onfum;/ tw¬d = xif&Sm;&Sd\/ yÍö "r®m = o'¨g-oDv-
okw-pm*-ynmvdYk ac:qkt d yfwhJ olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;onfum;/
e twd¬ = xif&mS ;r&SMd uavuke/f wóyd = xkyd *k Kd¾ v\
f oEÅmefüvnf;/
*wd = vm;&m*wdonf/ tedA'¨g = tjrJr&Sdonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
w&m;ig;rsKd;ESifh rjynfhpHkwJh yw¬em
yk*¾dKvfwpfa,muf\ oEÅmefrSm bmjzpf&ygvkd\ç nmjzpf&ygvkd\
ponfjzifh qkawmif;yefxGmrI xif&Sm;&Sdaew,f? okdYaomf o'¨g-oDv-
okw-pm*-ynmvdaYk c:qkt d yfwhJ olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;u xif&mS ;
r&Sjd yefb;l ? r&Scd v
hJ Qiv
f nf; xkyd *k Kd¾ v\
f qkawmif;yefxmG rIonf qkawmif;
wJhtwkdif; jynfhpkHEkdifwJhoabm &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ o'¨g-
oDv-okw-pm*-ynmESihf &if;Ny;D rS rdrd vkv d m;awmifw
h aewJh b0qkwd m
&EkdifwJhoabm &Sdygw,f/
,kMH unfcsuf oabmw&m;u tm;aysmw h ,f? uk,
d u
f sio
hf v
D awG-
uvnf; jzLpifoef&Y iS ;f rI r&Sb
d ;l ? Murf;yk;d uav; jcifuav;vnf; owf-
vdv
k Qif owfvu dk wf myJ? olwpfyg; ypön;f Opömvnf; rw&m;aom enf;-
vrf;jzifh ,l&r,fqkdvQifvnf; ,lvkdufwmyJ? umarokrdpämpm&trI
vGefusL;zkdY tcGifhtvrf; &vQifvnf; vGefusL;vkdufwmyJ? rkom;pum;-
awGuv kd nf; a&vkd ok;H vku

d w f myJ? rl;,pfaq;0g;awGuvnf; MuKH vu kd -f
vQif rdrw d b
Ydk ufu BuKd uv
f udk wf myJ? ]]wynfah wmfu BuKd uv f dkY r[kwyf g-
bl;? MuKH vYdk rvTrJ a&SmifomwJh rdwaf qGawG iJNh y;D vGeu f sL;vku
d w f myg}}qkw d hJ
ykpH jH zifh aomufcsiv f nf; aomufvu dk rf ,f? rS0D cJ sivf nf; rS0D vJ udk w
f ,f/
'Dyk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm ukd,fusifhoDv jzLpifovm;¿ rjzLpifbl;/
,kMH unfcsuf o'¨gw&m;uvnf; tm;enf;w,f? uk, d u
f sio
hf v
D u-
vnf; raumif;bl;/ aemufwpfck tMum;tjrif A[kókw qkdwmu-
vnf; r&Sb d ;l / ½kyv
f nf;rodç emrfvnf;rodç taMumif;w&m;vnf;rodç
tusK;d w&m;vnf;rod? ay;urf; pGeMYf ujJ cif; pm*w&m;uvnf; r&Sb d ;l /
&Sdjyefawmhvnf; ,if;pm*w&m;ukd o'¨g-oDv-okw-ynmvkdY ac:qkd-
tyfwJh olawmfaumif;OpömawGu jcH&Hxm;rI r&Sdjyefbl;/
aemufwpfck - 'D ½kyf-emrf-aMumif;-usKd; ocFg&w&m;wkdY&JU tedpö-
tcsuçf 'kut © csuçf tewåtcsuaf wGudk xk;d xGi;f odjrifwwfwhJ 0dyó-
em ÓPfynmuvnf; r&Sjd yefb;l ? 'Dvrdk &Sw d hJ yk*K¾d v&f UJ oEÅmefrmS qkawG
trsKd;rsKd; awmif;aeaomfvnf; olUqkawmif;csufonf jynhfpkHEdkifwJh
oabm&Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ vm;&m*wdvnf; xkdyk*d¾KvfrSm jrJEkdifrvm;¿
rjrJEkdifbl;/ 'gaMumifh ---
ESprf sK;d vH;k &Syd grS atmifjrifEidk o
f nf
a,oH Ob,H tw¬d? awoH *wd edA'¨g/
a,oH = tMuify*k K¾d vw
f \ Ydk oEÅmefü/ Ob,H = o'¨g-oDv-okw-
pm*-ynm[k ac:qkt d yfaom olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;ESihf qkawmif;
d / awoH = xkyd *k K¾d v-f
yefxmG rI yw¬emw&m; ESprf sK;d vH;k onf/ tw¬d = &S\
wkdYtm;/ *wd = vm;&m*wdonf/ edA'¨g = jrJvsuf&Sd\/
yk*d¾Kvfwpfa,muf Munfhvkdufr,fqkdvQif o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-
ynmac:wJh olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;vnf; wpfzufu jynfhpkHw,f/
wpfzufuvnf; rdrd arQmv f ifh awmifw
h aewJt h wkid ;f qkawmif;yefxmG rI
yw¬emw&m;uvnf; &Sdaew,f/ 'Dvkd olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;eJY
jynfhpkHjcif;ç qkawmif;yefxGmrI txift&Sm; &Sdjcif;ç 'DtaMumif;w&m;-
ESpcf k xif&mS ;&Sad ewJh olawmfaumif; yk*Kd¾ vw
f pfO;D &JU oEÅmefü rdrd awmif-h
wxm;tyfwJh qkawmif;tm;avsmfpGm vm;&m*wd jrJaew,f/ rdrd
jzpfvdkwJhb0 rjzpfEkdifbl;vm;¿ jzpfEkdifw,f/
,xm [d tmumao cdwå'a@m ta*¾e 0g raZÑe 0g rlave
0g edywdówDwd ed,arm ew¬d?
tmumao = aumif;uifü/ cdwå'a@m = ypftyfaom wkwf-
onf/ ta*¾e 0g = tzsm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ raZÑe 0g = tv,f-
jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ rlave 0g = t&if;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/
edywdówd = usvmvwåHU/ £wd = þodkY/ ed,arm = owfrSwfxm;-
jcif;onf/ ew¬d ,xm = r&SdavouJhokdY/
owfrSwfcsuf rxm;bJ aumif;uifokdY wkwfwpfacsmif;ajr§mufNyD;
ypfvu dk yf g? 'Dajrm§ ufypfvu
dk af om wkwo
f nf t&if;uusr,fqw kd hJ 'Dv-dk
jrJwJh owfrSwfcsuf &Sdovm;¿ r&SdEkdifbl;/ tv,fu jyefusr,fqkdwJh
owfrSwfcsuf &SdEkdifovm;¿ r&SdEkdifbl;/ tzsm;u jyefusr,fqkdwJh
owfrSwfcsufaum &SdEkdifovm;¿ r&SdEkdifbl;? tJ'Dvkd r&SdEkdifovkdbJ?
{0H owåmeH y#doE¨d*¾[PH ted,wH/
{0H = þtwlomvQif/ owåmeH = owå0gwdkY\/ y#doE¨d*¾[PH =
y#doaEükd ,ljcif;onfum;/ ted,wH = jraJ om owfrw
S cf surf &So
d nf/
a[mwd = jzpf\/
owå0gwk&Yd UJ o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmac:wJh taMumif;w&m;

ig;yg; pkHonfjzpfapç rpHkonfjzpfapç qkawmif;yefxGmrI &Sdonfjzpfapç
r&So
d nfjzpfapç taMumif;w&m; ig;yg;uvnf; pHv k ifrrI &Sçd qkawmif;-
yefxGmrIvnf; r&SdcJhvQif xkdowå0g&JU wrvGefb0 y#doaE¨tm;jzifh
uyfa&muf&wJhtcg jrJaom owfrSwfcsuf &SdEkdifovm;¿ r&SdEkdifbl;/
wo®m ukovH ur®H uwGm {uo®d H Xmae yw¬eH umwkH 0¥wd/
wo®m = xkad Mumif/h ukovH urH® = aumif;rIuo k v
dk u H /dk uwGm
f u
= jyKí/ {uo®ð Xmae = wpfckaom ae&mXmeü/ yw¬eH = qkawmif;
yefxGmjcif;ukd/ umwHk = jyKjcif;iSm/ 0¥wd = oifhvSay\/
'gaMumifh aumif;rIuok v
dk f jyKvyk w
f t
hJ cg qkwpfcck u
k dk wpfae&mrSm
awmif;Ekdifw,f/ wpfae&mqkdwmu or®moarÁm"dÓPf tvkd&SdcJhvQif
or®moarÁm"dÓPfqkdwJh &mxl; XmeEÅ& &&SdzkdYç yapöuaAm"dÓPfç
t*¾om0uaAm"dÓPfç r[mom0uaAm"dÓPfç yuwdom0uaAm"d-
ÓPfqkdwJh aAm"dÓPf wpfckckukd tvkd&SdcJhvQifvnf; xkdaAm"dÓPf
&mxl; XmeEÅ& wpfckckukd &&SdzkdYtwGuf qkawmif;yefxGmoifhw,f/
'Dvrdk S r[kwbf J b0wpfcu k dk arQmv
f ifh awmifw h cJvh Qif rdrad rQmv
f ifh
awmifw h aewJh b0wpfcv k Ydk ac:qkt d yfwhJ Xmewpfcu k dk a&muf&adS tmif
qkawmif; yefxGmNyD; aumif;rIukokdvf jyKoifhw,f/ b,fvkd aumif;rI
ukov dk af wGv¿J o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmqdw k hJ taMumif;w&m;ig;ck
qdw
k hJ ukov dk w
f &m;awGy?J 'Duo k vkd w
f &m;awGEiS hf pkn
H aD ewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGudk
bk&m;&Sifu tmrcHcsuf ay;ygw,f/
&wemokH;yg;ukd ukd;uG,f qnf;uyfaewJh Oygoum Oygodumr
jzpfvmvQif 'DtmrcHcsuef YJ nDñw G w
f hJ taMumif;w&m;awGukd rdrw d \
Ydk
½kyef mrfoEÅmeftpOfrmS ude;f 0yfvmatmif BuKd ;pm; tm;xkwzf Ydk vkt
d yf-
w,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ oHo&mc&D;qkdwmu quf&ef &SdaeMuao;w,f
qkdvQif rdrdwkdY vkdvm; awmifhwaewJh ae&mXmewpfck &mxl; XmeEÅ&-
wpfckokdY usdef;ao{uef a&mufapEkdifwJh taMumif;&if;awG r&Sdbl;qkd-
vQif z½kdz&J NydKuGJ ysufpD;EkdifwJhoabm r&SdEkdifbl;vm;¿ &SdEkdifw,f/
]]½kyfemrf"r®ç ocFg&[kç ukd,fu þykHç jzpfvkdwkHvnf;ç wzkHqifuGJç
olwpfeJjzifhç azmufvJGwwfpGmç "r®wmukdç ynmpu©Kç arQmfaxmuf½I-
avmh}}qdw k hJ rif;uGe;f wdy#d u"& q&mawmfBu;D qkq d ;Hk rxm;wJh twkid ;f yJ
ukd,fu 'Dvkd jzpfvdkaomfvnf; ukd,fjzpfapvkdwJh ykHpHtwkdif; rjzpfbJ
ykHpH trsKd;rsKd; ajymif;vJNyD; rjzpfwwfbl;vm;¿ jzpfwwfygw,f/ usdef;-
aowJh uHawGukd xlaxmifrI &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ usdef;aorI r&SdwJh
uHawGudk xlaxmifcrhJ ,f qkv d Qiaf wmh rdrw
d Ydk arQmvf ifh awmifwh aewJ-h
twkdif; &mxl; XmeEÅ&awG &&SdEdkifrvm;¿ r&&SdEdkifbl;/
'DokwåefrSm bk&m;&Sifu rif;olaX;ol<u,f b0ukd tpxm;um
b0trsK;d rsK;d tay: cHpm;rIEiS hf ywfoufNy;D tqifq h ifh a[moGm;awmfr-l
ygw,f/ 'Da[mxm;awmfrw l t
hJ wkid ;f tu,fí vlcsr;f omç ewfcsr;f om
tvkrd &Scd v
hJ Ydk jA[®mcsr;f om tvk&d cdS rhJ ,fqv
dk Qif xko
d al wmfaumif;wpfO;D -
onf jA[®mcsr;f om &&Sad &;twGuf 'Do'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmac:wJh
taMumif;w&m;awGukd tajccHNyD; bmvkyf&rvJ¿
½lyjA[®mb0
£ar wm0 yÍö "ar® bma0wGm umrm0pa&ok edAÁwåwk/
jA[®avmau edAÁwåH ye tmo0u©,Íö uxH ygykPmwDwd¿
£ar yÍö "r®m = þo'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmqkdwJh olawmf-
aumif;Opöm ig;yg;wdu Yk /dk bma0wGm = yGm;rsm;jcif;aMumif/h umrm0pa&-
ok = umr0p&bkw H üYdk / edAw Á w
å k = jzpfaumif;jzpfwefap/ jA[®avmau
= jA[®mbHkü/ edAÁwHå = jzpfjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ tmo0u©,Íö =

tmoa0gw&m;wk\ Yd uke&f mjzpfwhJ t&[wåzv
dk u
f dk &&Sdjcif;onfvnf;-
aumif;/ uxH = b,fykH b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh/ ygykPmwd
= a&muf&Sdí vmEkdifygoenf;¿
jA[®mjynfukd b,fvkda&mufEkdifovJ¿ edAÁmefukd b,fvkda&muf
EkdifovJ¿ tmoa0gw&m;wkdY&JU ukef&mjzpfwJh edAÁmefukd 'D o'¨g-oDv-
okw-pm*-ynmac:wJh 'Doal wmfaumif;Opömig;yg;udk yGm;rsm;jcif;aMumifh
b,fvkd jzpfvmEkdifovJ¿ 'Dvkdawmh ar;xm;w,f? ar;xm;vkduf-
wJhtcgrSm t|uxmq&mawmfu b,fvkd ajzxm;ovJ¿
£ar yÍö "r®m oDvH? aom £ro®d H oDav ywd|m, uodP-
y&dur®H uwGm wm wm ormywåda,m bma0wGm ½lyDjA[®avmau
edAÁwåwd?
£ar yÍö "r®m = þig;yg;aom w&m;wküYd / oDvH = uk, d u
f sio
hf v
D -
w&m;onf/ tw¬d = xif&Sm;&Sdae\/ aom = xkdolawmfaumif;onf/
£ro®ð oDav = þoDvü/ ywd|m, = &yfwnfí/ uodPy&dur®H =
uokdPf;y&durfudk/ uwGm = jyKí/ wm wm ormywdåa,m = xkdxdk
½lyg0p&psmeformywfwu Ydk /kd bma0wGm = yGm;rsm;í/ ½lyjD A[®avmau
= ½lyg0p& jA[®mjynfavmuü/ edAÁwåwd = jzpfEkdifay\/
o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmqkdwJh olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;-
xJrmS oDvrygbl;vm;¿ ygaew,f/ 'Dov D u tajccH taMumif;&if;-
jzpfaeNyD; ukd,fusifhoDvac:wJh ajray:ü &yfwnfNyD;awmh xkdolawmf-
aumif;u uokP d ;f y&durfqw dk hJ xkx
d b
dk m0emawGudk yGm;rsm; tm;xkw-f
cJrh ,fqvdk Qif rdrwd \Ydk yg&rDtm;avsmpf mG yxrpsmefç 'kw, d psmefç wwd-
,psmefç pwkwp¬ smefqw dk hJ ½lyg0p&psmefawG &&Scd v
hJ Qif ½lyg0p&jA[®mjynf-
rSm jzpfEkdifygw,f/
t½lyjA[®mb0
t½lyZÑmemed edAÁawåwGm t½lyDjA[®avmau?
t½lyZÑmemed = t½lyg0p&psmefwkdYudk/ edAÁawåwGm = jzpfapEdkifcJh-
onf&Sdaomf/ t½lyDjA[®avmau = t½lyjA[®mjynfü/ edAÁwåwd =
jzpfEkdifay\/
'D uokdPf;bm0emvkyfief;&yfawGudk tajccHNyD; ½lyg0p&psmef
(4)yg; &&SdNyD;wJh olawmfaumif;u t½lyg0p&psmeformywfawGukd
&&Sad tmif wpfqifw h ufNy;D BuKd ;pm; tm;xkwcf rhJ ,fqvdk Qif t½lyjA[®m-
jynfrSmvnf; jzpfEkdifygw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ 'DuHawGu qkdif&mqkdif&m
½lyg0p&bkH t½lyg0p&bkaH wGrmS y#doaE¨tusK;d udk vkv d m;awmifw h aewJh
olawmfaumif;tzkdY y#doaEükd jzpfapEkdifwJh pGrf;tm; &Sdygw,f/
aemufwpfck -
ok'¨g0gob0
ormywåyd '|meH 0dyóeH 0a¹wGm tem*grdzvH opäu
d wGm yÍöok
ok'¨g0gaook edAÁwåwd/
ormywdåy'|meH = psmeformywfvQif tajccH taMumif;t&if;-
&Sdaom/ 0dyóeH = 0dyóemÓPfukd/ 0a¹wGm = wkd;yGm;apí/ (0g)
wk;d yGm;atmif vHv hJ nf&adS omf/ tem-
Yk BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm; tm;xkwEf idk cf o
*grdzvH = tem*grdzkdvfokdY/ opdäuwGm = rsufarSmufjyKEkdifjcif;aMumifh/
yÍöok ok'¨g0gaook = ok'¨g0go ig;bHkwdkYü/ edAÁwåwd = jzpfEkdifay\/
psmeformywfawGukd 0dyóem&JU tajccH taMumif;&if;tm;jzifh
xlaxmifNyD;awmh 0dyóemÓPfawGudk wkd;yGm;atmif jyKvkyfEdkifcJhvkdY
rdrduvnf; yg&rDtm;avsmfpGm tem*grdr*fÓPf zkdvfÓPfukd rsuf-
arSmufjyKEikd cf rhJ ,fqv

dk Qif xkt
d em*grf t&d,molawmfaumif;onf ok'g¨ -
0go ig;bkHü tvkd&SdcJhvQif jzpfEdkifwJhoabm &Sdygw,f/ aemufwpfck -
tmo0u©,ÓPf
Oy&dr*¾H bma0wGm tmo0u©,H ygykPmwd/
Oy&dr*¾H = t&[wår*fudk/ bma0wGm = yGm;rsm;Edkifjcif;aMumifh/
tmo0u©,H = tmoa0gw&m;wkdY\ ukef&mjzpfwJh t&[wår*fukd/
ygykPmwd = a&muf&SdEkdifygw,f/
tem*grdr*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf &&SdNyD;wJhaemuf txuf t&d,r*f-
ÓPf[k ac:qdt k yfwhJ t&[wår*fÓPftvkiYd mS rdru
d qufNy;D yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwcf rhJ ,fqv dk Qiv
f nf; tmoa0gw&m;\ uke&f mjzpfwhJ t&[wå-
r*fÓPftxd qkdufa&mufEkdifygw,f/ 'Davmufxd tqifhtwef;
jrifhrm;aewJh t&[wår*fÓPfwkdifatmifaom tusKd;w&m;awGukd
jzpfapEkdifwJh pGrf;tm;onf b,frSm&SdaeovJ¿ o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-
ynmqdw k hJ olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;rSm tajcwnfvsuf &Sad eygw,f/
'gaMumifh &wemoHk;yg;ukd ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfaewJh olawmfaumif;om
rSefcJhr,fqkdvQif rdrdwkdY ½kyfemrftpOfrSm 'Do'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-
ynmqdkwJh olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg; wnf&Sdvmatmif BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfxm;zkdY vkdtyfraebl;vm;¿ vkdtyfaeygw,f/
oHo&mc&D; usifvnfcdkufrSm tckvkd rdrdwkdYu &wemoHk;yg;ukd
uk;d uG,q
f nf;uyfaewJh tcsed tf cg 'Do'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynm qkw d hJ
olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;ESihf jynfph aHk tmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwzf Ydk vkt d yf-
aeygw,f/ oHo&mc&D; usifvnfckdufrSm ,ckvkd rdrdwkdYu &wem-
oHk;yg;ukd ukd;uG,f qnf;uyfaewJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'Do'¨g-oDv-okw-
pm*-ynmqdw k hJ olawmfaumif;Opömig;yg;ESihf jynfph akH tmif BuKd ;pm;tm;-
xkwEf idk rf ,fqv
dk Qif rdrw
d &Ydk UJ tem*wfc&D;twGuf used ;f aowJh b0awGudk
BudKwifNyD; a&;qGJxm;jcif;vnf; jzpfoGm;ygw,f/
tu,fí 'Db0awGudk tvkrd &Scd b hJ ;l ? rdru
d b0rS vGwaf jrmuf&m-
jzpfwhJ t&[wår*fÓPfç t&[wåzv dk Ó f Pfç edAmÁ efudk vkv
d m; awmif-h
wcJhr,fqkdvQif twdwfu t&[wåzkdvf&JU taMumif;jzpfwJh yg&rD
rsK;d apYaumif;awGudk MucJ s pku
d yf sK;d cJw
h hJ olawmfaumif;rsm; jzpfr,fqv dk Qif
'Db0rSmvnf; t&[wåzdkvfukd &nfarQmfum o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-
ynmqdw k hJ olawmfaumif;OpömjzpfwhJ ukov dk w
f &m;awGudk t&[wåzv dk f
qdkufonfhwkdifatmif tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhr,fqkdvQif
'Db0rSmyJ t&[wår*f t&[wåzkdvfukd rqkdufa&mufEkdifbl;vm;¿
qkdufa&mufEkdifygw,f/
t&[wåzv dk u
f dk qku
d af &mufcrhJ ,fqv
dk Qif oH;k q,fw
h pfbHk oHo&m-
c&D;rSm tk-d em-aoa&; 'kua© b;qk;d Bu;D awGrS uGi;f vH;k uRwf vGwaf jrmuf
roGm;Ekid b
f ;l vm;¿ vGwaf jrmufomG ;Ekid w f ,f/ 'Dvdk uGi;f vk;H uRwf vGw-f
ajrmufomG ;Ekid af tmif b,fw&m;awGu tm;Bu;D aom rS&D m Oyedó,-
ypö,owdåjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aeygovJvkdY ar;vQif o'¨g-oDv-okw-
pm*-ynmac:wJh 'Dolawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;u tm;BuD;aom rSD&m
Oyedó,ypö,owdåjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aew,f/
'gaMumifh &wemoHk;yg;ukd ukd;uG,f qnf;uyfaewJh ,ckvkd
omoemawmfudk ,kMH unfcsuf o'¨gw&m;awG xif&mS ;&Sad ewJh &Siyf jJ zpfap
&[ef;yJjzpfap vlyJjzpfap o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmac:wJh 'Dol-
awmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;ESifh a&S;OD;pGm jynfhpkHvmatmif BudK;pm;xm;zkdY
rvkdbl;vm;¿ vdktyfw,f/ uJ b,fvkd BudK;pm;rvJ¿
bkef;BuD; enf;enf; xyfajymr,f? eHygwfwpfjzpfwJh &wemoHk;wef
uH-uH\tusK;d w&m; tay:ü ,kMH unfwhJ o'¨gw&m;ukd tajccHNy;D awmh
eHygwfESpf ukd,fusifhoDv jzLpifatmif BudK;pm;&r,f/ ukd,fusifhoDv

jzLpifvmwJh yk*K¾d vwf pfO;D u bmvky&f rvJ¿ okwac:wJh olawmfaumif;
Opömukd wpfqifw h ufNy;D BuKd ;pm;&r,f? pm*ac:wJh olawmfaumif;Opöm-
ukd jynfhpkHatmif wpfqifhwufNyD; BudK;pm;&r,f/
okwqkdwmu bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfawGukd oifodçusifhod 'D-
todESpfrsKd;jzifh odjcif;ukd okwvdYkac:w,f/ 'Dawmh ½kyfawGukd oifod-
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'DtrsKd;aumif;orD;uav;ukd MunfhvkdufvQif ,kHMunfcsuf o'¨g
w&m;awG &Sw d ,f/ &wemok;H yg; tay:ü MunfnKd whJ pdwx f m;awGvnf;
&Sdw,f/ 'ge-oDv-orx-0dyóemqkdwJh aumif;rIukokdvfawGrSm
arGUavsmf aysmyf u
dk f ESpNf cKd uaf ewJh yk*K¾d vv
f nf; jzpfw,f/ bk&m;ukd jrwfE;dk -
w,f? w&m;awmfudk jrwfE;kd w,f? oHCmawmfudk jrwfE;dk w,f? ud, k u
f sihf
tmpm&w&m;awGEiS hf jynfph w Hk ,f? ajymzG,&f m &Sad o;vm;¿ r&Sad wmhb;l /
&wemok;H yg;ESihf pyfNy;D 'ge-oDv-orx-0dyóem[kac:qkt d yfwhJ
aumif;rIukokdvfawGrSm arGUavsmf aysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufw,f? bk&m;&Sifukd
jrwfEdk;w,f? w&m;awmfukd jrwfEkd;w,f? oHCmawmfukd jrwfEkd;w,f?
ukd,fusifhoDvawGeJY jynfhpkHw,f? o'¨gw&m;awGeJY jynfhpkHw,f? ynm-
vnf;&Sdw,fqkdvQif 'DtrsKd;orD;uav;&JU b0onf tvGef tqifh-
twef; jrifhaewJh b0wpfckvdkY rajymEkdifbl;vm;¿ ajymEdkifw,f/
ocFg½kyywåo d wk eå ef nf;t& ajymr,fqv dk Qiaf wmh 'DtrsK;d aumif;-
orD;uav;\ oEÅmefü o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmac:wJh olawmf-
aumif;Opöm ig;yg; pkn
H D raebl;vm;¿ pkn H aD ew,f/ 'DtrsK;d aumif;orD;-
uav;u ½kyaf wGemrfawGudk [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG odw,f/ taMumif;w&m;
tusK;d w&m;awGudk [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG odw,f/ taMumif;w&m;ESiw
hf uG
þ½kyfemrf"r® ocFg&w&m;awG&JU tedpötcsufç 'ku©tcsufç tewå-
tcsufawGukdvnf; [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odw,f/
,kMH unfcsuf o'¨gw&m;awGev YJ nf; jynfph w Hk ,f? uk,
d u f sihf oDv-
awGevYJ nf; jynfph w
Hk ,f? ay;urf;pGeMYf urJ l pm*w&m;awGev YJ nf; jynfph -Hk
w,f/ tMum;tjrif A[kókw rsm;jym;jcif;qkdwJh 'ku©opöm ork',-
opömudk xk;d xGi;f odwwfwhJ oifo-d usio hf d taeeJY odwwfwhJ A[kó-k
weJYvnf; jynfhpkHw,f/ xkd ½kyfemrfaMumif;usKd; ocFg&w&m;wkdY&JU tedpö
tcsufç 'ku©tcsufç tewåtcsufawGukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odwwfwJh
0dyóemÓPfawGeJYvnf; jynfhpkHaeNyD? o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynm-
awGeJY jynfhpkHaewJh 'DtrsKd;orD;uav;twGuf wpfaeYrSm b,fvkd-
taMumif; jzpfay:vmovJ¿
'DtrsKd;aumif;orD;uav;udk wjcm; trsKd;tEG,fwl Zmwfcsif;wl
jzpfaewJJh rdpäm'd|d trsKd;tEG,f trsKd;aumif;om;wpfOD;u vmNyD;
awmif;&rf;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'DtrsKd;aumif;orD;&JU rdbawGu bm-
ajymovJ¿
tdrfaxmifa&;avmu
txóm rmwmydwa&m ]]trSmuH "Dwm o'¨g yoEém wDPd
&wemed rrm,wd 'gem'dyknmbd&wm? wkarS rdpäm'd|dum £rdómyd
,xm½kpd,m 'geH 0g 'gwkH "r®H 0g aomwkH 0d[m&H 0g *EÅKH oDvH 0g
&u©dwkH Oaygoxur®H 0g umwkH e 'óx? e r,H wkrSmuH a'r?
twåem o'doH rdpäm'd|duukvm0 ukrm&duH *PSxm}}wd tm[Hok/
(Zmwu?|?3?169/)
tóm = xkt
d rsK;d aumif;orD;\/ rmwmydwa&m = rdbESpyf g;wk-Yd
u/ tm[Hok = ajymqdk y,fjrpfMuukeNf y/D uð = tb,foYkd ajymqdyk ,f-

jrpfMuukefoenf;/ trSmuH = igwdkY\/ "Dwm = orD;awmfuav;u/
o'¨g = &wemokH;yg; tay:ü ,kHMunfcsuf o'¨gw&m; &Sd\/ yoEém =
&wemokH;yg; tay:ü MunfndKaom pdwfxm;&Sd\/ wDPd &wemed =
&wemokH;yg;ukd/ rrm,wd = jrwfEdk;wwf\/ 'gem'dyknmbd&wm =
'ge-oDv-0dyóem[k ac:qkt d yfaom aumif;rI ukov
dk w
f üYdk arGUavsmf
aysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufíae\/
wkarS = oifwo Ydk nf/ rdpmä 'd|u
d m = rdpmä 'd|w Ydk mwnf;/ £rdómyd
d o
= þtrsKd;orD;tm;vnf;/ ,xm½kpd = tvkd&Sdwkdif;/ 'geH = 'geudk/
'gwHk 0g = ay;vSLcGiu dk nf;aumif;/ "r®H = w&m;awmfjrwfu/dk aomwHk
hf v
0g = emMum;cGifhukdvnf;aumif;/ 0d[m&H = bk&m;ausmif;awmfokdY/ *EÅHK
0g = oGm;vmcGifhukdvnf;aumif;/ oDvH = oDvudk/ &u©dwHk 0g =
apmifxh ed ;f cGiu dk nf;aumif;/ Oaygoxur®H = Oykoo
hf v D uk/d umwkH
f v
0g = jyKcGifhukdvnf;aumif;/ e 'óx = tcGifh ray;MuukefvwHh/ r,H
= igwkdYonf/ wkrSmuH = oifwkdYtm;/ e a'r = ray;EdkifMuygukef/
twåem = rdrdESifh/ o'doH = wlnDaom/ rdpäm'd|duukvm0 =
rdpäm'd|d trsKd;tEG,frSomvQif/ ukrm&duH = owkdYorD;i,fukd/ *PSx
= ,lMuayukefavmh/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ tm[Hok = ajymqkd
y,fjrpfMuavukef\/
rdbawGbufuvnf; wm0efausMuygw,ff? bmaMumifhvJ¿
]]igwkdY&JUorD;uav;u &wemokH;yg;ukd MunfndKwJh o'¨gw&m; &Sdw,f?
&wemokH;yg;tay:ü tvGef MunfndKav;pm;w,f? &wemokH;yg;ukd
jrwfE;kd w,f? 'ge-oDv-orx-0dyóemqkw d hJ aumif;rIuo
k v dk af wGrmS
arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
dk f ESpNf cKd uw
f hJ orD;uav; jzpfw,f/ oifwo Ydk nf rdpmä -
'd|dt,l&SdwJh yk*d¾KvfawG jzpfMuw,f/ 'DtrsKd;orD;av;&JU pdwfBudKuf-
twkid ;f tvSL'gejyKciG hf &rSmr[kwb f ;l ? w&m;awmfudk em,lz&Ydk eftwGu-f
vnf; oifwYdk cGiahf y;MurSm r[kwb f ;l ? ausmif;oGm;zk&Yd m oifwYdk cGiahf y;-
MurSm r[kwb f ;l ? oDv apmifx h ed ;f zk&Yd ef Oykou f siohf ;Hk zk&Yd efvnf; cGiahf y;-
MurSm r[kwfbl;? 'gaMumifh oifwkdYukd wkdY&JUorD;&wemukd ray;Ekdifbl;?
oifwdkYeJY trsKd;tEG,fwljzpfwJh rdpäm'd|d trsKd;tEG,frS trsKd;orD;ukd
,laqmifMuygqkNd y;D awmh 'Dvdk jyefNy;D trde&Yf v dS udk Mf uygw,f/ 'Dvdk jyef-
ajymvkdufawmh trsKd;aumif;om;uvnf; wpfzef awmif;yefjyefw,f?
b,fvkd awmif;yefovJ¿
]]wkrSmuH "Dwm trSmuH C&H *EÉm ,xm"dyÜga,e oAÁarwH
ua&mwk? r,H e 0ga&ómr? a'x aem {wH/}} (Zmwu?|?3?169/)
wkrmS uH = oifw\ Ydk / "Dwm = orD;&wemonf/ trSmuH = igwk&Yd UJ /
C&H = tdro f /Ydk *EÉm = oGm;cJoh nf&adS omf/ ,xm"dygÜ a,e = tvk&d o
dS nfh
twkdif;/ {wH oAÁH = þtvkH;pkHukd/ ua&mwk = jyKEkdifygw,f/ r,H =
igwkdYonf/ e 0ga&ómr = rwm;jrpfMuygukeftHh/ aem = igwkdYtm;/
{wH = þorD;&wemukd/ a'x = ay;Muygukef/
þorD;&wemudk ay;Muygukef? oifwkdY&JUorD;onf wkdYtdrfudk
oGm;r,fqdkvQif oifwdkYorD; tvdk&SdwJhtwdkif; tukefvHk; jyKvkyfEdkif-
ygw,f? wkdY rwm;ygbl;/ wkdYukdom oifwkdY&JU orD;&wemukd ay;ygqkdNyD;
awmif;yefMuw,f/ awmif;yefvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSmvnf; rdbawG-
uvnf; oabmwlNyD; aumif;jrwfwJh eu©wfuav;awG a&G;cs,fNyD;
xdrf;jrm; vufxyfr*Fvm jyKay;vkdufygw,f/ xdrf;jrm;ay;vkdufwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm owkdYom;u owkdYorD;ukd rdrdwkdYtdrfokdY aqmifoGm;NyD?
aqmifoGm;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'DowkdYorD;uav;u b,fvkd
oabm&SdovJ¿
0wå&m;ausyeG o
f l
om 0wåmpm&orÜEém ywda'0wm ta[mod?
(Zmwu?|?3?169/)
om = xkdowkdYorD;uav;onf/ 0wåmpm&orÜEém = usifh0wf
Hk nf/ ywda'0wm = cifyeG ;f wnf;[laom ewf&o
tmpm&ESihf jynfph o dS nf/
ta[mod = jzpfNyD/
'DtrsKd;orD;uav;[m r,m;0wå&m;awGeJYvnf; ausyGefw,f?
uk,
d uf siw
hf &m;awGvnf; odyaf umif;w,f/ vifudk ewfom;uJo h Ydk jyKpk
vkyfauR;wwfwJh trsKd;aumif;orD;wpfOD; jzpfw,f/ r½kdrao rav;-
rpm;eJY tHwBudwfBudwf rsufapmif; wcJcJ vkyfaewJh trsKd;orD;rsKd;
[kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;/ ajymifacsmfacsmf ajymifpyfpyf ajymif&Twf&Twf
rawmfwa&mfawGudk ajymaewJh trsK;d orD;rsK;d [kwo
f vm;¿ r[kwb f ;l /
tdr&f iS af ,musmf ;tay:ü ewfom;uJo h Ydk oabmxm;Ny;D ½kad opGm
usi0hf wfy#dywfeYJ jyKpk vkyaf uR;w,f/ pdwaf eoabmxm;uav; tvGef
tqifh rjrifhbl;vm;¿ jrifhaew,f/ a,mu©rtdrf a&mufwJhaeYu pNyD;
tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;&JU usifh0wfy#dywfeJY ywfoufNyD; wpfckrQ rcsKdU,Gif;-
ap&bl;? tm;vk;H ausausyeG yf eG f jyKay;w,f/ wpfaeYrmS bmvkyv f mo-
vJ¿
tvSL'geyJGwpfck
]]£pämr[H t,sykwå trSmuH ukvlyuaw¬&meH 'geH 'gwkH/}}
t,sykwå = t&Sifhom;/ trSmuH = uRefawmfrwkdY&JU/ ukvlyu-
aw¬&meH = uk;d uG,f qnf;uyfaewJh rax&fwtYdk m;/ 'geH = tvSL'geuk/d
'gwHk = ay;vSLjcif;iSm/ t[H = uRefawmfronf/ £pämrd = tvkd&Sdyg\/
]]t&Sifhom; ... uRefawmfrwkdY udk;uG,f qnf;uyfaewJh q&m
rax&fawGukd tvSL'ge jyKzkdY&mtwGuf tvkd&Sdygw,f}} qkkdNyD;awmh
tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;xH a&S;OD;pGm cGifhyefw,f/ cGifhyefvkdufawmh --
]]om"k ba'´ ,xmZÑmoa,e 'geH a'[d/}}
ba'´ = &Sifr/ om"k = aumif;vSay\/ ,xmZÑmoa,e =
rdrdtvkd&SdwJhtwkdif;/ 'geH = tvSL'geukd/ a'[d = ay;vSLyg/
oif[m tvSL'ge jyKvkdu tvkd&Sdovkd ay;vSLyg aumif;ygw,f
qkdNyD;awmh cGifhay;vkdufw,f/ cGifhay;vkdufawmh bmvkyfovJ¿
om axa& edrEÅmaywGm r[EÅH ouúm&H uwGm yPDwabmZeH
abmaZwGm {urEÅH edoD'dwGm ]]baEÅ £rH ukvH rdpäm'd|duH tó'¨H
wdPÖH &wemeH *kPH e Zmemwd? om"k t,sm ,m0 £rH ukvH wdPÖH
&wemeH *kPH Zmemwd? wm0 £a"0 bduH© *PSxm}}wd tm[/ ax&m
t"d0gaowGm ww¬ edA'¨H bkÍÆEÅd/ (Zmwu?|?3?169/)
om = xkdtrsKd;orD;onf/ axa& = t&Sifom&dykMwm t&Sif-
Yd /dk edrEÅmaywGm = yifzh w
r[marm*¾vm’ ef trSL;&Sad om rax&fBu;D wku d í
f /
r[EÅH = BuD;pGmaom/ ouúm&H = ylaZmfouúm&ukd/ uwGm = jyKí/
yPDwabmZeH = jrwfaom abmZOfukd/ abmaZwGm = qufuyf
oHk;aqmifapNyD;vQif/ {urEÅH = tjypfajcmufyg; vGwfí oifhwifh-
avsmufywfaom wpfckaom t&yfü/ edoD'doGm = xkdifNyD;aemuf/
baEÅ = t&Sijf rwfwbYdk &k m;/ £rH ukvH = þrdpmä 'd|d trsK;d tEG,-f
onf/ tó'¨H = &wemoH;k yg;wkYd tay:ü ,kMH unfjcif; o'¨gw&m;r&Syd g/
wdPÖH &wemeH = &wemokH;yg;\/ *kPH = *kPfaus;Zl;ukd/ e Zmemwd =
rod&Sdyg/ om"k = awmif;yefyg\/ t,sm = t&SifjrwfwkdYonf/ £rH
ukvH = þtrsKd;tEG,fukd/ wdPÖH &wemeH = &wemokH;yg;wkdY\/ *kPH
= *kPfaus;Zl;ukd/ ,m0 = tMuifrQavmuf/ Zmemwd = od&Sd\/ wm0

= xdkrQavmufaom &wemoHk;yg;wdkY\ *kPfaus;Zl;ukd odonfhumv
wkdifatmif/ £a"0 = þtdrfüyifvQif/ bdu©H = qGrf;ukd/ *PSx =
tvSLcHMuygbk&m;/ £wd = þodkY/ tm[ = avQmufxm;av\/
wpfaeYrmS 'DtrsK;d orD;u t&Sio f m&dyMk wm t&Sirf [marm*¾vm’ ef
trSL;&SdwJh rax&fBuD;awGukd yifhzdwfw,f/ rGefjrwfaom qGrf;ç cJzG,fç
abmZOfawGjzifh jyKpk vkyfauR;w,f/ qGrf;auR;jcif;udpöNyD;wJh tcgrSm
oifhwifhavsmufywfaom wpfae&mrSm xkdifNyD; avQmufxm;w,f/
]]t&SifjrwfwkdYbk&m; ... 'Drdpäm'd|d trsKd;tEG,fawGu ,kHMunf-
csuf o'¨gw&m; r&SdwJhyk*¾dKvfawG jzpfMuygw,f/ &wemokH;wef uHç
uH\tusKd;w&m; tay:ü ,kHMunfcsuf o'¨gw&m;r&SdwJh trsKd;tEG,f
jzpfMuygw,f/ &wemokH;yg;wkdY\ *kPfaus;Zl;ukd rodwwfwJh trsKd;-
tEG,f jzpfMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifh wynfhawmfr awmif;yefygw,f/
'DtrsK;d tEG,o f nf &wemok;H yg;&JU *kPaf us;Zl;awGudk odvmonfwh idk -f
atmif þtdrfrSmyif qGrf;ukd tvSLcHawmfrlMuygukefbk&m;}}qkdNyD;awmh
avQmufxm;w,f/
rax&fjrwfBuD;wkdYuvnf; vufcHawmfrlNyD;awmh xkdtdrfrSmyJ
tjrJwrf; qGrf;bkOf;ay;jcif;udpöukd jyKawmfrlMuygw,f/ wpfaeYrSm
'DtrsKd;orD;uav;u bmvkyfovJ¿
aomwmywdåzkdvfü wnfMuNyD
]]t,sykwå ax&m £" edA'¨H tm*p
tm*pää EÅEd?Å uð um&Pm wkarS e
yóx}}/ (Zmwu?|?3?169/)
t,sykwå = t&Sifom; .../ ax&m = rax&fjrwfBuD;wkdYonf/
£" = þtdrfodkY/ edA'¨H = aeYpOfrjywf/ tm*p
tm*pää EdEÅd = <uvmawmfrlMu-
f / uð um&Pm = tb,ftaMumif;w&m;aMumif/h wkarS = oifw-Ydk
uke\
onf/ e yóx = rzl;jrifMuukefoenf;/
]]t&Siohf m; ...rax&fjrwfBu;D awG[m 'Dtrd u f dk tjrw
J rf; <uvm-
awmfrMl uygw,f/ b,fvt dk aMumif;aMumifh t&Siohf m;u 'Drax&f Bu;D -
awGudk rzl;ajrmf&ygovJvdkY ar;jref;w,f/
]]om"k? yódómrd/}} (Zmwu?|?3?169/)
om"k = at; ...aumif;ygNyD/ yódómrd = igzl;ajrmfygr,f/
tdrf&Sifa,musfm;uvnf; uwdwpfck ay;ygw,f/ aemufwpfaeY
rax&fBu;D awG qGr;f pm;jcif;udpö Ny;D Ny/D qGr;f pm;jcif;udpö Ny;D wJt
h aMumif;
xkt
d rsK;d aumif;om;uav;ukd trsK;d orD;uav;u oGm;a&muf ajymjy-
w,f/ ajymjyvkdufwJhtcgrSm xkdtrsKd;aumif;om;uvnf; rax&fBuD;-
awGxH csOf;uyfvmygw,f/ t&Sifom&dykMwm t&Sifr[marm*¾v’mef
rax&fBu;D wkEYd iS w
hf uG EIwcf eG ;f qufojcif;qdw k hJ pum;awGudk ajymMum;-
Muygw,f/ ajymMum;NyD;awmh oifhwifhavsmufywfwJh wpfae&mrSm
xkdifvkdufygw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm t&Sifom&dykMwm rax&fjrwfBuD;u 'D
trsK;d aumif;om;uav;ukd w&m;a[may;awmfryl gw,f/ a[mawmfr-l
vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm bmjzpfvmovJ¿?
aom ax&ó "r®uxm, p £&d,myaxok p yoD'dwGm
wawm y|m, ax&meH tmoeH ynaywd? ygeD,H y&dóma0wd?
tEÅ&mbawå "r®uxH okPmwd? wó ty&bma* rdpäm'd|d bdZÆd/
(Zmwu?|?3?169/)
aom = xkdtrsKd;aumif;om;onf/ ax&ó = t&Sifom&dykMwm
rax&fjrwf\/ "r®uxm, p = w&m;pum;awmfüvnf;aumif;/
£&d,myaxok p = £&d,mykxfwkdYüvnf;aumif;/ yoD'dwGm =
MunfnKd onfjzpfí/ wawm = xkt f cgrS/ y|m, = pí/ ax&meH
d csed t
= rax&fjrwfBuD;wkdY\/ tmoeH = ae&mukd/ ynaywd = cif;usif;í-

ay;\/ ygeD,H = aomufa&ukd/ y&dóma0wd = ppfíay;\/ tEÅ&m-
bawå = qGrf;pm;jcif;\ pyfMum;umvü/ wpfenf; - tEÅ&mbawå =
qGr;f pm;jcif;udpö Ny;D qk;H aomtcgü/ "r®uxH = w&m;pum;uk/d okPmwd
= emMum;\/ wó = xkdtrsKd;aumif;om;\ oEÅmefü/ ty&bma*
= aemufykdif;tzdkYü/ rdpäm'd|d = rSm;,Gif;aom rdpäm'd|dt,lonf/ bdZÆd =
NydKuGJí oGm;cJhavNyD/
t&Sio f m&dyMk wm rax&fjrwfBu;D \ w&m;pum;awG emMum;vku d -f
&awmh MunfnKd omG ;w,f/ t&Sio f m&dyMk wm uk,
d af wmfjrwfBu;D t&Si-f
r[marm*¾v’mef ukd,fawmfjrwfBuD; tp&SdwJh rax&fjrwfBuD;wkdY&JU
aeykx
H idk yf Hk ajymykq
H ydk Hk oGm;ykv
H mykq
H w
kd hJ £&d,mykxaf wGrmS vnf; Munf-
ndKoGm;w,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrS pwifNyD; rax&foljrwfBuD;awGtwGuf ae&mawG
cif;ay;w,f? rax&fjrwfBu;D wkYd ok;H aqmifz&Ydk eftwGuf a&awGudk ppfNy;D
uyfvSLay;w,f? qGrf;pm;jcif;udpö NyD;wJhtcgrSm okdYr[kwf qGrf;&JU
pyfMum;umvawGrmS vnf; w&m;awmfudk emMum;w,f? aemufyidk ;f um-
vrSmawmh wjznf;jznf;eJY rdpmä 'd|t
d ,l0g'awG NyKd uoJG mG ;w,f/ wpfaeY-
rSmawmh bmjzpfvmovJ¿
taxu'd0oH axa&m 'GdEérÜd "r®uxH uaxaEÅm opömed
yumaood/ (Zmwu?|?3?170/)
{u'd0oH = wpfaeYoü/ axa&m = t&Sio f m&dyMk wm uk,d af wmf-
jrwfBuD;onf/ 'dGEérdÜ = ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;wkdYtm;vnf;/ "r®uxH =
w&m;pum;uk/d uaxaEÅm = a[mMum;jyo qkq d ;Hk rawmfrt
l yfonf&-dS
aomf/ opömed = opömav;yg;wdu Yk /dk yumaowd = xif&mS ;jyawmfr\ l /
wpfcsed q
f wdk muawmh olwrYdk mS vnf; awmfawmfuav; 0dyóem-
ÓPfawGu &ifhusufvmwJh tcsdefvdkY ,lq&ygw,f/ ZeD;armifESH
ESpfOD;om;wkdY&JU oEÅmefü o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmac:wJh olawmf-
aumif;Opöm ig;yg; &ifhusufvmwJhtcsdefyJ? tJ'D tcsdeftcgrSm t&Sif-
om&dykMwm ukd,fawmfjrwfBuD;u w&m;a[mw,f/ opömav;yg;ukd
xif&mS ;jyawmfrw l ,f/ opömav;yg;ubmawGvJ¿ 'kuo © pömç ork',-
opömç eda&m"opömç r*¾opöm/
'ku©opömqkdwmu ckeuajymcJhwJh twdwfç tem*wfç ypöKyÜefç
tZöswåç A[d'¨ ponfjzifh wpfq,fhwpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
wnfaewJh Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg; = ½kyfw&m;emrfw&m;awG jzpfMuw,f/
ork',opöm qdw k mu xk'd u k o © pömawG&UJ taMumif;&if;jzpfwhJ t0dZmÆ -
wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uH tp&Sw d hJ taMumif;w&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
eda&m"opömrSm avmuDead &m"opöm qdw k mu t0dZmÆ -wPSm-Oyg'gef-
ocFg&-uHqdkwJh taMumif; ork',opömw&m;awGu t&[wår*f-
ÓPfaMumifh t<uif;tusefr&Sd aemufxyfwpfzef b,fawmhrS rjzpf-
aom csKyjf cif;vkYd ac:qkw d hJ tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;-
jcif;aMumifh tusKd;cE¨mig;yg; = 'ku©opömw&m;wdkY&JU aemufxyfwpfzef
b,fawmhrS rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh t<uif;tusefr&Sd
csKyNf ird ;f rI = tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f rIoabmjzpfw,f/
avmukw&å m eda&m"opömqdw k mu tocFw tNird ;f "mwf edAmÁ ef jzpfyg-
w,f/ avmuDr*¾opöm qdkwmu ½IaewJh 0dyóemÓPfESifhwuGaom
or®m'd|çd or®mouFyÜ tp&Sw d hJ r*¾iwf &m;ud,
k &f pS yf g; jzpfw,f/ avm-
ukwå&m r*¾opömqdkwmu t&d,r*fÓPfESifh ,SOfaewJh r*¾if&Spfyg;
jzpfygw,f/
tJ'D opömav;yg;ukd wpfqifx
h ufwpfqifh jrifo
h mG ;atmif xif&mS ;-
jyawmfrlw,f/ jyawmfrlwJh tcsdeftcg bmjzpfoGm;MuovJ¿
opöy&da,momae Oabmyd Z,rÜwdum aomwmywådzav

ywd|[ðok/ (Zmwu?|?3?170/)
opöy&da,momae = opöma'oemawmfed*Hk; NyD;qHk;aom tcsdef-
tcgumvü/ Oabmyd Z,rÜwdum = ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;om;wdkYonf-
vnf;/ aomwmywdzå av = aomwmywdzå v
kd üf / ywd|[o
ð k = wnfMu-
avukefNyD/
opöma'oemawmfe*d ;kH Ny;D qH;k oGm;wJh tcsed t f cgrSm ZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D
bmjzpfoGm;ovJ¿ aomwmywådzkdvfü wnfoGm;MuNyD? bmaMumifh
aomwmywådzkdvfü wnfMu&ovJvkdY jyefNyD; qef;ppfMunfhwJh tcsdef-
tcgrSm o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmvdYk ac:qkt d yfwhJ olawmfaumif;-
Opöm ig;yg;ESifh 'DZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;wkdYrSm rjynfhpkHMubl;vm;¿ jynfhpkHae-
MuNyD/ jynfhpkHaeMujcif;aMumifh aomwmywådzkdvfü wnfMuNyD? wnf-
vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgü a&SUqufNyD;awmh bmawGjzpfvmMuovJ¿
'DtcsdefupNyD; rdbESpfyg; tpxm;í atmufxpfqkH;tm;jzifh xkd-
tdrfrSm wnf&SdaewJh uRefa,mufsm; uRefrdef;r tp&SdwJh aus;uRefawG-
rSmvnf; rdpmä 'd|td ,ludk tm;vk;H zsuq f ;D Ny;D bk&m;-w&m;-oHCmqkwd hJ
&wemokH;yg;ü jrwfEkd;rIawG xif&Sm; jzpfay:vmMuNyDf/ tJ'Dvkd xif&Sm;
jzpfay:vmwJh tcdset f cgrSm olwu Ydk 'DavmufeYJ auseyfaeMuovm;¿
auseyfraeMuygbl;/ tJ'DavmufeJY auseyfaewmukd bkef;BuD;vnf;
rESpfNcdKufygbl;? tJ'gaMumifh bkef;BuD;uvnf; 'DZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;wkdY&JU
xkH;uav;ukd a[maejcif;vnf; jzpfygw,f/ ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;om;wkdY
wpfaeY bmjzpfvmovJ¿
taxu'd0oH 'g&dum omrduH tm[/ (Zmwu?|?3?170/)
{u'd0oH = wpfaeYoü/ 'g&dum = trsKd;orD;i,fu/ omrduH =
tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;ukd/ tm[ = ajymjyav\/
wpfaeYrmS trsK;d orD;i,fuav;u tdr&f iS af ,mufsm;ukd cGiahf wmif;
aomtm;jzifh ajymMum;NyD/
]]t,sykwå ud H ar C&m0gaoe? £pämr[H yAÁZdwHk/}}
(Zmwu?|?3?170/)
t,sykwå = t&Sifhom;/ ar = uRefawmfrtm;/ C&m0gaoe =
tdr&f mwnfaxmif vlUabmifü aexkid &f jcif;jzif/h uð = tb,ftusK;d &S-d
EkdifygtHhenf;/ t[H = uRefawmfronf/ yAÁZdwkH = omoemabmifokdY
0ifa&mufí &Sif&[ef;jyKjcif;iSm/ £pämrd = tvdk&Sdyg\/
]]t&Sio hf m; ... uReaf wmfrtzdYk tdr&f mwnfaxmif vlUabmifrmS
aexkdifjcif;jzifh bmtusKd;&SdrSmvJ? uRefawmfronf omoemawmf-
abmifoYdk 0ifa&mufNy;D &Si&f [ef;jyKvykd gw,f/}} 'Dvdk pdwx f m;awG ay:-
vmw,f/ rGejf rwfwhJ pdwx f m;awGvYdk rajymEkid b f ;l vm;¿ ajymEkid yf gw,f/
,cktcsed rf mS 'g,umBu;D awGudk tdr&f iS rf awGu 'Dvdk ajymvmNyq D v
dk Qif
b,fvadk eMurvJ? cGijhf yKEidk yf ghrvm;¿ cGijhf yKEidk &f r,f/ 'Dtrd &f iS af ,mufsm;-
uawmh rdpäm'd|db0rS a&GUavsmNyD;awmh opömav;yg;ukdodwJh t&d,m
olawmfaumif;b0okdY qkdufa&mufvmwJh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD; jzpfygw,f/
opömav;yg;ukd odjrifxm;awmh olu bmajymovJ¿
]]om"k ba'´? t[rÜd yAÁZdómrd/}} (Zmwu?|?3?170/)
ba'´ = t&Sifr/ om"k = aumif;vSygay\/ t[rdÜ = igonf-
vnf;yJ/ yAÁZó
d mrd = omoemabmifoYdk 0ifa&mufí &Si&f [ef;jyKaytH/h
raumif;bl;vm;¿ odyaf umif;w,f/ ESpaf ,mufv;Hk aumif;oGm;-
w,f/ ]]igvnf;yJ omoemabmif 0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKr,f}}vkdY
'Dvkd jyefajymMum;NyD; ---
r[aEÅe y&d0ga&e wH bdu©KEkyó,H aewGm yAÁmaZwGm o,rÜd

ow¬m&H OyouFrdwGm yAÁZÆH ,mpd/ (Zmwu?|?3?170/)
£wd = þodkY ajymMum;NyD;í/ r[aEÅe y&d0ga&e = BuD;us,fpGm
aom tjct H &Hjzif/h wH = xkt
d rsK;d orD;i,fu/dk bduK© Eyk ó,H = bduL© eD-
rausmif;awmfo/Ydk aewGm = aqmifí/ yAÁmaZwGm = &Si&f [ef;jyKapí/
o,rdÜ = rdrud ,
dk w f vnf;yJ/ ow¬m&H = bk&m;&Six
f idk u f o H /Ydk OyouFrw
d mG
= csOf;uyfí/ yAÁZÆH = &Sif&[ef;tjzpfukd/ ,mpd = awmif;yef avQmuf-
xm;cJhav\/
BuD;pGmaomtjcHt&Hjzifh 'DtrsKd;orD;i,fuav;ukd bdu©LeDr-
ausmif;wdu
k of Ydk ac:aqmifNy;D awmh &Si&f [ef;jyKapw,f? rdrud ,dk w
f idk -f
vnf; bk&m;&Sixf H csO;f uyfNy;D awmh &Si&f [ef;tjzpfudk awmif;yefw,f/
awmif;yefvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm-
wH ow¬m yAÁmaZod/ (Zmwu?|?3?170/)
wH = xkdowkdYom;i,fukd/ ow¬m = vlewfwkdY\ q&mwpfql
jzpfawmfrlaom bk&m;&Sifonf/ yAÁmaZod = &[ef;jyKcGifhay;av\/
bk&m;&Sifuvnf; 'DowdkYom;i,fukd &Sif&[ef;jyKcGifh ay;vdkufyg-
w,f/
t&[wåzdkvfü wnfoGm;MuNyD
Oabmyd 0dyóeH 0a¹wGm e pd&aó0 t&[wåH ygykPðok/
(Zmwu?|?3?170/)
Oabmyd = ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;om;wkdYvnf;/ 0dyóeH = 0dyóem-
ÓPfukd/ 0a¹wGm = wkd;yGm;atmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfEkdifcJhjcif;aMumifh/
e pd&aó0 = rMumrD tcsdefumvtwGif;rSmyifvQif/ t&[wHå =
t&[wåzkdvfokdY/ ygykPðok = qkdufa&mufawmfrlMuavukefNyD/
ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;om;wkdY 0dyóemÓPfawGukd wkd;yGm;atmif
&ifhusufatmif BudK;pm; tm;xkwfEkdifwJhtwGuf rMumrD tcsdefumv
twGi;f rSm t&[wåzv dk f wnfomG ;MuNy?D raumif;bl;vm;¿ odyaf umif;-
oGm;w,f/ wPSm&m*wnf;[laom oHa,mZOf taESmiftzGJUawGjzifh
tdr&f mwnfaxmif vlUabmifrmS aexkid jf cif;ukd y,fpeG NYf y;D 'Dvdk omoem-
abmifokdY 0ifa&mufum BudK;pm;tm;xkwfEkdifrIaMumifh t&[wår*f
t&[wåzv dk f qku
d o
f mG ;wJt
h wGuf tk-d em-aoa&; 'kua© b;wkrYd S uGi;f -
vkH;uRwf vGwfroGm;Mubl;vm;¿ vGwfoGm;MuNyD? vGwfoGm;Muawmh
bmjzpfvmovJ¿ wpfcsdef &[ef;awmfawGu "r®obifrSm pkpnf;rdwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm -
taxu'd0oH bduL© "r®obm,H uxH ork|mayokH ]]tm0kaom
tokum emr '[&bduK© eD twåaem ap0 ypö,m Zmwm omrduó
p? twåemyd yAÁZdwGm t&[wåH ywGm wrÜd ygayoD}}wd/
(Zmwu?|?3?170/)
igY&SifwkdY ... 'Dtrnf&SdwJh bdu©LeDrav;[m rdrdukd,fwkdif&JU
taMumif;w&m;om jzpfonf r[kwb f ;l ? tdr&f iS af ,mufsm;&JU taMumif;
w&m;vnf; jzpfaew,f/ bmtaMumif;w&m;vJ¿ rdrdukd,fwkdif om-
oemabmif 0ifa&mufí &Sif&[ef;jyKNyD; t&[wåzkdvfa&mufonf
r[kwb f ;l / xktd rd &f iS af ,mufsm;ukvd nf; omoemabmif 0ifa&mufum
&Si&f [ef;jyKapNy;D awmh t&[wåzv dk uf dk a&mufatmif &Guaf qmifay;Ekid -f
w,f ponfjzifh 'Dpum;awG ajymMuw,f/ ajymvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm
bk&m;&Sifu a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhzG,f Zmwfvrf;uav;wpfckukd
qufNyD; a[mMum;ay;awmfrlygw,ff/
a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhz,
G Zf mwfvrf;
]]e bdu©a0 £'gae0 wm0 {om omrduH &m*ygom armapod?
ykaAÁayom ayg&mPuy@daw ye r&Pygom armapoD}}wd 0wGm
twDwH tm[&d/ (Zmwu?|?3?170/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY/ £'gae0 = þ,cktcgüyifvQif/
{om = þtrsK;d orD;onf/ omrduH = tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;ukd/ &m*ygom
= &m*ausmhuGif;rS/ e armapod = vGwfajrmufapcJhonf r[kwfao;/
ykaAÁyd = a&S;,cif b0wkef;uvnf;yJ/ {om = þtrsKd;aumif;orD;-
onf/ ayg&mPuy@daw = a&S;ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;wku Yd /dk r&P-
ygom = aorif;ausmhuGif;rS/ armapod = vGwfajrmufapcJhzl;avNyD/
£wd = þodkY/ 0wGm = rdefYMum;awmfrlNyD;aemuf/ twDwH = a&S;jzpf-
a[mif; twdwfZmwfaMumif;ukd/ tm[&d = aqmif,lí a[mMum;-
jyoawmfrlcJhavNyD/
cspo
f m;&[ef;wkYd ...,ckb0rSmomvQif 'DtrsK;d aumif;orD;onf
tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;ukd &m*ausmhuGif;rS vGwfajrmufaponf r[kwfbl;?
a&S;,cif b0awGuvnf; 'DtrsKd;aumif;orD;av;[m a&S;ynm&Sd
olawmfaumif;wku dY dk aorif;wnf;[laom ausmu
h iG ;f rS vGwaf jrmufap-
cJhzl;ygw,f qkdNyD;awmh a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhzG,f twdwfZmwf-
aMumif;ukd jyefajymif;NyD; a[mMum;awmfrlygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm bkef;BuD; ajymcsifwmuawmh 'DtrsKd;aumif;om;-
uav;ESihf trsK;d aumif;orD;wkYd t&[wåzv dk f wnf&jcif;onf bke;f Bu;D -
wkdY om0uyg&rDÓPft&mrSm bm&SdovJ¿ ]]t"duma&m p qE´wm}}
qkdNyD;awmh taMumif;t*Fg ESpfcsuf pkHpkHnDnD &Sd&r,fqkdwm ty'ge-
t|uxm (ty'ge?|?1?158/)rsm;rSm vm&Sdygw,f/ t"dum& m&qkdwmu
edAÁmefukd &nf&G,fawmifhwNyD; jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh 0dZÆmrsKd;aphaumif;
p&PrsKd;aphaumif;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ qE´wmmqdkwmuawmh t&[-
wåzkdvfukd vkdvm;awmifhwaewJh qE´"mwfawGu tvGef jyif;jyif;-
xefxef &Sd&rSm jzpfygw,f/
edAmÁ efudk &nf&,
G af wmifw h Ny;D jyKpyk sKd ;axmifcw
hJ hJ t"dum& aumif;rI
ukov dk q f w dk mu 'DaeYa[mwJh w&m;t& ajymcJv h Qif o'¨g-oDv-okw-
pm*-ynmvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;yJ jzpfygw,f/
a&S;a&S; b0awGuwnf;u t&[wåzv dk &f aMumif;jzpfwhJ 'D o'¨g-oDv-
okw-pm*-ynmvdkY ac:qkdtyfwJh olawmfaumif;OpömawGukd qnf;yl;
&SmazGcJhwJh olawmfaumif;awG jzpfMuw,f/ a&S;a&S; bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU
omoemawmftwGif;rSmuwnf;u 'D o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynm
ac:wJh olawmfaumif;OpömawGukd qnf;yl; &SmazGcJhjcif;wnf;[laom
t"dum&aumif;rIuo k vdk af wGu 'Db0rSm t&[wåzv dk &f atmif tm;-
BuD;aom rSD&m Oyedó,ypö,owådjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aeMuygw,f/
ar;jref;oifhaom ar;cGef;wpfck
'DZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;wdkY[m a&S;a&S; bk&m;&SifwdkY&JU omoemawmf-
wGif;rSmuwnf;u o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynm -pm*-ynmqkdwJh olawmfaumif;
OpömawGESifh jynfhpHkcJh½kd;rSefvQif 'DtrsKd;orD;uav;[m tb,faMumifh
wd& pämefbb kH 00,f orifrsK;d ü oGm;jzpfae&ygovJ[k ar;&ef &Sv d mjyef-
w,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿ 0dok'd¨r*¾t|uxm |uxmESifh oar®m[0daem'eD
t|uxm
t|uxmwkrYd mS tyg,fra&mufEikd b f ;l qkw
d hJ tzGiahf wG vm&Sad eygw,f/
'DtzGiahf wGu b,fvo dk abmvJ¿ a&S;OD;pGm 0do'k rd¨ *¾t|uxmtzGiu hf kd
ajymMu&atmif ---
£rdem ye ÓaPe orEém*awm 0dyóaum Ak'ömoae
v'¨ómaom v'ÿwda|m ed,w*wdaum plVaomwmyaEém emr
a[mwd/ (0dok'd¨?2?240/)
'Dt|uxm&JU qkvd &dk if;udk ajymMu&atmif --- olawmfaumif;Opöm

ig;yg;xJrSm okwqkdwJh tMum;+tjrif = A[kókwrsm;jym;jcif;qkdwJh
t*Fg&yfwpfckvnf; yg0ifaeygw,f/ a&S;ykdif;u ajymcJhNyD;ygNyD ---
1/ ½ky+f emrfukd [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG y&rwfoYdk qku
d af tmif xk;d xGi;f odwhJ
emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf --
2/ ,if;½ky+f emrfw&Ydk UJ taMumif;w&m;awGudk [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG odwhJ
odkYr[kwf aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,frI y#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m;-
awGukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGmodwJh ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf --
'DÓPftjrifESpfrsKd;ESifh jynfhpHkvQif A[kókwt*FgESifh jynfhpHkNyD
jzpfaMumif;udk a&S;ykdif;u &Sif;jycJhNyD;NyD? 0dok'd¨r*¾t|uxmuvnf; --
]]'DÓPftjrifEpS rf sK;d ESihf jynfph akH ewJh 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;udk
pD;jzef;aewJh a,m*g0p&yk*d¾Kvf[m Ak'¨jrwfpGmomoemawmfrSm ouf-
om&mudk &&So d mG ;Ny?D axmuf&m wnf&mudk &&So d mG ;Ny?D aumif;&mok*wd-
qdkwJh vm;&m*wd jrJNyD? plVaomwmyef = aomwmyefnDaxG;jzpfNyD ---
qdkNyD;awmh zGifhqkdxm;w,f/ (0dok'¨d?2?240/)
wpfzef oar®m[0daem'eD t|uxmBuD;uvnf; ---
{0H ocFga& ov’au©wGm Xdwó ye bdu©Kó 'oAvó
omoae rlvH MowdPÖH emr a[mwd? ywd|m v'¨g emr? plV-
aomwmyaEém emr a[mwd ed,w*wdaum/ (tbd?|?2?242/)
'Dvkd taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom ½kyf+emrf = "r® = ocFg&-
w&m;awGudk aumif;pGm ydik ;f jcm; rSwo
f m;vsuf wnfaewJh a,m*g0p&
&[ef;awmf[m udk,fawmftm; q,fyg;ç ÓPfawmftm; q,fyg;ESifh
jynfhpHkawmfrlwJh bk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfrS rcJGEkdifavmufatmif
tjrpfwG,foGm;NyD? axmuf&m wnf&mudk &&SdoGm;NyD? plVaomwmyef
jzpfNyD? vm;&m*wd jrJNyD/ (tbd?|?2?242/)
'Dvkd zGiq
hf x
dk m;jyefw,f/ 'gaMumifh o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynm-
qdkwJh olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;ESifh jynfhpHkaewJh olawG[m wd& pämef-
b0odkY ra&mufEkdifawmhbl;? wd& pämef rjzpfEdkifawmhbl; r[kwfvm;vdkY
'Dvkdawmh ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/
bke;f Bu;D taeeJY pOf;pm;rdwhJ tcsuEf pS cf suaf wmh &Syd gw,f/ yxr-
tcsufuawmh olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;xJu A[kókwt*Fg&yfESifh
jynfhpHkjcif;ç 0dyóemynmESifh jynfhpHkjcif;qkdwJh 'Dt*Fg&yf ESpfckuawmh
'DtrsK;d orD;uav; orifb0 a&muf&dSNy;D rS aemufaemuf b0rsm;pGmxJ-
u wpfckckaom b0rSm bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU omoemawmfESifh MuHKckdufrSm 'D
olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;vH;k ESihf jynfph akH tmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwcf whJ ,f/
orifb0odkY ra&mufcifu jynfhjynfhpHkpHk tm;rxkwf&ao;bl;vkdYawmh
qdkp&m &Sdygw,f/ 'guawmh ,lqcsufwpfckaygh/
aemufwpfcsufuawmh 'DtrsKd;orD;uav;[m orifruav;-
b0odkY ra&mufcifrSm om0uwkdY odoifhodxkdufwJh ½kyfemrf y&rwf
w&m;awGudk om0uyg&rDESifh avsmfnDpGm jynfhjynfhpHkpHk odcJhao;[ef
rwlbl;vdkYvnf; ,lq&ygw,f/ Oyrm -- "mwfBuD;av;yg;avmufom
½IczhJ ;l wmvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfEidk yf gw,f? ½kyw
f &m;avmufuo kd m ½IczhJ ;l -
wmvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifygw,f? emrfw&m;awGudkvnf; tenf;-
tusOf;avmuf wpfcsKdUwpf0ufavmuf wpfvHk;p ESpfvHk;pavmufom
odczhJ ;l wmvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfEikd yf gw,f? y#dpoö rkygÜ 'fukd r½IczhJ ;l ao;-
wmvnf; jzpfaumif; jzpfEdkifygw,f/
tu,fí om0uwpfOD;[m "mwfBuD;av;yg;avmufudkom
a&S;a&S;b0awGu ½IcJhzl;w,fqdkvQifvnf; 'Db0rSm r*fzkdvfedAÁmefudk
&Ekdifavmufatmif tm;ay;axmufyHhEkdifwJh yg&rDrsKd;aph jzpfEkdifw,fvkdY
v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;u rdrd&JU yg&rD'DyeDrSm qHk;jzwfxm;awmfrlyg-

w,f/
b,fvydk if jzpfcsijf zpfygap? 'DtrsK;d orD;uav;[m orifruav;
jzpfNyD;wJh aemufydkif;umv0,f a&S;a&S; bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU omoemawmf-
wGi;f rSm o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmqkw d hJ olawmfaumif;Opöm &wem-
awGudk &&Sdatmif yg&rDrsKd;aphawGudk xlaxmifcJhw,fqdkwJh tcsufudk-
awmh ajymEkdifygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿
wo®m yapöuAk'A¨ 'k o
¨ m0umeH oaAÁoH yw¬em p tbde[
D ma&m
p £pdäwaAÁm/ (ty'ge?|?1?155/)
yapöuAk'¨bk&m;&SifESifh Ak'öm0u (= bk&m;&Sif&JU wynfhom0u)
tm;vHk;wdkYrSm ---
1/ rdrd vdv k m;awmifw
h wJh aAm"dÓPfukd qkawmif; yefxmG rI yw¬emç
2/ rdrd vdv k m;awmifw
h wJh aAm"dÓPfoYkd a&mufatmif a&S;½I o,f-
aqmifay;rnfh tbdeD[m&ac:wJh yg&rDw&m;taygif; --
'Dyw¬emESifh tbdeD[m& ESpfrsKd;uawmh r&Sdrjzpf tvdk&SdtyfwJh
w&m;ESprf sK;d jzpfMuygw,f/ aemufxyf t|uxmu xyfziG x
hf m;ao;-
w,f ---
£aroH ye oaAÁordÜ t"duma&m p qE´wmwd 'G*ForEém-
*awma,0 tbdeD[ma&m a[mwd/ (ty'ge?|?1?158/)
'Dbk&m;&Sif&JU wynfhom0utm;vHk;wkdY[m ---
1/ t"dum& aumif;rIukodkvf&Sdjcif;ç
2/ rdrd arQmfrSef;xm;onfh aAm"dÓPfukd vkdvm; awmifhwwJh qE´-
"mwf&Sdjcif;qdkwJh --
'Dt*FgESpfyg;ESifh jynfhpHkygrSom rdrdvdkvm;awmifhwaewJh aAm"d-
f hJ tbde[
ÓPfoYkd a&mufatmif a&S;½I o,faqmifay;Edik w D m&w&m;
m&w&m;-
jzpfw,fvkdY 'Dvdkvnf; zGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/
t"dum&aumif;rIukodkvfqkdwmuawmh cka[maewJh ocFg½ky-
ywdo å w k eå ef nf;t& ajym&vQiaf wmh o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmqkw d hJ
olawmfaumif;Opöm ig;yg;wdkYyJ jzpfMuygw,f/ 'Dt"dum&aumif;rI
ukodkvfawGu 'DtrsKd;orD;uav;&JU aemufqHk;b0jzpfwJh bk&m;&Sif&JU
omoemawmfwiG ;f bduK© erD uav;b0rSm t&[wåzv dk u
f kd rsuaf rSmuf
jyKEidk af vmufatmif tm;Bu;D aom rS&D m Oyedó,ypö,owdjå zifh aus;Zl;
jyKay;aeMuygw,f/
'Dvdk aus;Zl;jyKay;vkdufwJh tcgrSm a&S;a&S;b0awGu jyKpk ysKd;-
axmifcw hJ hJ o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmawGxrJ mS bk&m;&Sif a[mxm;wJh
aorif;ausmhuGif;rS vGwfajrmufapjcif;qdkwJh aumif;rIukokdvfwpfck
ygaew,f/ 'Daumif;rIukokdvfu oHCmrsm;ukd tajccHNyD; bk&m;&Sif
a[mMum;awmfrcl ahJ omfvnf; 0w¬KZmwfaMumif;ukd jyefajymif;Ny;D qef;-
ppfMunfv h udk w
f hJ tcsed t f cgrSm uk,d u f sio
hf vD jzLpifrt
I ay:ü &yfwnf-
aeNy;D rS toufudk pGev Yf wT f vSL'gef;jcif;qkwd hJ pm*w&m;ukd bk&m;&Siu
f
OD;pm;ay;Ny;D a[maejcif; jzpfygw,f/ b,fvdk a[mMum;awmfro l vJ¿
wpfcsed f Am&mPoDjynfrmS jA[®'wfrif; xD;jzLtkycf sKyf rif;vkyw f hJ
tcsdeftcgrSm bk&m;tavmif;awmfu orifrsKd;rSm oGm;NyD;awmh
orifuav; jzpfygw,f/ bk&m;tavmif; orifuav; t&G,af &muf-
wJh tcsed t f cgrSm tvGef tqif;vSw,f? MunfnKd z, G *f P
k u
f dk aqmifEidk -f
w,f? b,fvkdyJMunfhMunfh MunfhvkdY odyfaumif;w,f? a&Ttqif;vkd
0g0if;aew,f? csdwf&nfESifh jyKjyifxm;tyfouJhokdYaom ajcvufawGeJY
jynfph aHk ew,f/ ajconf;eD vufonf;eDq;dk zkYd vkad o;ovm;¿ rvkyd gbl;/
oljyKpk ysKd ;axmifcwhJ hJ twdwb
f 0uHawGu toifh zefw;D ay;xm;w,f/
aemufwpfck olU&JU OD;csKdawGukd Munfhvkdufr,fqkdvQif aiGyef;cdkif-

uJhokdY tvGef wifhw,faewJh OD;csKdawG jzpfMuw,f/ rsufvkH;tpHkukd
Munfv h ukd rf ,f qkv
d Qiv
f nf; ywåjrm;vk;H uJo
h Ydk tvGev f yS wifw
h ,faewJh
rsuvf ;Hk awG jzpfMuw,f/ rsuEf mS tqif;ukd Munfv h u
dk rf ,fqv dk Qiv
f nf;
urÁvmeDtqif;uJhokdY tvGef wifhw,faewJh rsufESm &Sdaew,f?
tJ'D bk&m;tavmif; orifrif;rSm Muif&m orifruav;vnf;
&Sdao;w,f/ tJ'D Muif&m orifruav;uvnf; tvGef tqif;vSyg-
w,f/ Munf½h zI ,G af umif;wJh ½kyt
f qif;eJY jynfph w
Hk hJ orifruav; jzpfyg-
w,f/ oriftaygif;jcH&HNyD; nDnDñGwfñGwfeJY aygif;pkum vSnfhvnf
usufpm; aexkdifMuygw,f/ tavmif;awmf orifBuD;[m orifaygif;
&Spfaomif;wkdY&JU tBuD;tuJvnf; jzpfygw,f/ &Spfaomif;aom orif-
awGu 'Dbk&m;tavmif; orifrif;BuD;ukd vmNyD;awmh qnf;uyf
cpm;Muygw,f/
'Dvkd oriftaygif; jc&H v H suf vSnv hf nf usupf m;Ny;D aewJh tcsed -f
tcg wpfaeYrSm ausmhuGif;rSm ajcaxmufzsm;eJY oGm;NyD; Nidaew,f/
ausmhuGif;rSm pGyfrd&ufom; jzpfaewJh tcsdeftcg bk&m;tavmif;u-
vnf; 'Dausmu h iG ;f ukd jzwfr,fqw dk hJ &nf&, G cf suef YJ tm;ukef ½ke;f ygw,f/
½kef;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm ta&awG jywfukefw,f? wpfqifhwufNyD;
½kef;vdkufawmh tom;awG jywfukefw,f? wpfqifhwufNyD; ½kef;vkdufwJh
tcsed t f cgrSm taMumawG jywfomG ;w,f? taMumawG jywfomG ;onf-h
wkid af tmif 'Dausmu h iG ;f uvnf; tvGef cdik cf ahH eawmh t½k;d ckud Nf y;D wnf-
aeawmhw,f/
xkdtcsdeftcgrSm bk&m;tavmif; orifBuD;vnf; 'DausmhuGif;ukd
jzwfawmufEidk w
f hJ pGr;f tm; r&Sad wmhwt
hJ wGuf aoab;jzifh Ncrd ;f ajcmuf-
vmawmh jyif;xefpmG atmfjrnfjcif;ukd jyKvu kd w
f ,f/ 'Db&k m;tavmif;
orifBu;D &JU atmfou
H dk Mum;vdu
k w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm oriftaygif;vnf;
tukefvkH; xGufajy;Muw,f/ okdYaomf opöm&SdaewJh Muif&m orifr-
uav;u bmjzpfovJ¿ xGufajy;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm orifawG
tMum;rSm bk&m;tavmif; orifBuD;ukd vkdufvH&SmazGaomfvnf;
rawGUjzpfaew,f/
toufwpfacsmif;ukdyif pGefYvTwf&Jol
]]£'H b,H r,SH yd,omrduó OyÜEéH b0dówd/}}/}}
(Zmwu?|?3?170/)
£'H b,H = þab;'ku©onfum;/ r,SH = ig\/ yd,omrduó
= cspcf ifjrwfE;kd tyfwhJ t&Sif orifzBdk u;D \ oEÅmefü/ OyÜEHé = jzpfay:aewJh
ab;'ku©onf/ b0dówd = jzpfayvdrfhr,f/
'Dab;'ku©uawmh {uEÅtm;jzifh igcspfjrwfEdk;tyfwJh ig&JU t&Sif
orifzdkBuD;&JU oEÅmefü jzpfay:aewJh ab;'ku© jzpfayvdrfhr,f? 'Dvkd
ESvHk;ykdufNyD;awmh cyfjrefjref 'DtoHjrnfaewJh orifBuD;xHudk ajy;vm-
w,f/ ajy;vmNyD;awmh --
tókrkcD a&m'rmem?
tókrck D = rsu&f nfusaom rsuEf mS &So
d nf/ a&m'rmem = ikad <u;-
vsuf --
]]omrd wGH r[AÁavm? uð {wH ygoH oE¨ma&wkH e ou©dóod?
a0*H ZaewGm qdE´m[d eH/}} (Zmwu?|?3?171/)
omrd = t&Sif/ wGH = oifonf/ r[AÁvm = BuD;rm;aom tm;&Sd-
aom yk*d¾Kvfonf/ a[mw
a[mwd = jzpfygay\/ uð = tb,f taMumif;-
aMumif/h {wH ygoH = xkad usmu
h iG ;f uk/d oE¨ma&wHk = aumif;pGm aqmif-
,ltHhaomiSm/ (0g) oE¨ma&wHk = vGwfajrmufaptHhaomiSm/ e ou©d-
óod = rpGrf;EkdifygtHhenf;/ a0*H = vsifjrefwJh t[kefudk/ ZaewGm =

jzpfapí/ eH = xkdausmhuGif;ukd/ qdE´m[d = jzwfawmufvkdufyg/
]]t&Sif ...oifonf cGet f m;Bu;D rm;wJh yk*Kd¾ vjf zpfygvsuf 'Dausm-h
uGi;f ukd aqmif,zl &Ydk ef bmaMumifh rpGr;f Ekid &f ovJ? vsijf refaom t[ke-f
jzihf 'Dausmu
h iG ;f ukd jzwfawmufvu dk pf rf;yg}}qkNd y;D wku
d w
f eG ;f w,f/ tJ'v
D kd
wkdufwGef;vkdwJhtwGuf *gxmav;wpfck acgifqkH;pNyD;awmh qkdw,ff/
]]0duúr a& [&dyg'? 0duúr a& r[mrd*/
qdE´ 0g&wåduH ygoH? em[H {um 0ae &ar}}wd/
(Zmwu?|?3?171/)
a& [&dyg' = a&Ttqif;uJhodkY 0g0if;aom ajc&Sdawmfrlygayaom
tdk orifzkdBuD;/ 0duúr = BudK;pm; tm;xkwfvkdufprf;yg/ a& r[mrd* =
tkd orifrif;BuD;/ 0duúr = tm;xkwfvdkufprf;yg/ 0g&wdåuH = okH;vGef;-
wifí xm;tyfaom/ ygo ygoH = ausmhuGif;ukd/ qdE´ = jzwfawmuf-
vkdufprf;yg/ t[H = uRefawmfronf/ {um = Muifazmfryg wpfudk,f-
wnf;onf/ [kwmG = jzpfí/ 0ae = awmtwGi;f ü/ e &ar = arGUavsmf
aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufrI r&SdEkdifyg/
wpfO;D tay:wpfO;D wG,w f maewJh &m* xif&mS ;&Sad ewke;f uawmh
'Dpw
d xf m;uav;awG &Sad umif;&SEd idk yf gw,f/ 'Dausmu h iG ;f ukd vGwaf tmif
½kef;prf;yg? 'DausmhuGif;BuD;udk jzwfawmufypfprf;yg? awmxJrSm uRef-
awmfr wpfu, dk w
f nf; aer,fqv dk Qiaf wmh raeEkid b
f ;l ? b,fvdk raeEkid -f
ovJ¿
t[H w,m 0dem {udum 0ae e &rdómrd? wdaPm'uH ye
t*¾a[wGm okódwGm r&dómrDwd 'aówd/ (Zmwu?|?3?171/)
t[H = uReaf wmfronf/ w,m = t&SiEf iS /hf 0dem = auGuiG ;f Ny;D -
í/ {udum = wpfudk,fwnf;onf/ [kwGm = jzpfí/ 0ae = awm-
twGi;f ü/ e &rdómrd = arGUavsmaf ysmyf u f ufrI r&SEd idk yf g/ wdaPm-
dk f ESpo
'uH = jruftpm aomufa&ukd/ t*¾a[wGm = rpm;aomufrlí/
okódwGm = cef;ajcmufí/ r&dómrd = ao&aytHh/ £wd = þodkY/
'aówd = xif&Sm;jyay\/
uReaf wmfr wpfu, kd w
f nf; awmxJrmS ae&r,fqv dk Qiaf wmh b,f-
vdkrS rarGUavsmfEkdifygbl;/ jruftpma&pmawGukd rpm;okH;EkdifawmhbJ
tom;ta&awG cef;ajcmufNyD; aoausysufpD;&ygvdrfhr,fqkdNyD;awmh
'Dvdk ajymw,f/ ajymvku d wf hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm orifzBdk u;D u bmjyefajym-
ovJ¿
]]0duúrmrd e yga&rd? blr ð okrÇmrd a0*om/
'aV§m 0g&wådaum ygaom? yg'H ar y&duEÅwd/}}
(Zmwu?|?3?171/)
ba'´ = t&Sifr/ t[ t[H = igonf/ 0duúrmrd = 0D&d,udk jyKvkyfí
aeyg\/ ygoH = ausmhuGif;ukd/ qdE´dwkH = jzwftHhaomiSm/ e yga&rd =
rpGrf;Ekdifyg/ tyd = pifppftm;jzifhaomfum;/ qdaZÆ,sm emr = jywfrl-
vnf; jywfav&m\/ £wd = þokdY ESvHk;ydkufí/ a0*om = vsifjref-
aom t[kejf zif/h yga'emyd = ajcjzifv h nf;yJ/ blr ð = ajrBu;D uk/d okrmÇ rd
= uefausmufí aeyg\/ 0g&wdåaum ygaom = okH;vGef;wif uspfí-
xm;tyfaom ausmhuGif;BuD;onfum;/ 'aV§m = cdkifjrJí aeyg\/ ar
= ig\/ yg'H = ajcuk/d y&duEÅwd = ta&wku Yd dk jzwfvsuf xuf0ef;usirf S
jywfawmufapyg\/
vsifjrefaom t[kefjzifh 'DajrBuD;ukd igonf uefausmufaeyg-
w,f/ vGwv f vdk w
G jf im;qkw
d hJ 'Dpw
d "f mwfjzifh igonf ½ke;f uefaeygw,f/
'DBudK;u okH;vGef;wifuspfxm;wJh BudK;jzpfawmh odyfckdifcHhaew,f/ 'g-
aMumifh ig&JUajcaxmufawGukd jzwfawmufapEkdifwJh pGrf;tm; 'DBudK;rSm
txift&Sm;&dSaeygw,f qkdNyD;awmh jyefajymw,f/ tJ'D tcsdeftcgrSm

'Dorifruav;u orifzkdBuD;ukd bmajymovJ¿
]]rm bm,d omrd t[H twåaem Aave vk'úH ,mpdwGm w0
ZD0dwH tm[&dómrd/}} (Zmwu?|?3?171/)
omrd = t&Sif/ rm bm,d = raMumufygeJY/ t[H = uRefawmfr-
onf/ twåaem = rdrd\/ Aave = pGrf;tm;jzifh/ vk'úH = rkqkd;ukd/
,mpdwGm = awmif;yefí/ w0 = oif\/ ZD0dw H = toufukd/
tm[&dómrd = wpfzef jyefNyD; aqmif,lí ay;ygtHh/
]]t&Sif ... bmrS raMumufygeJY uRefawmfr\ pGrf;tm;jzifh
rkq;dk Bu;D ukd awmif;yefNy;D awmh oif&h UJ toufudk &atmif aqmif,al y;-
ygr,f/}}
]]oap ,mpem, e ou©dómrd? rr ZD0dwrÜd 'wGm w0 ZD0dwH
tm[&dómrd/}} (Zmwu?|?3?171/)
oap = tu,fí/ ,mpem, = awmif;yefjcif;jzif/h e ou©ó d mrd
= oif&JUtoufudk aqmif,ljcif;iSm rpGrf;EkdifcJhonf jzpfygtHh/ rr =
uRefawmfr\/ ZD0dwrÜd = toufukdaomfvnf;yJ/ 'wGm = ay;vSLí/
w0 = t&Si\
f / ZD0w
d H = toufu/dk tm[&dómr mrd = igaqmif,al ytH/h
tu,fí awmif;yefvrYdk S oif&h UJ toufudk &atmif raqmifay;-
EkdifcJhbl;qkdvQif uRefawmfr&JUtoufukd pGefYvTwfNyD; oifh&JUtoufukd
&atmif aqmifay;ygr,f/ 'Dvdk ajymqkNd y;D bk&m;tavmif; orifBu;D ukd
oufom&m&apw,f? oufom&m&ap½kHavmufuav;wGifyJvm;qkd-
awmh r[kwfao;bl;? aoG;tvdrf;vdrf; uyfaewJh bk&m;tavmif;
orifBuD;ukd ayGUykdufNyD;awmh &yfwnfaevdkufw,ff/
oefvsufawG vSHawG ukdifNyD;awmh urÇmysufwJhtcg avmifwJhrD;-
uJhokdY a'gotrsufawG ajcmif;ajcmif;xGufvsuf Murf;wrf;wJh ukd,f -
trlt&m pdwt f rlt&mawGeYJ vmaewJh rkq;dk udv
k nf; orifruav;u
jrifNy/D jrifwt
hJ csed t
f cgrSm orifrav;u orifzBdk u;D ukd bmajymovJ¿
]]omrd vk'áum tm*päwd? t[H twåaem AvH u&dómrd? wGH
rm bm,d/}} (Zmwu?|?3?171/)
omrd = t&Sif/ vk'áum = rkqkd;BuD;onf/ tm*päwd = vmíae-
ay\/ t[H = uReaf wmfronf/ twåaem = rdr\ d / AvH = tm;tpGr;f -
ukd/ u&dómrd = jyKvkyfí jyaytHh/ wGH = oifonf/ rm bm, bm,d =
raMumufygvifh/
]]t&Sif ...rkq;dk Bu;D awmh vmaeNy?D uReaf wmfronf uReaf wmfr-
\ pGr;f tm;awGudk xif&mS ; jyKvyk Nf y;D jyygawmhr,f/ oifbmrS raMumuf-
ygeJY}} qkdNyD;awmh orifzkdBuD;ukd oufom&m &apNyD;awmh rkqdk;BuD;-
vmaeonfh c&D;&ifqidk b f ufudk olu ajcvSr;f Ny;D awmh oGm;vdu k w
f ,f/
ao&JwJhpdwfxm; r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdaew,ff/ toufukd pGefYvTwfNyD;awmh
olwpfyg;ukd u,fwifr,fqw dk hJ 'Dpw
d "f mwf &Sad ew,f/ oifw
h ifah vsmuf-
ywfwJh wpfae&mrSm &yfvkdufw,f/ &yfNyD;awmh rkqkd;ukd &Sdckd;w,f/
&Sdckd;NyD;awmh bmajymovJ¿
]]omrd rr omrdaum ok0PÖ0aPÖm oDvmpm&orÜaEém? toDw-d
o[ómeH rd*geH &mZm/}} (Zmwu?|?3?171/)
omr
omrd = t&Sifrkqkd;/ rr = uRefawmfr\/ omrdaum = t&Sif-
ocifonf/ ok0PÖ0aPÖm = a&Ttqif;ESifhwlaom tqif;&Sdygay\/
oDvmpm&orÜaEém = ukd,fusifhoDv usifh0wfy#dywf tmpm&ESifh
jynfph yHk gay\/ toDwod [ómeH rd*geH = &Spaf omif;aom om;orif-
wkdY\/ &mZm = &Sifbk&ifjzpfygay\/
uRefr&JU t&SifocifjzpfwJh orifzkdBuD;ukd Munfhvdkufr,fqkdvQif

a&Ttqif;eJYwlwJh tqif;vnf; &Sdygw,f? ukd,fusifhoDvawGeJYvnf;
jynfhpkHw,f? tusifhtmpm& usifh0wfy#dywfawGeJYvnf; jynfhpkHygw,f?
&Spaf omif;aom om;orifw&Ydk UJ &Sib
f &k ifvnf;jzpfaew,f/ 'Dvdk ponf-
jzifh bk&m;tavmif;&JU *kPfaus;Zl;awGukd ajymqkdNyD;awmh bk&m;-
tavmif; orifrif;&JU &yfwnfaepOf tcsdeftcgrSm rdrdukd owfzkdY-
&eftwGuf rkqkd;ukd avQmufxm;awmif;yefw,f/ b,fvkdvJ¿
]]tw¬&ók yvmomed? t tooð edAÁm[ vk'ú/
yXrH rH 0"dwGme? [e ypäm r[mrd*}}EÅd/ (Zmwu?|?3?171/)
vk'ú = &ufpufMurf;MuKwfvSayaom toifrkqkd;/ t to oð =
oefvsuu f /dk edAmÁ [ = oefvsut dk yf gawmh/ yvm-
f rd rf S xkwaf qmifvu
omed = aygufzufwkdYukd/ tw¬&ók = cif;usif;í xm;ygavmh/ yXrH =
a&S;OD;pGm/ rH = uReaf wmfruk/d 0"dwmG e = owfjzwfNy;D í/ ypäm = aemuf-
umvü/ r[mrd*H = om;orifzkdBuD;ukd/ [e = owfjzwfygavmh/
]]toifrq k ;dk ... oefvsut f rd rf S oefvsu"f m;Bu;D ukd xkwaf qmif-
vkdufyg? tom;awG xkyfzkdY&eftwGuf aygufzufawGukdvnf; toifh
cif;usi;f Ny;D xm;vku d yf g? a&S;OD;pGm uReaf wmfrukd owfyg? uReaf wmfrukd
a&S;OD;pGm owfNyD;wJh aemufykdif;rSm orifzkdBuD;ukd owfyg}} qkdNyD;awmh
'Dvdk olu avQmufxm;awmif;yefvkdufw,f/ tJ'D tcgrSmawmh bm-
jzpfvmovJ¿
wH okwGm vk'áum ]]rEkóblwm wm0 omrduó tw¬m,
twåaem ZD0dwH e y&dpöZEÅd? t,H wd&p & p äme*wm ZD0dwH y&dpöZwd?
&pä
rEkóbmom, p r"ka&e oa&e uaxwd?}} (Zmwu?|?3?172??)
wH = xkdpum;ukd/ okwGm = Mum;í/ vk'áum = rkqkd;onf/
rEkóblwm = vlom;jzpfMuukefaom olwkdYonf/ omrduó =
tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;\/ tw¬m, = tusKd;iSm/ twåaem = rdrd\/ ZD0dwH
= toufudk/ e y&dpöZEÅd = rpGefYvTwfEkdifMuukefonfomvQifwnf;/
tx = xkdokdYjzpfygvsuf/ t,H = þorifronfum;/ wd&p & päme*wm
&pä
= wdd&pämefyif jzpfjim;aomfvnf;yJ/ ZD0dwH = toufukd/ y&dpöZwd =
pGev
Yf w f aeay\/ rEkóbmom, = vlwb
T í Ydk mompum;jzif/h r"ka&e
oa&e p = om,mzG,f csKdNrdefaom toHjzifhvnf;/ uaxwd = ajym-
qkdíaeay\/}}
yg&rD&SdwJh olawmfaumif;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ taMumif;rvSvkdY
wd& pämefb0 a&mufaeaomfvnf; twdwb f 0u avhusichf w
hJ hJ vlw&Ydk UJ
bmompum;eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh arhaysmufrIawGu r&SdMubl;/ bm-
Ydk J¿ b0csi;f u tvGef eD;uyfaew,f/ 'gaMumifh vlwYdk bmom-
jzpfvv
pum;jzpfwJh csKdNrdefwJh toHjzifh olu ajymjyaew,f/
vlom;awGaomfrv S nf;yJ rdr&d UJ tdr&f iS af ,mufsm;twGuf touf-
ukd rpGefYEkdifwJh yk*¾dKvfawG &SdMuygw,f/ 'Dorifrav;[m wd& pämefyif
jzpfaeaomfvnf; rdr&d UJ tdr&f iS af ,mufsm;twGuf toufudk pGev Yf w
T -f
EkdifwJh pGrf;tm;awG &Sdaew,f? bm-'gevJ¿ ZD0dwy&dpöm*-'geyJ? rdrd
toufukd pGefYvTwfvSL'gef;aewJh 'Dorifruav;ukd MunfhvkdufvQif
b,fvkdyk*d¾KvfvJ¿ oDvmpm&*kPorÜEé = uk, d u
f sio
hf v
D wnf;[laom
*kPaf us;Zl;awGEiS hf jynfph akH ewJh oDvqkw d hJ ajray:rSm &yfwnfNy;D awmh
rdrd&JU toufukd pGefYvTwfvSL'gef;jcif;qkdwJh pm*w&m;ukd jyKpkysKd;axmif
raebl;vm;¿ jyKpkysKd;axmifaew,f/
okdYaomf 'Dorifruav;u 'Db0rSmom pNyD; 'Daumif;rIukokdvf
jyKovm;qkdawmh 'Dvkd r[kwfygbl;/ a&S;a&S; bk&m;&SifwkYd&JU omoem-
awmftwGi;f rSmvnf; taMumif;tm;avsmpf mG edAmÁ efa&mufaMumif;jzpfwhJ
yg&rDrsK;d aphaumif;awGudk xlaxmifcw
hJ hJ olawmfaumif;wpfO;D jzpfEidk -f
ygw,f/ aemufwpfck vlwkdY&JU bmompum;jzifh 'Dvkd csKdNrdefwJhtoHjzifh
ajymaeawmh rkqdk;BuD;u bmpOf;pm;ovJ¿

ZD0dw'getvSL
]]tZÆ £rdóm p ywdaem póm ZD0dwH 'ómrd/}}
(Zmwu?|?3?172/)
tZÆ = ,aeY/ t[H = igonf/ £rdóm p = þorifruav;\
vnf;aumif;/ tóm = þorifruav;\/ ywdaem p = t&Sif-
ocifjzpfaom orifzBdk u;D \vnf;aumif;/ ZD0w
d H = toufu/dk 'ómrd
= igay;vSLaytHh/
wpfzufu &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom pdwfxm;&SdwJh rkkqkd;BuD;&JU
pdwx
f m;awG ajymif;vJ roGm;bl;vm;¿ ajymif;vJomG ;w,f/ pdwx
f m;awG
ajymif;vJoGm;NyD; 'Dorifruav;tay: MunfndKwJh pdwfxm;jzifh
rkqdk;BuD;u bmajymovJ¿
]]e ar okwH 0g 'd|H 0g? bmoE
bmoEÅÅ ð rmEkoð rd* ð/
wGÍö ba'´ okcD a[m[d? {aom pmyd r[mrda*g/}}
(Zmwu?|?3?172/)
ar = igonf/ rmEkoð = vlüjzpfaom bmompum;ukd/ bmoE bmoEÅÅ ð
= ajymqkdwwfaom/ rd* ð = orifrukd/ e okwH 0g = Mum;vnf;
rMum;pzl;yg/ e 'd|H 0g = jrifvnf; rjrifpzl;yg/ ba'´ = tkt
d &Sio
f rifr/
wGÍö = oifonfvnf;/ okcD = pdwfcsrf;omjcif;onf/ a[m[d =
jzpfygapawmh/ {aom pmyd r[mrda*g = þorifzkdBuD;onfvnf;yJ/
okcD = csrf;omjcif;&Sdonf/ a[m[
a[m[d = jzpfygapavmh/
vlwkdY&JU bmompum;ukd ajymMum;aewJh orifqkdwm igonf
Mum;vnf; rMum;pzl;yg? jrifvnf; rjrifz;l yg? 'gaMumifh ]]&Sirf oifvnf;
csrf;omjcif; jzpfygap? 'DorifzkdBuD;vnf; csrf;omjcif; jzpfygap}}
qkNd y;D awmh rkq;dk Bu;D u orifZeD;armifEu
HS dk csr;f omcGihf ay;vdu
k yf gw,f?
csrf;omcGifh ay;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm bmjzpfvmovJ¿
£wd wH tmvydwGm yke ]]wGÍö {aom pmyd r[mrda*gwd a'Gyd
Zem okcD ed'´Ku©m a[mxm}}wd wH orómaowGm vk'áum
aAm"dowåó oEÅu d H *EÉm 0god,m pr®ygoH qdEwd´ mG yga' v*¾ygouH
oPduH eD[&dwGm ESm½kem ESm½kH? rHaoe rHoH? par®e pr®H y#dyga#wGm
yg'H [aw¬e y&drZÆd/ (Zmwu?|?3?172/)
£wd = þokdYvQif/ wH = xkdorifrukd/ tmvydwGm = ajymqkdNyD;-
aemuf/ yke = wzef/ wGÍö = oiforifronfvnf;aumif;/ {aompmyd
r[mrda*g = þorifzBkd u;D onfvnf;aumif;/ a'Gyd Zem = ESpOf ;D om;-
ukeaf om yk*Kd¾ vw Ydk nfvnf;/ okcD = csr;f omjcif;&Sd Muukeo
f o f nf/ ed'K´ um©
= qif;&Jjcif; uif;Muukefonf/ a[mx = jzpfMuukefavmh/ £wd =
þodv Yk Qi/f wH = xko d rifri,fu/dk orómaowGm = oufom&m&ap-
\/
vk'áum = rkqkd;BuD;onf/ aAm"dowåó = bk&m;tavmif;
orifBuD;\/ oEÅduH = txHokdY/ *EÉm = oGm;í/ 0god,m = yJcGyfjzifh/
pr®ygoH = om;a&jzifh okH;vGef;wif uspfxm;wJh ausmhuGif;BudK;ukd/
qdEw ´d mG = jzwfí/ yga' = ajcwku
Yd /dk v*¾ygou
gouH = Niw d ,G af ewJh ausm-h
uGif;ukd/ oPduH = jznf;jznf;oufom/ eD[&dwGm = xkwfaqmiffí/
ESm½kem = taMumwpfckjzifh/ ESm½Hk = taMumwpfckukd/ rHaoe =
tom;wpfckjzifh/ rHoH = tom;wpfckukd/ par®e = ta&jzifh/ pr®H =
ta&uk/d y#dyga#wGm = qufpyfapí/ yg' yg'H = orifzBdk u;D \ ajcaxmuf-
ukd/ [aw¬e = vufjzifh/ y&drZZÆd = qkyfe,fokH;oyfí ay;av\/
rkq;dk Bu;D u bk&m;tavmif; orifBu;D xH oGm;Ny;D awmh om;aumif-
wkdY&JU om;a&jzifh okH;vGef;wif uspfxm;wJh ausmhuGif;BudK;ukd yJcGyfjzifh
jzwfawmufvu dk yf gw,f? ajcaxmufrmS Niud yfaewJh ausmu h iG ;f awGu-dk

awmh jznf;jznf;av; tomt,m xkwfaqmifay;vkdufw,f/ xkwf-
aqmifay;NyD;awmh taMum-taMumcsif;ç tom;-tom;csif;ç ta&-
ta&csi;f qufpyfNy;D awmh qkyef ,fay;vku
d wf ,f? qkyef ,fay;vdu k af wmh
bmjzpfvmovJ¿
oHk;OD;om;wdkY\ arwåm"mwfpGrf;tm;
wcFPan0 r[mowåó yl&dwyg&rdwmEkbma0e vk'úó
p arwåpdwåmEkbma0e rd*d,m p arwå"r®mEkbma0e ESm½krHopr®med
ESm½krHopar®[d C#
C#,,ðok/ (Zmwu?|?3?172/)
wcFPan0 = xkdcPtwGif;üyifvQif/ r[mowåó = bk&m;-
tavmif;awmforifrif;Bu;D \/ yl&w d yg&rdwmEkbma0e p = jznfu h sihf
qnf;yl;tyfcNhJ y;D aom yg&rDawmfw\ Ydk wefc;dk awaZmf tmEkabmfaMumifh
vnf;aumif;/ vk'u ´ ó = rkq;dk \/ arwåpw d må Ekbma0e p = arwåm-
pdwf\ wefckd;awaZmf tmEkabmfaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ rd*d,m =
orifri,f\/ arwå"r®mEkbma0e p = arwåm"r®\ wefckd;awaZmf
tmEkabmfaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ ESm½krHopr®med = taMum-tom;-
ta&wkdYonf/ ESm½krHopar®[d = taMum-tom;-ta&wkdYjzifh/ C#-
,ðok = qufpyfí oGm;Muavukef\/
tHMhH ozG,rf aumif;bl;vm;¿ odyaf umif;w,f/ jznfu
h siqhf nf;yl;cJ-h
wJh bk&m;tavmif;awmf orifrif;BuD;&JU yg&rDawmf wefckd;awmf[kefç
'gu taMumif;wpfck? rkqdk;BuD;&JU arwåmpdwf&JU tmEkabmfç 'gu
taMumif;wpfc?k orifruav;&JU orifzBdk u;D tay:ü xm;&Sw d hJ arwåm-
"r®w&Ykd UJ tmEkabmfç 'gu taMumif;wpfc?k 'DtmEkabmfawG&UJ pGr;f tm;-
aMumifh taMum-taMumcsif;ç tom;-tom;csif;ç ta&-ta&csif;
tm;vkH; qufpyfoGm;Muw,f/ arwåmtmEkabmf&JU pGrf;tm; rBuD;rm;-
bl;vm;¿ odyfBuD;rm;w,f/ yg&rDawmfwefcdk;tmEkabmfwkdY&JU pGrf;tm;-
vnf; rBuD;rm;bl;vm;¿ BuD;rm;w,f/
orifruav;\ tEkarm'emw&m;
'gaMumifh ,ckvkd todÓPf&SdwJh b0awGrSm o'¨g-oDv-okw-
pm*-ynmqkdwJh yg&rDaumif;rI ukokdvfawGukd xdxdrdrduav; jzpf-
atmif jznfu h sihf qnf;yl;xm;zkYd rvkb
d ;l vm;¿ vkt
d yfw,f/ aemufb0-
twGuf raocsmwJh uHawGudk xlaxmifNy;D arQmv f ifah ecJv
h Qif aocsmrI
&SdEkdifyghrvm;¿ r&SdEkdifbl;?
bk&m;tavmif; orifzkdBuD;vnf; &yfwnfaeNyD? &yfwnfaewJh
tcsed tf cgrSmawmh orifrav;uvnf; bk&m;tavmif; orifrif;Bu;D
csr;f ompGm 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfaewmç csr;f ompGm &yfwnfaewmukd
jrifawGU&wJhtwGuf odyf0rf;omoGm;w,f? 0rf;omoGm;wJhtwGuf
rkqkd;BuD;ukd bmajymovJ¿ rkqkd;BuD;ukd orifrav;u tEkarm'em
0rf;ajrmufzG,f w&m;pum;uav; a[mjyw,f/
]]{0H vk'ú eE´ók? o[ oaAÁ[d Ówdbd/
,xm[rZÆ eE´mrd? rkwåH 'doGm r[mrd*H/}}
(Zmwu?|?3?172/)
vk'ú = toifrkqkd;/ rkwåH = ausmhuGif;rS vGwfajrmufíoGm;-
aom/ r[mrd*H = orifzBdk u;D uk/d 'doGm = awGUjrif&í/ t[H = igonf/
tZÆ = ,aeY/ eE´mrd ,xm = ESpfouf 0rf;ajrmuf&ouJhodkY/ {0 {0H =
þtwl/ oaAÁ[d = cyfodrf;OókH tvkH;pkHukefaom / Ówdbd =
aqGrsK;d taygif;wdEYk iS /hf o[ = twlwuG/ wHG = oifrq
k ;dk Bu;D onfvnf;/
eE´ók = ESpfouf0rf;ajrmuf&ygapownf;/
]]uRerf ESpo
f uf0rf;ajrmufovdk oifrqk ;dk Bu;D vnf; ESpo
f uf 0rf;-
ajrmufygapownf;}}qdkNyD; 'Dvdk 0rf;ajrmufzG,fpum; orifrav;u
ajymMum;ygw,f/
wpfO;D eJw
Y pfO;D tckvdk MuKH awGUwJh tcsed t
f cguav;rSm 'Dvdk arwåm-
"mwfawG ul;vl; qufqw H m[m ukov dk w
f &m;awG wk;d yGm;zkt
Yd aMumif;
rjzpfbl;vm;¿ jzpfoGm;w,f/ &efaxmifyvTm;aeMur,fqkdvQifawmh
tukokdvfw&m;awG xyfjzpfNyD; xyfcgxyfcg rwkd;yGm;Ekdifbl;vm;¿
wkd;yGm;Ekdifw,f/ ukokdvfqkdwm ,lwwfr,fqkdvQif ae&mwumrSm
r&Ekdifbl;vm;¿ &Ekdifw,f/ tukokdvfqdkwmvnf; ,lwwfr,fqkdvQif
ae&mwumrSm r&Ekdifbl;vm;¿ &Ekdifw,ff/ tJ'Dvkd 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
jzpfNy;D wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm bmjzpfvmovJ¿ bk&m;tavmif; orifBu;D u
pOf;pm;NyD/
rkqkd;BuD;\ rSDckdtm;xm;&m
]]t,H vka'´g r,SH t0óa,m Zmawm? r,mydó t0óa,-
ae0 b0dwkH 0¥wd}} (Zmwu?|?3?172/)
t,H vka'´g = þrkqkd;BuD;onfum;/ r,SH = ig\/ t0óa,m
dk m;xm;&monf/ Zmawm = jzpfcahJ vNy/D r,myd = igonfvnf;yJ/
= rScD t
tó = xkdrkqkd;\/ t0óa,ae0 = rSD&mwnf&momvQif/ b0wHk =
jzpfjcif;iSm/ 0¥wd = oifhvSay\/
toufcsr;f oma&;twGuf rScD t dk m;xm;&m rjzpfb;l vm;¿ jzpfomG ;-
w,f/ tu,fíom 'Drq k ;dk uom toufcsr;f omcGihf ray;cJb h ;l ç ausm-h
uGi;f ukd jzwfawmufNy;D rukoay;cJb h ;l qkv
d Qif bk&m;tavmif; orifBu;D
touf&iS Ef ikd rf vm;¿ r&SiEf ikd b
f ;l ? 'Dvkd olawmfaumif;qkwd mu MuzH ef-
NyD;awmh aus;Zl;wifwwfzkdY rvkdbl;vm;¿ vkdtyfw,f/ 'gaMumifh
olawmfaumif;wkdY\ pdwfxm;u b,fvkdoabm&SdovJ¿ ]]igonf 'D-
rkq;dk ukd trDjS yKNy;D awmh csr;f omokc &&Sw
d ,f? rkq;dk Bu;D ukd igu trSjD yKNy;D
csrf;om&ovkd igonfvnf;yJ rkqkd;\ rDSckdtm;xm;&m jzpfapr,f}}vkdY
olawmfaumif;jzpfwJh bk&m;tavmif; orifBuD;u pOf;pm;w,f/
pOf;pm;NyD;awmh bmvkyfovJ¿
a*gp&blr,d H 'd|H {uH rPduE© H¨ wó 'wGm ]]or® £awm y|m,
ygPmwdygwm'Ded rm u&d? £rdem uk#KrÁH oP²aywGm 'g&au
aygaoaEÅm 'geoDvm'Ded yknmed ua&m[D}}wd waóm0g'H 'wGm
t&nH yg0dod/ (Zmwu?|3?172-173/)
aAm"doawåm = bk&m;tavmif;awmf orifBu;D onf/ a*gp&blr-d
,H = vSnfhvnfusufpm;&m ajrt&yfü/ 'd|H = awGUjrifcJhzl;aom/ {uH
rPdu©E¨H = ywåjrm;wkH;BuD;wpfckukd/ wó = xkdrkqkd;tm;/ 'wGm =
ay;í/
rdrdu awmxJ vSnfhvnf usufpm;aepOf tcgu jrifawGUcJhzl;wJh
ywåjrm;wkH;BuD;wpfck &Sdw,f? 'Dywåjrm;wkH;BuD;ukd ay;vkdufw,f/ om;-
orifawGtwGuf 'Dywåjrm;wH;k Bu;D u tok;H usovm;¿ tok;H rusygbl;?
rdrdtwGuf tokH;rusaomfvnf; rkqkd;BuD;twGufawmh 'Dywåjrm;
&wemBu;D u tok;H rusb;l vm;¿ tok;H usaew,f/ 'gaMumifh awmxJ-
rSm usifvnfusufpm;cJhpOf tcsdeftcgu rdrdusufpm;aewJh e,fajr
twGi;f rSm awGU&Scd w
hJ hJ 'Dywåjrm;&wemBu;D ukd rkq;dk Bu;D tm; ay;Ny;D awmh
bmajymovJ¿
or® = taqG/ £awm = þaeYr/S y|m, = pí/ ygPmwdygwm-
'Ded = ygPmwdygwm tp&SdwJh raumif;rI tukokdvfwdkYukd/ rm u&d =
rjyK rusifhygvifh/
£rdem = þywåjrm;jzifh/ uk#KrÁH = OpömESpfwkYdukd/ oP²aywGm =

wnfxm;apí/ 'g&au = om;r,m;wku Yd /dk aygaoaEÅm = jyKpk arG;jrL-
vsuf/ 'geoDvm'Ded = 'ge-oDvtp&Sdukefaom/ yknmed = aumif;rI
ua&m[d = jyKpkysKd;axmifyg/ £w
ukokdvfwdkYudk/ ua&m[ £wd = þokdYvQif/ wó
= xkdrkqkd;tm;/ Mo0g'H = tqkH;trMo0g'ukd/ 'wGm = ay;NyD;í/ t&n t&nH
= awmtwGif;okdY/ yg0dod = 0ifcJhavNyD/
ywåjrm;Bu;D ay;Ny;D awmh ]]taqG 'DaeYupNy;D olUtoufowfjcif;
tp&SdwJh raumif;rIawGukd rjyKvkyfygESifh? 'Dywåjrm;&wemjzifh pnf;pdrf
OpömESpaf wGudk wnfatmifxm;Ny;D awmh om;r,m;wdu Yk dk jyKpk vkyaf uR;-
vsuf 'ge-oDv tp&SdwJh aumif;rI ukokdvfawGukd jyKpkysKd;axmifyg}}vkdY
'Dvkd rkqkd;BuD;tm; tqkH;tr Mo0g'ay;NyD; awmtwGif; 0ifoGm;MuNyD/
Zmwfawmfaygif;cef;
ow¬m £rH "r®a'oeH tm[&dwmG ZmwuH oarm"maeod? ]]w'g
vk'áum qaEém ta[mod? rd*D '[&bdu©KeD? rd*&mZm ye t[ar0
ta[mod}}EÅd/
'DtwdwfZmwfaMumif; a'oemawmfukd jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf
aqmif,l a[mjyNy;D Zmwfawmfudk aygif;awmfryl gw,f/ xdt k csed t
f cgrSm
rkq;dk Bu;D u yg&rDjznfzh uf jrif;Nr;D qJG armifqef[k todrsm;aom t&Si-f
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